LORETA VAIČIULYTĖ-SEMĖNIENĖ

Institute of the Lithuanian Language

THE NOUNS ATITIKTIS, ATITIKIMAS IN ADMINISTRATIVE LANGUAGE

Keywords: the nouns atitiktis, atitikimas, syntactic combinability, administrative language, usage tendency.

Abstract

The subject of this article is the derivatives to correspond, correspondence, and corresponding of the verb *atitikti*. The aim, drawing on examples from the Corpus of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language and the EUR-lex database of administrative texts, is to determine the syntactic and semantic combinability of the deverbal nouns in question. Analysis of 452 examples revealed that the object that atitiktis, atitikimas takes most often appears in the dative. The study showed that these nouns denote “similarity (conformity) and/or equivalence; suitability”.

The investigation of the nouns atitiktis, atitikimas in administrative language was prompted by their differing syntactic combinability according to language norms. Actual usage does not show this difference in combinability. Thus, the aim of the article is to examine the nouns atitiktis, atitikimas used in administrative language from syntactic and semantic perspectives. The objectives are: after presenting the norm governing the syntactic combinability of the nouns atitiktis, atitikimas and their dictionary meanings, to discuss their usage from syntactic and semantic perspectives; and, from a semantic perspective, to review the relationship between atitiktis, atitikimas and their usage in translations of administrative texts from English. The study draws on examples from European Union legislation and other

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administrative texts in the EUR-Lex and Corpus of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language (DLKT) databases of public documents.

1. GOVERNMENT OF THE NOUNS CORRESPONDENCE, CORRESPONDING AS PRESCRIBED BY LANGUAGE NORMS

From the perspective of language norms, the syntactic valency, or valence¹, of the deverbal nouns atitiktis, atitikimas is assessed differently. For example, Elena Oginskienė (1992: 45) argues that neither the verb atitikti nor the nouns atitikimas or atitikmuo. is used with the dative. Pranas Kniūkšta holds the same view. In the Kanceliarinės kalbos patarimuose (KancKP 2000: 40; see also: KancKP 1994: 29; Kniūkšta 2005: 208) that he prepared, it is stated that “the noun atitikimas is not used with the dative <...> <...>. Stylistically, it is also awkward with the genitive – ko (ne)atitikimas²; one can say (ne)sutikimas su kuo: Jokių neatitikimų lydraščiams (= nesutikimų su lydraščiais) nenustatyta.” Jonas Šukys assesses the valency of the noun atitikimas similarly: “language users are perplexed when they encounter the word atitikimas. According to the rules, it should be atitikimas ko <...>, but the genitive with atitikimas is ambiguous, inelegant, almost impossible” (Šukys 1998: 150). J. Šukys (1998: 150) suggests “choosing not the dative but coordinate sentence constituents linked by ir ‘and’, or a subordinate clause. Tada nedaug kam rūpėjo vertimo atitikimas originalui (= vertimo ir originalo atitikimas; kiek / kaip / ar vertimas atitinka originalą; galėtų būti ir vertimo atitikimas originalo, tik nesklandu, nelabai aišku).” The author points out that “the accusative is also unsuitable with atitikimas,”

¹ In this article, valency, or valence, is understood in the same way as in Nijolė Sližienė’s Lietuvių kalbos veiksmažodžių junglumo žodyne (Sližienė 1994: 16ff).

² See also: “In problematic cases, ways are sought to replace the object genitive with another form. For example, in expressions such as įstatymo atitikimas Konstitucijos <...>, nuostatų atitikimas įstatymo, attempts are made to replace the object genitives (Konstitucijos, įstatymo) with the dative. However, such forms of object expression occur only with nouns whose meaning has become more concrete and which lack the suffix -imas: reikia pinigų – pinigų poreikis (galėtų būti ir pinigų reikėjimas) – poreikis pinigams (bet neįmanoma reikėjimas pinigams)” (Kniūkšta 2005: 208).

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pvz.: Buvo vertintas ir rodiklių atitikimas normas (= kaip / ar rodikliai atitinka normas). <...> Kartais atitikti, atitikimas galima pakeisti žodžiais tikti, tikimas ir tada naudininkas vartotinas, pvz., Individo atitikimas (= tikimas) profesijai daug priklauso nuo sveikatos būklės“ (Šukys 1998: 151). Aldonos Paulauskienės nuomone, naudininko vartojimui su atitikti, atitikimas įtakos turi svetimos kalbos (Paulauskienė 2001: 174) (plg., pvz., rus. соответствовать кому (чему)). Remiantis Astos Kupčinskaitės-Ryklienės sudarytomis Kalbos konsultacijomis, veiksmažodinis atitikimas tiek su naudininku, tiek su galininku turi trūkumų: „atitikimas reikalavimams – nesistemiškas naudininkas, atitikimą reikalavimus – aiškiai dirbtinis“. Valdomus objekto linksnius siūloma keisti šalutiniu sakiniu. Nors „[a]titiktis reikalavimams, kaip ir atitikimas reikalavimams, turi nesistemišką naudininką“, „tokie pasakymai paplitę teisės kalboje, ypač atitiktis reikalavimams, plg. meilė tėvynei³. Kur tinka, atitiktis gali eiti su kilmininku, pvz., reikalavimų atitiktis“ (KK 2003: 23). Ritos Miliūnaitės sudarytuose ir Valstybinės lietuvių kalbos komisijos apsvarstytuose Kalbos patarimuose daiktavardis atitikimas su naudininku vertinamas kaip kalbos klaida (ntk.⁴), o atitiktis su naudininku – tai šalutinis normos variantas⁵ (KP2 S1 2009: 38–39). Abiem atvejais siūloma rinktis vartoti prepozicinį arba postpozicinį objekto kilmininką (atitiktis (atitikimas) ko, ko atitiktis (atitikimas)), daiktavardinį junginį sutikimas su kuo arba šalutinį sakinį. Valstybinės lietuvių kalbos komisijos teikiamame Konsultacijų banke (VLKKe)⁶ rašoma, kad „vietoj atitikimas kam vartotini junginiai atitiktis kam, to

³ J. Šukys states that “object datives <...> may also be governed by some deverbal nouns, usually formed from accusative or even genitive verbs, when there is a sense of purpose; cf. <...> myli ką – meilė kam, <...> klausia ką – klausimas kam; sveikina ką – sveikinimas kam <...> (Of course, another meaning may be <...> ko (kieno) meilė, ko (kieno) sveikinimas). <...> Ar šis filmas nėra kaltinimas visuomenei” (Šukys 1998: 149).

⁴ The label ntk. “indicates that the phenomenon being evaluated is a language error and is not recommended (is not to be used) in standard language” (KP2 S1 2009: 9).

⁵ “A secondary (partial) norm variant <...> may be used in standard language when needed (for example, in light of the characteristics of functional styles), but preference should be given to the primary (neutral) norm variant—especially in prestigious standard language” (KP2 S1 2009: 9).

⁶ See: http://www.vlkk.lt/konsultacijos/183-atitikimas-atitiktis-kam (accessed 2020-07-10).

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and its correspondence (conformity), agreement with something, or a subordinate clause.” VLKK_e draws attention to the fact that, unlike in the aforementioned Language Advice, as of 17 March 2016, “the construction atitiktis kam is to be regarded as an equally acceptable norm variant⁷ (as it has become fully established in usage). The recommended constructions may be listed in the following order: atitiktis kam, correspondence (conformity) of this and that, agreement with something, a subordinate clause.”

Laima Pečkuvienė (2011), having examined the language of the codes of the Republic of Lithuania and their commentaries, previously wrote that the deverbal noun⁸ atitiktis, unlike atitikimas, can be used with the dative. Ramunė Vaskelaitė (2003), drawing on journalistic material, investigated in an article what accounts for the use of the dative rather than the object genitive in certain cases. In her view, this may be influenced by a weakening of the relation to the base word, avoidance of ambiguity, or a chain of genitives; cf.: his health’s testing; a test to his health. Moreover, “the verb in the sentence may support the dative.” The author concluded that “in noun phrases corresponding to verbal phrases with an accusative object, the dative may be used in certain cases. Such usage is determined by various specific circumstances” (Vaskelaitė 2003: 43).

In summary, it appears that, according to the language norm, the syntactic valency of the verbal nouns compliance and correspondence differs. With a dative object, the noun compliance may be used, but the noun correspondence may not. Instead of the latter construction, it is recommended to choose the noun compliance construction (VLKK_e). In light of this recommendation, one may infer that it is permissible to disregard the semantic (more action or, respectively, thing) distinctions between the verbal nouns under discussion (see

⁷ Cf.: “There may be a functional-stylistic difference between equivalent variants of the standard language norm, <...>; <...> they may be used as alternatives” (KP2 S1 2009: 10).

⁸ For an overview of descriptions of deverbal noun syntax in the principal Lithuanian grammars and other works on grammar, see Pakerys (2006: 122–129).

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continued). In other cases, the incorrect dative object of the noun atitikimas must be replaced with a prepositional object genitive, joined by the conjunction and to the subject genitive; alternatively, instead of the dative, one may use a subordinate clause or the noun phrase agreement with something (see Kniūkšta, Miliūnaitė), and sometimes the noun phrase fit for something (see Šukys). In light of all this, several hypotheses may be proposed: if semantically different constructions can replace one another, their meanings are (or may be) similar; on this basis, the expression of the object governed by the noun atitikimas is (or may be) analogous to the marking of the object with the noun atitiktis. To test these hypotheses, 452 examples of administrative language are drawn from DLKT and EUR-lex.

Briefly, Lithuanian administrative style is characterized by formality, standardization⁹ (formulaicness), technical precision, clarity, concision, and logicality (Župerka 2012: 85, cf. 1983: 106)¹⁰. “Precise, conventional formulations prevent a document from being understood in another way¹¹; they facilitate communication in the administrative sphere¹². <...> The lexicon of administrative style is characterized by the use of words in their literal meanings, <...> and its syntax by fixed word combinations” (Župerka 1983: 106–107, cf. 2012: 85–86; see also Pikčilingis 1971: 328), nominal constructions

⁹ “Standardization <...> on the one hand helps express the same ideas precisely and consistently; on the other hand, standard means of expression with broader meanings outcompete other means of expression that convey more specific and varied shades of meaning” (Vladarskienė 2018: 1).

¹⁰ Cf.: “The style of EU documents is different. They are written in English or French, and the administrative style of these languages is old-fashioned, with sentences of complex, elaborate, and unclear structure <...>; these features are not characteristic of Lithuanian administrative style. <...>. In translating EU documents, one cannot depart from the original; consequently, long, structurally complex, unclear sentences from EU documents enter national languages and alter the distinctive features of administrative style cultivated for decades” (Vladarskienė 2006: 46–47).

¹¹ Cf.: the text of a legal act “must contain no unnecessary or incorrect words, word combinations, notes, or ambiguities” (Kniūkšta 2005: 19).

¹² Cf.: “In administrative language, not only are many words and their meanings standardized, but entire utterances have become formulaic and clichéd, as have even individual parts of a text, especially their beginnings” (Kniūkšta 2005: 21).

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(Kniūkšta 2005: 16). Administrative language texts are state documents, legal acts, and official correspondence (Kniūkšta 2005: 13)¹³.

2. NOUNS ATITIKTIS, ATITIKIMAS IN DICTIONARIES:

RELATION TO ATITIKTI

The nouns atitiktis, atitikimas are derived from the verb atitikti by adding the suffix –tis or –imas. The noun atitiktis is more concrete (more thing-like) than the noun atitikimas (DLKG 1996: 94–95)¹⁴; compare examples 1–2 below. On the other hand, as examples 3–5 show, in usage this semantic distinction (more thing-like resp. more action-like) may be blurred, and the nouns in question may be used interchangeably, synonymously. In that case, the meanings of these nouns are similar, and they can be substituted for one another without major semantic differences. The convergence in meaning of atitiktis, atitikimas probably affects their syntactic valency, making it more uniform.

1) The terms used in the Regulation correspond to the terms and definitions used in Lithuanian documents prepared on the basis of analogous international and European documents. Conformity is the correspondence of a product, process, or service with established requirements conformity DLKT.

¹³ See administrative and clerical language as well as administrative and scientific language interfaces and differences in Kniūkšta (2005: 13–14, 21).

¹⁴ Derivatives with the suffix –imas “are generally used with a very clear and pure meaning of an action (or state)” (DLKG 1996: 94). Compare: “Because of their regularity and certain other features, these nouns approach the status of inflected verb forms” (Pakerys 2006: 130). Action nouns with the suffix –tis “are generally more concrete than those with the suffixes –imas or –ymas, e.g.: <...> sugaištis ‘loss of time, delay’, sukaktis ‘anniversary’” (DLKG 1996: 95).

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2) Conformity – correspondence, established by automatically comparing personal data entered or being entered in an information system or database EUR-lex.

3) Pareiškėjui kilo abejonė ne dėl viso Rinkliavų įstatymo 10 straipsnio atitikimo Konstitucijai, o tik dėl 10 straipsnio 1 dalies atitikties Konstitucijos 29 straipsnio 1 daliai ir 46 straipsnio 1 bei 4 dalims ta apimtimi, kuria Rinkliavų įstatymo 10 straipsnio 1 dalyje yra nurodyti atvejai DLKT.

4) LIETUVOS RESPUBLIKOS VYRIAUSYBĖS 2003 M. BALANDŽIO 11 D. NUTARIMO NR. 457 „DĖL VILNIAUS APSKRITIES VIRŠININKO ATLEIDIMO“ ATITIKTIES LIETUVOS RESPUBLIKOS KONSTITUCIJAI DLKT.

5) LIETUVOS RESPUBLIKOS VYRIAUSYBĖS 1993 M. KOVO 10 D. POTVARKIO NR. 186P „DĖL VALSTYBĖS IR VARTOTOJŲ KOOPERACIJOS TURTINIŲ SANTYKIŲ“ ATITIKIMO LIETUVOS RESPUBLIKOS BUTŲ PRIVATIZAVIMO ĮSTATYMO 1 IR 2 STRAIPSNIAMS DLKT.

The Dictionary of Contemporary Lithuanian (DŽ₇ᵢ) shows that correspondence means “matching,” while the abstract noun matching appears in the entry for the verb to correspond, whose meaning is given as follows: “1. to be in a relation of agreement¹⁵, harmony¹⁶” or “2. to find, trace.” Similarly, the meanings of the verb to correspond are defined by Nijolė Sližienė in the Dictionary of Lithuanian Verb Valency (VJŽ), specifically in the second part of the second volume of this dictionary (VJŽ₂(₂)): 1. to be related to something in a relation of agreement or harmony, e.g., The transcript [P] corresponds to the original [Comp]; 2. to find, trace, e.g., Will [you] [A₁] find the way [P] in the dark? In the academic Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language (LKŽₑ), there is no lexicographic entry for the noun correspondence.

¹⁵ DŽ₇ᵢ: sutikti – 7. sutapti; LKŽₑ: sutikti – 1. sutapti (glaudžiant), sueiti; 2. būti darniems, sutapti, derintis; VJŽ₂(₂): sutikti – 9. sutapti, derintis, turėti bendrumo, e.g.: Income books [P] must correspond to expense books [Com].

¹⁶ LKŽₑ: darnus – 2. susiderinęs, harmoningas; DŽ₇ᵢ: darnus – that which is in harmony, coordinated; BŽₑ: darnus – 1. in harmony, coordinated; 3. coordinated, maintaining balance. Darna – the coordination of a whole and its parts, coherence, correspondence between the internal and external, and between content and form; synonym: harmony.

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The first two meanings of the noun atitikimas are associated here with the corresponding meanings of the base verb atitikti, while the third is reflexive, ‘an event’, e.g., Here it is not a fairy tale, but a true occurrence J.Balč. This meaning is left aside in this article. The first meaning of atitikimas given in LKŽₑ (e.g., The fit of the knitting needle and yarn is best determined by threading the yarn being knitted through the hole made in the paper with the needle rš.) has two shades: ‘the existence of a relation of agreement or harmony’ (e.g., Sentences expressing non-correspondence also have distinctive structural features LKGIII753) and ‘a relation of equivalence’ (e.g., The principle of correspondence is one of the principal methodological principles in the development of science rš.). The first meaning of the verb atitikti itself is defined as ‘1. transitive, intransitive: to fit¹⁷’, e.g., The axe fit the handle Pln.; The hat will fit Jurgis KrvP(Vv). This meaning has three shades: ‘to coincide’¹⁸ (e.g., The words no longer match our hymn Kp.), ‘to be equivalent’¹⁹, e.g., The copy corresponds to the original DŽ₁, and ‘to be equivalent’²⁰, e.g., A higher vapor pressure corresponds to a lower boiling point rš. The second meaning of atitikimas in LKŽₑ is associated with atitikti ‘2. transitive, intransitive: to hit; to strike; to be struck; to reach’, e.g., They agreed to shoot at the target and hit it SP192. The latter also has its own shades: ‘to manage to find or trace (something known previously)’, e.g., It is not easy to find the door in the dark Lš.; ‘to find, come across (something unknown beforehand)’, e.g., And the mounted warrior returned, and found no lofty manor houses, only a deep little lake, a great expanse of water V.Krėv.; ‘to understand, comprehend, figure out’, e.g., He was far from satisfied, feeling that he had not lived up to his true calling Vaižg.; ‘to guess, solve’, e.g., And you will not guess our words Vrn v.; ‘to fit, hit, select, assign’, e.g., The medicine prescribed for him worked, and he recovered Snt.; ‘to manage to do something, be able’, e.g., I myself will manage to do that work Arm.; ‘to find time for’,

¹⁷ LKŽₑ: atitaikyti – 1. to select, find, make suitable or desired; DŽ₇ᵢ: taikyti – 3. to match, fit; VJŽ₂₍₂₎: taikyti – 1. to match, fit, e.g., The weaver matches one color with another so that it looks beautiful.

¹⁸ VJŽ₂₍₂₎: sutapti – 1. to be the same, have something in common, correspond, e.g., Theoretical results [P] coincide with experimental data [Com]; LKŽₑ: sutapti – 1. to be the same, identical, very similar, have something in common, correspond; DŽ₇ᵢ: sutapti – 1. to be the same, join, merge, agree.

¹⁹ VJŽ₂₍₂₎: prilygti – 1. to become equal, be equal, e.g., The son [P] often does not measure up to his father [Comp]; LKŽₑ: prilygti – 1. to become equal to something, be equal to it, equalize; DŽ₇ᵢ: prilygti – to become equal, be equal.

²⁰ BŽₑ: ekvivalentiškas – fully or almost corresponding, identical, equal, very similar, the same; syn. equivalent, uniform; DŽ₇ᵢ: ekvivalentiškas – equivalent.

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e.g., I happened upon it at a fortunate moment, when I had managed to graft the apple tree LTR(Vs); ‘to reach’, e.g., Everyone seems to keep running and running, and never reaches their true goal Pt.

From what has been said, it is clear that the nouns atitiktis, atitikimas are close in meaning to the derivational base—the meanings of the non-prototypical transitive²¹ verb atitikti²², the first of which encompasses the distinct meanings and valencies of the (in)transitive verbs atitaikyti (what, with what), taikyti (to what / with what), tikti (to whom), sutapti (with what), sutikti (with what), derėti (with what / to whom), derinti (with what / to whom), prilygti (to whom), and the adjectives tinkamas (suitable for whom/what), ekvivalentiškas (equivalent to whom/what), (to)lygus (equal to whom/what), vienodas (the same as what), and their valency²³. Based on examples in LKŽe, it may be assumed that the syntactic valency of these predicates can influence the marking of the object of the verb atitikti, e.g., The words no longer match our hymn (cf. no longer matches our hymn). On the basis of their derivational base, the semantic valencies of the nouns atitiktis, atitikimas differ. The subject may correspond to a patient²⁴, while the object may correspond to a comparative²⁵. For nouns perceived symmetrically²⁶, such as atitiktis, atitikimas, the expression of the object corresponding to the comparative is linked to the dative case inherent in the semantic network of the verb atitikti and/or

²¹ Apie hierarchiškai suprantamą tranzityvumą plačiau žr. Holvoet, Judžentis (2004), Malchukov (2005) ir ten cituojamą literatūrą.

²² Cf. also: ‘Atitikti denotes a state in which one thing is coordinated with another: The tasks set out in the documents must correspond to the institution’s functions and competence. A similar meaning to atitikti ką ‘correspond to what’ is expressed by sutikti su kuo ‘agree with what’, though the latter is less bureaucratic: The resolution must be in agreement with the laws. The work meets (does not meet) the requirements (KancKP 2000: 40; cf. KancKP 1994: 29); ‘Sutikti may mean not contradicting, agreeing, or coinciding with something: <...> The resolution is in agreement with the law (it does not contradict it). For the meaning of coincidence, the verb atitikti has become more established’ (KancKP 2000: 276). ‘Atitikti denotes a state in which one thing is coordinated with another; in administrative language, things are most often coordinated with already established, precisely defined requirements, e.g., <...> the resolution complies with the directive. <...>. It may also be coordinated with more abstract matters: it corresponds to views, needs, objectives, expectations’ (AKA 2014).

²³ For more on the tendencies in present-day Lithuanian to morphosyntactically mark the adjectives ekvivalentiškas, tapatus, (to)lygus, vienodas and their derivatives, see Vaičiulytė-Semėnienė (2016).

²⁴ Patient [P]—the function of the recipient of an action’s effect or the bearer of a state, characteristic of both animate and inanimate entities, as well as abstract things (Sližienė 1994: 20).

²⁵ Comparative [Comp]—the function of a standard of comparison, occurring alongside the patient of a state and characteristic of an entity with which something is compared, equated, and so on, e.g., the copy corresponds to the original (Sližienė 1994: 23).

²⁶ Plačiau apie leksinių reciprokų graduojamą simetriškumą žr. Partee (2008). Dar šiuo klausimu plg.: Haspelmath (2007: 2088).

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a prepositional with construction with the instrumental. As can be seen from dictionary definitions, two aspects of predicate meaning call for a differently marked comparative: equivalence, as identity (cf. coincide, equal, equivalent), and/or harmony, as fitting (cf. fit, suit, match). The expression of the object of the nouns in question is also related to the expression characteristic of the benefactivecorrespond to object²⁷—the dative, e.g.: The hat will fit Jurgis (cf. it will suit him, it will be good) KrvP(Vv); cf.: to be suitable, to fit (someone)²⁸, to suit, to match (someone)²⁹. The differing semantic valency corresponding to the object’s case (comparative vs. benefactive) shows how the speaker perceives and semantically interprets the situation being described. In other words, two semantic functions (comparative and benefactive) are marked in the same way—with the dative. The second meaning of correspondence, conformity is based on the individual transitive verbs

²⁷ Benefactive [B] is the function of an addressee, recipient, or possessor, characteristic of living beings, especially persons, for whose benefit or detriment something happens, comes about, or exists, e.g.: jam viskas sekasi. Sometimes inanimate objects and abstract things are also construed as benefactives, e.g.: grėbliui sudėjo dantis (Sližienė 1994: 21).

²⁸ Cf. VJŽ₂(2), where the meaning “2. to go well with someone, to fit something” of the verb tikti has distinct semantic and syntactic valencies: a) Karvei, kiaulei [B] balnas [P] netinka; b) Jonas [P] su Ona [Comp/Con] labai tinka: abu aukšti, abu gražūs.

²⁹ Cf. VJŽ₁, where the meaning “2. to suit, to be suitable” of the verb derėti has distinct semantic and syntactic valencies: a) Pavalkai [P] dera arkliui [B], ne žmogui [B]; b) Bulvės [P] dera su sviestu [Com]. Derinti – daryti sutinkantį, taikyti: a) Sakinyje tarinį [P] deriname su veiksniu [Comp]; b) Duok, aš tau [B] priderinsiu kepurę [P]. LKŽė: derėti – 4. tikti, prit ikti, būti tinkamam, priimtinam; reikėti; DŽ₇: derėti – 4. tikti, prit ikti, būti tinkamam; BŽė: derėti – 2. (kam, prie ko, su kuo) tikti, prit ikti. Derinti – 1. (ką, prie ko, su kuo, kuo, kam) daryti, taikyti, kad derėtų, tiktų, būtų darnus, e.g.: Nuostatus reikia derinti su įstatymu.

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kliudyti (ką, kam, į ką, per ką³⁰), rasti (ką, kur³¹), atsekti (ką)³², užeiti (ką, kur)³³, suprasti (ką)³⁴, perprasti (ką), atspėti (ką)³⁵, įminti (ką) or atitaikyti (kam, ką)³⁶, pataikyti (kam, ką; kam)³⁷, parinkti (kam, ką)³⁸, paskirti (kam, ką)³⁹, ištaikyti (ką), pasiekti (ką)⁴⁰, with their characteristic valencies. Thus, the semantic network of this meaning of the verb atitikti and of the derivatives under discussion encompasses the meanings of active-action verbs (cf. kliudyti, rasti, atsekti, etc.) and state (perception) verbs (cf. suprasti, perprasti, etc.). These distinctions determine different semantic valencies. Active-action verbs “select” an agent function for the subject of atitikti, and a patient function for the direct object marked by the accusative (cf. Ar [tu] [A₁] atitiksi kelią [P] tamsoje?)⁴¹

³⁰ Cf. VJŽ₁: kliudyti – pataikyti, e.g.: Jis [A₁] kliudė man / mane [P] akmeniu [I].

³¹ Cf. the valency of the verb rasti in VJŽ₂(1): “1. a) to find something lost, hidden, or left behind while searching; b) to notice or perceive something while searching or observing; to reach, acquire, obtain, experience,” e.g., Gal kur nors [L] ir aš [Pcp(B)] atrasiu savo laimę [Con]; “3. to come upon, see, or notice someone or something on arrival, upon waking, or otherwise unexpectedly,” e.g.: Atjoję į Paurus, mes [Pcp(B)] radome tik degėsius [Con(P)].

³² Cf. the valency of the verb sekti, “5. to follow, find (the right path, home, etc.),” in VJŽ₂(2), e.g.: Ar vienas tu [A₁] atsekti namus [P]?

³³ Cf. the valency of the verb užeiti, “5. a) to find, discover; b) to surprise,” in VJŽ₂(2), e.g.: Miške [L] mes [B] užėjome grybų [P].

³⁴ Cf. the verb suprasti in VJŽ₂(2), “1. to grasp, comprehend the meaning,” e.g., O! Gretė [Pcp] suprastų tą ženklą [Con], “3. to sense someone’s state, desires, thoughts, or actions,” e.g., Aš [Pcp] supratau jos norą [Con] ir ėmiau kartu bėgti, in terms of valency.

³⁵ Cf. the valency of the verb spėti in VJŽ₂(1): “1. to try to guess correctly without knowing; to solve (a riddle),” e.g., Mes [A₁(Pcp)] turėjome spėti jo metus [Con]; “5. to determine, to match,” e.g., Man daktarai [A₁] atspėjo vaistus [P/Con].

³⁶ Cf. the valency of the verb taikyti, “10. to select what is better or more suitable,” in VJŽ₂(2), e.g.: Senelė [A₁] jai [B] vis pataiko kur ilgesnę ir gražesnę pasaką [P].

³⁷ Cf. the valency of the verb pataikyti in VJŽ₂(1): “4. to choose or prepare something more suitable or better,” e.g., Ji [A₁] tėvui [B] pataiko valgį [P]; “5. to please someone by doing something,” e.g., Aš [A₁] jai [B] nepataikau nė per kambarį pereiti [Con].

³⁸ Cf. the valency of the verb rinkti, “6. to seek, assign something suitable to someone,” in VJŽ₂(1), e.g.: Jis pats [A₁] parinkdavo vaikui [B] vardą [P].

³⁹ Cf. the valency of the verb skirti, “19. to select what is suitable for someone,” in VJŽ₂(2), e.g.: Aš [A₁] skiriu tau [B] arklį [P], i.e. I select.

⁴⁰ Cf. the valency of the verb pasiekti, “7. to win, acquire (something desired),” in VJŽ₂(1), e.g.: Jis [A₁] pasiekė savo tikslą [Con].

⁴¹ Agent [A₁] – the function of initiator and performer of an action, characteristic of living beings (Sližienė 1994: 19).

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Perception verbs assign the role of percipient to the atitiktis subject⁴², while the object marked by the accusative case is associated here with the function of content⁴³ (cf. He [Pcp] having failed to fulfil his true calling [Con]). In addition, the agent or percipient corresponding to the subject may also be construed hierarchically (e.g.: And the little horseman returned and found no tall manors, only [he] [A₁(B)] matched the deep little lake, the great body of water [P]; I [Pcp(B)] have now matched the letter [Con] and no longer confuse the eyes).

Having chosen to examine examples from the EUR-lex legal acts database, it seems important to see which English words correlate with the Lithuanian words atitikimas, atitiktis. The database website allows users to compare translations of the same text into different EU languages. The direction of translation chosen for this study was from Lithuanian into English. Lithuanian words were searched for, and their English equivalents were then examined, although the actual direction of translation is the reverse: EU administrative texts written in English (or French) are translated into another language—Lithuanian. And “when translating EU documents, one must not depart from the original” (Vladarskienė 2006: 47). According to the electronic Lithuanian–English Dictionary (LAKŽe), the Lithuanian noun atitiktis corresponds to the English word matching, while the noun atitikimas has more than ten English equivalents: match, accordance, conformity, accord, fit, truth, correspondence, adequacy, congruence, coincidence, equivalence, parity, congruity, fulfilment, conformance, congruency. Which of these, and which meanings of these words, are associated with Lithuanian atitiktis, atitikimas in administrative language is discussed below.

⁴² Percipient [Pcp] – the function of an experiencer of a mental state, characteristic of living beings that perceive things in reality, have a particular disposition towards them, and respond to them psychologically (Sližienė 1994: 20–21).

⁴³ Content [Con] – the function of the content of an action or state, characteristic of various objects and phenomena (Sližienė 1994: 22).

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3. MARKING THE OBJECT COMPLEMENT OF THE NOUNS ATITIKTIS, ATITIKIMAS

To determine how the object of the noun atitiktis is marked in administrative language, 416 examples from DLKT⁴⁴ were reviewed. From these, examples in which both arguments of atitiktis—those expressing the subject and the object—are in some way explicit were selected for further analysis (see examples 3, 5, and 6–8). Since the study focuses on tendencies in the expression of the object, cases in which the object-expressing argument, or both arguments of the noun under discussion, are evident (or may become evident) from the broader context were set aside (see examples 9–11).

6) The supplier (manufacturer) must: 1) declare the conformity of the product and its conformity with the specified requirements DLKT.

7) Monitors whether the metrological characteristics of the measuring instruments used conform to the specified accuracy parameters of the object being measured DLKT.

8) The Constitutional Court refuses to examine a request to investigate the conformity of a legal act with the Constitution if the matter falls outside the jurisdiction of the Constitutional Court DLKT.

9) Declaration of conformity (cf. conformity of services with standards) is a published statement for which the supplier is responsible, declaring that a product, process, or service conforms to certain standards or other normative documents DLKT.

⁴⁴ Usage examples were searched for in DLKT in July 2020 by entering atitik or atitikim in the advanced search field and selecting the search criteria begins with and administrative literature. Given that the query atitik returned different singular case forms of the noun atitiktis (atitiktis, atitiktį, and so on), the selection of examples for atitikimas was likewise limited to singular case forms (there were only two examples with the genitive plural of the noun atitikimas).

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10) To the Water Transport Department: 7.1. organize MTC certification in accordance with the requirements of the provisional certification regulations and issue certificates of conformity (cf. with the requirements) DLKT.

11) 11.4. pripažįstant užsienio šalių atitikties (plg. standartams) sertifikatus ir bandymų laboratorijų bandymų protokolus DLKT.

A total of 77 examples of types 6–8 were found: in 4 of them (or 5.2%), both arguments of the noun atitiktis are expressed by genitives linked by the conjunction and (Gen and Gen atitiktis; see example 6); in 8 examples (or 10.4%), the object argument is expressed by the accusative (Gen atitiktis Acc; see example 7); and in 65 examples (84.4%), it is expressed by the dative (Gen atitiktis Dat; see example 8).

Similar patterns of expression were found after examining 543 examples in the administrative-language section of DLKT containing singular inflected forms of the noun atitikimas. Of these, 275 examples were selected for sequential analysis. In 234 examples (or 85.1%), the dative was chosen to mark the object (see examples 12–13); in 28 examples (or 10.2%), the object is expressed by the accusative (see example 14); in 10 examples (3.6%), the subject and object arguments are expressed by genitives linked by the conjunction and (see example 15)⁴⁵. There are also two examples (or 0.7%) in which a construction with the preposition su is used (Gen atitikimas with Instr; see example 16), and one (0.4%) in which the object of the noun atitikimas is expressed by a postpositional genitive (Gen atitikimas Gen; see example 17).

12) The applicant has doubts about the conformity of these Government acts with the law DLKT.

⁴⁵ Cf. the example in which both arguments of conformity are expressed by the prepositional between construction: In implementing the criteria and rules set out in Article 23(3), the Parties shall seek to ensure the greatest possible conformity between the applicable criteria and rules, applied under the Agreement establishing an association between the Parties to this Agreement and the European Communities.

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13) The Senate, on the recommendation of the Rectorate and in accordance with the Law of the Republic of Lithuania on Science and Studies, approves the recognition at the University of other academic and professional degrees and academic titles as equivalent to the degrees and titles recognized by the University DLKT.

14) The conformity of the training content to the established qualification requirements for civil servants DLKT.

15) Sutarties dalyką apibūdinančios sąlygos, taip pat su parduotos prekės ar suteiktos paslaugos ir jų kainos atitikimu susijusios sąlygos neturi būti vertinamos nesąžiningumo požiūriu (t. y. netaikomos šio straipsnio 1 ir 2 dalių normos) DLKT.

16) 9.3. patvirtina parašu „Ieškančio darbo asmens kortelėje“ A skyriuje „Registracijos žymos“ duomenų pateiktų B skyriuje atitikimą su ieškančio darbo asmens pateikiamais dokumentais DLKT.

17) Keturi deputatai reiškia nepasitikėjimą sudarytai deputatų komisijai, kuri, pasitelkusi 50 techninių darbuotojų, dvi savaites tyrė šito parašo atitikimą įstatymo reikalavimų DLKT.

Thus, in the administrative texts of DLKT, the expression of the object attached to the nouns atitiktis and atitikimas is almost analogous. In view of this, and assuming that similar tendencies in object expression also occur in the administrative texts available in the EUR-lex database, singular inflected forms of the nouns atitiktis, atitikimas (atitiktis, atitiktį, atitiktimi, etc.) were entered in the search field there, and 100 examples in which the object governed by the aforementioned nouns was expressed were retrieved and examined sequentially for an exploratory comparison. The available material shows that, in most cases (97 examples, or 97%), the object governed by the nouns atitiktis and atitikimas is expressed by the dative (see examples 18–21); rarely (in 3 examples, or 3%), by the accusative (see examples 22–23).

18) Valstybėms narėms reikėtų turėti galimybę leisti prekybos mugėse eksponuoti slėginę įrangą, kurios atitiktis šios direktyvos reikalavimams dar nėra užtikrinta EUR-lex.

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19) Dėl Sprendimo 2014/512 ir Reglamento Nr. 833/2014 atitikties ESS 40 straipsniui EUR-lex.

20) Principles for determining whether credit risk mitigation methods comply with the requirements EUR-lex.

21) Furthermore, where there are no specific contractual terms, and where the minimum protection clause applies, the elements mentioned in this presumption may also be used to establish the absence of conformity of the goods with the contract EUR-lex.

22) Visų pirma reikia pažymėti, kaip iš esmės nurodo ir generalinis advokatas savo išvados 27 ir 28 punktuose, kad pagrindinė byla susijusi tik su sutarties projekto 25 straipsnio atitikimu Sąjungos teisė (plg. susijusi tik su tuo, kaip sutarties projekto 25 straipsnis atitinka Sąjungos teisę) ir neturėtų būti analizuojama taip, kad ją ginčijama visa nauja koncesijų sistema EUR-lex.

23) Be to, nacionalinio teismo pateikti klausimai yra susiję su nacionalinės teisės nuostatų atitikimu direktyvos 9 straipsnį EUR-lex.

As with the search for material in DLKT, when collecting examples from the EUR-lex database, cases in which the object required by the nouns atitiktis, atitikimas is revealed only by the broader context were excluded (see examples 24–25).

24) If an importer considers or has reason to believe that a measuring instrument does not comply with the essential requirements set out in Annex I and the relevant instrument-specific annexes, the importer shall not make the instrument available on the market or put it into service until its conformity is ensured (cf. the requirements) EUR-lex.

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25) Manufacturers who consider or have reason to believe that a measuring instrument they have placed on the market does not comply with this Directive shall immediately take the corrective measures necessary to ensure the conformity of that measuring instrument (cf. the Directive), or withdraw or recall it, if appropriate EUR-lex.

As mentioned, when collecting examples from the EUR-lex database, attention was paid to which English words are translated by the Lithuanian nouns compliance, conformity. The available material shows that the Lithuanian noun conformity is associated with the English nouns match, compliance, conformity, compatibility, adequacy, while the noun compliance is associated with the English correspondence, compliance, adequacy, conformity, consistency, adherence, eligibility, fitness, alignment, accordance, fulfilment, be in interest. The meanings of these and other English words mentioned earlier were then examined in the online Oxford (OXFORD_e) and/or MERRIAM-WEBSTER dictionaries, which were selected because they provide synonyms alongside the searched-for word.

4. SEMANTICS OF THE NOUNS ATITIKTIS, ATITIKIMAS

When discussing the meanings of the nouns atitiktis, atitikimas in administrative language, it should be noted at the outset that no sentences were found in which these abstract nouns were associated with atitikti ‘to find, trace’. The examples discussed below are those in which these nouns are semantically close to atitikti ‘to be related to something in a relationship of agreement or harmony’.

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4.1. Meanings in DLKT examples

In DLKT, the nouns atitiktis, atitikimas are used in the sense of ‘harmony’, for example, in examples 26–27. Example 26 concerns the extent to which the contested resolution is similar to, or in harmony with, the Constitution and the law; the resolution is not identical to them. Similarly, on the basis of example 27, health cannot be equivalent to the antonym of the word sveikata—ligos (see also examples 3–5). A sentence may foreground similarity (harmony) that approaches identity (see example 28). Similarity⁴⁶ is understood as gradable. Examples 29–30 foreground atitiktis, atitikimas in the sense of equivalence.

26) In her explanations concerning the conformity of the contested Government resolution with the Constitution and the law “On the Procedure for the Publication and Entry into Force of Laws and Other Legal Acts of the Republic of Lithuania”, Government representative R. B. notes that lex retro non agit DLKT.

27) The opinions of other participants in the meeting are heard and taken into account if they are directly related to the assessment of the patient’s health and the conformity of the health condition with the diseases and conditions specified in the List. DLKT.

28) In implementing the criteria and rules laid down in Article 23(3), the Parties shall seek to ensure the greatest possible degree of correspondence between the applicable criteria and rules, used under the Agreement DLKT.

29) Tiekėjas (gamintojas) turi: 1) deklaruoti gaminio ir jam nustatytų reikalavimų atitiktį; 2) turėti atitikties sertifikatą realizuojamai statybos produkcijai DLKT.

30) Adherence to the provisions promulgated by the Church leadership requires conformity between thought and words, between external conduct and the disposition of the heart DLKT.

⁴⁶ DŽ₇i: panašus – 1. having the same or similar properties, features; LKŽė: panašus – 1. having the same properties, features.

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There are cases in which the nouns atitiktis, atitikimas can be understood in two ways: as harmony and equivalence (cf. examples 31–32). To avoid this, another word that narrows the meaning of atitiktis, atitikimas is (sometimes) used alongside these nouns. For example, in example 33 (from non-fiction), the noun atitikimas is used in the sense of harmony, while equivalence is expressed alongside it by another noun, adekvatumas. O In example 34 from administrative language, the equivalence feature of the noun atitikimas is foregrounded, while harmony is expressed by the abstract noun suderinamumas.

31) Licenciją išduodanti institucija sprendimą išduoti ar pakeisti licenciją grindžia gautų dokumentų ir duomenų atitikimu įmonės technologiniam, finansiniam ir vadybiniam pajėgumui, leidžiančiam vykdyti šių Taisyklių VIII skyriuje nustatytas licencijuojamos veiklos sąlygas DLKT.

32) The institution that prepared the conditions within its remit is responsible for ensuring that the conditions submitted conform to legal acts and normative documents DLKT.

33) Rejecting the Aristotelian-Thomistic and Cartesian view of truth as the correspondence between perception and object or adequacy, Heidegger had already advocated a more primordial and authentic definition in Being and Time DLKT.

34) Turi užtikrinti jų [valdininkų] kvalifikacijos lygio, einamųjų pareigų bei nustatytų kvalifikacinių reikalavimų tarpusavio atitikimą ir suderinamumą DLKT.

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The noun atitikimas is also used in DLKT in the narrower sense of “suitability, fitness” (see examples 35–37). In such cases, the person is usually expressed as the subject in the genitive, and their position in the service as the object in the dative.

35) The question of dismissing Director V. T. from office is to be considered later. After 3 months, the Ministry of Agriculture must assess the continued suitability of these managers for their current positions (cf. managers’ suitability for their current positions; managers’ fitness to hold office) DLKT.

36) Per radiją surengti posėdį, kuriame pasisakytų Aukščiausiosios Tarybos Pirmininkas dėl situacijos Vyriausybėje ir dėl Ministro Pirmininko G. V. atitikimo užimamoms pareigoms (plg. G. Vagnoriaus tinkamumo užimamoms pareigoms) DLKT.

37) Širvintų rajono valdyba turi priimti sprendimą dėl rajono privatizavimo tarnybos viršininko atitikimo užimamoms pareigoms ir iki 1994 m. sausio 3 d. apie tai informuoti Centrinę privatizavimo komisiją DLKT.

The object in the dative position may be expressed by an infinitive (see examples 38–39). In that case, the noun atitikimas is associated with tikti, meaning “to be good or suitable for some purpose”; its dative and infinitive correspond to a finite verb form—the function of expressing purpose or intended use, characteristic of things and phenomena that are sought (cf. VĮŽ₂(1): 328).

38) By confirming the organization’s accreditation, which grants it the right to certify shipping (companies) and seagoing vessels, through a document stating the organization’s suitability to carry out these functions (cf. confirming that the organization is suitable to carry out these functions; the organization’s fitness to carry out these functions) DLKT.

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39) The powers of a recognized organization are specified in a document concerning this organization’s ability to perform these functions DLKT.

4.2. Meanings in translation examples

It is useful to discuss the meaning of the nouns atitiktis, atitikimas, which are related to their derivational base, as a semantic network, also by incorporating translation from English. For example, example 40 illustrates the contrasting use of the nouns atitiktis and atitikimas: the more concrete Lithuanian noun atitiktis is translated from the English word match⁴⁷, whereas the noun atitikimas is translated from the English noun correspondence⁴⁸. Based on the synonyms of correspondence listed in the OXFORD_e dictionary, the meaning of the latter noun encompasses different degrees of broadly understood similarity: similarity in the narrower sense, harmony (correlation, similarity, agreement, resemblance, compatibility, affinity, harmony, etc.; cf. LAKŽ_e congruence) and/or equivalence (comparability, uniformity; cf. LAKŽ_e truth, equivalence, adequacy, parity, etc.; also cf. DŽ_7i; VJŽ). Moreover, suitability is inherently related to the feature of harmony embedded in the meaning of the English noun correspondence (congruity; cf. LAKŽ_e congruity, fit; DŽ_7i, LKŽ_e suitable⁴⁹; VJŽ to fit, to suit). Thus, from a semantic perspective, the English

⁴⁷ OXFORD_e: match – 3. a person or thing that resembles or corresponds to another. Synonyms: replica, copy, lookalike, double, twin, duplicate, equivalent, facsimile, like. MERRIAM-WEBSTER: match – 1a. a person or thing equal or similar to another; 1b. one able to cope with another.

⁴⁸ OXFORD_e: correspondence – 1. a close similarity, connection, or equivalence.. Synonyms: correlation, similarity, resemblance, comparability, compatibility, agreement, consistency, congruity, conformity, uniformity, harmony, affinity, accordance, accord, concurrence, coincidence. MERRIAM-WEBSTER: correspondence – 2. a) the agreement of things with one another; b) a particular similarity; c) a relation between sets in which each member of one set is associated with one or more members of the other. Synonyms: common denominator, commonality, congruity, parallel, resemblance, similarity, similitude. Plg. ALKŽ_e: correspondence – 2. atitikimas; 3. panašumas, analogija.

⁴⁹ Cf.: DŽ_7i: tinkamas – 1. meeting requirements, good; LKŽ_e: tinkamas – 1. suitable for something, applicable for a particular purpose, appropriate.

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the English-language correspondence and the Lithuanian atitikimas are similar—they mean “harmony and/or equivalence; suitability.”

40) Atitiktis – atitikimas (cf. similarity; equivalence), is determined automatically by comparing personal data entered or to be entered in an information system or database EUR-lex.

‘match’ means the existence of a correspondence as a result of an automated comparison between personal data recorded or being recorded in an information system or database.

Closely related to the English synonyms correspondence, accordance⁵⁰, consistency⁵¹ (cf. examples 41–42), which are translated into the Lithuanian noun atitikimas, are the closely related nouns compliance⁵² and conformity⁵³ (cf. LAKŽ: conformance). The latter, in the sense of “harmony and/or equivalence,” are also translated into the synonymous Lithuanian nouns atitiktis, atitikimas (see examples 43–46).

⁵⁰ MERRIAM-WEBSTER: accordance – 1. agreement, conformity. Synonyms: accord, agreement, conformance, conformity, congruence, congruency, congruity, consonance, harmony, tune. Agree – 1. have the same opinion about something; concur. Synonyms: concur, be of the same mind, be of the same opinion, see eye to eye, be in sympathy, sympathize, be united, be as one man, accord. Cf.: ALKŽ.: accordance – 1. agreement, correspondence. Agreement – 1. consent, agreement; 3. coordination. Concur – 1. agree, hold the same opinion; 2. coincide.

⁵¹ OXFORDe: consistency – 2. the way in which a substance holds together; thickness or viscosity. Synonyms: thickness, density, firmness, solidity, viscosity, cohesion, heaviness, degree of thickness, degree of density. MERRIAM-WEBSTER: consistency – 1a. agreement or harmony of parts or features to one another or a whole: correspondence. Synonyms: consistence, density, thickness, viscidity, viscosity.

⁵² OXFORDe: compliance – 1.2. the state or fact of according with or meeting rules or standards.. Synonyms: obedience to, accordance with, observance of, observation of, adherence to, conformity to, respect for. MERRIAM-WEBSTER: compliance – 1b. conformity in fulfilling official requirements. Synonyms: acquiescence, biddability, compliancy, deference, docility, obedience, submissiveness. Plg.: ALKŽ.: compliance – 1. sutikimas.

⁵³ OXFORDe: conformity – 1. compliance with standards, rules, or laws. MERRIAM-WEBSTER: conformity – 1. correspondence in form, manner, or character. Cf.: ALKŽ.: conformity – 1. correspondence, coordination; 2. similarity.

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41) The Commission may require a Member State to take the necessary measures to ensure the effective functioning of its management and control systems or the compliance of expenditure with the applicable rules.

The Commission may require a Member State to take the actions necessary to ensure the effective functioning of its management and control systems or the correctness of expenditure in accordance with the applicable rules EUR-lex.

42) PROJEKTO ATITIKIMAS BENDRIEMS PAGALBĄ GAUNANČIOSIOS ŠALIES INVESTICIJŲ PRIORITETAMS (PROJEKTŲ ATRANKA).

CONSISTENCY OF THE PROJECT WITH THE RECIPIENT COUNTRY’S OVERALL INVESTMENT PRIORITIES (PROJECT SELECTION) EUR-lex.

43) An economic operator who places pressure equipment or assemblies on the market under its own name or trademark, or modifies pressure equipment or assemblies in such a way that their compliance with the requirements of this Directive may be affected, should be considered to be the manufacturer and should assume the obligations of the manufacturer.

Any economic operator that either places pressure equipment or assemblies on the market under his own name or trademark or modifies pressure equipment or assemblies in such a way that compliance with the requirements of this Directive may be affected should be considered to be the manufacturer and should assume the obligations of the manufacturer EUR-lex.

44) Patvirtinamųjų dokumentų, kurie pateikiami kartu su paraiška, įskaitant patvirtinamuosius dokumentus, susijusius su [jų] atitikimu Tarybos reglamento (EB, Euratomas) Nr. 1605/2002 93 ir 94 straipsniams, sąrašas yra šio Kvietimo I priede.

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The supporting documents that shall accompany the proposal, including the supporting documents related to compliance with Articles 93 and 94 of Council Regulation (EC, Euratom) No 1605/2002, are listed in Annex I to this Call EUR-lex.

45) The measuring instrument's compliance with this Directive is indicated on the measuring instrument by the CE marking and the supplementary metrology marking, as specified in Article 21.

The conformity of a measuring instrument with this Directive shall be indicated by the presence on it of the CE marking and the supplementary metrology marking as specified in Article 21 EUR-lex⁵⁴.

46) Whereas goods must first and foremost conform to the terms of the contract; whereas the principle of [their] conformity with the contract may be considered common to different national legal traditions EUR-lex

Whereas the goods must, above all, conform with the contractual specifications; whereas the principle of conformity with the contract may be considered as common to the different national legal traditions.

The English noun compatibility⁵⁵ is also translated into Lithuanian as atitiktis, atitikimas (see Examples 47–48) or by the noun suderinamumas (see Example 49). Here the nouns atitiktis, atitikimas are used in the narrower sense of “compatibility.” The latter may be

⁵⁴ Further cf.: In drawing up the EU declaration of conformity, the manufacturer assumes responsibility for the compliance of the pressure equipment or assembly (cf. compliance) with the requirements laid down in this Directive: By drawing up the EU declaration of conformity, the manufacturer shall assume responsibility for the compliance of the pressure equipment or assembly with the requirements laid down in this Directive EUR-lex.

⁵⁵ OXFORD_e: compatibility – 1. a state in which two things are able to exist or occur together without problems or conflict. Synonyms: like-mindedness, similarity, agreement, affinity, closeness, fellow feeling, harmony, rapport, empathy, sympathy, friendship, camaraderie, togetherness, communion, concord. MERRIAM-WEBSTER: compatible – 1. capable of existing together in harmony. Synonyms: agreeable, amicable, congenial, frictionless, harmonious, kindred, unanimous, united. Plg.: ALKŽ_e: compatibility – suderinamumas.

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This is also expressed by the English noun adherence⁵⁶ (see example 49), which is closely related to the aforementioned noun compliance. In view of this, it becomes possible to correlate the English noun adherence with the Lithuanian noun atitiktis.

47) Concerning the contested acts’ conformity with the EU–Russia Partnership Agreement.

The compatibility of the contested acts with the EU–Russia Partnership Agreement EUR-lex.

48) Nevertheless, the institutions should be able to request an opinion on their proposals for legal acts or on the positions they take during legislative procedures, insofar as these relate to their compliance with fundamental rights.

Nevertheless, the institutions should be able to request opinions on their legislative proposals or positions taken in the course of legislative procedures as far as their compatibility with fundamental rights are concerned EUR-lex.

49) Member States shall ensure: compatibility of the national maritime single window systems with the harmonised reporting interface module and conformity of the graphical user interfaces of their national maritime single-window systems (cf. conformity) with the common functions (cf. the module interface’s compatibility with the common functions) pursuant to Article 6(2).

The Member States shall ensure: the compatibility of the maritime National Single Window with the harmonised reporting interface module and adherence of the graphical user interface of their maritime National Single Window to the common functionalities in accordance with Article 6(2) EUR-lex.

⁵⁶ OXFORD: adherence – 1. attachment or commitment to a person, cause, or belief. MERRIAM-WEBSTER: adherence – 1. the act, action, or quality of adhering. Synonyms: adhesion, bonding, cling.

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In context, the narrower sense of “coherence” conveyed by the Lithuanian noun atitikimas, translated by the English noun alignment⁵⁷, may be realized as the sense of “equivalence” (see example 50). Equivalence is also expressed more specifically, for example, by choosing the English noun adequacy⁵⁸, which, as noted, is linked through synonymy to the semantic network of the noun correspondence. Examples 51–52 show that adequacy in the sense of “equivalence” is translated into Lithuanian as atitiktis, atitikimas. In other words, in Lithuanian the sense of equivalence, like that of coherence, can be expressed (translated) in two ways side by side.

50) This Regulation should supplement the Union acquis and lay down provisions necessary to ensure the full conformity of the Union acquis with the Convention, so that the Union and its Member States may respectively approve or ratify and implement the Convention.

This Regulation should complement the Union acquis and lay down the provisions that are needed to ensure the complete alignment of the Union acquis with the Convention so that the Union and its Member States are able to respectively approve or ratify and implement the Convention EUR-lex.

51) Examines the technical documents and supporting data in order to assess the conformity of other parts of the measuring instrument with the technical design.

Examine the technical documentation and supporting evidence to assess the adequacy of the technical design of the other parts of the measuring instrument.

⁵⁷ OXFORD_e: alignment – 2. a position of agreement or alliance. Synonyms: alliance, union, partnership, affiliation, bloc, caucus. MERRIAM-WEBSTER: alignment – 4. an arrangement of groups or forces in relation to one another.

⁵⁸ OXFORD_e: adequacy – 1. the state or quality of being adequate. Synonyms: acceptability, reasonableness, passableness, satisfactoriness, fairness, capability, competence, competency, ability, aptitude, skill, skilfulness, adeptness. MERRIAM-WEBSTER: adequacy – 1. the quality or state of being adequate. Synonyms: acceptability, satisfactoriness, sufficiency.

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52) The Commission shall examine as thoroughly as possible the accuracy of the evidence submitted in the complaint and its compliance with the requirements, in order to determine whether there is sufficient evidence to initiate an investigation.

The Commission shall, as far as possible, examine the accuracy and adequacy of the evidence provided in the complaint, to determine whether there is sufficient evidence to justify the initiation of an investigation EUR-lex.

The attribute of suitability, which belongs to the semantic network of correspondence, can also be expressed more specifically in a sentence—by the English nouns eligibility⁵⁹ and fulfilment⁶⁰ (see examples 53–54).

53) Principles for determining the compliance of credit risk mitigation methods with the requirements.

Principles governing the eligibility of credit risk mitigation techniques EUR-lex.

54) By way of derogation from Article 22(8) of Decision (EU) 2016/245 (ECB/2016/2), candidates may access, update or correct their data, but, after the deadline specified in the vacancy notice has passed, they may not update or correct information relating to their compliance with the selection criteria.

In deviation from Article 22(8) of Decision (EU) 2016/245 (ECB/2016/2), candidates may access, update or correct their data but may not update or correct information relevant to their fulfilment of the selection criteria after the closing date of the call for competition EUR-lex.

⁵⁹ OXFORD_e: eligibility – the state of having the right to do or obtain something through satisfaction of the appropriate conditions. MERRIAM-WEBSTER: eligibility – the quality or state of being eligible: fitness or suitability to be chosen, selected, or allowed to do something.

⁶⁰ OXFORD_e: fulfilment – 2. the meeting of a requirement, condition, or need.

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Suitability may intertwine with a nuance of benefit (be in interest⁶¹), or purpose (fitness⁶²; cf. ALKŽ^e fit). Then, as examples 55–56 show, the English noun or fixed phrase is translated into the Lithuanian equivalent.

55) It is appropriate to provide for an administrative system in which information is presented on the compliance of measures with the interests of the Union, including consumers' interests, and to establish deadlines for the provision of that information, as well as to define the right of the relevant parties to access information of that kind.

It is prudent to provide for an administrative system under which arguments can be presented as to whether measures are in the Union's interest, including consumers' interest, and to specify the time limits within which such information has to be presented as well as the disclosure rights of the parties concerned EUR-lex.

56) Such requirements may include, inter alia, the quantity, quality, type and description of goods, their conformity with a specific purpose, as well as the delivery of goods together with the agreed accessories and all instructions.

Therefore, the goods should comply with the requirements agreed between the seller and the consumer in the sales contract. Such requirements could cover, inter alia, the quantity, quality, type and description of the goods, their fitness for a specific purpose, as well as the delivery of the goods with the agreed accessories and any instructions EUR-lex.

⁶¹ OXFORD_e: in the interests of – for the benefit of.

⁶² OXFORD_e: fitness – 2. (fitness for/to do) the quality of being suitable to fulfil a particular role or task. Synonyms: suitability, capability, competence, competency, proficiency, ability, aptitude.

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The Lithuanian noun atitikimas is also semantically related to the English meet⁶³. Example 57 expresses the features of similarity and suitability inherent in the meanings of both.

57) As regards the third ground of appeal, the Council considers that the three-month period at issue clearly applies to “questions relating to the manufacturer's compliance with the RESVĮ criteria”.

As regards the third ground of appeal, the Council considers that the three-month time-limit at issue applies expressly to ‘a determination whether the producer meets the [MET] criteria’ EUR-lex.

From what has been said about translations of administrative texts, it is clear that translations from English tend to use non-identical equivalents, that is, not expressions with more specific meanings in Lithuanian (adequacy, suitability, harmony, coherence, compatibility, or the like), but nouns with broader meanings, atitikimas, atitiktis, whose semantic network encompasses those more specific meanings.

CONCLUSIONS

In the 452 examples of administrative language examined, the nouns atitikimas, atitiktis mean “similarity (harmony) and/or equivalence; suitability.” This is related to the meaning of the base word atitikti: “1. to be related to something through a relationship of agreement or harmony.” No sentences were found in which the nouns under discussion, atitikimas, atitiktis, are close to the verb atitikti in the sense “2. to find, trace.”

⁶³ Plg.: OXFORDᵉ: meet – (verb) 2. touch or join. Synonyms: come together, converge, connect, touch, link up, reach, abut, butt, adjoin, join, unite, intersect, cross. MERRIAM-WEBSTER: meet – (verb) 1c. to come into contact or conjunction with.

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The syntactic valency of the nouns atitiktis, atitikimas coincides—the object is usually (in over 80% of cases) marked by the dative. This generalized comparative or benefactive dative is “taken” from the network of the semantic derivational base (atitikti): prilygti (to what), ekvivalentiškas (equivalent), (to)lygus (equal to what), derėti (to what), tikti (to what).

An exploratory study of translations of administrative texts showed that the broader-meaning Lithuanian nouns atitikimas, atitiktis outcompete English nouns with more specific meanings or other means of expression.

ŠALTINIAI

ALKŽ_e – Anglų–lietuvių kalbų žodynas. Skaitmeninis žodynas, parengtas Vilniaus universitete pagal¹ anglų–lietuvių leksemų duomenų bazę, sudarytą V. Dadurkevičiaus ir D. Ralio. Parengė M. Paura ir M. Tverijonas. Prieiga internete: www.lkiis.lki.lt.

BŽ_e – Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas (rengiamas), vyr. red. D. Liutkevičienė, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas. Prieiga internete: http://bkz.lki.lt.

DLKT – Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos tekstynas. Prieiga internete http://donelaitis.vdu.lt [žiūrėta 2020–07–17].

DŽ_7i – Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas (internetinis), vyr. red. S. Keinys. 7-as patais. ir papild. leid., Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 2015. Prieiga internete: http://lkiis.lki.lt.

EUR-lex – Europos Sąjungos teisės aktų ir kitų viešų dokumentų bazė „EUR-lex“. Prieiga internete: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/lt/index.htm.

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LAKŽ_e – Lietuvių-anglų kalbų žodynas. Skaitmeninis žodynas, parengtas Vilniaus universiteto pagal anglų-lietuvių leksemų duomenų bazę, sudarytą V. Dadurkevičiaus ir D. Ralio. Parengė M. Paura ir M. Tverijonas. Prieiga internete www.lkiis.lki.lt.

LKŽ_e – Lietuvių kalbos žodynas, t. 1–20, 1941–2002 (elektroninis variantas), vyr. red. G. Naktinienė, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 2005. Prieiga internete: www.lkz.lt.

MERRIAM-WEBSTER – Merriam-Webster Dictionary and Thesaurus. Prieiga internete: https://www.merriam-webster.com.

OXFORD_e – English Oxford Living Dictionaries. Prieiga internete: https://en.oxforddictionaries.com.

VJŽ₁ – Lietuvių kalbos veiksmažodžių junglumo žodynas 1. Aut. N. Sližienė, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla, 1994.

VJŽ₂₍₁₎ – Lietuvių kalbos veiksmažodžių junglumo žodynas 2(1), Aut. N. Sližienė, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla, 1998.

VJŽ₂₍₁₎ – Lietuvių kalbos veiksmažodžių junglumo žodynas 2(2). Aut. N. Sližienė, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos instituto leidykla, 2004.

LITERATŪRA

AKA 2014: Administracinės kalbos aktualijos, sud. L. Murinienė, R. Vladarskienė, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas. Prieiga internete: http://administracinekalba.lki.lt.

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Haspelmath Martin 2007: Further Remarks on Reciprocal Constructions. – Reciprocal Construction 4, ed. Nedjalkov, Vladimir P., Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2087–2116.

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NOUNS COMPLIANCE, CONFORMITY IN ADMINISTRATIVE LANGUAGE

Summary

The article raises the matter of the degree of valency that the nouns compliance, conformity (Lith. atitiktis, atitikimas) have in administrative language. The verbal nouns in question are approached from a syntactic–semantic angle. Reliance is made on samples of texts from the Corpus of the Modern Lithuanian Language (CMLL) by the Centre of Computational Linguistics of Vytautas Magnus University and of EUR-lex administrative texts.

Analysis of 452 sentences of the administrative language has revealed that the nouns compliance, conformity are used in the sense of ‘similarity (concord) and/or equivalence; fitness’. No sentences where the subject nouns conformity, compliance would be related to the meaning of the Lithuanian verb atitikti ‘(to) find, trace down’ have been observed.

The syntactic valency of the nouns compliance, conformity overlaps, with the object denoted with a dative as often as not. In the CMLL, it is present in over 80 per cent (352) of all cases, in EUR-lex, in over 95 per cent of the 100 sentences analysed. That dative, which acts as a comparative or beneficiary, is grounded on the net of a semantic formational foundation of the verb (to) comply, conform ((to) compare (to something or someone), equivalent, comparable (to something or someone), (to) fit (someone or something), (to) suit (someone or something), and so on).

The exploratory study of transactions of administrative texts has showed that the Lithuanian nouns conformity, compliance with their broader range of meaning prevail over English nouns or other means of expression that have a more specific meaning.

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KEYWORDS: valency of the nouns compliance, conformity, administrative language, usage bias.

LORETA VAIČIULYTĖ-SEMĖNIENĖ

Lietuvių kalbos institutas

Petro Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius

loreta.semė[email protected]

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