LIETUVIŲ KALBOTYROS KLAUSIMAI XXXVI (1996)

LIETUVIŲ KALBA: TYRĖJAI IR TYRIMAI

Dalia JAKULYTĖ

MIXING OF NOUN STEMS IN ”KNYGA NOBAŽNYSTĖS”

In 1653, the Reformed printing house in Kėdainiai printed three Calvinist religious books under one common title page, ”Knyga nobažnystės krikščioniškos”¹. These were Gžegōžas iš Žarnoveco’s ”Suma evangelijų”, translated from Polish by two Kėdainiai Reformed theologians (S. Minvydas and J. Božimovskis), as well as their own ”Maldos krikščioniškos”. In addition, KN also contains a hymnbook [10]. A. Jakulis compiled word indexes for ”Sumos evangelijų”, ”Pasijos”, ”Maldų krikščioniškų” and ”Katekizmo”; H. Siaurukienė compiled one for the hymnbook [5, 6, 7, 8, 9].

The language of KN has not been studied in detail; only a few articles by A. Jakulis about it remain (some only in manuscript). KN is thought to have been written in the Central Aukštaitian dialect. A. Jakulis attempted even to identify the pages written by different authors, but here he relied mainly on the spelling of pronouns, conjunctions, and particles[1, 2, 3, 4]. This article analyzes noun stems, their usage, and their relationships to one another. The material was collected from the aforementioned indexes by A. Jakulis and H. Siaurukienė; nouns are grouped according to stems, and the inflectional forms of the various stems are surveyed.

Every dialect and every written monument of a language are important sources for linguistic research, since each reflects a different state of affairs. Nouns belonging to some “weaker” stems are disappearing and shifting to other, “stronger” stems. In this respect, the more interesting ones are the “weaker” nouns, i.e. nouns with i-, u-, į̨u-, and consonant stems.

Consonant stems have been preserved least well. They are disappearing, first shifting to the j-stem, which in turn shifts to the įo- and įa-stems. At present, nouns with n- and r-stems have best preserved the forms of consonant stems, while those with an s-stem have preserved them less well. Fifteen such nouns have been found in KN: 10 with n-stems (akmuo², augmuo, geluo, liemuo, pietmuo, pjūmuo, ruduo, sėmuo, vanduo, šuo), 3 with r-stems

¹ ”KNIGA Nobaznistes krikščionįzkos / Ant gárbos Diewuy TRAYCEY Szwen-toy Wienatijam: Ant wartojimo Bažniczios dides Kunigistes Lietuvos išduotá. KĖDAINYSE, DRVKAWOIA IOCHIMAS IVRGIS RHETAS, Meatu Ponā, 1653” (hereafter KN).

² Examples are given in reconstructed form.

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consonant stems (daughter, mother³, sister) and 2 s-stems (cloud⁴, moon) (see Table No. 1).

Most of them do not have enough forms to determine the stem (e.g., only one form of the noun augmuo is attested). Specific forms of consonant stems account for only 38.7% of all attested forms. The r-stem nouns have retained the largest number of consonant-stem forms. Fewer are found among s-stems and n-stems. Specific forms of consonant stems are attested in only five cases (sg. nom., gen.; pl. nom., gen., instr.). The s-stem nouns are most prone to shift to the io-stem (22% of attested forms are o-stem forms), followed to a lesser extent by n-stems (19%). Only r-stem nouns have no i ā-stem forms at all. Only singular nominative forms are attested exclusively with a consonant stem.

We can speak of only three nouns whose every attested form has a consonant stem: augmuo (only sg. acc. augmenį is attested), geluo (sg. nom. only), and ruduo (only sg. nom. and acc. forms).

In addition to these, several i-stem nouns are found in KN which, alongside i-stem forms, have the ending -ų after a hard consonant in the plural genitive (dantis, dešimtis, durys, krūtis, naktis, priežastis). Consonant-stem forms would also be expected in the plural allative, but only the form ausiump is attested.

The predominant singular nominative form of the noun žmogus is u-stem (97x); the form žmuo, used 4 times, should be regarded as consonantal, but it is not entirely clear how to interpret the form žmogęs, used twice (this form is attested only in the hymnbook, so it may have been shortened to achieve the required number of syllables in the line). In all other cases, u-stem inflection is used.

The most numerous and best-preserved is the i-stem (see Table No. 2). Of 88 lexemes, 38 Lithuanian words and 19 borrowings have only i-stem forms, i.e., more than half.

Among the “weak” stems, the u-stem is best preserved—all forms are u-stem. The only forms that raise doubts are forms such as sg. nom. žmogęs, sg. ades. sūnum⁵, sūnumpi, sūniep, and sg. iness. dangie (the latter two could also be o-stem forms).

The singular forms of the iu-stem are fairly well preserved. Only two nouns have o-stem forms (sg. gen. aukštėjo, instr. mesijošiu). The plural has almost entirely shifted to the io-stem. But several iu-stem forms are also used here: pl. nom. neprietelius (2x) and pl. instr. kryžiums (1x). One u-stem form of the noun ūglius and four u-stem forms of the noun karalius are attested: sg. all. ūglaus, sg. gen. karalaus, acc. karalų, instr.

³ The noun motė appears to have split into two lexemes: motė, motės and moteris, moteries. Only a few ē-stem forms are attested in KN: the singular genitive form motes (alongside moters and moteries, each occurring once) and the accusative form motę (attested twice). All other forms can be considered consonant-stem forms.

⁴ The form debesīs is reconstructed tentatively, since the singular nominative is not attested in KN.

⁵ E.g.: Nori idánt... ing ij tikietumim... átmin̄dami juog Diewās eſt Tewų muſų / Sunump ſavo / kuri mums už Prietelu ámžingą dawe...KN 214₁₁.

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of kings and voc. king⁶.

Among the strong stems, the ē-stem is more interesting. Several cases of stem mixing have been recorded due to the coincidence of forms in most cases (e.g., ē- and ā-stem forms of words whose stem ends in the consonant l: meilė || meila, našlė || našla, sėkla || sėklė).

In fact, two things are intertwined here: stem mixing (paradigmatic) and parallel forms of different stems (with their own paradigms). KN records quite a number of nouns with parallel forms:

i-, įo-, and ē-stems: pavietris || pavietrė

i- and ē-stems: pramonis || pramonė

ē- and ā-stems: bagotystė || bagotysta, neviemystė || neviermusta, bendrystė || bendrysta, garbė || garba, pagalbė || pagalba, palaimė || palaima

ē- and o-stems: didumė || didumas, moteriškė || moteriškas

ē- and įo-stems: kalinė || kalinys “prison,” ragotinė || ragotinis

i- and o-stems: pagonis || pagonas

įu- and įā-stems: rotušius || rotušia

o- and ā-stems: evangelistas || evangelista and so on.

Borrowed words often have forms from several stems resulting from different patterns of adaptation. However, quite a few Lithuanian words also have parallel forms from several stems that are difficult to explain (amžis || amžius, pavoyda || pavoydas, giluma || gilumas). In fact, most of them are abstract nouns. There are few words with concrete meanings that have parallel forms from different stems, and the forms of not all of them are clearly attested. Yet, for example, the variation in the paradigms of ē-stem nouns ending in l suggests that KN was not written in one specific dialect. This could also explain lexemes with several stems—but that is a subject for further research.

⁶ In KN they are written with a hard ł, e.g. uglau[p, Karataus.

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Table No. 17

CASE | STEM | CONSONANT-STEM FORMS | i-STEM FORMS | įo-STEM FORMS SINGULAR Nominative: n — 31; r — 8; s — 5 Genitive: n — 12, 14; r — 3, 1; s — 4 Dative: n — 5; r — (1), (1); s — 1 Accusative: n — (16), (16); r — (2), (2) Instrumental: n — 8, 9 Inessive: n — (3), (3); s — (1), (1) Allative: n — 2 Vocative: r — 1; (? — dukte) PLURAL Nominative: n — 9, 3; r — 2; s — 1

⁷ The tables show the number of forms belonging to the various stems. The first table presents the forms of nouns with n, r and s stems. The second gives nouns with an i stem (all nouns recorded at least once with the ending -ies in the singular genitive are treated as i-stem nouns, except for the aforementioned n, r and s stems). Where forms belonging to several stems coincide, their number is given in parentheses in the columns for all the stems.

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Continuation of Table No. 1

CASE CONSONANT-STEM FORMS i-STEM FORMS įo-STEM FORMS Genitive n 9 (7) (7) r 3 s 3 Dative n 6 Accusative n (8) (8) 1 r (2) (2) s (4) (4) Instrumental n 1 5 r 1 2 s 1 Inessive s 2 Allative n 1 Vocative r 1

Table No. 2

CASE i-stem consonant stem iā-stem io-stem ē-stem iū-stem o-stem ā-stem SINGULAR Nominative (189) 42 4 (189) Genitive 403 11 (?— šiṙdes) 2 18 1 1 Dative 16 5 Accusative (317) 5 (317) 2 1 1 Instrumental 31 99 4

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Continuation of Table No. 2

CASE | i-stem | consonant stem | iā-stem | io-stem | ē-stem | iu-stem | o-stem | ā-stem | Inessive | 99 | 1 | Illative | 39 |. | Allative | 8 | Vocative | 30,?— | krikš- | čio- | ne (1) | smertì (1) | PLURAL | Nominative | 99 | 2 | 2 | Genitive | (207) | 18 | (207) | (207) | 1 | Dative | 9 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | Accusative | 197 | 1 | 3 | 4 | Instrumental | 46 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 1 | Inessive | 39 | 2 | Illative | 9 | Allative | (6) | (6) | 1 | DUAL | Nominative | 22 | Accusative | 4 | Instrumental | 3

LITERATŪRA

1. J a k u l i s A. 1860 m. katekizmas ir ”Knyga nobažnystės” Baltistica 7(1), 1971, 87—99.

2. J a k u l i s A. ”Sumos evangelijų” ir ”Maldų krikščioniškų” autorystės klausimu. — Baltistica 18(2), 1982, 173—178.

3. J a k u l i s A. Galiniai -o ir -e ir įvardžiai mano, tavo, savo ”Sumoje evangelijų” ir ”Maldose krikščioniškose” (rankraštis), Klaipėda, 1984.

4. J a k u l i s A. ”Sumos evangelijų” ir ”Maldų krikščioniškų” ryšiai su ankstesniais lietuviškais raštais. — Kalbotyra 35(1), 1984, 31—41.

5. J a k u l i s A. ”Knygos nobažnystės” leksika 1, Klaipėda, 1995.

6. J a k u l i s A. ”Maldų krikščioniškų” leksika (rankraštis), Klaipėda, 1984.

7. J a k u l i s A. ”Katekizmo” leksika (rankraštis), Klaipėda.

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8. Jakulis A. ”Pasijos” leksika (rankraštis), Klaipėda, 1984.

9. Siaurukienė H. Giesmyno leksika (rankraštis), Klaipėda, 1984.

10. Vladimirovas L. Knygos istorija, V., 1979, 478—480.

MIXING OF NOUN STEMS IN ”KNYGA NOBAŽNYSTĖS”

Summary

A. Jakulis had been started examining the language of the book ”Knyga nobažnystės” (KN), issued in 1653. He paid most attention to the question of authorship, using the writing of pronouns, conjunctions, particles as a base. In this article the nouns of the KN are examined: their stems, usage, interrelations, mixing tendencies. The variety of the paradigms of the nouns allows us to suppose that KN was not written in one certain dialect.

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