Ac a
Linguis ica
Li huanica
LVI
(2007),
65
-
71
The
goal
o
mo ion
in
he
Indo-
Eu opean
languages:
Da i e
and
accusa i e’
WILLIAM
R.
SCHMALSTIEG
S a e
College,
Pa.
The
au ho ’s
con en ion
is
ha
he
a es ed
IE
accusa i e
and
da i e
sg.
o ms
o
o-s ems
go
back
o
o iginal
sandhi
a ian s
o
one
single
case
ending.
These
phone ic
a ian s
we e
subsequen ly
eanalyzed
as
di e -
en
case
o ms.
The
Indo-Eu opean
“o-s em
accusa i e
case
esul s
om
he
ein e p e a ion
o
some
o
he
o iginal
seman ic
da i e
case
uses
as
syn ac ic
accusa i e
case
uses
(in
he
ollowing
N
=
m
o
n).
E ymological
au oma ic
phonological
a ian s
we e
eanalyzed,
each
a ian
gaining
a
sepa a e
syn ac ic
signi icance.
Fo
he
mos
pa
he
accusa i e
case
is
ep esen ed
by *-oN
(<
*-oN
in
p e ocalic
sandhi
posi ion
wi h
e en ion
o
he
inal
nasal)
whe eas
he
da i e
case
is
ep esen ed
o
he
mos
pa
(bu
no
exclusi ely)
by
*-6
(<
*-oN
in
e ymological
p econsonan al
sandhi
posi ion
wi h
loss
o
he
nasal
and
leng hening
o
he
p eceding
owel),
c .
La .
acc.
sg.
se -um
(<
*-0N
<
**-oN
+
V...)
‘sla e’
s.
da .
sg.
se o
(<*-6
<
**-oN
+
C...),
see
Schmals ieg
(2000,
2004).?
A
pa ial
phonological
and
syn ac ic
pa allel
is
u nished
by
he
English
I
should
like
o
hank
he ewi h
P o .
Vy au as
Amb azas
o
eading
an
ea lie
e sion
o
his
pape
and
helping
wi h
he
Li huanian
examples.
This
does
no
imply,
o
cou se,
his
endo semen
o
he
heo y
he e
p oposed
o
his
esponsibili y
o
any
mis akes.
‘I
accep
he
Indo-Hi i e
hypo hesis
and
assume
ha
his
pa icula
phonological
de elopmen
migh
no
ha e
aken
place
in
Indo-Hi i e.
Ne e heless
wi h
ega d
o
he
nasals
he
Hi i e
de elopmen
seems
o
be
e y
simila
o
ha
which
I
ha e
p oposed
o
Indo-Eu opean.
65
Wi iiam
R.
ScuMA s ieG
possessi es
my
and
mine,
which
now
ha e
di e en
unc ions,
al hough
o iginally
he
dis ibu ion
was
qui e
au oma ic,
my
esul ing
om
he
p econsonan al
sandhi
a ian
and
mine
esul ing
om
he
p e ocalic
sandhi
a ian
(S ang
1970:
198).
The
o iginal
dis ibu ion
o
mo pheme
al e nan s
depending
upon
sandhi
phenomena
is
s ill
obse ed
in
he
use
o
he English
inde ini e
a icle,
i.e.,
a be o e
consonan s,
an
be o e
owels.
The
Sla ic
-o
s em
da i e
singula
ending
-u
de i es
om
*-o
(<
*-uN
<
*-oN
which,
al hough
om
he
Indo-Eu opean
poin
o
iew
exis ed
only
in
p e ocalic
sandhi
posi ion,
became
possible
again
in
Sla ic
p econsonan al
sandhi
posi ion)
wi h
loss
o
he
nasaliza ion
in
oo -s essed
pa adigms.
This
denasalized
-u
was
hen
sp ead
o
all
he
-o
s em pa adigms
ega dless
o
s ess
pa e n.
(This
would
ha e
a
pa ial
pa allel
in
he
si ua ion
desc ibed
by
Zinke icius
1966:
75-78
o
ce ain
wes e n
Li huanian
dialec s
(Klaipéda,
e c.)
in
which
he
e en ion
o
loss
o a
inal
nasal
seems
o
depend
on
whe he
he
inal
syllable
was
s essed
o
no .)
The
old
o iginal
da i e
ending
(*-oN-)
is
e ained
in
he
e ymological
adjec i al
and
p onominal
de ini e
o ms
whe e
i
is
p o ec ed
by
he ollowing
owel,
e.g.,
Sla ic
da .
sg.
masc.-neu .
-om-u
‘ o
ha ’
(c .
he
Li huanian
equi alen
da .
sg.
masc.
-am-ui
‘id.’).*
The
Sla ic
acc.
sg.
masc.
de ini e
o m
-b-je
‘ ha
one’
esul s
om
a
seconda y
es uc u ing.
The
Sla ic
-o
s em
acc.
sg.
ending
-»
also
de i es
om *-uN
(<
*-oN)
in
speci ic
Sla ic
p e ocalic
sandhi
posi ion.
Thus
*-uN
(in
p e ocalic
posi ion)
>
-»
s.
*-uN
(in
p econsonan al
posi ion)
>
*-9.
E idence
o
he
*
Acco ding
o
Thumb-Hauschild
(1959:
138)
he
Old
Indic
da .
sg.
masc.-neu .
asmai,
Umb ian
esmei
‘huic’,
pusme
‘cui’,
Go h.
bamma,
Old
P ussian
s esmu,
kas-
mu
ha e
an
ex ension
in
sm(a)-,
whe eas
Li h.
-am-ui,
La .
am,
Old
High
Ge man
demu,
Sla ic
-om-u
show
he
expec ed
adjec i al
*-o
s em
declension
wi h
no
ace
o
an
o iginal
-s-.
See
also
Haud y
(1982:
30).
Ano he
possibili y
is
also
imaginable.
Haud y
(1982:
41)
has
w i en:
“On
nomme
hypos ase
le
ai
de
ai e
une
o me
léchie
ou
ad e bialisée
come
une
base
de
lexion
ou de
dé i a ion”.
An
example
o
his
would
be
he
use
o
he
inde ini e
nomina i e
o
he adjec i e
o
which
ano he
case
is
added.
Zinke igius
(1966:
283)
gi es
some
examples
o
he
inde ini e
adjec i-
al
nomina i e
case
o
which
o he
case
endings
a e
added,
e.g.,
§{
pi m-as-j
jésim
in
ka uge...
‘Le
us ide
his
i s
one
in o
wa ...’.
No e
he
addi ion
o
he
de ini e
acc.
sg.
ending
-1
o
he
nom.
sg.
o m
pi m-ds-
(wi h
s ess
as
in
de .
nom.
sg.
pi m-ds-is).
One
migh
assume
o
Old
Indic
da .
sg.
kdsmai
‘ o
whom’
may
de i e
om
nom.
sg.
kh,
jus as
Old
P ussian
kasmu
migh
de i e
om
he
nom.
sg.
kas.
O he
o ms
such
as
da .
sg.
Old
Indic
dsmai,
Old
P ussian
s esmu
migh
also
be
analogical.
66
The
goal
o
mo ion
in
he
languages
e ymologically
au oma ic
na u e
o
he
dis ibu ion
o
*-»
and
-9
is
u nished
by
he
e lexes
o
he
p eposi ion
and
p e ix
*s n-
which
de eloped
ei he
in o
s -
o
so
—
depending
on
he
en i onmen .
In
p e ocalic
posi ion
he
inal
-n
was
ans e ed
o
he
beginning
o
he
ollowing
wo d,
hus
swn-
ims
‘wi h
him’
is
now
analyzed
as
s
nim
‘id.’
in
mode n
Russian,
whe eas
in
p econsonan al
posi ion
a
nasal
owel
esul ed,
hus
so-p og-»
‘spouse’.
The
e ymological
p e ocalic
o m
was
inally
sp ead
o
all
posi ions
in
he
unc ion
o
he
p eposi ion
ss,
hus,
e.g.,
sb
g adomb
‘wi h
he
ci y’.
The
e ymological
p econsonan al
o m
is
e ained
in
mode n
Russian
compounds
in
e ymological
p econsonan al
posi ion,
e.g.,
in
he
compound
sup ug
‘spouse’
(<
*sg-p og-b)
and
o he
wo ds
wi h
he
p e ix
su-,
e.g.,
su-s a
‘join ,
a icula ion’,
su-me ki
‘ wiligh ,
dusk’,
e c.
A e
he
spli
in o
wo
cases
in
he
*o-s em
class
o he
noun
s em
classes
(e.g.,
he
consonan
s ems)
assigned
he
old da i e
in
*-N
o
he
new
accusa i e
unc ion
and
a
o m
o
he
old
loca i e
in
*-(e)i
ook
o e
da i e
unc ion,
c .
La .
ace.
sg.
homin-em
<*-m
‘man’,
da .
sg.
homin-i
<
*-ei,
Gk.
acc.
sg.
momsé a
<
*-m
‘shephe d’,
da .
sg.
moué i
<
*-i.
This
e ymological
loca i e
ma ke
*-i
was
also
added
independen ly
o
he
e ymological
*-6 o
gi e
s anda d
Li huanian
-ui
and
in
G eek
o
gi e
-w.
As
a
elic
o
an
ea lie
epoch
be o e
he
*-o
s em
da i e
and
accusa i e
we e
di e en ia ed
he
goal
o
mo ion
may
be
exp essed
by
ei he
case
in
he
oldes
a es ed
Indo-Eu opean
languages,
c .
La .
domum
(acc.
sg.)
i e
‘ o
go
home’
( eplaced
in
la e
La in
by
in
(ad)
domum,
whe e
he
p eposi ion,
added
la e ,
ein o ces
he
o iginal
meaning),
olli u
in
caelum
(acc.
sg.)
clamo
‘a
shou
is
aised o
hea en’
(Vi gil,
Aeneid
11,
745),
bu
also
i
clamo
cael6
(da .
sg.)
‘ he
shou
goes
hea enwa d’
(Vi gil,
Aeneid
5,
451).
Fu he
La in
examples
include
qué
‘whi he ’,
alid
‘ o
ano he
place’,
in d
‘ o
he
inside’,
ul é
‘ o
he
a he
side’,
e d
‘backwa ds’,
e c.,
all
e ymological
-o
s em
da i e
singula
o ms.
(The
e ymological
La in
qué
when
combined
wi h
he
old
loca i e
ma ke
*-i
gi es
he
da i e
sg.
cui
‘ o
whom,
o
wha ’.)
G eek
examples
include
olko
(S6yo )
(acc.
sg.)
ié a
‘ o
go
home’
(Ho mann
&
Szan y
1972:
49),
bu
also
AAge@
(da .
sg.)
uécow
Ka aPaic
éxdAeooe
Tlooeida ’
e puBia
‘going
down
in o
he
middle
o he
Alpheos
he
called
upon
widely
uling
Poseidon’
(Pinda ,
Olympian
Ode
6,
61-62).
Delb iick
(1893:
177)
gi es
he
Old
Indic
examples,
g amam
(acc.
sg.)
gaccha i
s.
g amdya
(da .
sg.)
gaccha i
‘he
goes
o
he
illage’.
Danylenko
(2003:
67
Wi iiam
R.
SCHMALSTIEG
295)
gi es
he
ollowing
examples om Old
Eas
Sla ic:
p ide
Volodime
Haliépskoi
(acc.)
i
p ide
Kye u
(da .)
‘Volodime
came
o
Galicia
and
a i ed
a
Kie ’.
In
la e
Sla ic
he
accusa i e
o
di ec ion
was
s eng hened
wi h
a
p eposi ion
(as
in
La in),
e.g.,
e
dome
‘in o
he
house’.
A
elic
o he old
da i e
is
p ese ed
in
he
con empo a y
Russian
ad e b
domoj
‘home’
<
domo i
‘ o
he
house’.
In
hei
discussion
o
his
opic
Gamk elidze
and
I ano
no e
as
a
ypological
pa allel
he
ac
ha
he
di ec
and
indi ec
objec
and
he objec
o
mo ion
can
all
be
exp essed
by
he
same
case
(-s)
in
Geo gian
(1984:
285-
286):
k’aci
agle s
c’ign-s
ba s -s
‘ he
man
gi es
he
book
(c’ign-s)
o
he
child
(ba i -s)’
and
midis
kalak-s
‘goes
o
he
ci y’.
Acco ding
o
F ied ich
(1960:
120)
he
Hi i e
accusa i e
is
e y
a e
and
pe haps
a chaic
in
i s
usage
as
he objec
o
mo ion.
He
gi es
as
examples
nu-SmaS
HUR.SAG-an
(acc.
sg.)
pa hanzi
‘und
sie
we den
euch
ins
Gebi ge
jagen,
and
hey
will
chase
you
in o
he
moun ains’;
GU-zu
°SAPIN-an
(acc.
sg.)
Sé
izzi
‘sein
Nacken
komm
au
einen
P lug,
one
places
his
neck
on
a
plow’
(Ho ne
1997:
133).
The
olde
language
has
a
di ec i e
in
-a
o
he
objec
o
mo ion
as
opposed
o
an
-i
o deno e
loca ion
a
es ,
hus a un-a
‘ o
he
ocean’,
nepis-a
‘ o
hea en’
as
opposed
o
a un-i
‘in
he
ocean’,
nepis-i
‘in
hea en’.
O dina ily
he
di ec i e
is
he
case
o he
objec
o
mo ion
and
he
da i e
deno es
loca ion
(F ied ich
1960:
121).
In
my
iew
his
Hi i e
di ec i e
in
-a
(no
he
da .-loc.
in
-i)
and
he
accusa i e
in
-an
ha e
a
common
o igin.
One
would
expec
pe haps
Hi i e
*-un
<
Indo-Eu opean
*-on,
bu
i
is
possible
ha
he old
*-un
was
eplaced
by
-an
on
analogy
wi h
he
nom.
sg.
-a
(K onasse
1956:
99).
The
al e na ion
be ween
inal
-a
and
-an
is
obse ed
in
he
Hi i e
pa icles
anda/andan
‘in,
wi hin,
in o’,
appa
‘a e wa ds,
again’
/appan
‘behind,
a e ’,
ka a/ka an
‘a e wa ds’
(K onasse
1956:
157-160).
Tischle
(1983:
539)
w i es
ha
i
is
usually
assumed
ha
ka a
is
an
old
di ec i e,
ka an
an
old
accusa i e
o
di ec ion
and
ka i
an
old
loca i e.
Tischle
also
men ions
he
sugges ion
ha
ka a
may
be
de i ed
om
ka an
wi h
loss
o
inal
-n
as
a
esul
o
sandhi
phenomena.
See
also
S u e an
(1927:
250).
Acco ding
o
F ied ich
(1960:
35)
inal
-n
is
o dina ily
assimila ed
o
he
ini ial
consonan
o a ollowing
encli ic
(wi h
o
wi hou
he
doubling
o
his
ini ial
consonan ,
c .
*is amanan-San
‘his
ea ’
(acc.
sg.)
>
iS amanas$an;
man
‘i
+
he
pa icle
ua
o
quo ed
speech
>
maua.
F ied ich
no es
also
68
The
goal
o
mo ion
in
he
languages
(1960:
34)
ha
n
in
he
in e io
o a
wo d
is
equen ly
omi ed,
e.g.,
ka -
pa-zi
beside ka panzi
‘ hey
aise’.
In
his
ega d
S u e an (1951:
25)
w i es,
‘I
is
p obable
ha
in
some
dialec
o
colloquial
Hi i e,
n
be o e
ce ain
consonan s
had
been
los ’.
One
can
imagine
hen
ha
o iginally
wo d
inal
-n was
e ained
be o e
wo ds
beginning
wi h
a
owel,
bu
ha
wo d
inal
-n
was
los
be o e
wo ds
beginning
wi h
ce ain
consonan s. This
o iginal
sandhi
a ia ion
was
mo phologized
such
ha
-an
came
o
se e
as
he
accusa i e
singula ,
whe eas
-a
became
he
di ec i e
case.
Whe he
he
Hi i e
di ec i e
e lec ed
a
long
o
sho
inal
-a
canno
be
de e mined
(see
La oche
1970:
46
and
48,
n.
36).
In
p inciple
i
could
be
long
and
he
co espond
exac ly
o
Indo-Eu opean
*-6.
In
he
s udy
o
case
and
p eposi ional
usage
in
he
Gospel
o
Luke
in
B e kiinas’
Bible
ansla ion
Gelumbeckai é
(2002:
150)
w i es
ha
he
La in
use
o he
accusa i e
o
deno e
mo ion
in o
he
inside
o
some hing
helped
o
e ain
he
simila
Li huanian
cons uc ion
(Luke
7,
36),
ieies
[>
ieijes]
namus
(ace.
pl.)
Pha i eia
[co ec ed
o
>
Pha i eu cho]
‘ha ing
en e ed
he
Pha isee’s
house’
=
La .
ing essus
domum
(acc.
sg.)
pha isaei.
Bu
no e,
howe e ,
Li h.
Einu
einu
i
p ieinii
migkq
(acc.
sg.)
‘I
go
and
go
and
a i e
a
he
o es ’,
(LKZ,,
1100);
p i azia ome
d a elj
(acc.
sg.)
‘we
came
o
he
small
mano ’
OZ
go e
449);
AS
pa s
keliausiu
olimq
Salele
‘I
mysel
will a el o
a
dis an
land’
(JD
2704);
Lékciau
Zaliq
gi uzéle
‘I
would
ly
o
a
g een
o es ’
(JD,
341);
Ry o
josiu
joma kélj
‘Tomo ow
will
ide
o
he
ma ke ’
(LKZ,,
358,
JD
521);
Balnok,
é eli,
bé a
Zi gelj,
josiu
s eciq
Salele
‘Saddle
up,
o
a he ,
he
bay
ho se,
I
will
ide
o
a
o eign
coun y’
(LKZ,,
358,
JV
985).
The
Li huanian
p eposi ion
j
‘ o,
in’
s eng hens he
simple
accusa i e
case
in
he
unc ion
o
objec
o
mo ion
jus as
ad,
in
do
in
La in,
see
abo e.’
The
use
o
he
accusa i e
o
deno e
he
objec
o
mo ion
is
an
ancien Indo-Eu opean
syn ac ic
ea u e.
Gelumbeckai é
(2002:
243)
w i es
u he
ha
he
La in
use
o
app opinqua e
‘ o
app oach’
+
he
da i e
s imula ed a
simila
usage
o
Li h.
a in is
wi h
he da i e
(Luke
24,
28),
p i ia inaia
mie eliui
(da .
sg.)
[co ec ed
o
>
mie eliap
ku ap
eija]
‘ hey
app oached
he
illage,
whe e
hey
we e
going’
=
La .
app opinqua e un
cas ello,
quo
iban .
°My
colleague,
V.
Amb azas,
sugges s
ha
he
meaning
o
he
accusa i e
o
di ec ion
ga e
ise
o
he
illa i e
wi h
i s
s eng hening
elemen
-na.
69

Wi iam
R.
ScHMALSTIEG
As
a
as
I
know
he
da i e
as
an
objec
o
mo ion
is
no
e ained
in
any
mode n
Li huanian
dialec ,
bu
he
da i e
in
his
unc ion
has
an
ancien
Indo-Eu opean
o igin
so
i
canno
be p o en
ha
i
was
impossible
a
an
ea lie
epoch
in
Li huanian.
ABBREVIATIONS
JD
=
Lié i iskos
ddjnos
ug asy os
pa
An dnq
Juske ice.
3
olumes.
Kazan’,
1880-
1882.
The
nume als
deno e
he
numbe
o
he
song.
JV =
Lié i iskos
s o binés
ddjnos
ug agy os
pa
An dnq
Juske iée
i
isspdudin os
pa
Jong
Juske ice.
S .
Pe e sbu g
...
1883.
The
nume als
deno e
he
numbe
o
he
song.
LKZ
=
Lie u iy
kalbos
Zodynas.
1-20
Ed.
by
J.
Ba.ciKonis,
J.
K uopas,
K.
Un ypas,
V.
Vi xauskas.
Vilnius,
1941-2002.
VD
=
A.
Vi ewi nas,
Kupiskénos
dainos
(see
he
jou nal
Tau a
i
Zodis,
II
and
IV).
The
nume als
deno e
he
numbe
o
he
song.
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A.
I.
2003:
P edyka y,
idminky
i
dia ezy
uk ajinks’kij
mo i.
Is o iényj
i
ypolohiényj
aspek y.
Xa ki :
Oko.
De s ck,
B.
1893.
Ve gleichende
Syn ax
de
indoge manischen
Sp achen
I.
S assbu g:
Ka l
J.
T iibne .
F iep icn,
J.
1960:
He hi isches
Elemen a buch.
Heidelbe g:
Ca l
Win e .
Gamk e ipze,
T.
&
V.
I ano .
1984.
Indoe opejskij
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J.
2002.
Linksniy
i
p ielinksnininiy
kons ukcijy
sin aksé
Jono
B e k ino
Biblijos
E angelijoje
pagal
Lukq.
Vilnius:
Lie u iy
kalbos
ins i u as.
Haup y,
J.
1982.
P éhis oi e
de
la
lexion
nominale
indo-eu opéenne.
Lyon:
Ins i u
d'é udes
indo-eu opéennes
de
I’Uni e si é
Jean
Moulin.
70
The
goal
o
mo ion
in
he
languages
Ho mann,
J.
B.,
A.
Szan y
e
al.
1972
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La einische
Syn ax
und
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C.
H.
Beck
Ho ne ,
H.
1997:
The
laws
o
he
Hi i es.
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Yo k—Cologne:
B ill.
K onasse ,
H.
1956:
Ve gleichende
Lau -
und
Fo menleh e
des
He hi ischen.
Heidelbe g:
Ca l
Win e .
La ocue,
E.
1970
:
E udes
de
linguis ique
ana olienne
III:
9.
Le
di ec i .
Re ue
hi i e
e
asianique
28,
22-49.
Scuma s ieG,
W.
R.
1997:
The
o igin
o
he neu e
nomina i e-accusa i e
singula
in
*-om.
Jou nal
o
Indo-Eu opean
S udies
24,
3/4,
401-408.
Scuma s iec,
W.
R.
2000:
Da i e
o
Accusa i e.
A
La ian
pa allel
o
P o o-Indo-
Eu opean.
In:
J.-D.
Range,
H sg.,
Aspek e
bal is ische
Fo schung
(Sch i en
des
Ins i u s
ii
Bal is ik,
E ns -Mo i z-A nd -Uni e si a
G ei swald,
Bd.
1),
Essen:
Die
Blaue
Eule,
291-300.
ScHMaLs iEG,
W.
R.
2004.
The
common
o igin
o
he
*-o
s em
da i e,
accusa i e
and
ins umen al
cases.
Bal is ica
39,
5-11.
S ana,
B.
1970:
A
his o y
o
English.
London:
Me huen
and
Co.
S u e an ,
E.
H,
1927:
Hi i e
ka a(n)
and
ela ed
wo ds.
Ame ican
Jou nal
o
Philology
48,
247-257.
S u e an ,
E,
H.
1951:
A
compa a i e
g amma
o
he
Hi i e
language.
New
Ha en
and
London:
Yale
Uni e si y
P ess.
Tiscue ,
J.
1983:
He hi isches
e ymologisches
Glossa .
Pa
I.
A-K.
Innsb uck:
Ins i u
ii
Sp achwissenscha
de
Uni e si a .
(Innsb ucke
Bei ige
zu
Sp achwissenscha ,
ol.
20,
pa
1.)
Tuums,
A.
&
R.
Hauscuip
1959:
Handbuch
des
Sansk i .
Bd.
II.
Fo menleh e.
Hei-
delbe g:
Ca l
Win e .
Zinke icius,
Z.
1966:
Lie u iy
dialek ologija.
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Min is.
William
R.
Schmals ieg
814
Co nwall
Road
S a e
College,
Pa.
16803,
USA
71