52 ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXVII
k is ina u koVska
Vilnius Uni e si y, Cen e o Polish S udies Resea ch di ec ions: he
unc ioning and s a i ica ion o Polish languages in Li huania, he
in e ac ion o Li huanian and Polish languages, Li huanian linguis ics in
he Polish language, olk cus oms in he neighbo hood; he p oblems
o bilingual Polish-language lexicog aphy.
Li huanian language schools
Li huanian Polish a Messing1
Li huanian bo owings in Polish dialec s in Li huania anno a ion This a icle discusses he lexical
Li huanianisms used in Polish, Li huanian and Bulga ian dialec s in Li huania. Lexical Li huanianisms
a e cha ac e ized by he bo owing pe iod and he ways in which hese wo ds en e ed he Polish
language. he analysis concludes ha mos o he Li huanian loanwo ds ha ha e en e ed he
Polish language came om he Bulga ian language, which may indica e ha he basis o he
o ma ion o he Polish language in he Vilnius egion was o med by he Bulga ian language.
The pape deals wi h lexical Li uanisms unc ioning in Polish dialec s on he
Polish-Li huanian-Bela usian bo de land. Li huanian lexical loanwo ds a e cha ac e ized wi h
ega d o ime and he ways o il e ing hese wo ds in o Polish dialec s. The analysis conduc ed
shows ha he majo i y o Li huanian bo owings pene a ed in o Polish h ough he media ion
o he Bela usian language, which can be an e idence o he Bela usian backg ound o Polish
dialec s in he Russian language.
Vilnius and i s a ea.
The i s a icle was p epa ed as pa o he in e na ional p ojec […]język polski pog anicza
li ewsko-ło ewsko-biało uskiego na le innych odmian polszczyzny północno-k esowej[…] (The Polish language o
he Li huanian-La ian-Bela usian bo de land in compa ison wi h o he a ian s o he Polish language in
no h-eas e n Polish), unded by he Minis y o Science and Highe Educa ion o Poland (MNCW) and he Na ional
Science Cen e (now he Na ional Science Cen e); The numbe o he con ac is 104 056038. The main wo ds a e:
Polish language in Li huania, Li huanian language in e ac ion, Li huanian language, Vilnius egion. KeyWo ds: Polish
dialec s in Li huania, in e ac ion be ween dialec s, li huanisms, he Vilnius egion.
Lie u ių kalbos skoliniai Lie u os lenkų a mėse
53-page a icles
The e i o y o he Polish, Li huanian and Bulga ian p o inces is cha ac e ized by mul icul u alism and
mul ilingualism, ha ing o med complex e hnolinguis ic ela ions in he dis an pas , eaching he imes o
he G and Duchy o Li huania (Ldk). In he pe iod o he i s di isions in o he lands o he Bal s and he
Russians, as well as he in lux o people om he c own and he hill (1655) in his e i o y li ed as many as
kaimyninių als ybių į akojo ai, kad Liublino unijos (1569) i Mask os ka iuome-
se en e hnic g oups: he Li huanian language, he Bulga ian language, he Polish language o he
no heas e n egion, he Li huanian language o he Ta a , he Li huanian language, he Jewish dialec ,
he "Na e o pagans' alk" in he e i o y belie ed in many e hnic g oups. A e he di ision o he wo
(bedna czuk 1994: 109–124). Laikui bėgan Lie u os didžiosios kunigaikš ys ės
peoples' epublics, he in luence o he Russian language began o s eng hen in hese lands, he s a us
and limi s o he use o o he languages ha ha e unc ioned since ancien imes changed (G ek-Pabisowa
un il now om he desc ip ion o he linguis ic si ua ion o he imes o he G and Duchy o Li huania,
1997: 145–179).
made by analyzing his o ical sou ces, and he s udy o he spoken e i o ies, li le is known abou he
spoken bo de s o he Bal ic languages in he pas and he spoken Li huanian languages. As a esul , he
genesis o Polish e minology in Li huania is s ill he subjec o discussion. Using linguis ic da a, his
a icle will analyze he phenomena on he basis o which i would be possible o de e mine he linguis ic
basis o he Polish languages o he Vilnius bo de egion. he desc ibed objec […] is he Li huanian used in
hese ansla ions. Lexical Li huanianisms will be cha ac e ized by he di e si y o hei ch onological
s a a (and he di e ences in ela ed hema ic g oups) and hei p e alence in a ious linguis ic a eas. In
addi ion, in iew o he equen coincidences wi h analogous wo ds used in he Bal ic languages, i will be
sough o jus i y he in oduc ion o hese wo ds in o he Li huanian Polish language h ough he
in e media e language. This a icle will no be limi ed o he p esen a ion o Li huanian loanwo ds w i en
in he e i o y o he Vilnius egion (Wileńszczyzna). will ake in o accoun hose e i o ies ha a e
emo e om he Vilnius egion bu which a e cha ac e ised by simila socio-linguis ic ea u es in he pas
and p esen con ex . Today, his p oblem is add essed only in a ew a icles. The Bela usian esea che
Ana oly Aksami o w i es abou he quan i a i e di e ence be ween he Bal ic languages in he
e i o y o he G and Duchy o Li huania, he use o he Bal ic languages ( he Bal ic languages) in
con ac wi h Li huanians, Poles and Bal a s, and he unc ioning o his dialec in o he small communi ies
(Jews, Ka ai es, Ta a s) li ing in he Vilnius and T ak dis ic s (Aksami o 2000: 91 […] 92). 3 The name o his
ansla ion a ea was sugges ed by Halina Tu ska, who s udied and desc ibed he Polish language in he
e i o ies no h o Vilnius, in he as e i o ies om Ke na a o he new Š enčionių. Sepa a ing he
Vilnius a ea om he o he wo Polish-speaking e i o ies in Li huania […] Smolny and Kaunas […] s udied
only hose a eas ha we e pa o he Polish s a e be o e he wa (Tu kish 1995). Today, a new
classi ica ion o Li huanian Polish ma shes would be equi ed, as all a eas o hese ma shes ha e al eady
been explo ed. I would sugges ha he bounda ies o he Vilnius T ansi ional Region should also be
conside ed mo e b oadly.
The Linguis ica Li uaniana Ac No. 54 was w i en in he Vilnius egion and in ce ain
k is ina u koVska
a eas o he Ši in os and Molė ų dis ic s, i.e. in e i o ies ha did no belong o
he Vilnius egion, because un il 1939 he language o he dis ic in which he language
o he Vilnius egion is dominan oday is Polish, and he linguis ic si ua ion is e y
šios apylinkės bu o Lie u os espublikos e i o ijoje. aip pa naudojama su ink a
simila o he linguis ic si ua ion o he Vilnius egion. The e o e, he a eas unde
conside a ion, c. The ocabula y chosen o he s udy was gi en o in o man s who
ku iose lenkų kalba a lieka (bei kažkada a liko) pi mosios (p ima inės) kalbos unk-
usually do no know Li huanian in gene al and do no use i in e e yday li e4. The need o
eco d and esea ch Li huanian ocabula y in Li huanian Polish was bo n in 2001 when
he collec ion o ma e ial o he Polish-language dic iona y began. An analysis o he
i s dic iona y's accumula ed lexicon e ealed a ai ly la ge laye o lexicon o
Li huanian o igin (abou 10%). Using a ques ionnai e based on a dic iona y, he collec ed
ma e ial was checked du ing each summe expedi ion (i.e. om 2007 o 2012). The
olume o he lexicon g ew, and i was possible o ind new lexemes o o w i e down
al eady ound mo phological a ian s o he lexicon, ph asal wo d combina ions.
Cu en ly, my a chi e con ains mo e han 700 dic iona ies o Li huanian. I is belie ed
ha new wo ds o hei a ian s can s ill be ound in unexplo ed a eas o Polish
dialec s, especially in he Polish-Bela usian bo de (in he Pa loda , Šalčininkų dis ic ).
And ha 's wha he wo ds w i en du ing his yea 's expedi ion ha e done. he scope
o he a icle did no allow o he inclusion o all he Li huanian wo ds insc ibed in he
a ea unde in es iga ion. The hesis was based on he selec ion o wo ds ha e lec
he lexical di e si y o each g oup, a e well documen ed in he ange o he a ea unde
s udy and ha e many mo phological a ian s. The analysis o wo ds was ca ied ou
based on he wo ks o Li huanian, Bulga ian and Polish speake s. Un il now, he ocus
has been mainly on he Li huanians p e alen in he Bal ic languages (u bu is 1969:
43[…]68; 1969a: 149[…]162; 1984:
30–38;
1984: 255–275; 1987: 46–52, 61–68; Гринавяцкене, Мацкевич, Романо-
This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s
publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. Polish Li huanian
bo owings ha e been examined by he ollowing au ho s: o ębski 1931: 7985;
Zdaniukiewicz 1972; Zinke ičius 1974: 207214; g ina eckienė 1977: 13314 1991: 4764;
ekielski 1980: 6273; smoczyński: 445460; u kowska 2006: 73108, 2007: 487502, 2010:
342348. In w i ing his a icle, he also d ew on impo an wo ks o a mo e gene al na u e:
1965;
Чекман 1972: 147–156; Лаучюте 1973:
155–164,
1975:
The Commission conside s ha he aid is compa ible wi h he
in e nal ma ke wi hin he meaning o A icle 107 (3) (c) o he
4 išsamiau šių e i o ijų kalbinė si uacija ap a iama keliose šio s aipsnio au o ės publikacijose ( u kow-
T ea y. 2008: 345 […] 366; 2008a: 53 […] 68). This is he i s ime in he his o y o he Eu opean Union ha he Eu opean Pa liamen has o ed in a ou o his esolu ion.
A dic iona y con aining he ocabula y o all Polish-speaking e i o ies in Li huania has been published.
In Wa saw in 2006 (sPgL).
An o e iew o Li huanian s udies is p o ided in my s udy ( u kowska 2006: 73[…]108).
Lie u ių kalbos skoliniai Lie u os lenkų a mėse
55s aipsniai / a icles
G oup o Li huanian Lec u es
An analysis o Li huanian loanwo ds, based on his o ical dic iona ies, desc ip ions
o he lexicon o languages in he no he n egion o Li huania and cu en Sla ic
language dic iona ies, allows ou g oups o loanwo ds o be dis inguished7.
1 . Pi ma li uanizmų g upė
A ai ly la ge pa o he lexicon is made up o old bo owings documen ed in he e a
o he G and Duchy o Li huania, hese lexemes a e ound in old sou ces w i en in
Polish o old Bulga ian. These wo ds, w i en in he 15 h o 17 h cen u ies, a e widely
used and ha e gene ally su i ed in se e al Sla ic (Polish, Russian, Bulga ian,
Uk ainian) languages. hey o m se e al hema ic g oups.
Physiog aphical names o he plan o he genus Dy sa in he amily O chidaceae, he
win e squash (B omus); I s s ems, i s g ains: In li e, i 's e y expensi e, i 's as ed as
oa s, i 's as hick as oa s, and i 's like oa s. Well, i 's he same zy nica, a e he Polish
zy nica, and a e he simple zy nica, i 's s ill a e he Bela usian zy nica, well, i 's
no he same zy nica, i 's no he same zy nica, i 's no he same zy nica, bu i 's
al eady saying: zy nica, chlebu pomocnica, ha i 's he same źmielisz i azem do chleba.
One speaks Dy sa, he o he speaks Zy nica Len . I was di y, and ha 's how i was,
and ha 's how i was in my li e. I you le he , she'll le you go. I you le he go, she'll le
you go. I don' know wha ha hing was made o . I 's om he g ound o he wes , bu
i 's om he ai inside. he wo d dy sa is w i en in he dis ic bounda ies o
g ina eckienė (g ina eckienė 1991: 50); Dzi sa: Dzi sa o dzi sa, I hink i 's some hing like
ha , wha 's w ong wi h he op o he g ain? I 's al eady e y d y, i 's sca y. Well,
she's go a li le bi o a s ing, a li le bi o a s ing, a li le bi o a s ing, a li le bi o a
s ing, a li le bi o a s ing, a li le bi o a s ing. In ancien ex s, i is documen ed in
he ollowing o ms: dy sa, dy so a y (jabl 65); w i en in Russian, Uk ainian, Polish
(bals oges, walls) (SB 11); also unc ions in Bulga ian: дрса, г ì рса (СБГ); he lie. o a kind
used in mo o ehicles
8;
7 In his a icle, he b oad concep o Li huanian is used o desc ibe he bo owings o he Li huanian
kalbos skoliniais laikomi lie u iškos šaknies žodžiai i ki ų kalbų skoliniai, ku ie į lenkų kalbą pa eko
language: Li huanian h ough he Li huanian language. Li huanianisms a e also conside ed lexemes ha
en e ed he Polish language h ough ano he language (in his case […] bal a usians). This me hod o
desc ip ion, a ising om he so-called lexicaliza ion p ocess in he s udy o he e ymology o loans, is
conside ed he mos accu a e. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha
o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. The co esponding a ian s o 8 Li huanian wo ds in o he languages we e selec ed using he Li huanian dic iona y: Lkže. mo e complex cases o de e mining he Li huanian o igin o wo ds we e analysed on he basis o e ymology
56 ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXVII dy wan ʻapleis a, nedi bama, sužėlusi di a: Now he
k is ina u koVska
only hing ha is di y is he di , wha is di y is o do, he e is only di in he di and
he e is no di in he di . The landlo d neglec ed i so much, he pu he landlo d on op.
Dy wany, i 's oo la e o my memo y, so I'm s ill ca ying he ca go o Dy wany,
he e's no end o i , he animals a e on he g ound. I didn' lea e you now. They we e
di y, bu you we e he only one who could do i . I'm going o kill a cow, and hen I'm going
o kill a cow. I was good o me o li e. I was d y, i was expensi e. In he Vilnius egion,
dy wan był, a ak o wszys ko u abiane było s a p. Dy wanow nie była kiedyś, byli
he wo d dy wan is w i en u ska, ničas, Š eiko ska ( u niszw 138, 173), in he bui ydzi
dwilewicz: dy wan (dwil 115); Dy wan o w i en in he dis ic s o Bui ydžių and
Aukš ad a io (g ina eckienė 1977: 137; 1991: 50); "I'm going o send a pa y o some old man
who's going o ob a mansion". The land is no cul i a ed: he land is no cul i a ed. o a
kind used in he manu ac u e o semiconduc o de ices In ancien w i ings om he
15 h cen u y, he ollowing o ms a e documen ed: dy an (de an, di an), di anec,
dy anik, dy anowy, in he e i o y o Li huania (jabl 47, 66, 67, 117, 234, 311); Zo ia
Ku zowa in oduces he wo d dy wan and ea s i as a Li huanian loanwo d,
unc ioning in Polish since he 15 h cen u y, in he old Bal ic language […] o m dzi wan
since he 15 h cen u y (ku z 353); i is also documen ed in he GSSM in he ollowing
o ms: di an, de an, di on, di a, unc ioning in Psko , Smolensko and he
su ounding dis ic s o he Polish e i o ies (CB 29) as well as in he Bal ic e i o ies
(CBG); This wo d was analyzed in he Bulga ian language by U bu is
(1969 (1): 58); he lie. he soil; Bu i 's so dumb, ha as soon as i 's o e , you can o e ide i
and ge h ough Len . A wodzie nu also bywa dumbla, bywa, ha he e ha d, a bywa ha
he e s ill so, ha he e legs lazo, ha he e such dumbla s ill Š . [This is a lake in he
lake?] Dumbla ud. He pulled he legs ou o ha dumbbell. Big ish, bu I el dumb in
Wiljaszcz. The wo d is documen ed in ancien w i ings om 1671 ( aseiniai) (jabl 295), as well
as as he name o he liun Dumbledo e om 1596 (ukme gė) (jabl 121), no assigned o he
GSBM; ope a es in he Bal ic e minals o Dnip ope o sk (SBG), as well as in he Russian
e minals on he e i o y o Li huania (SB 54); he lie. a duck; he c ossing 1. A pile o
s ones, a heap o ocks: Now his pile o s ones is jus a c oss called a c oss, now i 's
b oken, i 's a pile o s ones and a c oss called a c oss. And i was a c oss-shaped s one, and
i was also a s one-shaped s one, and i was he same shaped s one in he Seszki Len .
When he mansion was, he s ones we e ga he ed and ca ied o he c oss oads o Padua;
ch uśnia: As he s ones whe e hey a e placed, i was called ch uśnia ka ; 2. […] s oned o
dea h in he i es o pi acy […]: Była k usznia i am palili, palili w ej k uszni, była aka piec,
he e a e logical wo ds: Bulga ian languages (ESBM), Russian languages (ESRY), Polish
languages (SEP, PS sejł), Sla ic languages (SESY) and Li huanian languages (L), see
abb e ia ions a he end o his a icle.

Lie u ių kalbos skoliniai Lie u os lenkų a mėse
57s aipsniai / a icles
Fi e we e made o s one and called hemsel es he C oss o S . And he i h, and he
i h, and he i h, and he i h, and he i h, and he i h, and he i h, and he
i h, and he i h, and he i h. The c oss in he lazy liczy sie i e a, he c oss, on
jak p zepali sie, ha 's all he kamuszki you spli he sie ud. The e was a s one in he
cella , and he wa e didn' come ou o he cabin. Ch uśnia was in Łaźnie, ha 's whe e
he polewali pub is. Właźni ch uśni such as he s ones we e, such as he piecy, now I' e
go i , hese s ones a e bu ning, hey' e s ong and hey' e pou ing wa e on hese
s ones, so I'm going o ea hem now and I'm going o lo e hem. in he highe dis ic s:
K uśnia (g ina eckienė 1977: 139), K uśnia (sgP). Ku zawa p esen s his wo d as a
Li huanian loanwo d in he old Bulga ian language om he 15 h cen u y, quo ing bulyką
(Ku za 378). he i s alue shall also be documen ed in he GBSM; In mode n Bulga ian
(simila o Polish) i is used in bo h meanings: k ỳšnia, k ỳсня ʻ(s one) heap, k ūsnis; i e
ex inguishe s o i es (SBG); also in he walls (CB 46); he lie.
a heap o
s ones, a heap
o s ones, a heap o s ones; O he , no u he wo ked han ho - olled
A wa m i eplace made o s ones; he ail, he ail. Whe e he wa e s ands, he e is no
wa e now. I may be ha he wa e is so hick, like a coal, bu i 's a blu y place. I 's
al eady like ha , i 's like a lowe , i 's like a lowe , i 's like a lowe , i 's like a lowe , i 's
like a lowe . Wiencej om Bela usian is no longe he name o he es o he coun y;
Jakzisz om Wilna, i 's on he le , i 's called a blo ka, a jazio ka, i 's called a kud a, i 's
called a kud a and a bizulka be ween hem; I 's called a kud a, a kude ka, a kudzia ka. (Psg)
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s
publica ion. The wo ds kud a, kude ka a e documen ed in ancien w i ings om he 15 h
cen u y on he e i o y o Li huania (jabl 108, 313, 332); The SBM p o ides he Bulga ian
equi alen o he "k umokšniai, miškelis" (documen ed in he go e no a es o Vilnius,
Kaunas and Ga dina); he wind is blowing in he Bal ic wa e s (SBG); also w i en in Uk ainian (СБ 37; u bu is 1969
(1): 62); he lie.
he body; The moonligh was like a moon, he lake was like a moon, he lake was like a moon.
I 's a slippe y slope, bu i 's a slippe y slope. She's been d inking his a e noon, so she's
no going o he pub. I was a long way, hey called i a long way, bu hey didn' say i was
a long way. Like a ock, you can' go anywhe e, bu you can go anywhe e. Koło zeków
we e in he mon h o Len ; As you s and and cough, so do you. he wo d is documen ed in
ancien w i ings on he e i o y o Li huania since he 15 h cen u y (jabl 121); as well as
osła ka . Luny byli, ylko luny byli koło zek, ak jak idzisz, o lun en chyla sie,
in he Bal ic languages: люн, лна, лнi, лỳнi (СБГ) and in he Russian languages on he
e i o y o Li huania (СБ 32); he lie. he ollowing able is inse ed: w i ing; "Slina gli us
molis, sui able o minklei": Ga ki mieli, who could no buy i , ha 's how i is wi h szlina
zlepione, ha 's how i is, ha 's how i is in he lakes, ha 's how i is in he mud, ha 's
how i was e y good in hose ga ki Miež; I 's cold. he wo d szlin is w i en in he
g ina eckienė uppe dis ic . (g ina eckienė 1977: 144) This Regula ion shall en e in o
ojs , dgs. ojs y ‘klampi pelkė, apaugusi k ūmais a medžiais, pelkė, lieknas’:
Tha 's how you we e bo n, you can' go o he pub. I was like a bi h, a li le bi o an ossu-
9 Wha Is he Bible's View o Ma iage? 1972: Daunija, he gua dian o he Bela usian language, Minsk (ci . acco ding o ku z 378).
58 ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXVII hey we e, mala acja jak p zeszła Miež. Nex ime, he
k is ina u koVska
da k side is ed, we' e gonna ha e a igh . I 's like a cup, i 's like a s and, i can be swallowed
by Pad a. Lonesome, oas ed, was such a oas . The oos e s we e on he g ound, and he
oos e s we e on he g ound. Oh, my gosh, you' e been bo n a long ime ago. You we en' in
he ba h oom, you we e in he ba h oom. Now we' e going o he oyal wykasawali jak
malia awacja Pal. I 's a beau i ul day in he woods. In ou homeland, i was ull, hese imes o
Len . Now i 's so we in he sunshine, now i 's so d y in he summe , now i 's so we , now i 's
so we , now i 's so we , now i 's so we , now i 's so we , now i 's so we , now i 's so we , now
i 's so we . The ca e pilla oa ed a he op o he oos e . Ou pol, oas ed, in ou e y
we , olchi, e y such oas called, because o he wise in Poland called, o in he und a, o as,
and ha in ou oas ed, in he Li huanian can see. The e was a lake once, so small, and hen
he e was a small one, and hen he e was a small one, and hen he e was a small one, and
hen he e was a small one, and hen he e was a small one. You' e going o die, you' e going
o die, you' e going o die, you' e going o die, you' e going o die. U n`as ojs y mok e akie,
ha I said [idź, y na ojs y] Vid. he u key is w i en in he o m o a oos e 's ail.
( u niszw 176) This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s
publica ion. g ina eckienė submi ed om he dis ic s o Bui ydži and Al ad a :
ojs eczek mžb. (g ina eckienė 1977: 143), he bi hplace o he […] ais […] (g ina eckienė
1991: 52). Jablonsky documen s he o ms ois , ais , eis , ois o, ois o, ois o om he
15 h cen u y in he e i o ies o Li huania and Bela us (jabl 206 […]208, 323, 349); Ku zawa,
ci ed by Bulyk, is documen ed in he Bulga ian language om he 15 h cen u y (Ku zawa 422);
o ms o his wo d ройст, ройста a e documen ed in pa ibio bal a usių a mėse (СБГ), also
ound in ussian a mėse in he e i o y o Li huania (СБ 33); he lie.
o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal. In
ancien sou ces, w i en in Bulga ian, only he o m o he wo d šlina is documen ed on
he e i o y o Li huania, since he end o he 15 h cen u y (1591 m.) (jabl 233); he
unc ioning o he ailway in he Bal ic S a es (SBG); he lie. sliced, sliced The wikswa
s ands o , oughly, he poo odde o he ca e pilla amily g ass (Ca ex): Now he
wikswa is also ed. Well, i you' e ali e, you' e dead, you' e dead, you' e dead, you' e dead.
The Wikswa Kosili, hey se led on he slope o he slope, on he slope o he slope. I you
wan o g ow in he mud, good g ass. Bee s ew wi h edible in es ines; wiksz wa: Tha 's
he g ass, in he mis i g ows, ha 's he d en awa, ha 's wha hey called once a
mu `ok, sza yniak, ha 's s ill he moun ain Paež. Jablonski anda documen ed in
his o ical sou ces: iks a, ikso a y (ape mews) in mea and Russian dishes on he
e i o y o Li huania (CB 28); his wo d is conside ed by he u bu is
na, niedob a, zakwi a niek ó a, ale aka ona niedob a awa wiksz wa. A a już dob a
(jabl 263), da ba inėse bal a usių a mėse вiкс(в)а (СБГ); ap inkamas seinų a -
(1969 (1): 52); he lie. I 's called a iks a.
Lie u ių kalbos skoliniai Lie u os lenkų a mėse
59s aps a icles names o pe sons acco ding o hei ac i i ies, occupa ion and ools,
names o de ices bi nik […]which has in common wi h o he s bi es[…]: On nie umiał, a en
bi nik on umiał, a nie miał za co kupić ich, o on jemu kupił dwie kłodki pszczołow jedna
sobie, d uga jemu, i on pa zał obydwie Len . In Li huanian biczoli and in Polish bi niki ud.
They we e bea s, ha 's wha I'm alking abou . Bi nik, who's been wo king on his a m,
he's been wo king on his a m o a long ime, bu he's al eady called bi nik. I' e al eady
old you ha I' e pu oge he a lis o hings ha you'd like o see. "bi nikowski" means
"be ween he bi nikowska and he pszczoła"; o be bi nikować o be bi ininku (sgP). The
meaning ‘bi man is documen ed in ancien w i ings; which has sha ed bees wi h o he s
only on he e i o y o Li huania since he i een h cen u y (jabl 5, 303, 329); no
documen ed in GBM, SBM; w i en in Polish (Augus ) (SB 27); he lie. he b[…] in; o ca ch
ish: A buczy do sadzawki, i nawa buczy s awio koło jezio a i nawa szczupaki zachodzo
do ych buczów Miež. The Bucz B idge. I' e always been a as ing man, I' e always been a
as ing man, I' e always been a as ing man, I' e always been a as ing man. Bu i was like
his on one kiju and i was made like his on he o he one like his on he o he one, and I
hink i was called he bucz sho el. The bucke was placed in he wa e nea he sho e and
i s p i ileges, i was ull o hese akow Pal. Bu hey we e, hey we e, hey we e, hey
we e, hey we e, hey we e, hey we e, hey we e, hey we e, hey we e, hey we e. I 's
like his, i 's like his, i 's like his, i 's like his, i 's like his, i 's like his, i 's like his. The
dis ic o Bucz auš ad a io. (g ina eckienė 1977: 137) This Regula ion shall en e in o
o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he
Eu opean Union. Bui (dwil 114), bui ydžių šnek oje: bucz (g ina eckienė 1991: 50), also known
as bui (dwil 114) o a kind used in he manu ac u e o goods o Chap e 87 (Psg); and The
buckwhea ‘ ing is o his one: The buckwhea is like obili, w odzie jak sia ka, wionzali
akie. Big eyes, ha 's wha you' e gonna ge i you' e gonna ge a d ug o ha b o he 's
ho se, and you' e gonna ge a ho se o ha b o he 's ho se, and you' e gonna ge a
ho se o ha b o he 's ho se, and you' e gonna ge a ho se o ha b o he 's ho se,
and you' e gonna ge a ho se o ha b o he 's ho se. The wo d buč is documen ed in old
w i ings om he 15 h cen u y (jabl 1920, 308309; ΓΣΜΜ); is also ound in mode n Bulga ian:
буч (СБГ); he analysis o he wo d is p o ided by u bu is (1969 (1): 5152); he lie. o a kind
wiela am płacić jemu, zbożam płacili. Nu jak kolejka u kogo dwie k owy, dwa dni jego
used in mo o ehicles Skie dź is he oldes shephe d: Skie dź Š , Len . I' e been skiing, I' e
been skiing, I' e been skiing, I' e been skiing, I' e been skiing, I' e been skiing, I' e been skiing,
I' e been skiing, I' e been skiing, I' e been skiing, I' e been skiing, I' e been skiing, I' e been
skiing, I' e been skiing, I' e been skiing, I' e been skiing, I' e been skiing, I' e been skiing, I' e
a usių kalba, nuo XVii a. paliudy os šios o mos: ke d, ke dz, ik Lie u os e i o i-
joje (jabl 323, 358), XVi a. unkcionuoja eikšme ‘ske dikas, mėsininkas’ (jabl 212);
been skiing, I' e been skiing, I' e been skiing, I' e been skiing, I' e been skiing, I' e been skiing,
I' e been skiing, I' e been skiing, I' e been going o he moun ains, I' e been o he moun ains, I' e been o he moun ains, I' e been o he moun ains I'm going o h ow i in he ash, and hen I'm going o h ow i in he ash, and hen I'm going o h ow i in he ash, and hen I'm going o h ow i in he ash, and hen I'm going o h ow i in he ash. Skie dz o pas uch was called so, i 's called liczy sie k as in Russian; I was no hing. shephe d ( u niszw 156); he skie dziowy […]ske džio[…] high- ise building dis ic . (g ina eckienė 1977: 143) This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal. in ancien sou ces, w i en in old whi e documen ed in he bo de s and Russian bo de s on he e i o y o Li huania (SB 33); also known in Bulga ian as: скèрдзь, скèрць (СБГ); he lie. O he , o a hickness o
he chie shephe d; also skedžius ‘ske dikas, bu che ;
60 ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXVII sklu […]ki is plačiais ašmenimis ąs ams ašy i[…]:
k is ina u koVska
Sklu y such ha hey a e wiencej szczepać d zewa. I was so hick ha he bee was
pou ed in o i , and i was so hick ha he d ink was pou ed in o i , and i was so hick
ha he d ink was pou ed in o i . A po o axes imp o ed he cow. Sklu high- ise
dis ic . (g ina eckienė 1977: 143) This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h
day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal. he o ms skliu , sklu ,
škliu a e documen ed in ancien sou ces w i en in Bulga ian (on he e i o y o
Li huania om he end o he 15 h cen u y […] 1599) and Polish om he 15 h cen u y
(jabl 298); he wo d is documen ed in Russian and Uk ainian (СБ 2223); also spelled in
Bulga ian: склюд, склют (СБГ); u bu is (1969 (2): 152153) also p o ided he e b o m in he Bulga ian dialec s:
o mel ; he lie. I 's a leak.
The names o he mea and he names o he b ead a e documen ed in w i ing as he
names o he ood p oduc s ha pe o med he paymen unc ion, i.e. ood p oduc s,
pa o he ax o emune a ion o wo k: kumpiak šalaunis, kulšis (p onounced "kulaus");
The mea o he slaugh e ed animals: Now he gues s mus be slaugh e ed, ha is, he
lamb mus be slaugh e ed. The oos e and he oos e a e alking. Kumpiaki solili, youll
ge we in he middle o he au umn. I 's like he back o a pa sley, and i 's so cu e and i 's
so c ispy. I 's always he same, i 's always he same, i 's always he same, i 's always he
same. Kumpiaki o my own Pal. Szynki, yes, hey' e been all o e Len . Kumpiak high-al i ude
dis ic . (g ina eckienė 1977: 139) This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h
day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. A
kumpiaczek is al eady a kumpiaczek, he bones ha e been emo ed, he po is solidi ied and
he Len is o e ; Kumpi: They obbed you, now hey ob you, and hen hey ob you, and
hen hey ob you. They we e lazy, so I wen in he e. They we e so swi ly, hey we e so
close, hey we e so sociable. I 's in he middle o nowhe e. In ancien w i ings, he wo d is
da ed om he 15 h cen u y in he ollowing o ms: kump, kąp, komp, kunp, in he
e i o ies o Li huania and Bela us (jabl 109, 212, 275, 313); Ku zawa in Polish w i ing om
uojama ГСБМ; unkcionuoja daba inėse bal a usių a mėse: кумпк, кумпячк
he 15 h cen u y (ku za 380); a documen con aining a wide a ie y o mo phological
a ian s (SBG); This wo d has been analyzed by u bu is (1969 (1: 63); he lie. he buye ; he
agou 1. […] G eek lou b ead […]: All he wo ld's b ead is baked, he day is busy, all he
moun ains go o he swiss s aw, he ch o id, he ca y o his b ead. Ou mo he didn'
cook i . The monk o Ragojszy, he monk o he po ym g yczana, he monk o he sypie,
he da k and he name o he monk o Ragojszy. Ragojszy wi h g izzly monkeys, jus like
nej monki Pal. Piekli aka agojsza, obili aka słoducha pa zona ży nia monka, a
he chleb o he b icklaye , and hen he e's he bochenki wi h g izzly monkeys. Ragojszy
pie wi h a po o whea o make a cake o chlebnaj and dobowiali, a piece o whea monk
mixed, she was om wo whea ields; 2. […] b ead: Ragojsza o pszenna monka i w ża nach
mle a. […] I is also known as […] b ead […]. Ragojsza Nazwalim [chleb], ha she is such a
ough monk alion. Ragojsy pickles, we millie mleli, and i no , i w ża nach mleli on he agojsy dub; O he , no u he wo ked han ho - olled, in coils I is documen ed in he sou ces om he end o he 15 h cen u y (1692), in he o m o a ho n only.
Lie u ių kalbos skoliniai Lie u os lenkų a mėse
67s aps a icles go up and un down he pole abo e. So, as he go onco and he gili
consajo, he c owa was s olen and ze wi sie, and p zyleci, ogon do gó y and giluji, mówio
Kk owy gilujo, now p zeważnie gilujo he c owy na deszcz, and al eady jak k owy gilujo,
he mówio: ju o deszcz bendzi Š . Gilujo wo jak bonki konsajo, o he e you a e, I' e
al eady o go en abou Vid. When hey we e milking cows, now hey' e milking cows. I 's
in he pub. The dis ic o Gilować aukš ad a io. (g ina eckienė 1977: 138) This Regula ion
shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial
Jou nal. I 's like hey' e al eady gone deep in o Len . As soon as i 's cooked, i 's eady o
be ea en. I 's like a bonk, and hen he cow's lying down, and i 's be ween. Gilować bui
(g ina eckienė 1991: 51) is he name o he illage in which he illage is loca ed. he wo d is
ound in he e i o y o he dis ic s and Russian e i o ies o Li huania (CB 29, 44);
also in Bulga ian: гiль, гiлявàц (СБГ); he lie. gyls, gyls and oa s; g ambul […] abalas[…]: A e
hey ha e ea en, such ude, yellow, g ambuli ka ; g umbal: G umbali o g yczaniki bywajo,
g yka siać zeba, o such yellow- owa e żuczki, g umbali o mogo o call each żuka
almos ud. he wo d is documen ed only in he Bulga ian language g ambyl (SBG, plg. SB
65); he lie. O he , o a a con en , by weigh The wo d gułda […]kiaulių is de i ed om
he wo d gułda […]kiaulių […], which is he same as he wo d gniazdo sobie obi świnia,
gułda, uścieła słomy Len . he ollowing able is added: СБ 65; his wo d was analyzed by
u bu is in he Bulga ian language
(1969 (1): 54); he lie. gùl a, gùl as, also known as gùl a Ma gajka […]ma ga ka ė[…]: As
soon as someone comes, ha 's wha hey call i (c ow). I'm going o go, I'm going o go,
I'm going o go. I 's no o he colo o he pub. Ma gajka is sho ened o namwali, o
ma gajka, o jaka yża in u ; Ma gojka: Ma gojka, his is he gwiazdka, he lacia ka
alion. Ma gojka albo dwłojka o al eady in he Vienna da k o he c own ke n;
Ma gocha: The cow was called by he cza nulka, he k asulka, he ma gocha Len .
Ma go's a cow, ha 's wha I emembe . C owy called he loose, he ma gocha, like easy
among hem. Ma gocha, ha cza nucha, óżnie called he cow Len ; he ma gula: I he
c us and he ma gula, be ween he co ne s; This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he
day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. he
name o he cal , cal , cal , cal , cal (g ina eckienė 1991: 51). he ollowing o ms o he
wo d a e documen ed: ma gojka, ma giala, ma giałka in he e i o y o Vilnius (SB 80), only he o m 死èl ‘ma gas jau is, ma gis (SBG) in he Bulga ian dialec s; he lie. small
ma ga cow; To he peasan 's jealousy, o he peasan 's jealousy, o he peasan 's
jealousy, o he peasan 's jealousy, o he peasan 's jealousy, o he peasan 's
jealousy, o he peasan 's jealousy, o he peasan 's jealousy. o in e up , o
in e up an e en . (Psg); and he pejsac high-al i ude dis ic . (g ina eckienė 1977:
142) This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s
publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. The Commission shall be
empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his
Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion.
pejsany is a high- ise esiden ial a ea. (g ina eckienė 1977: 142) This Regula ion shall
en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal. he wo d is documen ed in he local Polish language (CB 48); also in he Bulga ian language: пйсаць, пйсавать, пйсаць (СБГ), lie. o obse e; I 's called a zaginie dgs. And hey we e like g asshoppe s, and hey we e we , and hey we e we in he mids o he whea . The po a oes a e on he ence, he eggs a e on he ence, and he li e is on he ence.

68
k is ina u koVska
ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXVII
I 's called snopki jon. When he po a oes we e laid on he s o e, hey we e c ushed
by he wind. I i wasn' possible o d y i ou , i would ha e been on hose boa ds.
You' e al eady made up you mind. Żagini bui (g ina eckienė 1991: 530 wo d
documen ed in he Russian dialec s o Li huania (SB 30) and he Bulga ian dialec s o
Ta ga yen (SBG)); see u bu is 1969 (1): 5960; lie. he g ass is co e ed wi h unkemp
b anches; a chalk pilla eminiscen o a ladde , see o he meanings o Lkž.
adi ional olk cus oms skwie s ula ‘ esh mea gi en o neighbou s o acquain ances
a e he slaugh e o he pig; "Bend os aišės a e he slaugh e ": "As he sheep ask,
call hem squi els, say hem, ask hem whoe e hey a e, so come o me oday o
squi els". When he husband asks he daugh e o come, she says o he squi el, "Then
and hen I'll go o he pool". When i 's o e , well, i 's a squi el, whoe e ga e i o him, he's
al eady ea en i , he's al eady gi en i o Len ; The man who helped he landlo d o kill he
pig, bu he's al eady had dinne , he's al eady done i himsel , bu he's s ill go he squi el.
Skwa s ula means a piece o land ha belongs o him, o he op o he moun ain. o a kind
used in he manu ac u e o semiconduc o de ices Well, i 's a li le bi like calling a skie ,
you ha e o send a skie o he sis e s o he sunse s. The ski a ea (dwelling 121). The Len
ski eso ; Squi el: Come on, squi el, well, you' e go o cook ha blood like ha soup,
you' e go o as e i , you' e go o ea i be ween hose wo ds; he skie dgs. I 's called
skie s uwi zanioso (sossad), and i 's called kawałeczek miensa ud. The skiing a ea o he
high-al i ude dis ic . (g ina eckienė 1977: 143) This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he
wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean
Union. Squi els a e dgs. he bui (dwil 121); Squa ed, squa ed dgs. he bui (g ina eckienė
1991: 52); and I 's called a świa s uny dgs. We we e in Padua a he ime o he i e. Laučiū ė
in oduced he wo d skie s uny om he Vilnius egion. o Polish o igin (CZ 84); I is ound in he Bal ic coun ies: ska sh ylia, squa es ylia-
(SBG) and he lie. slaugh e houses; Ważyniać is o lea e he hill by he hillside: Ważyniać
you ha e o be in Zapus y, i 's a big hike. Tell me, do you ha e o go h ough he woods?
Well, hey we e so heal hy, I was so ull, I was six and I didn' ha e hose moun ains, so I
didn' ha e o wo y abou Len . Ważyniać sia bui (g ina eckienė 1991: 53) was bo n in he
illage o Ważyniać. Laučiū ė documen s he wo d in he Bal ic and Polish dialec s o SB
43; in he Bal ic dialec s o Li huanian wi cinka […]su e s daik ų ė inys, ki binė, sold a
e i o ijoje ap inkamas важанцца (СБГ); lie. ažinė is;
he Kaziuko ma ke […]: Nu i p zynosi akie oba zanki, nan możizana na waga, na a
wie cina, o musi wie cinka nazywała sie aki, en sznu ek Vid. I 's called Wie cina. Tha 's
wha he oba zanki said. Oh, as soon as I go o Kaziuka, ha was i , oh, he says, he
bough he shed, and my sis e -in-law wen o Vilnius, he bough he shed o hese sheds,
and i was in Kazimie z ha he big animal was bo n. he ollowing able is inse ed: The
Lie u ių kalbos skoliniai Lie u os lenkų a mėse
The 69-page a icles a e blu y, he osa y is in he co ne and he op o he
oba zanków poleciała o he blu y Paež. I picked up he wie cina wi hou he oba zanek.
I i 's a bunch o bunnies, i 's a bunch o bunnies in he middle. Yeah, she's on he ope.
žodis ap inkamas bal a usių a mėse: врцiна (СБГ), lie.  inė ‘kas no s sukabin-
3 d Li huanian g oup
The wo ds o he la e g oup a e no widely used […] documen ed only on he
e i o y o Li huania. We will no ind hese wo ds in he dic iona ies o he Bal ic
languages, we can in e p e hem as di ec bo owings om Li huanian in o Polish.
Based on he collec ed da a on he lexicon o e ms on he e i o y o Li huania
and he memo ies o in o man s, i is assumed ha he ime o he a i al o
deb o s is he beginning o he 20 h cen u y. hey o m he same hema ic g oups as he wo ds o he g oup discussed ea lie .
cow is called dwiłajka žala ka ė: as i comes o someone, so i is called [k owę]. I'm going
o go, I'm going o go, I'm going o go. I 's no o he colo o he pub. The Commission
shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen
his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion.
Ma gojka albo dwiłojka is al eady a da k b own ke nel om Vienna. The wel h
( u niszw 138)
Viežbo skis ound he wo d in he Li huanian and Polish dialec s o he Vilnius egion: b us.
Two, please. O he , o ci cula c oss-sec ion, o s ainless s eel he lie. wo; The inks e o
he pa asi e's gallbladde is he inks e o hose who we e he e. Tha 's he big one,
ha 's he one you' e wea ing. They we e alking loudly, like someone was alking in ink. He
said, "Mo yl egg, you' e go a cow". Inksz y y o wyciskiwali, obak jes aki, wyciongnisz,
oni, muchi, bizdałki such as lying and sunba hing, and hen you will do i guz, and in his
guzia obak aki bywa ū a; he jinksz y ( u niszw 143) Jinksz y dis ic high- ise
building. (g ina eckienė 1977: 138), bui (g ina eckienė 1991: 51) which is he name o he
municipali y in which he building is loca ed. inks e : inks e used o be he mos expensi e
i i was a small one. I used o be an inkwell now. When you we e injec ing hem, you we e
injec ing hem. Now, hese we e called inks a s, and hey we e he same as he pacisno
and he wychodzo, and hen hey we e called laka s wy and szma owali, and hey we e
called wylazywali in u ; ink: They called i ink, like guzy, you had o pain i , you had o pain
i , you had o pain i , you had o pain i , you had o pain i , you had o pain i . ink: When
ink was chosen as a g aph, o wha i looked like, o whe e i was p in ed, i was e y hin,
and he ink was ed. cB is p o ided in he o m w i en in Tu kish Polish (cB 78); he lie. he
ink;
70 ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXVII o he size o […]kiaulė[…]: Kukula, o he size o a pig.
k is ina u koVska
Tha 's he one wi h he loud oice in he pub. o embskis documen s he wo ds kukucia,
kuku ka, kukcia o he Vilnius egion szemy ‘aping he colo o he ho se: g ay: szeme
koni o e naziwali sie siwe jon; The colo o he ho se's o he cow's hai is g ay. Now,
lenkų a mėse (СБ 80); lie. kukùlė;
i 's no g ay, i 's no wa e , i 's no wa e , i 's no g ay, i 's no g ay, i 's no g ay.
C ows a e like ha , you know. Sza a, his is he way o he c own. The colo o he
o gniady aki, aki szamowa y, po mojemu o aki Š . Nu i akie bywajo, nu szamo-
cow's hai : g ay […]: Szamocha, ha 's he da k bo de , he colo like ha , and we we e
in he middle o he cowshed. Bywa aka szamowa a k owa, now she's on he oad wi h
he odcieniami, i was called szamocha Len ; I 's like a sha k, i 's like a sha k, i 's like a
sha k, i 's like a sha k, i 's like a sha k, i 's like a sha k. he shell ( u niszw 157). Laučiū ė
documen s in Polish in Li huania (SB 84); he lie. This is i . plan and a mosphe ic
phenomenal names papa ć ‘spo inis dideliais ka py ais lapais plan (D yop e is): Ido
papa cia szukać do lasu in u ; he "papa cio" ( u niszw 150); he lie. he papacy; The
snow-co e ed heap: The snow-co e ed heap, he snow-co e ed heap, he snow-co e ed
heap, he snow-co e ed heap, he snow-co e ed heap, he snow-co e ed heap. I 's been
a while, i 's been a while, i can' go away. I was wi h ho ses ha he illage o Naukolo
en e ed. he lie. hal a yea ; Wa nałeszy […] a plan o he amily G aižaceae wi h b oad
ound lea es and la ge lea y ui s (A c ium) […]: Wa nałeszy, wa nałeszy o eż e
same dziady Š ; Wa naleszy: Wa naleszy o he way he g ass g ows whe e he hai
g ows because o he goose czepion sia jon; he lie. I 's going o be slow.
The names o he dishes we e "lapienia ‘lapów" (bu okėlių o k .) soup: Jak babcia
opowiadała, i was in he lapienia and szupienia soup. The po a oes we e c ushed o a
c isp, and hen he po a oes we e c ushed o a c isp, and hen he po a oes we e
c ushed o a c isp, and hen he po a oes we e c ushed o a c isp, and hen he po a oes
we e c ushed o a c isp. Well, ha 's he ca ch, ha 's om he bu aczków, because he
lis s. A e ha , i 's a bo winka. I'm going o make soup, so I'm going o make soup. The b ush is p o ided by he b ush. A puppe om Vilnius dis ic . (CB 47) The ollowing A icle is inse ed: he lie. lea
No, no a all. The g ain is pou ed ou o he g ain and he swee ness is gi en: I was boiled,
hen i was boiled, hen i was boiled, hen i was boiled, hen i was boiled, hen i was
boiled, hen i was boiled, hen i was boiled, hen i was boiled, hen i was boiled, hen i
was boiled, hen i was boiled. he shell (sgP). Laučiū ė is documen ed only in Polish, based
on Polish ocabula y: szupienia, szupienie, szuponia (SB)
Lie u ių kalbos skoliniai Lie u os lenkų a mėse
71 a icles by a icle
84); ku zowa documen s he wo d in Li huanian Polish (ku z 437); he lie. This is a soup
made om mille , beans, squash, po a oes o ye lou , mea , e c. ; I 's called a szwilpiki
dgs. 1. […] om b ead dough is called kukulis[…]: Szwilpiki o eż z ego called szwilpiki,
cias a chlebowego. Ta cias a wybie zy, ocha monko obsypi, żeby dała sie wykaczać i
k oili na kawałeczki, i go owali w go owanej wodzie, a po ym ci łuszcz, ci masła, o
chlebowa szwilpiki Mež. 2. […]Bu n pancakes o boiled po a oes and lou , wi h o
wi hou illing[…]. I 's no nice, you' e om Bela us. I 's no nice, you' e om Bela us.
She had a po a o peel, a s i ch, she had a li le monkey, now I' e done i , she's g ubbing,
she's go a mind, she's go a coa , she's go a coa , she's go a coa , she's go a coa ,
pieca, piekli, a po ym nasmażyli masła, czy śmie any, ch o ma chwio naczyniał ud.
she's go a coa , she's go a coa , she's go a coa , she's go a coa , she's go a coa .
They we e called Szwilpiki and Kako y, and hey we e called Blaszce upieczy. This
Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. he lie. O he , no u he wo ked han ho - olled, in coils You whis le.
4 . The ou h g oup o Li huanian languages is a ai ly la ge g oup o di ec
bo owings, including he la es bo owings, which a ise om he ac i e in luence
o Li huanian on Polish. hey occu spon aneously in he language o he in o man s,
a e used i egula ly and desc ibe he la es phenomena; These lexemes a e only
pa ially adap ed in o he language. He e a e some examples: a kinde ga en
eache , a kinde ga en eache , a kinde ga en eache . he enan ; wo dgs. […]
gas […] in he ai . o a kind used in mo o ehicles a ele ision p og amme is
b oadcas . o be laid; […]plen as, he way […] plan […] lies. ull; plo o land o he cons uc ion o a house. he composi ion; The Polish […]palapina[…] is lying. he en .
O he , o ci cula c oss-sec ion
The analysis o lexical Li huanianisms unc ioning in he Polish e i o ies o Vilnius,
T ak, Ši in as and Molė ai showed ha : 1) a small g oup o deb s o he XV-XVIII cen u y
( he deb s in he deb s p e ail wi h changed meanings) and 2) he la ges g oup o deb s
unc ioning in he Bal ic and Polish e i o ies is he so-called con ac Li huanianisms
(Ma yno 1965: 90). They o m seman ic ca ego ies di e en om hose ound in
w i en sou ces and es i y o equen con ac s be ween mul i-e hnic communi ies in
ag icul u e and cul u al ac i i ies ( hese a e wo ds ha desc ibe a pe son's
appea ance, cha ac e is ic ac ions and beha iou , as well as lexemes de ining animal
husband y, ag icul u e, spi i ual and ma e ial alues, ood names).
The loanwo ds o Li huanian language, unc ioning in Polish dialec s, show he
in luence o Li huanian and Bulga ian languages in he Polish language o he a eas unde s udy o cen u ies. la ge
Pa LXVII o he Li huanian Language Ac 72 con ains ex ensi ely documen ed Li huanian
k is ina u koVska
loanwo ds used in Polish, which may indica e ha hese bo owings en e ed he Polish
language h ough he Bulga ian language. on he basis o he language da a p o ided, i can
be assumed ha he Polish language o med he basis o he Bela usian language in he
e i o y unde in es iga ion13. F om he abo e analysis o lexical Li huanian, i can be seen
ha he loanwo ds ini ially en e ed he Bal ic languages, which o med he basis o he
Li huanian subs a e14, and la e en e ed he Polish language. he de ini ion o he
unc ioning o he Bal a ese language in he imes o he G and Duchy o Li huania,
galbū išsamesni y imai (jeigu juos šiandien da bū ų įmanoma a lik i), ski i se-
especially he sp ead o he Snekamosi a ian o his language among he u al popula ion,
as well as he es ablishmen o he bounda ies o he Bal a ese e hnos on he e i o y o
Li huania, allowing o desc ibe he signi icance o he Bal a ese language o he p ocess o
Polish se lemen in Li huania in he mid-XIX cen u y.
Places o wo ship
alion – alionys, Ši in ų .
[…] A nionys, Molė ų . A n. […] A nionys, Molė ų . […] A n, Molė ų . […] A n, Molė ų . […] A n, Molė ų . […] A n, Molė ų . […] A n, Molė ų .
[…] ba s in he illage o Ši in ų
wi hou […] wi hou , Vilnius .
Bui […] Bui ydžiai, Vilnius dis ic
[…] Dubingiai, Molė ų . ( o me ly known as Dubingiai, Molė ų .)
In u […] in u kė, Molė ų . is loca ed in he dis ic o Molė ų.
I'm so y, bu I don' know wha you' e alking abou .
Ka ažiškės, a illage in he T ak egion.
Ka […] Ka ys, Vilnius dis ic
The ke n is loca ed in he illage o Ši in ų.
K as […] K asnapolis, he illage o he Th acians.
Len […] Len a is, also known as Len a is
Maiš […] Maišiagala, Vilnius dis ic o he ci y
Mež […] Mežionys, Vilnius dis ic
The b idge […] Mos iškės, Vilnius dis ic
no […] no in he Vilnius egion
Pab […] Pabe žė, Vilnius dis ic
Pad […] Pad a ionys, Vilnius dis ic
Paež […] Paeže iai, Vilnius dis ic
Palukny, he illage o T ak.
b own, b own, b own
be ween […] old in e sec ion, unk .
Šiaul […] Šiauliai, Ši in ų dis ic
Sain Sain s, Vilnius dis ic
I 's called he Mole e R.
In he middle o he illage, in he illage o Molė ų.
Abo e […] Abo e, in he dis ic o Vilnius.
12 Vincas U bu is made commen s o his kind in his a icle on he Li huanian language in mode n Bela us; He
also d ew a en ion o he unequal ch onological dis ibu ion o Li huanianisms and hei a ied a eal
dis ibu ion (u bu is 1969 (2): 159[…]160). 13 Such conclusions ha e been d awn in he a icles o Vale ij Čekmon
( e e ences a e gi en he e only o hose publica ions which we e in ended o discuss he linguis ic si ua ion
o he Vilnius egion and i s adjacen e i o ies (Čekman 1982, 1995; Čekmon 1999). Polish schola Janusz Riege
has epea edly exp essed an opinion on he basis o he Bal ic languages ha o med he Polish language in
he Vilnius and T ak e i o ies ( iege 2006: 39). The p oponen o his hypo hesis, Leszek Bedna czuk, a gues
ha in his o ical imes he e i o ial bounda ies o he Bal ic languages we e much wide and s e ched
u he han he e i o ies o Vilnius and Th ace (bedna czuk 1999: 103). The ques ion o he Li huanian
subs a e on he e i o y o Bela us oday no longe aises any majo doub s, see he a icles o
Li huanian, Bulga ian and Russian schola s on his p oblem and he ex ensi e bibliog aphy in he publica ion:
Judnik T. M., ed., 1980: Bal o-Sla ic e hno-linguis ic con ac s. Moscow: he science.

Lie u ių kalbos skoliniai Lie u os lenkų a mėse
73s aipsniai / a icles
ŠaL iniai jabl […] jablonskis kons an inas 1941: Li huanian wo ds in he old Li huanian
w i en language 1: Tex . Kaunas: Li huanian his o y socie y. Zo ia 1993: Polish language
Wileńszczyzna and K esów no h-wes e n
In he 16 h cen u y, Wa saw-K akow: PWn.
Lkže […] Li huanian language dic iona y, elec onic e sion, edi o ial boa d: ge uda
nak inienė (English edi ion), Jonas Paulauskas, i u ė Pe okienė, Vy au as Vi kauskas,
jolan a Zaba skai ė. This is he i s ime ha he dic iona y has been published in
Li huanian. Vilnius: Ins i u e o he Li huanian Language, 2005. Access o he In e ne :
www.lkz.l . Lkžk is a dic iona y o he Li huanian language wi h addi ions. sejL
[…]smoczyński Wojciech 2007: Slo ak e ymological language o he Li huanian language.
Wilno: he uni o Wileński.
sejP […] bo yś Wiesław 2005: Slo ak
e ymological language o he Polish
language. he ollowing pa ag aph is added:
Wydawni c wo Li e ackie. Wha a e you alking abou ?
sejPsł […] sławski anciszek 1952[…]1982: Słownik
e ymological language o Polish 1[…]5. K akow: he
company o Polish-speaking Miłośników. sgP […]
Ka łowicz Janua y 1900 […] 1911: Słownik gwa polskich
1[…]4. He was a membe o he Polish pa liamen . I 's called
K akow. academic compe ence.
sPgL […] iege janus z, Masojć i en a, u kowska k ys yna 2006: Słownic wo polszczyzny
gwa owej na Li wie, Wa saw: dig, 119[…]455. This is he i s ime in he his o y o he
coun y ha a poli ician has been sen enced o dea h. u niszw […] Zasób lesykalny in he
Polish dialec o he popula Wileńszczyzny dis ic be ween he wa ime up isings in he
s ee s h. u ska, k. ni scha and h. szwejkowska (ope a ed i. g ek[…]Pabisowa). […] Ac a
Bal ico […]Sla ica 26, 129 […] 177 […] This is he i s ime ha he Commission has been able
o ob ain a ce i ica e o au hen ici y om a Membe S a e. Tu kish egional slang in he
Wileńszczyzna dis ic be ween he wa s in he wo k h. Tu kish language in Polish in
Wileńszczyzna (op acowała i. g ek […]Pabisowa). […] Ac a Bal ico […]Sla ica 26, 121 […]129. This
is he i s ime in he his o y o he Eu opean Union ha an Ac has been adop ed in his
way.
Wiljaszcz […] iege ja nu sz 1996, 1999: he Sla onic […]wileńskie[…] is a collec ion o poems by
Leona da Jaszczanina. […]Jezyk polski dawnych K esów Wschodnich 1, Wa saw: dig, 79[…]109;
con inua ion: słownic wa […]wileńskiego[…] ze zbio ów Leona da jaszczanina ciąg dalszy.
[…]Jezyk polski dawnych K esów Wschodnich 1, Wa saw: dig, 79[…]109; con inua ion: słownic wa
[…]wileńskiego[…] ze zbio ów Leona da jaszczanina ciąg dalszy. […] This is he i s ime I ha e
nych K esów Wschodnich 2, Wa szawa:
seen his book. […] Polish language dawdig, 57[…]77.
dwil […] dwilewicz ba ba a 1997: Język mieszkańców wsi Bujwidze na Wileńszczyźnie,
Wa saw: dig. This a icle is pa o a se ies on he his o y o he ci y o Wa saw.
ГСБМ His o ical dic iona y o he
Bela usian language: выпуск 132, ed. A. M. Bulyk, A. I. Wha is he meaning o he name Bulyk?
Жу раўскага. Мінск: Беларуская навука, 1982–2012.
СБ – Лаучюте Юрате Алоизовна 1982: Словарь балтизмов в славянских язы-
ках. Ленинград: Наука. Ленинградское отделение.
74 ac a
k is ina u koVska
Linguis ica Li huanica LXVII
СБГ – Слоўнік беларускіх гаворак паўночна-заходняй Беларусі і яе пагранічча 1–5,
a ely Yuzhe a Flo yano na Macke ich was bo n in Moscow, Russia.
Minsk: Science and echnology, 1979 o 1986. SBM […] Naso ich I an i. 1983:
The dic iona y o he Bela usian language. This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Энцыкляпэдыя
.
S.G.V. Ta iana Pilipo na was bo n in 1972 in
Ma e ialy, G odno Oblas . Minsk: Science and
echnology.
ЭСБМ – Этымалагічны слоўнік беларускай мовы 1978–2007: выпуск 1–12, рэд.
Vic o Vladimi o ich Ma yno , Gennady A anasye ich Tsyhun, who was bo n in Moscow, Russia. Minsk: Science and
he echnician.
ESRY […] Fasme Max 1964[…]1973: E ymological dic iona y o he Russian
language, Mocka.
ESYA […] E ymological dic iona y o Sla ic languages 1974[…]2003: elease 1[…]30, peed.
The science o mocke y.
The li e a u e o Bedna czuk Leszek 1994: e hno-linguis ic ela ions in he a ea o he
G and Duchy o Li huania. This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o
i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. bedna c z uk Leszek 1999:
Li huanian-Slo ak bo de languages in he i s hal o he 20 h cen u y in he ligh o he
esea ch o Olgie da Chomińska. […] Ac a Bal ico-Sla ica 24, Čekmonas Vale iju s 1999:
95–106.
bilingualism be ween Polish-Li huanian and Li huanian-Polish speake s (in he
no h-wes e n pa o he Wileńszczyzna egion). The language si ua ion in Vilnius.
Wa saw: he ellipse, 2839. G ek-Pabisow a and yda 1993: a cha ac e is ic associa ion o he
Li huanian language wi h Russian and Polish dialec s. Li huanian language ques ions 30, 5460.
G ek-Pabisow a and yda 1997: linguis ic eali y a he c oss oads o Polish-Welsh. "K esy"
is a concep and a eali y. The Commission he e o e concludes ha he aid is compa ible
wi h he in e nal ma ke wi hin he meaning o A icle 107 (3) (c) o he T ea y. In 1977 she
published a collec ion o Li huanian-language dic iona ies in Polish. […] Ques ions on he
Li huanian language 17, 133 […] 142. The G eek wo d o "in ade " is de i ed om he G eek
wo d "in ade ," which means " o o e h ow" o " o o e h ow." […] Ques ions on he
Li huanian language 22, 182[…]204. In 1991, he Li huanian language was changed o he Polish
language in he dis ic s o Vilnius. […] Ques ions 29 and 47 […] 64 o he Li huanian Language
Su ey
Laučiū ė jū a ė
2007: The a e o Bal ic-o igin su names in No h Sla ic
languages. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Lie u ių kalbos skoliniai Lie u os lenkų a mėse
75s ai s a icles o ębski jan 1931: Li huanianism in he Polish dialec in Wileńszczyźnie. […]
Janua y 2006: Polish Wa in Li huania. […] Janusz Riege , I ena Masojć, K ys yna Ru kowska.
Język Polski 16, 79–85.
[…] This is he i s ime I' e seen his mo ie. The Polish-Li huanian Commonweal h. Wa saw:
dig, 1148. 2006: Li huanianism in Polish-speaking coun ies in Li huania. […] Janusz Riege , I ena
Masojć, and K ys yna Ru kowska. […] This is he i s ime I' e seen his. Polish-speaking
Gwa owej na
In Li huania. The Commission he e o e concludes ha he aid is compa ible wi h he in e nal ma ke wi hin he meaning o A icle 107 (3) (c) o he T ea y.
u kows k a k ys yna 2007: Z zagadnień ch onologi zapożyczeń li ewskich w gwa ach polskich z
e enu Li wy (Z zagadnień ch onologii zapożyczeń li ewskich w gwa ach polskich z e enu
Li wy) is a Li huanian no el by he Polish w i e and sho s o y w i e . […] The Philological
Squa e 53, 487 […] 502. u kowski k a k y s yna 2008: The na ion's awa eness o he language o
he Polish-Bela usian-Li huanian bo de . […] Philological wo k 54, 345 […] 366. u kows k a k
ys yna 2008a: language and iden i y on he Polish-Li huanian bo de . Iden i y - language - amily:
53–68.
om esea ches on he bo de o Slo enian-Bal ic. Wa szawa: soW, u kowska k ys yna 2010:
abou he seman ic capaci y o ocabula y om he language o he Li huanian unc ioning in
he Polish language in Li huania. […] Language and cul u al he i age o he G and Duchy o
Li huania. Jubilee o he 1000 h anni e sa y o Li huania, ed. by J. Mędelska and Z. Sawaniewska-Mochowa. This is he i s ime I' e seen his. he municipali y:
Wydawnic wo uniwe sy e u kazimie za Wielkiego u kowska k ys yna,
sawaniewska-Mochowa Zo ia 2012: Zapożyczenia li ewskie do yczące człowieka w gwa ach
, 342–348.
polskich na Li wie (Li huanian: Polish: Polish: Polish: Polish: Polish: Polish: Polish: Polish: Polish:
Polish: Polish: Polish: Polish: Polish: Polish: Polish: Polish: Polish: Polish: Polish) is a Li huanian
newspape . he seman ic and e hnolinguis ic aspec s. I 's called Bal is ica. Appendix Viii,
Collec ion o a icles o he Cong ess o Whi e People o Xi, 99[…]117. Smolensk Wojciech 2001: Li huanian language in he pe spec i e o he Polish language. he ollowing pa ag aph is added:
This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Smułkowa elżbie a 2002: Biało uś and he bo de . He s udies language in socie y. Wa saw:
Wydawnic wo uW, 242 257, 272 283. This is he i s ime I' e been o Wa saw. Tekielski
k zysz o 1980: Li huanian language in he dialec o he su ounding a ea o Podb zezia
and Niemenczyna. […] Ac a Bal ico […]Sla ica 13, 62[…]73. This is he i s ime in he his o y
o he Eu opean Union ha an Ac has been adop ed in his way. u ska halina 1995: The
ise o Polish language a eas in Wileńszczyzna, en y and depa u e. This is V. Čekmonas.
u bu is Vincas 1969 (1): daba inės bal a usių kalbos li uanizmai. – Bal is ica 5,
43–68.
Vilnius (p onounced z . 1939). In he second hal o he nine een h cen u y, he
Li huanian-speaking peoples o he Bal ic S a es began o speak Li huanian. […] Bal is ica 5, 149 […] 162. This is he i s ime ha he Commission has been able o ob ain a ce i ica e o con o mi y om a Membe S a e.
"Vinog ad" is he name o a Sla ic language. Bal is ica 20(1), 3038. This is no he case.
76
k is ina u koVska
ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXVII
Waczak bogdan 1982: Z zagadnień e ymologizacji zapożyczeń omańskich w języku
polskim. This is he i s ime in he his o y o he Polish language ha he
e ymology o he wo d " oman" has been used. […] The heo y o language […]
didac ics. The language is Wyższa szkoła Pedagogiczna, 172[…]194. Zdaniukiewicz
Zin ke ič ius Z ig mas 1974: alojzy adam Zdaniukiewicz, gwa a Łopa owszczyzny.
alojzy adam 1972: Gwa a Łopa owszczyzny. He is a membe o he Russian Academy
o Sciences. The phone ics, he lexion, he phone ic. W ocław: The Na ional Museum
o he Republic o Poland. o he Ossolians. he phone ics, he lexion, he phone ic. […] Bal is ica 10, 207 […] 214. This is he i s ime ha he Commission has ecei ed a eques o a decision on his ma e . Zinkiewicz-Zigmas: The his o y o he Li huanian language Vilnius: Science, 255 […] 275. This is he i s ime I' e been o Vilnius. Zinkiewicz-Zigmas (1987): The his o y o he Li huanian language Vilnius: Science, 46-52 and 61-68.
Аксамитов Анатоль 2000: Белорусско-литовская лексико-фразеологическая ин-
he ole ance. This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Гринавяцкене Эляна, Мацкевич Юзефа Ф., Романович Елена М.,
Чеберук Елена И. 1975: Бытовая лексика литовского происхождения в Западной
F om Bela us. […] Ques ions on he Li huanian language 15, 163 […] 195
Лаучюте Юрате Алоизовна 1973: Тематические особенности балтизмов в
in he Sla ic languages. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Лаучюте Юрате Алоизовна 1975: Терминология обработки дерева (заимство-
he Bal ic languages in o Sla ic languages. […] Ques ions on he Li huanian language 15, 145 […] 161.
Лаучюте Юрате Алоизовна 1982: Словарь балтизмов в славянских языках .
Ленинград: Наука. Ленинградское отделение.
Мартынов Виктор Влад и мирович 1965: Типы лексических балтизмов в бе-
in he Lo usian dialec s. This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Чекман Валерий Николаевич
1972: К проблеме литовско-белорусских лек-
o connec ions. This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Чекман Валерий Николаевич
1982
:
К социолингвистической характеристике
Polish speake s o he Bela usian-Li huanian bo de . The s udy is loca ed nea he Polish bo de .
1, 123–138.
Чекман Валерий Николаевич 1995: Предисловие. – Галина Турска. О про-
he o igin o Polish-speaking a eas in he Vilnius egion. Vilnius: Min is, h ee hund ed and i y-eigh .