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DANGUOLĖ MIKULĖNIENĖ
Institute of the Lithuanian Language
Research areas: geolinguistics, dialectology of the Baltic languages, synchronic and diachronic accentology, morphonology, language history, history of Lithuanian linguistics.
THE NETWORK OF LITHUANIAN DIALECTS: ITS ORIGINS AND OPTIMIZATION
Network of Lithuanian Dialects: The sources and Optimisation
ABSTRACT
The beginnings of geolinguistics in Lithuania are associated with the work of the linguist Antanas Salys. The article presents evidence that the creators of the Atlas of the Lithuanian Language (1977–1991) largely built on the groundwork laid by Salys and his collaborators: they used the same, though slightly modified, network of populated localities. The network of points in the Atlas of the Lithuanian Language remained unchanged even after the current classification of Lithuanian dialects was established. This preserved the possibility of continued monitoring and research into the development of Lithuanian dialects.
ANNOTATION
The beginnings of geolinguistics in Lithuania is linked with the activities of the linguist Antanas Salys. The article presents arguments that prove that the authors of the Lietuvių kalbos atlasas atlasas (Atlas of the Lithuanian Language, 1977–1991) mostly drew on the work of Salys and his colleagues: they used the same network of settlements, which they modified a little. The net of the points of the Atlas did not change with the contemporary classification of Lithuanian dialects. In this way the possibility to further observe and study the development of Lithuanian dialects remained.
The foundational work of Lithuanian geolinguistics, the Atlas of the Lithuanian Language (1. Lexicon – 1977, 2. Phonetics – 1982, 3. Morphology – 1991)1 presented Lithuanian dialects in 376 maps and their commentaries. Altogether, about 560 linguistic phenomena were described, and more than two
1 For this work, in 1994, the authors of the Atlas of the Lithuanian Language (Kazys Morkūnas, Aloyzas Vidugiris, et al.) received the Science Prize of the Republic of Lithuania.
KEYWORDS: Geolinguistics, classification of Lithuanian dialects, Atlas of the Lithuanian Language, network of populated localities (points).
KEYWORDS: Geolinguistics, classification of the Lithuanian dialects, atlas of the dialects, point network.
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thousands of various terms from the entire Lithuanian-speaking area; more than 700,000 index cards were collected (LKA I 11–12, Morkūnas 1980: 45–46, BKA 2009: 41). However, the history of the work’s compilation itself remains little known to this day. Particularly little research has been done on the prehistory of the Atlas of the Lithuanian Language: the preparatory and organizational work, instructions for collecting and accumulating material, and the researchers’ methodological and theoretical preparation.
The aim of this article is to provide the scholarly community with information that would not only offer a more thorough account of the preparation of the Atlas of the Lithuanian Language, but also refine the existing data on the beginnings of geolinguistics in Lithuania. The object of the study is the records of dialect-material registration preserved in books in the Dialect Archive of the Institute of the Lithuanian Language’s Department of Language History and Dialectology.
The analysis data were summarized using the method of computer cartography.
HISTORY OF THE PREPARATION OF THE ATLAS OF THE LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE: SOURCES
Atlas of the Lithuanian Language. Although work on Lithuanian dialectology began to be organized as soon as the Institute of the Lithuanian Language was established, for some time it was thought that the Lithuanian dialect network was associated with the collection of data for the Atlas of the Lithuanian Language, and that the project for the main word-geography map was drawn up at that time (Mikulėnienė 2008: 17–18).
Lithuanian Language Atlas “Introduction” contains a number of clues confirming this, for example: “The preparation of the ‘Atlas of the Lithuanian Language’ is a task requiring much effort, time, and funds, the conditions for which were created only during the years of Soviet rule. The systematic collection of atlas material from all Lithuanian dialects (more than 700 inhabited localities) began in 1950 according to a special program and lasted almost two decades” (LKA I 5). In the territory of the Lithuanian SSR at that time, dialect material was collected from 703 (later 704) inhabited localities (each approximately 10–12 km from the next). At the very beginning of the work (so it may be understood that this was in the 1940s), the localities to be studied were also numbered: beginning with the northernmost inhabited localities, the numbering followed, as far as possible, a “horizontal line,” with serial numbers increasing eastward (LKA I 11). This would indicate that the Atlas began in the 1940s.
Nevertheless, this account does not reveal who determined the number of localities, or when; who selected the inhabited places and numbered the localities; why a distance of 10–12 km was chosen between individual localities; or who prescribed the overall procedure for presenting the data on maps. Thus, further information must be sought in other sources.
“Atlas of the Lithuanian Language.” Prospectus, instructions for mapping and writing commentaries2. First of all, it is a short manuscript dated 1968. It describes—
2 Hereafter abbreviated as PKKI.
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…all possible sources of dialectal material. According to the authors, these are: 1) a card index, compiled since 1950 according to Program (from 706 inhabited localities); 2) material collected by students, native speakers of the dialect, during practical training; 3) dialect texts written down or recorded on magnetic tape; 4) the comprehensive Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language; 5) monographs, articles, and studies by individual authors (PKKI 8).
This document also contains further valuable information—for example, it reveals that the Atlas map sketches were drawn on a contour map in 1957 (printed by the press of the Institute of the Lithuanian Language and Literature). For the layout, however, a different contour map of the Lithuanian SSR was used, corresponding to the 1968 administrative division map of the Lithuanian SSR, at a scale of 1:600,000 (PKKI 5).
The cartographic representation of linguistic phenomena is discussed in detail: collections of conventional symbols are presented (see Fig. 1).
FIG. 1. Example of one collection of conventional symbols prepared for the Atlas of the Lithuanian Language
Attention should be drawn to the sequence for using the symbols, discussed here, the marking of data belonging to Standard Lithuanian and to dialects, and so on. Figures 1 and 2 show that shaded (or almost shaded) conventional symbols were designated for facts of Standard Lithuanian, and unshaded ones for dialectal data; see Fig. 2.
FIG. 2. Example of marking data from Standard Lithuanian and dialects
This document also clearly states that the Atlas of the Lithuanian Language will be compiled “on the basis of the dialectal material held by the Institute of the Lithuanian Language and Literature of the Lithuanian SSR Academy of Sciences, collected during the years of Soviet rule according to the Program3 (PKKI 1).
3 Mention is made here of the Program for Collecting Material for the Atlas of the Lithuanian Language, published in 1951 (authors Juozas Balčikonis, Boris Larinas, Juozas Senkus; second edition—1956).
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Thus, this quotation was intended to dispel the author’s remaining doubts about the approximate period when the dialect network was established, but the collected material points to a different conclusion.
“Registration of questionnaire sheets returned in 1942–1943 (for word geography).” A folder was found in the archives of the Department of Language History and Dialectology at the Institute of the Lithuanian Language, containing registered responses received in 1942–1943 to the questions in Antanas Salys’s questionnaire Apklausas 1.4
A total of 61 quarto-format pages are fastened together in the folder with a metal clip. The list of points begins on the second, unnumbered page, which the author considered to be the first. The last page is also unnumbered and left blank. The first page serves as an inner cover (flyleaf): the title of the list is printed in the middle of the page. The remaining pages are numbered consecutively, with the number written at the top, in the center.
A more detailed analysis of the registration sheets shows that the old dialect network was organized according to an administrative-territorial principle: first the rural district was indicated, then the village. For example, the present-day Tirkšliai survey point (LKA 33) formerly included a number of nearby settlements: Naikiai, Kručiai, Spurganai (2), Meinoriai and, of course, Tirkšliai itself; the Šakiai point (LKA 512) included Puškepaliai, Papartynai, Aržuolupiai, Vilkėliškiai, Kiaulupiai, Būdvietčiai, Ritiniai and Šakiai.
In all, Salys’s questionnaire registration sheets list 704 inhabited locations within the territory of Lithuania and 9 points, marked with Roman numerals, outside Lithuania’s area (the numbering indicates that there were 13 in total).
The LKA data were collected from the same number of localities (see the section “The Atlas of the Lithuanian Language” in this article). A closer examination of the list makes it immediately apparent that many points are identical—both those from which responses to Salys’s questionnaire were obtained and registered, and those that, according to the authors of the instructions, were to be established “during the years of Soviet rule.”
This means that the overlap in many points and their number may not be coincidental: in all likelihood, the creators of the Atlas of the Lithuanian Language in the 1950s and later adapted the dialect network devised for Salys’s questionnaire and used it.
Other sources. The available data show that preparations for systematic collection of dialect data began considerably earlier. Serious collective intentions existed even before the war.
A recently discovered source by linguist Mindaugas Šinkūnas testifies that Lithuanian linguists of the time were preparing to create and publish the Dictionary of Lithuanian Dialects. This was supposed to
4 On the folder, whose cover is printed with “Дело №....”, an unknown person wrote in blue ink: “Registration of questionnaire sheets returned in 1942–1943 (for word geography).” A little lower down, a slip bearing the inscription “Registracijos” is attached. The word is handwritten in capital letters. It is written in black ink.
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būti mokslinis žurnalas ar kitas tęstinis leidinys (Schrijnen 1933: 77)5. Informacijoje nurodoma, kad jis yra spausdinamas („Das erste Helf ist im Druck“), tačiau nei autorius (ar autoriai), nei leidinio pavadinimas nenurodomi. Kad ši informacija pasidarytų aiškesnė, šiuos šykščius bibliografijos duomenis turi papildyti kiti, tačiau galbūt ne visiems žinomi lietuvių tarmėtyros istorijos faktai.
For several years (1931–1933), free courses organized by the Ministry of Education on the study of dialects were held at Vytautas Magnus University. They were led by Jurgis Gerulis, who taught the attendees to record dialectal facts using the international Copenhagen phonetic transcription adopted in 1925 (Morkūnas 2000: 283ff.). As the lists of course attendees that have survived to this day show, four groups (of 10–13 attendees each) attended the courses. At the end of the courses, participants signed an undertaking “to describe their own dialect and submit to the Ministry of Education, without remuneration, a text prepared for publication” (Morkūnas 2000: 287). Course participants confirmed the undertaking with their signatures6. Gerulis’s course attendees—Petras Jonikas, Izabelė Matusevičiūtė, Elzbieta Mikalauskaitė, and others—fulfilled their promise (for further details, see Morkūnas 2000: 288–289).
Morkūno (2000: 288) teigimu, kursų klausytojų parengti gimtųjų tarmių aprašai turėjo tęsti paties Gerulio pradėtą seriją Lietuvių kalbos tarmės. Pirmasis sąsiuvinis (šių dienų vertinimu, knyga) buvo Gerulio ir Christiano Stango parengtas aprašas Lietuvių žvejų tarmė Prūsuose (Gerullis, Stangas 1933)7. Štai kodėl minėtoje bibliografinėje informacijoje Gerulis nenurodė spausdinamo tęstinio leidinio autorių ir sąsiuvinio pavadinimo.
For the course attendees, Gerulis and Christian Stang’s publication was an excellent example of how to carry out such work. Soon, Petras Jonikas submitted a description of the phonetics and morphology of his native dialect, Pagramančio tarmė, while Matusevičiūtė, Mikalauskaitė, and others wrote diploma theses. Thus, even before the war, several strands of Lithuanian dialectology were taking shape: descriptive and geolinguistic.
The descriptive strand of dialectology was maintained after the Second World War as well. In the 1946–1950 work plan of the Institute of the Lithuanian Language, it was represented by a separate topic, “Description of Lithuanian Dialects” (topic leader: full member of the Academy of Sciences Balčikonis); see Mikulėnienė 2008: 21 for further details.
5 The author sincerely thanks Dr. Mindaugas Šinkūnas for sharing this important information, and Habil. Dr. Jolanta Gelumbeckaitė for the source found in German libraries.
6 Only a few foreigners and all the attendees in the final, fourth group did not write undertakings. Their courses lasted for a shorter period (three rather than six weeks), so it is possible that the learning process was left unfinished (see Morkūnas 2000: 284–288 for further details).
7 At the bottom of the book’s cover, where the place and year of publication are indicated, the following is also written in capital letters: “PUBLICATION OF THE BOOK-PUBLISHING COMMISSION OF THE MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, 379 N⁰”.
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The geolinguistic strand of Lithuanian dialectology is primarily associated with Salys’s questionnaire, whose purpose was clearly described as being “for word geography.” The very title of Salys’s questionnaire Apkla usas 1 indicates that it was intended to do more. Thus, in the 1946–1950 work plan of the Institute of the Lithuanian Language, this strand was also formulated as an independent topic, “Linguistic Geography.” Its annotation states: “Only one questionnaire was produced, but it is incomplete; the collected data have not been classified” (cited in Mikulėnienė 2008: 22). No topic leader is specified either.
Thus, before the survey of local residents began, the dialect network must already have been established. Therefore, the origins of Lithuanian geolinguistics should be traced not even to the period of the Second World War, when the first dialectal data were already being collected systematically, but to an even earlier time—to the fourth decade of the 20th century.
In fact, the beginnings of Lithuanian geolinguistics may have coincided with the courses organized by the Ministry of Education of the time.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE ATLAS AND SURVEY 1 POINTS
There were indeed many lexical geography data, collected and recorded during the Second World War over a relatively short period—in 1942–19438—and from many localities.
This is illustrated, for example, by the distribution map of names for hare (see Fig. 3).
The dialect data of Questionnaire 1 began to be mapped only at the very end of the 20th century (for more, see Pranskūnaitė 1993; 1994; 1997; Geržotaitė 2011), but even its registration list shows that answers to the questions in this questionnaire were recorded from more than 1,500 places9. According to Kazys Morkūnas, “the Second World War prevented the completion of this work, carried out mainly with the help of teachers and upper-grade pupils” (LKA I 10), but even from the large amount of dialect material collected at the time, it can be inferred that the collectors were working purposefully—that is, they already had a network of Lithuanian dialects.
Thus, the creators of the Atlas of the Lithuanian Language did not need to create it anew: dialectologists in the 1950s could rely on the list of inhabited localities to be studied compiled by Salys.
8This can be inferred from the printing date on the copies of Questionnaire 1 that have survived: at the bottom of the first page, in small letters, it says: “Printed by ‘Švyturys’, Vilnius – 1942.” The first, trial answers were registered as early as 1941, but there were very few of them.
9 As stated in the Atlas of the Lithuanian Language (LKA I 10), “not all Lithuanian dialects and subdialects were covered equally. There were almost no responses from the Klaipėda region (one questionnaire each was completed in Klaipėda and Šilutė counties).” This was probably due to the complex political and historical situation in the region.
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FIG. 3. Names for ‘hare’ in Lithuanian dialects (based on the response data in Salys’s Questionnaire 1)10
This became evident during the implementation of the Global Grant project Contemporary Geolinguistic Research in Lithuania: Optimization of the Network of Survey Sites and Interactive Dissemination of Dialectal Information11, when all LKA survey sites were checked cartographically12. When Salys’s registration data from Questionnaire 1 and the sites in the Atlas of the Lithuanian Language were plotted on a single map, it became clear that the numbering of many settlements coincides13.
10The map was prepared by Laura Geržotaitė, junior researcher in the Department of the History of Language and Dialectology at the Institute of the Lithuanian Language.
11Project No. VP1-3.1-ŠMM-07-K-01-028; implementing institution: Institute of the Lithuanian Language; project leader: Prof. Dr. Danguolė Mikulėnienė. For more detail, see: http://www.tarmes.lt.See also (Aliūkaitė 2011, Kalėdienė 2011).
12The cartographic review was carried out by staff of the Department of the History of Language and Dialectology at the Institute of the Lithuanian Language: Laura Geržotaitė, Dr. Aušra Kaikarytė, and Dr. Mindaugas Šinkūnas.
13 Gretinimo pagrindas – Lietuvos kelių atlasas (Vilnius: Briedis, 2010, 178 p.). Mastelis: 1 cm – 1,2 km.
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For example, in the Northern Samogitian Telšiai subdialect area, almost one third of the points in Apklauso 1 and the Atlas of the Lithuanian Language coincide (see Appendix Table 1). One of them, for example, the current Tirkšliai point (LKA 33), corresponds to three localities marked with the same number in the response registration book for Salys’s Apklauso—Kručiai, Spūrganai, and Tirkšliai (see Appendix Table 1).
The correspondence between the points in the Atlas of the Lithuanian Language and the points in Salys’s dialect network is especially evident when the selected localities are “overlaid” on one another (see Fig. 5). It is then clear that, geographically, they essentially coincide or lie very close to each other (see Fig. 4).
FIG. 4. Tirkšliai point (LKA NO. 33) and the residential localities belonging to it14
A similar proportion of coinciding points is found in the Western Aukštaitian Šiauliai subdialect area (see Appendix Table 2); it is slightly higher in the Southern Aukštaitian area (see Appendix Table 4), while in the Eastern Aukštaitian Kupiškis subdialect area it is even slightly lower (see Appendix Table 3); cf. Fig. 5.
Northern Samogitian, Telšiai subdialect
Western Aukštaitian, Šiauliai subdialect
Eastern Aukštaitian, Kupiškis subdialect
Southern Aukštaitian
Number of coinciding points
20
23
9
28
Number of subdialect points
55
65
19
87
Ratio of coinciding to non-coinciding points
2,75
2,8
2,1
3,11
FIG. 5. Ratio of coinciding points in the Atlas of the Lithuanian Language and Antanas Salys’s Apklauso 1
14 The current Atlas of the Lithuanian Language point is marked with large numerals; localities marked with the same number in the response registration book for A. Salys’s Apklauso 1 are marked with smaller ones.
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Thus, it is easy to calculate that approximately one third of the points in the Atlas of the Lithuanian Language and Antanas Salys’s Survey 1 coincide: this is indicated by the mean ratio of coinciding to non-coinciding points (2.69)15.
It is possible that one or another settlement was selected later, that is, after the Second World War—for example, Kučiūnai (LKA No. 683). This settlement does not appear on the registration sheets. However, the surrounding villages are marked with the same number 683: Kaimėliai, Šulinėliai (on the map, Šulneliai), Miškiniai, which belonged to Lazdijai County, and Galstai, Gudėliai, and Vytautai, which at the time belonged to Veisiejai County; see Fig. 6.
FIG. 6. Kučiūnai point (LKA No. 683) and the settlements belonging to it
Thus, after the Second World War, following the collectivization of agriculture, deportations, and land reclamation in Lithuania, Salys’s dialect network was revised and refined. Since, as the war was ending, Antanas Salys, the founder of Lithuanian geolinguistics, had fled west, the creators of the Atlas of the Lithuanian Language could not acknowledge his contributions in the 1950s and later, but they made use of his scholarly legacy.
ATLAS OF THE LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE
OPTIMIZATION OF THE POINT NETWORK
Today, it is still difficult to say precisely how many times the points in the Atlas of the Lithuanian Language were changed or otherwise revised over several decades.
15 All the verification data will be published in the forthcoming atlas Lithuanian Dialects at the Beginning of the 21st Century: A Geolinguistic and Sociolinguistic Study (maps and their commentaries).
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It is true that some of the corrections made were minor—some points were consolidated, retaining only the name of the largest settlement: for example, before the war, the Papilė point (47 LKA) covered a much larger area, including the villages of Šiliškės, Jonaičiai, Žiliai, Gendviliškiai, Draginių, and Latvėliai (now Latvėliai); see Table 1. Such points are considered to coincide by researchers today.
Judging from the material available today, most of the numbering clarifications and changes were probably made in 1970, when the material for the Atlas of the Lithuanian Language was being prepared for publication—the section meeting minutes record 155 changes—so almost one-fifth of the points were revised. The available material shows that the revisions were minimal (see Tables 1–4), essentially leaving the network itself unchanged.
This is particularly important if we bear in mind that, after the current classification of Lithuanian dialects had become established (Girdenis, Zinkevičius 1966, Zinkevičius 1966: 13–17), the revised network of points remained in place. This made it possible to continue monitoring and researching the development of Lithuanian dialects.
CONCLUSIONS
The sources discussed and arguments presented in this article support the hypothesis that the foundation of the settlement network for the Atlas of the Lithuanian Language was laid before the Second World War, when, at the initiative of Antanas Salys and Jurgis Gerulis, preparations were being made for “language geography” research.
After the Second World War, Salys’s dialect network was revised and clarified. However, the creators of the Atlas of the Lithuanian Language left its most important reference points unchanged. As a result, the first dialect reader (LKT), which presented dialect texts according to LKA points, also continued to follow Salys’s dialect division (Salys 1933, 1992: 289–318).
The current classification of Lithuanian dialects did not change Lithuania’s geolinguistic situation: dialects were redistributed according to clusters of phonetic features, and the names of subdialects and speech varieties were clarified, but the network itself remained unchanged. Traces of the pre-war administrative-territorial division can therefore still be discerned in it.
REFERENCES AND SOURCES
Registration of the questionnaire sheets answered in 1942–1943 (for word geography) (typescript). Held in the Dialect Archive of the Department of Language History and Dialectology, Institute of the Lithuanian Language.
Aliūkaitė Daiva 2011: Projektas „Šiuolaikiniai geolingvistikos tyrimai Lietuvoje: punktų tinklo optimizacija ir interaktyvioji tarminės informacijos sklaida“. – Respectus Philologicus 20(25), 257–259.
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BKA 2009 – Mikulėnienė Danguolė, Stafecka Anna (comp. / ed. / ed.) 2009: Baltu valodu atlants. Prospekts / Atlas of the Baltic languages. Prospect / Atlas of the Baltic languages: A Prospect. Riga: Institute of the Latvian Language, University of Latvia, Vilnius: Institute of the Lithuanian Language.
Gerullis Georg, Stang’as Christian 1933: Lietuvių žvejų tarmė Prūsuose. Kaunas: „Spindulio“ B-vės spaustuvė.
Geržotaitė Laura 2011: Anties pavadinimai lietuvių kalbos tarmėse. – Baltu filologija 20(2), 13–23.
Girdenis Aleksas, Zinkevičius Zigmas 1966: Dėl lietuvių kalbos tarmių klasifikacijos. – Kalbotyra 14, 139–147.
Kalėdienė Laima 2011: Geolingvistikos radimosi sąlygos Lietuvoje. – Tarptautinės mokslinės konferencijos Sociolingvistinė dialektologija: baltų tarmių tyrimai pranešimų tezės 2011 m. spalio 21–22 d. Vilniaus universiteto Kauno humanitarinio fakulteto Lietuvių filologijos katedra, Lietuvių kalbos instituto Kalbos istorijos ir dialektologijos skyrius. Prieiga internete: http://www.tarmes.lt/images/Veikla/Laima%20KALEDIENE.pdf.
LK – Lietuvos kelių atlasas, vyr. red. Mindaugas Baltrušaitis. Vilnius: Briedis, 2010.
LKA I–III – Atlas of the Lithuanian Language 1. Lexicon; 2. Phonetics, ed. Kazys Morkūnas. Vilnius: Mokslas, 1977–1991.
LKA Pr – Programme for collecting material for the Atlas of the Lithuanian Language. Authors J. Balčikonis, B. Larinas, J. Senkus. Vilnius: State Publishing House of Political and Scientific Literature, 1951; second ed. – 1956.
LKE – Encyclopedia of the Lithuanian Language, compiled by Kazys Morkūnas. Vilnius: Institute of Science and Encyclopaedia Publishing, 1999.
LKT – Lithuanian Dialects. A Reader, ed. Kazys Morkūnas. Vilnius: Mintis, 1970.
LKTCh – Bacevičiūtė Rima, Ivanauskienė Audra, Leskauskaitė Asta, Trumpa Edmundas. A Reader of Lithuanian Dialects. Vilnius: Publishing House of the Institute of the Lithuanian Language, 2004.
Mikulėnienė Danguolė 2008: Iš Kalbos istorijos ir dialektologijos skyriaus istorijos. Kalbos istorijos ir dialektologijos problemos 2, 15–33.
Mikulėnienė Danguolė, Trumpa Edmundas 2008: Naujas žvilgsnis į Kazimiero Jauniaus tarmių klasifikaciją. Kalbos istorijos ir dialektologijos problemos 2, 128–146.
Morkūnas Kazys 1980: Pažintis su lietuvių kalbos tarmėmis. Vilnius: Mokslas.
Morkūnas Kazys 2000: Jurgio Gerulio kursai tarmėms tirti. Archivum Lithuanicum 2, 283–290.
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PKKI – “Atlas of the Lithuanian Language.” Prospectus, Instructions for Mapping and Writing Comments (typescript). Vilnius, 1968. Held in the Dialect Archive of the Department of Language History and Dialectology at the Institute of the Lithuanian Language.
Pranskūnaitė Vita 1993: Gandrp pavadinimai lietuvių kalbos tarmėse (A. Salio „Apklauso 1“ duomenimis). Tarptautinės konferencijos Lietuvių kalba: tyrėjai ir tyrimai Jurgiui Geruliui (1888 03 13– apie 1945) paminėti pranešimų tezės 1993 m. spalio 20–22 d. Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 25.
Pranskūnaitė Vita 1994: Avies ir eriuko pavadinimai tarmėse (A. Salio anketos „Apklauso 1“ duomenimis). Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai 34, 93–96.
Pranskūnaitė Vita 1997: Kielės pavadinimai lietuvių kalbos tarmėse. Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai 38, 185–189.
Salys Antanas 1933: Kelios pastabos tarmių istorijai. – Archivum Philologicum 4, 21–34.
Salys Antanas 1992: Raštai 4. Lietuvių kalbos tarmės. Roma: Lietuvių Katalikų Mokslo Akademija.
Schrijnen Jos. 1933: Lithuanie. – Essai de bibliographie de géographie linguistique générale / Publications de la Commissions d’Enquête Linguistique 2. Nimegue: N. V. Dekker&van de Vegt en J. W. Van Leeuwen, 77.
Zinkevičius Zigmas 1966: Lietuvių dialektologija. Vilnius: Mintis.
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APPENDIX
TABLE 1. Matching points in the northern Samogitian Telšiai subdialect (according to data from the Atlas of the Lithuanian Language and Antanas Salys’s Survey 1)
16 Question marks have been placed next to some villages in the registration book. They have been retained here as well. Unclear current place names marked with question marks are given in square brackets.
Burniai Džiuginėnai Paežerė Rubežaičiai Stulpinai Telšiai town (2)
128
Telšiai, Viešvėnai
160
199
Luokė
Pašatrija [Pašatrija] Barvydžiai [Barvydžiai]
160
Luokė
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Lietuvių tarmių tinklas: jo ištakos ir optimizacija
TABLE 2. Matching points of the Western Highlander Šiauliškiai subdialect (according to data from the Atlas of the Lithuanian Language and Antanas Salys’s Survey 1)
Lietuvių tarmių tinklas: jo ištakos ir optimizacija
TABLE 3. Overlapping points of the Eastern Aukštaitian Kupiškėnai dialect (according to the data of the Atlas of the Lithuanian Language and Antanas Salys’s Survey 1)
of Galstai [Galstai] of Bertašiūnai (2) [Bertašiūnai] of Petroškai [Petroškai] of Paveisėjai [Paveisėjai] of Smarliūnai [Smarliūnai] of Šadžiūnai [Šadžiūnai]
Lietuvių tarmių tinklas: jo ištakos ir optimizacija
Network of Lithuanian Dialects: The sources and Optimisation
S U M M A R Y
It was believed for some time that the network of Lithuanian dialects’ inhabited settlements was made when the collection of material for the Atlas of the Lithuanian Language began. However, there are more and more arguments which suggest that the consolidation of geolinguistics in Lithuania should be first of all linked with the name of the linguist Antanas Salys, which means that it should be dated by the 1930s, when on the initiative of Salys’ and his colleagues preparations were made for intensive collection of dialectal material.
At that time, the Ministry of Education organised a free course for researchers into dialects; Jurgis Gerulis and Christian Stang’s monograph “Lietuvių žvejų tarmė Prūsuose” (Dialect of Lithuanian Fishermen in Prussia; 1933) which was to be a model of descriptive dialectology was published; the first questionnaire Apklausas 1 was made, according to which lexical data was collected from almost all localities of Lithuania. Therefore, it is quite possible that then a project of the main map of word geography was drawn because data was collected systematically.
The article includes arguments that prove that the authors of the Atlas of the Lithuanian Language (1977–1991) drew on the work of Salys and his colleagues: with some changes made, they used the same network of inhabited settlements.
The network of points of the Atlas remained unchanged after the present classification of Lithuanian dialects was consolidated, leaving an opening for further observation and research of the development of Lithuanian dialects.
