30 ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXIX
Vi ginija VasiLiauskienė
Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as
Resea ch a eas: his o ical syn ax, syn ac ic ypology, he
language o ancien w i ings, w i ing.
by Cons an ine Si Vydo
Gospel Poin s Anno a ion This a icle discusses he p in ing and spelling o he Se mon on he
Moun and he mos impo an spelling ea u es. La in and Polish languages ha e had he g ea es
impac on he w i ing o sP. The spelling and p in ing o he i s (1629) and second (1644) olumes o
he Book o P o e bs o en di e . some p in ing and spelling in bo h pa s a e episodic in na u e.
The di e si y o he p in ing p esses used wi h diac i ics is g ea e han ha o he Mikalojaus
daukšos pos ilėje and jono jakna ičiaus Ewangelie Polskie y Li ewskie. Mos o he diac i ics a e
e y a e, bu some o hem a e used qui e consis en ly. In some cases, diac i ics ma ked he
c ossed skiemen o we e homo o La in examples we e sho ened wo ds and ma ked omissions.
Unlike in he main Go hic ex o he S.P., he an ique i alics o he capi al le e s <i> and <j>
we e ma ked wi h h ee di e en p essings. consis en ly used <l>. long owels we e no
g aphically ma ked (< y> and < u> pe o med o he unc ions). In many cases, he ma king o [e] and
[ai] a e a so consonan , he ansmission o assimila ed consonan s, he p onuncia ion o he
p e ix ( he consonan is always w i en iž) a ied. The w i ing o wo ds oge he and sepa a ely
mų i homog a ų sky imo p iemonė. Į ai a imas žymin pučiamuosius p iebalsius i a ika as
galėjo a si as i iek dėl echninių p iežasčių, iek a spindė i ilniečių kalboje ykusius ki imus.
was in luenced by he p ose, he examples o o he languages, he echnical ea u es o p in ing,
he linguis ic compe ence o publishe s. samples a e o en w i en in one wo d. No w i ing
oge he and sepa a ely also depended on he o m o he e b. The spelling o he capi al le e s
is based on he La in and Polish language adi ions ci ed as a sou ce. Essen ial wo ds: syllables,
p onouns, diac i ics, w i ing, in luence o he La in language. keyWo ds: si ydas, ype aces,
diac i ics, o hog aphy, in luence o La in
kons an ino si ydo Punk ų sakymų spaudmenys i ašyba
This a icle desc ibes he use o ype aces as well as he basic p inciples o o hog aphy in he book o
se mons Gospel Poin s. he o hog aphy o sP was mos ly cases hey a e used consis en ly. In ce ain
cases hese diac i ics a e used o ma k a s essed ing ica i e consonan s and a ica es can be
de e mined bo h by echnical easons in p in ing abb e ia ions and omissions ollowed La in adi ions.
in luenced by La in and Polish. Mos o he di e en diac i ics a e seldom used, bu in mos
Th ee di e en ype aces we e used du ing p in ing o ma king bo h he capi al le e s <i> and <j> in
syllable o we e a means o di e en ia ion in homog aphs and homo o ms. Va ia ions in ma k-
hose pa s o he ex ha we e in an ique cu si e. no special le e s we e used o di e en ia e long
and by e lec ing changes in he speech o Vilnius’ esiden s. ype aces used o ma king ab-
owels om sho owels. Va ia ions a e e iden in ma king: (1) [e] and [ai] ha ollow a so consonan ; (2)
oiced consonan s be o e oiceless, and oiceless consonan s be o e oiced; (3) he p e ix om. The
p inciples o combining adjacen wo ds o w i ing hem sepa a ely we e in luenced by p osodic ea u es
as well as by basic s anda ds o o he languages and also echnical ea u es o he p in ing p ocess and
language compe ence o edi o s and ypese e s. use o capi al le e s is based on La in and Polish o is
aken om quo able sou ces. In he absence o a su i ing manusc ip o Kons an in Si ydos's The
Poin s o he Wo d (s.p.a.), i is di icul o de ine mo e p ecisely how much o he p in ing p ess's
collec ions and he p in e s' choice o p esses co esponded o he au ho 's own w i ing concep and he
handw i ing ma ks he used. In o he wo ds, i is no clea wha he ela ionship was be ween he
cha ac e s used in he Sy iac manusc ip and he co esponding p in s in he p in ed ex . I is wo h
ecalling he e he eg e exp essed by Si ydas in a speech w i en in Polish ha his book was no
published due o lack o unds: "The Li huanian language needs ce ain cha ac e s, called accen s in La in,
so ha hose who a e no na i e Li huanians can speak and ead well, bu he e a e also new special
p in ing on s, which, in addi ion o he cos s, I would no be able o co e now". So he au ho ealized
ha he e can be no ideal con o mi y he e. The e is no doub ha he e was a lack o echnical capaci y
o p in e s and edi o s o in e ene and apply hemsel es o he p in ing p ess. This is shown no only by
s udies o o he ancien ex s (Subacius 2001: 129-152), bu i is also clea om he SP i sel : oo equen
a ia ion o g aphemes in he same wo d in he same posi ions, he p esence o absence o diac i ics in
he same ones due o his eason in many a icles whe e he e m is used in o de o dis inguish be ween
w i en and p in ed g aphemes.
2P i [Viii]: […]Needed by he Li huanian i […]zyk k e sek nieiákich, who is called […]po Łaćinie accen us, aby, z
p zy odzenia po Li ewsku nieumiei[…]cy, po á ił z nich dob ze mowić, y czy ać, áleby eż po zebna do
nich i osobli d uku, y koß u, k o egom mieć now nie mogłkie[…] (widely quo ed om: koženiaus 1990: 296).
32 ac a
Vi ginija VasiLiauskienė
Linguis ica Li huanica LXIX
mais esančiuose žodžiuose, specialaus žodžių umpinimo siekan su ilp i į siau us
The "poin s" a e high. Apa om he human ac o , a leas in pa ela ed o he
echnical capabili ies o he p in ing p esses o he ime, which condi ioned
da ik besi o muojan i ašomosios kalbos adicija. specialių spaudmenų si ydui,
p iešingai nei Mikalojui daukšai a danieliui kleinui (alekna ičienė 2006: 280,
di e si y and was compa a i ely weak, in essence, no one unde s ood. he had o i
in o he La in and Polish ex s o p in he adap ed on collec ions (ga ni u es)
ims. The complexi y o he daukšos pos ilės ([…] dP) sc ip and pa o he p in ing
p esses i used we e g adually modi ied by la e Ldk book de elope s and publishe s
wi h a g ea e ocus on unc ionali y and ease o use. Some o he p in ed edi ions
o he Gospel o Ma hew we e abandoned as ea ly as 1605 in he anonymous
ca echism (Lk): i was no w i en […], ins ead […] was o en w i en […]uo>, because
o he peculia i ies o he language, nosed g aphemes we e unnecessa y o he
ca echism (Palionis 1967: 38 […] 39; 1995: 27). The Sy iac sc ip , being simple han ha o he daukos, was long acqui ed in he eas e n, and la e in he middle, a ian s o he w i en language.
1.PUNCT SAKYM Spide s and
hei hos s
1.1. in he p epa a ion o he ansc ip ion ex o he c i ical edi ion o he SP, all he
3
publica ions used he e we e selec ed and sys ema ized. Compa ed o he dP-used
p onouns desc ibed by John Palion, sP in he Li huanian ex has a g ea e di e si y o
p onouns wi h diac i ics ( his is no ound only when dP uses p onouns wi h diac i ics:
[…], […], […], […], […]; and […], […]), bu he equency o hei use is much lowe ( he unbo n
ki is). The smalle numbe o p in s was p obably due o he ac ha Palionis had
desc ibed, in his own wo ds, no all, bu only he mo e egula ly used p in s (Palionis 1967:
33), and all he p in s we e selec ed and egis e ed om he SP in he p epa a ion o
he a o emen ioned ansc ip ion ex , ega dless o he egula i y and equency o
hei use. As ou esea ch shows, in he case o sP, Palionis does no p o ide all, bu only
he mo e egula ly used p esses in his books (Palionis 1967: 39 […] 41; 1995: 28). In o de o
gi e an o e iew o he p in ing p esses o indi idual old Li huanian books, i would be
wo h dis inguishing he equency o p in ing p esses wi h diac i ics om he
di e si y o hose p esses.
The second pa o he Poin s o View (s.p. ii, published in 1644) was p epa ed o publica ion and
ansla ed in o Polish by he assis an o Si ydas and his successo , he Jesui Jono Jakna ičius, so i
seems o be ully jus i ied o assume ha he s.p., especially in he second pa , 3 d edi ion, was
p epa ed unde con ac wi h he Depa men o His o y and Dialec ology o he Li huanian Language
Ins i u e by Vi ginija Vasiliauskienė and K is ina Ru ko ska. i s p epa a ion was suppo ed by he
S a e Li huanian Language Commission om 2008 o 2011. The ex o he ansc ip ion o he
Li huanian sP pa was p epa ed by Vi ginija Vasiliauskienė, and he Polish pa by […] K is ina Ru ko ska.
kons an ino si ydo Punk ų sakymų spaudmenys i ašyba
33 pages o a icles
(sP ii), a ojami spaudmenys, ne u ė ų sma kiai ski is nuo a ojamų jakna ičiaus
pa eng ose Ewangelie Polskie y Li ewskie ( oliau je, išleis a 1647), juoba kad jas
sky ė ik ejų me ų a pas. emian is Mildos Lučinskienės a lik u y imu (Lučins-
kienė 2005: 30), almos all o he p in ing p esses ound in he Polish and
Li huanian Gospels we e also used in he sP Li huanian pa o he ex
(excluding […], […], […]). Howe e , he se o p esses, compa ed o sP, is no so
abundan : i <q> and <x> a e no used, he e is no much o he p esses ound in
sP wi h diac i ical ma ks: <>, <ǎ>, <>, <ã>, <>, <ē>, <í>, <ì>, <ì>, <ì>, <ì>, <ì>,
<ì>, <ì>, <ì>, <ì>, <õ>, <õ>, <õ>, <û>, <û>, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <,
<, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <,
<, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <,
<, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, <, < In addi ion, special cha ac e s […], […] and […]o> a e also used o ma k he end o a wo d. sP in Li huanian ex 1.3. he ollowing hyphens wi h diac i ical ma ks a e used
(See also oo no e on
oo no e 1) (a) (b) (c) (d)
[…], […], […] and […]. o:
c: <c>, <c>, <a>
e: <é>, <ê>, <>, <ē>,
(b) he
and […], […]. o
l: < l>. O he […]:
m: […].
(e) ( ) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g)
<ó>, <ô>, <>, <ō>, <õ>. This is he name o he game.
and <a>. s: < sh >, < sh >, < sh >
<è>. This is he i s ime I' e seen his. (b) he ollowing able is inse ed:
ollowing able is inse ed: w: […].
which: < z >, < z >, < >.
[…], […] o […], […], […].
O he […]: […], […] and […].
some o he p in ed ma e ials lis ed he e wi h diac i ical ma ks a e used e y
a ely, in some cases […] h oughou he book o in pa s o i hey a e ound only
once o se e al imes. In he Polish ex , he diac i ics a e mo e a ied and mo e
equen han in he Li huanian ex ( hey a e s udied by K is ina Ru ko ska).
1.4 Acco ding o he equency and sequence o use, all sP i and sP ii in use
wi h diac i ical ma ks can be di ided as ollows:
(1) equen ly and sys ema ically used su ixes sP i and sP ii wi h
diac i ical ma ks: <ć>, <ł>, <ś>, <>, <>;
(2) non-sys ema ically, bu ela i ely o en sP i and sP ii a e used wi h diac i ical ma ks: <á>,
<>, <ċ>, <>; (3) e y a e and i egula use o hyphens wi h diac i ical ma ks 4: <ñ>?, <ó>, <ô>,
<>, <õ>, <û>, <ũ>, <>, <>, <>, <> o <>; (b) he ollowing able is inse ed in Annex I o his
sP i: <à>, <â>, <ã>, <>?, <é>, <ê>, <>; <í>?, <ì>?; <î>, <ń>, <ṅ>,
Regula ion: The 4 h and 5 h le e s o he alphabe a e he mos equen ly used le e s
wi h a diac i ic ma k.
34
Vi ginija VasiLiauskienė
ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXIX
(4) only in pe iphe als and poin names, p e ixes wi h diac i ics P i: <>, <ź> a e
niais ženklais (lo yniškoji an ik a i ku sy as):
used; < and < This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o
i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
A e egis e ing all he sP-used p esses wi h diac i ical ma ks, i can be seen
ha hei di e si y is g ea e sP i, and he gausa sP ii […] mo e equen hei use
sP ii condi ioned e y o en […]á.
1.5. P onouns deno ing he
p ebalsius [sh], [ž] and he a ika ą [č]
The ollowing p e ixes wi h diac i ics a e used o he owels [š] and [ž] sP:
<ś>, <>?, <>, <>, <>, <>, <> o <>, <>, <>, <ź>, <ż>, <> (see 38, 4042, 4858). A ican [č]
ma ked wi h <ć>, <ċ>, <>? (See also Figu e 10-12). in addi ion, [š] may also be
deno ed by he dig aph <ß>, <sz>, and [č] by he dig aph <c>
( e y a ely)
1.5.1. majo […], […] a e used only episodically sP ii: […]ydu sP ii 16219[…]20, 2024, 3323;
[…]ynoio sP ii 1048, […]od[…]iey sP ii 8326. In all o he cases, hey shall be eplaced by […]5.
[…] is e y a ely ound in sP i pe icopēs, p in ed in i alics: g ai 31718, and he only […]
case is in he main sP i ex : łyniuguosna 37310 ( he diac i ic o m is no common
he e). Ve y a e and sP ii occu ing […], which should essen ially be conside ed poo ly
p in ed […]: áß as […]. sP II 1813; pá ái am 2546, ka alićiu sP ii 1416[…]17. 1.5.2. […], […] and
[…] a e used in he La in an ique and in i alics in he collec ed ex . The diac i ic abo e
he […] in he sP ii an ique (see Figu e 50) ecalls he ex ended poin and di e s in
o m om he […] and […] used elsewhe e in he ex : Neadźia 5116, Banićia 15317, iames
15319, Vs okłes 1808, au u e 2393. The e a e wo ypes o
S.P.A.R.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.-
S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.-
S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.-
S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.-
S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.-
S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S 1.5.3. he o m o he diac i ics a ies
g ea ly om he main ex p in ed on he swab o […], […], […], […] o […] (see Fig.
51[…]58). on hese p esses he diac i ical ma ks o he poin , acu e, b ook, and lancel o shape and a nish a e used. hey a e o en di icul o dis inguish om each o he because o he quali y o he p in ing:
The o he i e we e also used wi hou diac i ics. I was w i en in F ench in 1929: […]in unzialsch i
s ehen C, S, Z, L auch č, š, ž, ł, d. h. es ehlen die diak i ischen Zeichen[…]
(spech 1929: 13) I is no possible o say ha he Commission has no been consul ed on his ma e .

kons an ino si ydo Punk ų sakymų spaudmenys i ašyba
35s aipsniai / a icles
pėjęs akū as a ba b ūkšnelis gali a ody i kaip aškas, o ge ai nea sispaudęs aškas
Fo example, in he wo d […]mones sP i 32612 he isible a ow appea s as a poin
ex ended, while he a ow in he wo d sP ii 24427 is mos likely no a poin
comp essed a all. The owels and diac i ics abo e […] and […] a e used only a ew
imes in he sP ex . They a e mo e like a nishes, and hey a e mo e like lance s:
ulis sP i 32121; didiu sP ii 19956.
In doub ul cases, an a emp was made o exagge a e he p essu e, bu he mo e exagge a ed o m o
he diac i ic was di e en om ha which was isible o he naked eye, so elying solely on his unclea
me hod o iden i ying he diac i ic would ha e been qui e isky. The diac i ic abo e sP ii (see Fig. 57, 58), as
in he case o an iqui y, esembles a ho izon ally ex ended poin (see Fig. 50). I was con ac ually
ma ked wi h a c oss abo e he p ess, in o de o dis inguish i om he adi ional do -shaped diac i ic.
The combina ion o sepa a e p esses ma king he same g apheme indica es ha nei he hei own no
hei diac i ical o m was iden ical in he p in ing p ess collec ions, o example, some […] di e in he
in e als. he same can be said o a conside able numbe o o he p esses, especially hose wi h
diac i ical ma ks. 1.5.4. The ollowing species a e also included in his ca ego y: Aedes aegyp i (Aedes
aegyp i) Mammalia (Aedes aegyp i) Mammalia (Aedes aegyp i) Mammalia (Aedes aegyp i) Mammalia (Aedes
aegyp i) Mammalia (Aedes aegyp i) Mammalia (Aedes aegyp i) Mammalia (Aedes aegyp i) Mammalia (Aedes
spaudmenys be diak i inių ženklų <ſ>, <s>, <ʒ>, <z>, <c>, i a i kščiai, <ś>
gali a si as i <ſ>, <s> ie oje: śiłpnas sP ii 122 i ſiłpnas sP i 21117; ʒiemes sP i
aegyp i) Mammalia (Aegyp i) Mammalia (Aegyp i) Mammalia (Aegyp i) Mammalia (Aegyp i) Mammalia
(Aegyp i) Mammalia (Aegyp i) Mammalia (Aegyp i) Mammalia (Aegyp i) Mammalia (Aegyp i) Mammalia
(Aegyp i) Mammalia (Aegyp i) Mammalia (Mammalia) Mammalia (Mammalia) Mammalia (Mammalia) Mammalia
(Mammalia) Mammalia (Mammalia) Mammalia) Mammalia (Mammalia) Mammalia (Mammalia) Mammalia
(Mammalia) Mammalia (Mammalia) Mammalia) Mammalia (Mammalia) Mammalia (Mammalia) Mammalia
(Mammalia) Mammalia (Mammalia) Mammalia (Mammalia) Mammalia (Mammalia) Mammalia In addi ion o he
abo e-men ioned easons, he Commission conside s ha he con es ed measu e cons i u es S a e aid
wi hin he meaning o A icle 107 (1) o he T ea y on he Func ioning o he Eu opean Union. Some o he
c i ics on hese p esses may simply no ha e been imp essed, bu he p essu e wi h and wi hou he
diac i ic is ha m ul in he same way, o en e en in F anco Spech 's 6 h hesis […] ü den den alen
sibilan en wi d s und s p omiscue geb auch , nu p leg s nich im anlau zu s ehen[…] mos likely he e is
dalis jų u ė ų bū i p iski i o me o spaudmenų a ojimo spausdin inėse knygose
an e o in he co ec ion […] no o say: […]... nu p leg
s nich ...“
7 In Me kel's Pe ke ičius's 1598 ca echism, he p e ixes s, s, c o diac i ical in he wo ds used (see sP i
ienženkliais ś, ć.
36 ac a
Vi ginija VasiLiauskienė
Linguis ica Li huanica LXIX
20 and p. 353), […] and no episodically, bu h oughou he sP ex , […] would show ha he diac i ics
we e no always, a leas du ing he p in ing p ocess, he essen ial g aphic ea u e. The easons o
his di e si y could be he la ge numbe o aids, he absence o diac i ical ma ks, and he in luence
o he o eign language en i onmen on he Vilnius ci y council, o example, wo ds wi h he oo silpn
a e w i en 21 imes wi h <s>, and 11 imes wi h <s>. The equency o hese p essu es is
app oxima ely 12x and 10x, espec i ely: silpniby sP i 18519, silpnina sP ii 5714, silpnu sP i 21123, silps a sP
ii 7524, silpnu sP i 6131, silpnibes sP ii 21813.
The a ia ion o so [s] and [sh] punc ua ion in he same wo ds is mo e common in bo owings om
Polish and Gud language. In addi ion, […]s[…] we e mo e equen ly han […]s, […]s[…] we e selec ed sP ii, e.g.
siłos sP i pa a o a 6 imes, o sP ii 3 imes; 2 and 3 imes, espec i ely; sP ii is used mo e equen ly han
swie as; sP i wo ld is e y a e and may be conside ed a co ec ion e o ; he pain is dominan in bo h
pa s o he sP; As al eady men ioned, his spelling mos likely e lec s he plu al o m o he wo d
" a ia" in he Li huanian language o he Vilnius dialec . Acco ding o Zigma Zinke ičius, he Poles ound
i di icul o dis inguish be ween Li huanian [š] and [s] (Zinke ičius 1981: 3032). In bo h cases, hey hea d
he Polish [ś], so hey w o e i e y inco ec ly: o o <sz>. Whe he o no he a ia ion o […] and […], […]
and […] in he same wo ds can be linked o he unclea opposi ion be ween […] and […], […] and […] in he
Vilnius dialec a he ime canno be con i med o denied based solely on sP da a. Thus, he di e si y o
he p esses wi h and wi hou diac i ics, he labelling o he spoken dialec s and A icans, had o be
condi ioned no by one bu by se e al ci cums ances: he adi ion o consump ion in he p esses o he
ime, he numbe o p esses, he la ge numbe o diac i ics, he absence, he quali y o p in ing. 1.6.
p in ing wi h diac i ical ma ks on <a> mainly in he o m o a ious diac i ical ma ks ound on <a>: <á>, <>,
<à>, <>, <ǎ>?, <>?, <â>, <ã>, <ā> (see Fig. 19)9. o hese, only […]á[…] is used mo e equen ly and
sys ema ically, which can be associa ed wi h […]pakel ąja[…]á[…] in Polish. In he Li huanian ex sP ii, his
s ess qui e o en indica es he abb e ia ed non-ci cumcision [a]. The "A" and "A" and he "A" and he
"A" and he "A" and he "A" and he "A" and he "A" and he "A" and he "A" and he "A" and he "A" and
he "A" and he "A" and he "A" and he "A" and he "A" and he "A" and he "A" and he "A" and he "A"
and he "A" and he "A" and he "A" and he "A" and he "A" and he "A".
8 Mikalojaus daukšos pos ilėje bu o ašoma: dabóki eś, a eś 1633, ne ikéſi eś 1636, paáugß inoś 8710, Baʒ-
ni cʒios 8718, Banicʒia 8719, gá ſ îcʒios 876, ga ſ îcios 8738 i . .
kons an ino si ydo Punk ų sakymų spaudmenys i ašyba
37s aipsniai / a icles
and […] a osena sP does no di e : ká ális i sP ii 8715, áułayko 8925, eykálu 1035,
Sámá i onas 1191415, niekádu 12028, á aimo 12614, áułáyko 1492324, má indámi 15523,
is á e 15322, ándingie sP i 2231314, giełmáimis sP ii 1551314, łeyde 1675, dun akin eydś
1789, ausi 365P i333, 17720, and he nea es one is 17745. Visually, i is also no always
possible o dis inguish be ween hese wo p esses. They a e used much less
equen ly, and he mos common choice he e is no […], bu […]. sP ii occu s se e al
imes in […] i s owel is no di e en om […] and […], and […] eco ded once in his
pa is mos likely no p in ed e y cleanly […]; The unce ain and pai ed imes sP ii
pai ed […] unc ion […] diac i ic due o a sligh shi o he igh ecalls he
apos ophe and acu e cha ac e s, and in he wo d głu sP ii 24713 and p in ing may be
sligh ly enla ged and he e o e changed he poin o m. 1.7.p esses wi h he
g a es one g a is on <à> wice used in he La in an iqui y (s ockis 2004: 294 […] 295): à
kay e łabay iłga bus sP i 24020 […]21. The g a is in he o he wo wo ds p in ed in
Swabian looks unusual, as i is il ed o he side (see Fig. 3). In addi ion, he diac i ics
o he g a io o m can also be acciden ally used on […], […], […], […] (see Fig. 12, 18, 19, 42),
and a e cha ac e is ic o he La in an iqui y: […] (sp ii) and […] (sp i) a e ound only in
an iqui y, un o una ely he clea o m […] an iqui y and in he Swabian ex , and […]
(sp i) is once published in he Swabian pa o he ex .
The mos commonly used a e he ollowing: (a) (a) (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (e) (e) ( ) ( ) ( ) (g) (g)
(g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g)
(g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g)
(g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g)
(g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g)
(g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g)
(g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) Those skele ons a e mo e likely o be long han sho . In
o he single wo ds and unci cumcised long syllables, he appea ance o his diac i ic
may be acciden al o conside ed a co ec ion e o (unclea unc ion). In pa , he
p in ing o wo ds wi h his diac i ic could no only ma k he c ossed syllables, bu
also help o dis inguish places and pages whe e o he o ms o diac i ical ma ks a e
mo e commonly ound
homog a us bei homo o mas (p z.: ge iâus, gie iaûs, ku iâs, ma iâs, pe ſk odûs,
38 ac a
Vi ginija VasiLiauskienė
Linguis ica Li huanica LXIX
pe ſmegiûs). dėmesį aip pa eikė ų a k eip i į šio diak i iko dis ibuciją – jis nė a
olygiai pasiski s ęs isame eks e, be dažnai koncen uojamas am ik ose eks o
(acu e, ci cumplex, b ushed)
In addi ion o he abo e, he use o a single syllable o he i s syllable o a wo d
can also be used o dis inguish be ween wo wo ds, e.g. "s" in a sen ence, "s" in a
sen ence, "s" in a sen ence, "s" in a sen ence, "s" in a sen ence, "s" in a sen ence,
"s" in a sen ence, "s" in a sen ence, "s" in a sen ence, "s" in a sen ence, "s" in a
sen ence, "s" in a sen ence, "s" in a sen ence. The ma kings on he "é" a e c ossed,
usually long skiemuo: whiché (loc. sg.) 17711, ku ié (nom. pl.) 1628, p aiéwu (gen. pl.) 17726,
gaylé us (cnd. 3)19, apé 17611; bu he e ha e also been a couple o cases o no
c ossing in he long skiemu: Wié a (nom. 158).
See also 2037 and issibi (acc. sg.) 1713.
sP epea edly used wo owel sounds wi h acu e […] and […] and one owel sounds
wi h a do […]. In hese pa icula ly a e cases, he owels […] and […] a e mos o en
ma ked wi h a so [n], as in Polish. The use o he diac i ic […] in he iliac ex emi ies
o he wo ds sc inioń sP i 36930 and kłoniń sP ii 24818 is unclea : […] may ha e been
con used wi h he diac i ic […] in he o m o a b ush on he balso o his […] may
ha e been added la e o es o e he o me sho ening (plg.
I 's no like I don' know wha I'm doing.
duka sP i is mos likely acciden ally used in […] in he wo ds […]unduo 2645 and
2861, i s unc ion is unclea .
1.10. diac i ics and punc ua ion as al eady men ioned in he in oduc ion, special punc ua ion ma ks
which would ma k only punc ua ion we e no used. The a e cases o c oss-ma king men ioned in
sec ions 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9 a e in e wined wi h o he unc ions pe o med by hese p esses and a e no
consis en , uni o m, i we ake all a ailable examples o he use o any sepa a e diac i ic oge he .
Since he use o diac i ics is limi ed o a limi ed numbe o places in he ex , i is e y possible ha
he 10 diac i ics in his case a e also p esen on he co esponding wo ds in he Polish pa o he
ex , e.g. , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , .
kons an ino si ydo Punk ų sakymų spaudmenys i ašyba
45 pages o a icles
2. The le e o complain
2.1. The mos impo an scien i ic language o he pe iod, he La in language, and only
a e ha he Polish language, had he g ea es in luence on he w i ing o S.P. This
(1) pe minė ų kalbų a ojimą mokslo i komunikacijos ikslais jų ašybos p inci-
pai bu o na ū aliai pe imami i p i aikomi lie u ių kalbai; (2) pe spaudmenis –
e ec was o be wo old: sys ema izing, summa izing, joining o decomposing he
nines spaus u ių galimybes. Pi masis e apas labiau sie inas su pačiu ašymo p oce-
unc ions o he cha ac e s o he sc ip acco ding o he ex s, he second […] wi h
he adap a ion o he manusc ip o p in ing. Then we can alk abou he e oac i e
e ec o he p in ed ex on he w i ing sys em (subačius 2001: 129[…]152). 43 PaV. This
is no he case. sP and 373-8 44 PaV. sP and 368-26 45 PaV. sP ii 108-25 46 PaV. This is he sP
ii 138-23 47 PaV. This is he sP i 264-5 48 PaV. This is he sP i 318-9 49 PaV. This is he sP ii
78-19 50 PaV. This is he sP ii 153-17 51 PaV. This is he sP i 380-17 52 PaV. This is he This
Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s
publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. sP and 326-12 54 PaV. sP ii 199-6
55 PaV. This is he sP and 298-17 56 PaV. sP ii 15-3 57 PaV. This is he sP and 355-5 58 PaV. sP ii 56-5 59 PaV. This is he sP ii 104 o 8 60 PaV. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. sP ii 39-4 63 PaV. This is he sP ii 27 o 13

46
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ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXIX
2.2. ilgųjų i umpųjų balsių žymėjimas
sP, as in o he Ca alan sc ip s o he ime, he long and sho owels we e usually
no g aphically dis inguished. he doubling o o es o he long o es o be ma ked
does no co e he whole s o e. I occu s mos o en episodically in he middle o
he ex o sP ii and is conside ed o be he in e en ion o an anonymous edi o :
iiko 14214, p ekii 2622, ii 1709, Ka aluus (nom. pl.) 20214, kuu 7810, ge uu da buu (gen. pl.)
17513 (Zinke ičius 1971: 153[…]167; 1972: 79[…]100; 1977: 237[…]244; 1988: 257[…]259). The long
owel may be ma ked by: pik yby (acc. sg.) sP i 14715, świesyby (acc. sg.) sP i 13811,
al y (acc. sg.) sP i 1829, didy (acc. sg.) sP ii 133; he e a e also cases o con usion: dydi
(acc. sg.) sP ii 20612. In he wo d yßkłausisiu sP i 198910 <y> mos likely does no ma k
[i], bu [ji] (ca d wi h added [j]). The mos common and consis en use o <y> is in: 1.
double owels <ay>, <ey>, <uy>: łaymingay sP i 28010, weydu sP i 3521, żmoguy I 5829;
pageydimay sP ii 1888; cases wi h <i> singula ly: as sP i 2056; sunkiei sP i13 234 (in
pe ikop!). The la e could be conside ed co ec i e e o s in he plo o he g aph
o he se e . A compa ison o he pe iphe al copies and he co esponding ex s
would show he mos likely con ac o he hand o he jack abbi he e. In he case
o he use o hese wo wo ds, he no a ion does no co espond o sP in he
se je ie ose, je pap as ai ašoma <ai>, <ei>, <ui>.
2. (a) [j] pozicijoje edukuo ose loka y o galūnėse (sis emingiau sP i): śi diy
pe iphe y and he co esponding P i 13823, nak iy sP ii 6632; gniy sP i 59; odiy sP i 35414;
mogis ey sP i 13811; pak iy sP i 37010; sP ii whe e […]j […] al eady appea s in he
posi ion, and he no a ion […]y […] appea s in he long posi ion: śi dyi in o 2918, 6331,
[…]odyi […] 615; (b) […] in he consonan o ms 160P i: ii i s13413, ik oy s1419, wi esniey,
5420, Vskiy Senikini, 5421 […] e c. The ollowing species a e included in he lis o
endange ed species: he smalles known species is he blue in una, he la ges
being he blue in una, he smalles being he blue in una, he smalles being he
blue in una, he smalles being he blue in una, he smalles being he blue in una,
and he smalles being he blue in una.
In he case o a single locomo i e, he ollowing shall be indica ed a he end
sP i 135; dayk y sP ii 9813; <i> šioje pozicijoje pasi aiko, be nedažnai: pa-
o he locomo i e: paguldimy sP i 833; puody sP ii 1075; aß y guldimi sP i 33220,
dayk i sP ii 1124, aß i sP i 4716. 3. in he dic iona y: […]ywa as sP ii 5918,
y anay sP i 1326, […]yday sP i 13826, Synagoga sP i 3333, he eya sP i 25414. can
be used in he same posi ions as […]y.
sP ii <y> unkcijos palygin i su sP i y a pasiau ėjusios. daugeliu a ejų <i>
kons an ino si ydo Punk ų sakymų spaudmenys i ašyba
47 a icles by a icle
<u> bu o a ojamas iek umpajam [u], iek ilgajam [ū] žymė i20. sud igu-
b […]uu> long-sound ma king occu s only episodically sP ii and is o he same na u e
as […]ii: Ka aluus (su name) sP ii 20214; ge uu da buu (gen. pl) sP ii 17513 p essu ed
wi h a b ūkšneliu sP ma ks missed ailabinius [m] and
[n] (see also 1.13.)
2.3.1. [e] he ma king a e so ubbe [e] he ma king a e so ubbe a ies g ea ly: sP i was mo e
o en w i en as <e> o <ie> (papildomai ma king he so ness o he ubbe ) and sP ii also as <ia> (in some
places he en i e sP ii ex ) (spech 1929: 17)21. This would indica e ha he ange o p oduce s o pa sP
ii was wide [e] han he ange o sy ups and showed a mo e in ensi e so ening o o es (Zinke ičius 1996:
100 […] 101). The ollowing species a e included in CITES Pa II: Lis o endange ed species, Lis o
endange ed species, Lis o endange ed species, Lis o endange ed species, Lis o endange ed species,
Lis o endange ed species, Lis o endange ed species, Lis o endange ed species, Lis o endange ed
species, Lis o endange ed species, Lis o endange ed species, Lis o endange ed species. In he case o
he Uni ed S a es, he Uni ed Kingdom and he Uni ed Kingdom, he Uni ed Kingdom and he Uni ed Kingdom
a e membe s o he Eu opean Union.The Uni ed Kingdom and he Uni ed Kingdom a e membe s o he
Eu opean Union.The Uni ed Kingdom and he Uni ed Kingdom a e membe s o he Eu opean Union. The wo d
is used only eigh imes a he beginning o he wo d and is conside ed a co ec ion e o : ugimimo sP ii
12416; uołos sP i 2701; uołas sP i 5021; uoga sP i 32120; uoday sP i 26018; 31612; un sP ii 2008; 20414. ninkas
icha das hono 1884 m. sP i pe mi . Acco ding o him, <ie> is mos commonly w i en a e <g>, <k>, <sh>,
<ž>, and […] is a ely ound a e o he p onouns (ga be 1884, 13).
21 didžiausia <ia> koncen acija s aipsnio au o ės už iksuo a sP ii 166–183. Į ai y a a k eipęs dėmesį
i anzas spech as (1929: 17). ačiau pi masis šį į ai a imą pas ebėjo i ap ašė ki as okiečių kalbi-
48
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ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXIX
The ollowing de ini ions apply: (a) (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) ( ) ( ) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g)
(g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g)
(g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g)
(g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) We- -wie- wia-:
welinas sP i 2933, sP ii 4612, wialinas sP ii 771718, wede sP ii 956, wiade sP ii 17731, giwena
sP i 303, giwiena sP i 4823, giwianimo sP ii 16921; ha - zwie- zwie- zhia-: emes sP ii 4,
iames sP i 12617, sP ii 15132, iemes sP ii 244, emibe sP ii 2162526, iemay sP ii 3082, iamious sP
ii 18325, emin a sP ii 4714, iamin a sP sP i 4718, iamin a sP ii 4718 [P] o iamin a sP i 673.] is
usually ma ked wi h a single le e o < o <; In he case o he i s -o de and
second-o de cases, he i s -o de and second-o de cases a e he same, and he
second-o de and hi d-o de cases a e he same, and he hi d-o de and
hi d-o de cases a e he same, and he hi d-o de and hi d-o de cases a e he
same. The so ness sign is also w i en a e he [sh], indica ing he p essu e <sh>;
The wo wo ds […] and […] a e mos likely o ha e been ma ked wi h a owel [sh] o a
co ec ion e o : […] sP ii 1816 and […] sP i 3175 (pe ikopės), plg. śieymin ašoma 5 imes
mos o en sP i 2.3.2. The ollowing de ini ions shall apply o he ollowing: (a) he
name o he company; (b) he name o he unde aking; (c) he name o he
unde aking; (d) he name o he unde aking; (e) he name o he unde aking; ( )
he name o he unde aking; (g) he name o he unde aking; (g) he name o he
unde aking; (h) he name o he unde aking; (h) he name o he unde aking; (h)
he name o he unde aking. he mos common a ian […] <iey>; <iay> is speci ic o
ce ain sP ii ex loca ions.
In he case o he la e , i is also possible o dis inguish be ween he wo ypes o
sandalwood, namely apsiding s.p. ii 1325, Diaugki es s.p. i 3262, bek s.p. ii 1755 (plg. s.p. ii 19),
asimiliacijos a ejais p iebalsiai dažniau ašomi mo ologiniu p incipu, be
nuse iu pe bieg iu s.p. i2 28. i could be one o he sugges ed spelling ways o keep
u sP ii 18213–14, ȧudingie sP ii 1822–23, ȧuding sP i 25526, ȧuding a sP i
kons an ino si ydo Punk ų sakymų spaudmenys i ašyba
49s aipsniai / a icles
I is also known as he "Golden T iangle" o he "Golden T iangle" o he "Golden
T iangle" o he "Golden T iangle" o he "Golden T iangle" o he "Golden T iangle"
o he "Golden T iangle" o he "Golden T iangle" o he "Golden T iangle" o he
"Golden T iangle" o he "Golden T iangle" o he "Golden T iangle" o he "Golden
T iangle" o he "Golden T iangle" o he "Golden T iangle" o he "Golden T iangle".
The second pe son o he adjec i e sP ii duka is w i en: nunuoging 16929; saugog
1418 (-k + g(i) = g: nunuogink gi?). The phone ic p inciple is e y o en used in he
spelling o he hal -pa s: nułeydamas sP i 33318, pamedami 2585, ib idami 1872,
d audami 2584, idamas 21319; sułeydamas sP ii 128, aydamas 583, mełdami 10313,
audami 1761, skudamasis 1425, mełdamies 2021011.
heal hy, unchanged mo phemes in hei alignmen . I is unclea whe he he co ec i e
e o s o he a emp s a spelling no maliza ion (hype no malism) should be
a ibu ed o he ollowing pa ilion cases: ngß u sP ii 10412, lisdus sP i 3051, masgo sP ii
1735 (plg. he same psl. mazgosi 17310). In gene al, phone ic p e ixes a e mo e commonly
w i en as sP ii.
2.4.2. The posi ion o bo h [š] and [s] be o e [č] was no always ma ked acco ding o
hei o igin (e.g. emp y and beau i ul), and hei ma king a ied g ea ly. In addi ion,
he esul ing sample o p o-Balsians di e ed in he ma king o A ikaans [č]. I is
clea ha he ansmission o hese o es in w i ing o he au ho s and
publishe s o he ime was bound o cause p oblems ha condi ioned a ai ly la ge
a iance. sP he ollowing op ions a e ound:
[š] pozicijoje p ieš [č]: <ſc>, <ſć>, <ſċ>, <sć>, <śc>, <ść>, <śċ>, <ſcʒ> <ſcʒć>,
In he case o he Uni ed S a es, he Uni ed Kingdom, Aus alia, New Zealand,
Aus alia and New Zealand, he Uni ed Kingdom and he Uni ed Kingdom ha e a
combined GDP o app oxima ely US$1.7 illion, an inc ease o 2.4% o e he same
pe iod las yea . The mos likely easons o such spelling a e he lack o consis ency
sP i 6522, usćias sP i 4422, k iksćionimus sP i 36021, ewiksćion sP i 3437–8, paukś-
cio sP i 10718, k ikścionis sP i 11216, paukśćiey sP i 1892, uśćiey sP ii 627, k ikś-
50 ac a
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Linguis ica Li huanica LXIX
in he use o he same wo ds wi h and wi hou diac i ics (see 1.5.4.) and he absence
o de ini e spelling no ms. Nei he he mo phological no he phone ic p inciple was
s ic ly obse ed in he case o he a o emen ioned p obalsius. o he easons should
no be ejec ed in his case: such a ma king could e lec he peculia i ies o he
Vilnius dialec […] he e minology o he language in e e ence ha has a isen and
includes he spoken dialec s o he Bal s and he A icans.
2.4.3. [š], [ž] ma king be o e he p e ixes iž-, iz-, in
conjunc ion wi h o he mo phemes
In addi ion o he abo e-men ioned easons, he Commission also no es ha , in he
ligh o he o egoing conside a ions, i is app op ia e o conclude ha he
con es ed measu e cons i u es S a e aid wi hin he meaning o A icle 107 (1) o
he T ea y.
In he song o ha lame, God's woman is spoken o in 23235. Because you' e he king
o Ba Niqiu Anas Kayp. The e is an ob ious e o o ma k he p e ixes in ques ion in
di e en posi ions iden ically, bu a ia ion has no been a oided, so hei spelling
canno be called comple ely consis en (Palionis 1995: 30). Examples show ha he
mos di icul pa o sepa a ing and ixing hese p e ixes was hei connec ion
wi h he blood pa i ion. Bu a he ime, he mos common op ion was o be busy. sP
is used wi h wo p e ix o ms: i-, i-, i-, i, iz-, iź-, iż- (wi h <ž>) o isz-, iß- (wi h <š>). Which
one o choose depends on he o igin o he oo

kons an ino si ydo Punk ų sakymų spaudmenys i ašyba
51s aipsniai / a icles
ga sinės aiškos: isz-, iß- ne ašoma p ieš ska džiuosius p iebalsius, o i- galima ap-
I 's no like I'm going o be able o do i . I'm no going o be able o do i . I'm no
going o be able o do i . I'm no going o be able o do i . ißge okai is mo e common
han i-... is ound be o e he semici cle.
In he case o an adjec i e, he posi ion is no impo an […] i is sys ema ically
w i en wi h […]: i[…], i[…], i[…], i[…], iz, iź, iż. h ee cases wi h iß (sP i 952, 31025, sP ii
17224 (pe ikopės) a e conside ed acciden al.
2.4.4. In he pas , he e m has been used in a a ie y o con ex s, bu he mos
common use o he e m is used in he con ex o he e m "collec i e" o
"collec i e" (e.g., "collec i e" in he Uni ed S a es, "collec i e" in he Uni ed S a es,
"collec i e" in he Uni ed S a es, "collec i e" in he Uni ed S a es, "collec i e" in
2.5. s e imos kilmės p iebalsiai, dig a ai, gemina os
< > i <h> a ojami a p au iniuose žodžiuose, o <x> lie u iškuose žodžiuose
he Uni ed S a es, "collec i e" in he Uni ed S a es, "collecollec i e" in he Uni ed
S a es, "collecollec i e" in he Uni ed S a es, "collecollec i e" in he Uni ed S a es,
"collecollec i e" in he Uni ed S a es, "collecollec i e" in he Uni ed S a es). < ch> is
used in non-Li huanian eal wo ds […] pe sonal names and su names: Ch is us sP i
36726; sP ii 2426, Chaldayc […]yku sP ii 1687[…]8, Chaneneus sP ii 1974, Che ubinay sP ii
7116[…]17, Ch is os omas sP ii 4710[…]11. <c>, <c> is w i en ins ead o <k> in he
loanwo ds om o h ough La in: ced us sP i 1415, Casus sP i 30621, come a sP ii 14021,
Cy illus sP ii 937. In La in, <q> is also used: ques iiu sP ii 3068. The La in and G eek oo s
o he wo d " heos" a e ound in he G eek wo ds " h" and " h" ( heologos, s.p. i,
2386), "ca holicos, s.p. i, 2266) and " homas" ( heos, s.p. i, 2267), which can be
ansla ed as ei he "y" o " y annus, s.p. ii, 27" (pl.
sP i 997, Theophilak us sP ii 17831, my hu sP i 22525. dėl os pačios p iežas ies
y annus), a ec ays sP i 29415 (plg. lo . a ec us) and o he species o he genus
Ty annus. The gemina es […]ss> and […]ss> o he e b o be in he p esen ense
52 ac a
Vi ginija VasiLiauskienė
Linguis ica Li huanica LXIX
o ms mos likely also a ose om he in luence o he La in e b esse: essi (27
eſſun iemus sP i 27817, eſsigu sP i 8214. s e imos kilmės žodžiuose y a i ki ų ge-
cases), essi (15 cases), essiby sP i 17211, mina ų (see ea lie examples in his chap e )22.
2.6. Žodžių ašymas ka u i a ski ai
In he absence o g amma s and hei codi ied no ms, he w i ing o wo ds oge he
and sepa a ely was de e mined by se e al in e nal and ex e nal ac o s: (1) p ose; (2)
an example o o he languages; (3) he echnical cha ac e is ics o p in ing and he
o m o he page, he linguis ic compe ence o p in e s and publishe s. The spelling o
sP de i es la gely om he na u al in ona ion o one's own language and i s change in
sense and nuance o meaning, so in he absence o de ined ules, samples o wo ds a e
qui e o en w i en in one wo d, while wo ds ha do no ha e a sel -de ining sound
(encli ic and p ocli ic) na u ally adhe e o wo ds wi h a longe in ona ion and meaning.
in ona ional pauses, wo d o de , con as ing ones a e chosen mo e consciously and
a e mo e ela ed o he he o ic o he se mons. A single wo d can be used o w i e a
p onoun o a p onoun sample, consis ing o a p onoun and an indi ec p onoun (1);
Sample o su name and indi ec su name (2); p e e ence wi hou su name sample (3);
Su names, su names and pa ial samples (4):
(1) sP i be is w i en oge he (excep in one case) in quan i a i e meaning
samples: begało (14x), be gało (1x) sP i 20414, bemie os sP i 17112, beskayćiaus sP i
31326; sP ii, on he con a y, be gało (8x) is w i en in wo wo ds (mos o hese
cases a e concen a ed in sP ii218 psl. 211). om quali y and local signi icance in
samples: i oło sP ii 18718; iku sP
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
(2) sP i: a he same ime (15x), a he same ime (9x); sP ii b ough (2x) a ha
ime (17x). (3) The e is no ißmonios ney luoso no o a be o ne des is ne wienas
judgmen sP i 28321.
(4) kuno in sP ii 15132, kokino is sP i 8829, wha is he meaning o no in sP ii
198330, iogipa ies (i.e. his own) sP ii 2068, ku ys giwienas (i.e. who is one) sP ii 8631.
The p e e ence is no longe o he second sando bu o he sP i:
No wi hou he ludiimo aba swiećiimo sawi i sel le sP i 9714. Fo he e is no longe any oom
I'm no su e wha you' e alking abou .
22 Ra ely, in he case o unsys ema ic spelling, should we conside he da issime sP i 1409. This wo d is used in
a quo e om he Vulga e (Luke 3:14). The e o e, some o he ague and con using spelling ques ions can only
be answe ed mo e accu a ely i he quo a ions (which can make up 20 o 25 pe cen o he o al spelling ex ) a e sepa a ed om he au ho .
nio eks o i abu eks o lygmenys iš i i a ski ai.
kons an ino si ydo Punk ų sakymų spaudmenys i ašyba
A icle 53 The numbe wo is no added o one wo d in he wo-wo d o ms o he
A icles o Associa ion oge he wi h he accession sP ii 2407. I'm going o each you
į a džiais:
Tuo du moki iniu kałbedami ape kin eimu igani oio ſáwo nupełne ſau / idan iump Wießpa s
a lesson. I'm going o each you a lesson. I'm going o each you a lesson.
I is belie ed ha he non-w i ing sepa a ely om e bs a ose due o he in luence
o he Polish language (Palionis 1995: 31). bu no wi h all e bs, especially no wi h all
o ms o e bs (especially non- e bal pa iciples) no w i en sepa a ely he same
numbe o imes. In addi ion, he e a e no so ew cases o a ia ion he e, o
example sP i: can' (52x), can' (19x), can' (4x); sP ii: no able (7x), no able (32x), no able
(1x), no able (3x); sP i: no in (15x), no in (6x); sP ii: no in (3x), no in (1x); No u he
wo ked han ho - olled, in coils (excluding cold- olled), ho -d awn o ex uded
(excluding ho - olled), ho -d awn o ex uded No o be con used wi h bloodsucking
agen s: nesi ado sP i 496, nesiłeyde sP ii 24215. I is no possible o use he wo d
"spoile " in a sen ence, bu i is possible o use he wo d "spoile " in a sen ence, bu
i is no possible o use he wo d "spoile " in a sen ence, bu i is possible o use he
wo d "spoile " in a sen ence. no i(n)agh (sP ii 2x); No less han € 72,5 bu less han €
74,5 no ißsaki e, no isaki e (sP i 7x; sP ii 7x); sP i: no comple ed (4x), no comple ed
(2x). No sepa a ely om e bs is mo e o en w i en sP ii. wi h one e b is no
w i en mo e o en oge he , om o he s […] sepa a ely wi hou a clea e
mo i a ion. sP ii p e ixes and p eposi ions can be con used wi h in e jec ions:
p e ixes a e w i en oge he wi h he wo ds ha ollow hem (1), and p eposi ions
sepa a ely om he es o he wo d (2):
(1) apeku i 23117, aunieku 2089, imies o 2202, idungaus 8023, ikiełmo 6512, iżdebesies 2112, iżnauio
17318, ipamine u 22119, inumi uśiu 22617, ipa odimo 4011 (2x), iwi ßaus 3631, pe nuopełnus 3016,
połungu 10212;
(2) au smáugie and wi h d askie 25626, wi h plesi 20027, iu łeydia 16622, wi h eyga 1626, áu łaykis
1204, wi hou any 7315, i kis 4810.
The e a e also cases o co-w i ing o p e ixes wi h sP i (i[…]ku iu 15329,
pawundenimis 26928), bu hei concen a ion o sP ii is much highe , and he
opposi e phenomenon […] when p e ixes a e w i en sepa a ely is also eco ded
he e. One o he easons o he con usion be ween p edecesso s and
p edecesso s, appa en ly, should be conside ed he inadequa e knowledge o he
Li huanian language by p in e s and edi o s and hei linguis ic compe ence in
gene al. I should also be bo ne in mind ha he SP II p ess was no p epa ed by he au ho himsel .
ki os p iežas ys – echninės:
(1) he change in he place o o igin o he wo d when collec ing he ex o
čio (keičiasi kėlimo ženklo ie a dėl nesu ampančių eilučių):
54
Vi ginija VasiLiauskienė
ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXIX
I=manim sP ii 22923, i=gidi oiu sP ii 22319, I=eyk sP ii 2588, I=ey sP ii 8520, wi h wienin a sP ii
1137 and he like (see also p e iously lis ed). (2) une en spacing be ween indi idual wo ds
on he same line; i is no always possible o de e mine whe he he e is a space
be ween wo ds o no ; Some imes he e's no enough oom o a aise in a na ow
queue. in mos cases, wo ds e ain hei cons an s uc u es h oughou he sP ex
and a e no o e lapped wi h o he wo ds su ounding hem. he ansmission o
samples in one wo d is o en mo i a ed by lexicaliza ion (begało, i oło, uome u, e c.). As
al eady men ioned, he ules o spelling some wo ds oge he and sepa a ely ha e been
adop ed om he Polish language, bu in his case i would be e y impo an o check
he possible in luence o he La in language, because o some o he a eas o spelling
and p in ing consump ion his e ec is unques ionable. I will be possible o answe his
ques ion mo e p ecisely only by excluding om he sP he biblical ex s and o he
quo a ions ansla ed om he La in language, and by examining hei spelling
peculia i ies sepa a ely.
2.7. The w i ing o capi al le e s was mos ly based on he La in and Polish adi ion
o w i ing capi al le e s. in he capi al le e s, he names and su names o he
checke s begin, he biblical names a e used a lo . In addi ion, La in and Polish
examples a e used o w i e na ional wo ds, a ious eligious di ec ions and
cu en s in capi al le e s: Lu ins sP i 29420, Ta a iey, Mu ay sP i 3468, iday sP i 4819,
Amoni u sP i 3529, Assy ian sP i1516, Aegipcianus sP i 2020, Aegyp ionu sP ii 2084205,
Chaldayciku sP ii 2068, Philis ine sP i 2261, Medhian sP i 4756, Swi ze land sP ii sumpay23,
Madioni u sP ii 915, 57181 Pha ichion sumpay, i202, Euph a es sumpay, Euph a es
sumpay, Euph a es sumpay, e c. he capi al le e is consis en ly w i en in he
wo d Die as (only ou imes he lowe case le e is conside ed a co ec ion
e o ). In he small p in , his wo d is w i en in a mo i a ed way when e e ing o
pagan dei ies:
Teyp i Ʒiday elu i aukſo ſaw nuleii diewu ii da e sP i 7229.
p in ing om he handw i en pa s is u he a ied by w i ing he wo d
chu ch: sP i: Banićia 63x, banićia 57x; sP ii: Ba[…]nićia 28x, Ba[…]nićia 5x. This is he i s ime ha his has happened.
The wo ds s ylis ically mo i a ed o andomly la ge aids a e mo e commonly w i en sP ii. say, sP i
dic iona ies kunigas and kunigaikš is a e w i en in small le e s, we e a ely used, bu in spi e o
kons an ino si ydo Punk ų sakymų spaudmenys i ašyba
61s aipsniai / a icles
ha hei use was consis en . Only 9 diac i ics appea e y insigni ican in sP i, bu we ind hem
o en: <ć>, <ł>, <ś>, <>, <>, <á>, <ȧ>, <ċ>, <>. he a ie y o diac i ics is mo e sig-
mo e equen ly in sP ii (mos ly because o he especially equen <á>). […], […], […], […], […] a e only
used in ex s ha we e ypese in La in an ique. shapes o diac i ics on le e s <>, <>, <>, <> o <>
a y signi ican ly wi hin he whole ex . Mos inconsis encies and con usion we e ound in ma king
ica i e consonan s and a ica es. Le e s wi h and wi hou diac i ics al e na ed wi h each
o he o no appa en eason. I is di icul o say only using da a om he SP i inconsis encies
we e caused by echnical peculia i ies o p in ing o e lec ed deepe p ocesses in language such as
in e e ence o some aces o di e en dialec s.
was ound mos equen ly in an uns essed syllable. <â>, <ê>, <î>, <ô> and <û> could ma k s essed
syllables o se e as a means o di e en ia ing wo d o ms. Howe e , hese diac i ics appea oo
a ely o allow one o make de ini e conclusions abou hei eal unc ions. […] and […] did no ma k nasal
sounds and we e acciden al in ha pa o he sP ex p in ed in Li huanian. in some cases […] is used
as <ee>. <p> consis en ly ma ks he ha d o depala alized consonan [l]. Vowels wi h diac i ics in he
o m o a dash and ilde we e used o ma k an omi ed <m>, <n> as in La in. a way o ma king sho ened
endings was also aken om La in. A ha ime some p in e s p obably didn' pay much a en ion o
whe he a ype had a diac i ic o no .
in he basic sP ex ha was p in ed in he schwabache ype ace, only one le e was used
o ma king bo h <i> and <j>. Th ee di e en le e s we e used du ing p in ing o ma king
bo h he capi al le e s <i> and <j> in hose pa s o he ex ha we e in an ique cu si e. a
small le e <j> was occasionally used in sP ii, p. 147. The long owels we e no di e en ia ed in
any way om he sho ones. <y> was used as ollows: (1) o ma king <j>; (2) in he diph hongs
<ay>, <ey>, <uy>; (3) a e depala alized consonan s; (4) in educed endings o he loca i e case.
<u> was used o ma k bo h a sho and a long owel. The way o ma king an [e] ha ollows a
pala alized consonan a ies: in sP i i is ma ked as <e> o <ie>, and in sP ii also as <ia> ( he
la ges concen a ion o <ia> is ound in sP ii, p. [i] is mos ly ma ked as <iey> and <iay>,
some imes also as <ey> and <iei>. The ma king o oiced consonan s be o e oiceless, and
oiceless be o e oiced, o en a ies, bu he mo phological p inciple was used mos o en in
he spelling. In S.P. ii consonan s a e ma ked acco ding o he phonological p inciple mo e o en
han in S.P. i, especially in w i ing hal -pa s.
The mos inconsis en way o ma king [š] and [s] is when hey p ecede [č]. such inconsis encies
migh be caused by he unsys ema ic use o diac i ics as well as by ce ain changes in
p onuncia ion in Vilnius esiden s' speech.
Ma king o p e ixes i, i, i, i is also inconsis en a hei con ac a eas wi h o he mo phemes,
especially in cases when hese p e ixes p ecede he e lexi e ma ke si. P e ixes we e w i en in
wo di e en ways wi h ž (i-, i-, i-, i, iz-, iź-, iż) and wi h š (isz-, iß-). P e ixes wi h <sh> ne e appea
be o e oiced consonan s whe eas p e ixes wi h <ž> a e possible in any posi ion. The p eposi ion
om is always ma ked as iž in sP. I s posi ion he e is neu alized.

62
Vi ginija VasiLiauskienė
ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXIX
he wo consonan s o o eign o igin< > and <h> a e used in in e na ional wo ds. <x>
is also used in Li huanian wo ds o ma k he wo-consonan g oup ks. The le e s <c>, < h>,
< h>, <ss> and <ss> (in he p esen ense o he e b o be) can be used acco ding o La in
adi ions.
combining adjacen wo ds oge he o w i ing hem sepa a ely depended on a ew hings: (1)
p osodics; (2) in luence o o he languages; (3) echnical es ic ions o p in ing and he shape
o a page; (4) language skills (compe ence) o edi o s and ypese e s. in sP he size o spaces
be ween wo ds di e s a lo .
Ne is combined wi h e bs mo e o en in S.P. ii han in S.P. i. Howe e , he e is no clea explana ion as
o why ne is mo e o en combined wi h some e bs (such as passi e pa iciples), bu in o he cases i
is sepa a ed om o he e bs. capi al le e s can be used in simila ways as in La in and Polish. In
addi ion o he adi ional use o capi al le e s in mode n Li huanian, hey we e also used o
e hnonyms, eligious ends and basic eligious concep s. These le e s we e used mo e
consis en ly in sP i. Mo e e o s and mo e misp in s in eading p oo s we e ound in s.p. ii. s ylis ic
use o capi al le e s ends o a y. in some cases si ydas used capi al le e s om quo able
g eek o la in sou ces.
Deli e ed on 17 Decembe 2013
Vi ginija VasiLiauskienė
Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as
Min ies Ra o g. 19-3, LT-50277 Kaunas
is loca ed a : he add ess is: [email p o ec ed]