The Morphology of Lithuanian Toponyms – Differences and Parallels of Different Classes of Names

S aipsniai / A icles 117
HARALD BICHLMEIER
Sächsische Akademie de Wissenscha en zu Leipzig
Ma in-Lu he -Uni e si ä Halle-Wi enbe g
Fields o esea ch: onomas ics ( oponymy), his o ical
phonology o he Ge manic languages, Indo-Eu opean
linguis ics, Aljamiado- ex s.
DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.35321/all82-06
THE MORPHOLOGY OF
LITHUANIAN TOPONYMS –
DIFFERENCES AND
PARALLELS OF DIFFERENT
CLASSES OF NAMES
Lie u ių oponimijos mo ologija – į ai ių
a dų g upių ski umai i pa alelės
ANNOTATION
The pa icipa ion in he p ojec “Vaka inių pie ų aukš aičių ie o a džių in eg a imas
į Lie u os ie o a džių geoin o macinę duomenų bazę i jų kilmės bei mo y acijos y imai”
[The in eg a ion o Wes e n Sou h Aukš ai ian oponyms in o he Li uanian geoin o ma ional
da abase and s udies on hei o igin and mo i a ion] led o wo in e es ing esul s: 1) I
seems necessa y o e ine (Li huanian) e minology and 2) he e can be ound ema kable
di e ences in he pe cen age o he mo phological (and syn ac ical) s uc u es used o build
names o lowing bodies o wa e (po amonyms) and names o s anding bodies o wa e
(limnonyms). I u ns ou ha in he esea ched a ea in limnonyms he pe cen age o de i-
a ional o ma ions is signi ican ly highe and ha o compound names signi ican ly lowe
han in po amonyms. Mo e esea ch needs o be done o ind ou , whe he his is a cha ac-
e is ic o he esea ched a ea o a gene al endency all o e Li huania.
KEYWORDS: po amonyms/ i e -names, limnonyms/lake-names, mo phology
o onyms, syn ac ical s uc u e o onyms, wes e n sou h aukš ai-
ian/dzukian oponomas ics.
HARALD BICHLMEIER
118 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXII
ANOTACIJA
Pa ašy i šį s aipsnį paska in o p ojek e „Vaka inių pie ų aukš aičių ie o a džių in e-
g a imas į Lie u os ie o a džių geoin o macinę duomenų bazę i jų kilmės bei mo y acijos
y imai“, ku iame eko daly au i i a lik i y imus, gau os įdomios iš ados: 1) pasi odo,
bū ina pe žiū ė i i ikslin i lie u iškąją oponimų da ybos e miniją; 2) susuma us ezul-
a us pas ebė a didelių ski umų mo ologinėje (i sin aksinėje) upė a džių (po amonimų)
i eže ų a dų (limnonimų) da yboje. Ty imas pa odė, kad didžioji dalis iš i ų limnonimų
y a ediniai, a i kščiai negu po amonimai, pas a ieji dažniausiai y a sudu iniai da iniai.
Reikalinga a lik i daugiau y imų, siekian išsiaiškin i, a okia da yba būdinga ik iš i am
egionui, a isai Lie u os e i o ijai.
ESMINIAI ŽODŽIAI: po amonimai / upė a džiai, limnonimai / eže ų a dai, onimų
mo ologija, onimų sin aksinė s uk ū a, pie aka ių aukš aičių /
dzūkų oponomas ika.
1. INTRODUCTION1
This pape in ends o gi e an insigh in o di e ences and pa allels in di e en
classes o names wi hin Li huanian oponyms.
1.1. Thus, a he beginning, we ha e o cla i y, wha exac ly we a e alking
abou , wha we unde s and by oponyms e c.
Toponyms shall be unde s ood he e in he wides sense o he wo d, ha
is as onyms/ names o all kinds o opoi, i.e. places – in Ge man his would
be O snamen and Ö lichkei snamen combined. This is mo e o less he way
in which Li huanian oponimai ends o be unde s ood. Thus, in p inciple, we
a e alking he e abou he whole a ay o names o places in he sense o
geog aphical en i ies, ha is names o inhabi ed places on he one hand, as
he e a e owns, illages, a ms eads, houses e c., which a e oponyms in he
na ow sense o he wo d, in he way Ge man O sname is o en used, and
names o no inhabi ed geog aphical uni s on he o he hand, as he e a e
- d ymonyms (names o woods and o es s),
- o onyms (names o hills and moun ains),
1 This pape is based on he alk wi h he same i le p esen ed in No embe 2019 a he „4-oji
a p au inė mokslinė Aleksand o Vanago kon e encija: Tik iniai žodžiai e d ėje i e d ė ik iniu-
ose žodžiuose. Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as, Vilnius / The 4 h In e na ional Scien i ic Aleksand as
Vanagas Con e ence: Onyms in Space and Space in Onyms. The Ins i u e o he Li huanian Language,
Vilnius“. – The s uc u e, con en s and cha ac e o he alk deli e ed a he con e ence was
mos ly e ained in his p in ed e sion.
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The Mo phology o Li huanian Toponyms – Di e ences and
Pa allels o Di e en Classes o Names
- po amonyms (names o i e s, c eeks e c.),
- limnonyms (names o lakes),
- helonyms (names o swamps),
- ag onyms (names o ields),
- leimononyms (names o meadows).
O cou se he e a e also names o seas – halassonyms – bu hey did no
play a ole in a p ojec doing esea ch in a landlocked a ea (mo e on ha p o-
jec u he down).
1.2. Fo all hese kinds o oponyms he Li huanian language o e s a mul i-
ude o possibili ies, how o o m hem. The s anda d ways o build Li huanian
oponyms a e: wo d o ma ion, i.e. de i a ion and composi ion, on he one
hand and he o ma ion o syn agma ic g oups on he o he . In bo h ypes we
do no ind any hing ha is no also known om he appella i al lexicon o
Li huanian o om Li huanian syn ax. Bo h main ypes can be di ided up in o
se e al subg oups, as will be shown in he nex pa ag aphs.
1.3. The analysis o di e en ypes o oponyms shows ha we ind he same
means o o ma ion in all hose di e en onymic classes, bu we also ind ha
he pe cen age o names co e ed by each o he ypes can di e signi ican ly.
2. THE PROJECT AND ITS RESULTS
In wha ollows I wan o p esen mainly h ee hings:
- some o he esul s o a p ojec om he yea s 2017 and 2018 a he Ins i u e
o he Li huanian Language, un by G asilda Blažienė and Laimu is Bilkis,
- some conside a ions abou he adi ional supg ouping o he mo phological
ways o name- o ma ion and wha hey a e called and inally, also a esul om
he jus men ioned p ojec ,
- some conside a ions abou a well-known i e -name and abou a lake-name
ela i ely well-known amongs esea che s p obing in o he Old-Eu opean
hyd onymy – and i s connec ion wi h a i e -name in Li huania and one in
Sou he n Ty olia.
2.1. The p ojec alluded o, was oughly esea ching Sou h-Wes Li huanian
place-names, mic o oponyms and hyd onyms in hei Eu opean con ex (p o-
jec i le: “Vaka inių pie ų aukš aičių ie o a džių in eg a imas į Lie u os ie-
o a džių geoin o macinę duomenų bazę i jų kilmės bei mo y acijos y imai”
[The in eg a ion o Wes e n Sou h Aukš ai ian oponyms in o he Li uanian
geoin o ma ional da abase and s udies on hei o igin and mo i a ion]). Finally
a book in Ge man wi h he esul s om ha p ojec appea ed in Janua y 2020:
HARALD BICHLMEIER
120 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXII
Blažienė, G asilda / Bilkis, Laimu is (eds.): Die O s-, Flu - und Gewässe namen
Süddwes aukš ai iens. (Sch i en eihe de Gesellscha ü bal ische S udien
2), Hambu g: Baa 2019.
In i he e can be ound – besides a icles by he wo al eady men ioned
p ojec leade s, G asilda Blažienė (on se lemen names, c . Blažienė 2019) and
Laimu is Bilkis (on helonyms, c . Bilkis 2019) – pape s by Ve onika Adamony ė
(on ag onyms, c . Adamony ė 2019), Dalia Kačinai ė-V ubliauskienė (on o o-
nyms, c . Kačinai ė-V ubliauskienė 2019), Ilona Mickienė (on d ymonyms, c .
Mickienė 2019a, and on leimononyms, c . Mickienė 2019b) and by he au ho
o his a icle (Bichlmeie 2020a).
2.2. Tha p ojec esea ched oponimai in he Li huanian sense o he wo d
in he Li huanian egion Dzūkija, which is he Wes e n pa o he Sou he n
Aukš ai ija egion bo de ing on Poland and Bela us. In he cen e o in e es
we e he Rayons o Aly us and Lazdijai, pa ially also D uskininkai, mainly a eas
wes o he i e Nemunas. Dialec ally his is also he wes e n sou h-aukš ai ian
egion, Li h. aka inių pie ų aukš aičių, also called Wes e n Dzūkian, Li h. aka-
inių dzūkų. In e es ingly, inspi e o bo de ing on Sla ic se led a eas and inspi e
o he ac ha also in he esea ched a ea he e a e qui e a numbe o speake s o
Sla ic languages and nume ous se lemen s wi h a mixed Sla ic and Li huanian
popula ion, he numbe o oponyms in he wide sense wi h a Sla onic e y-
mology can be e y low in ce ain ypes o names, o example in lake- and i -
e -names i is abou 2-3 %. In o he s, o example in meadow-names, i is – as
one would expec i o be anyway – some i e o en imes ha numbe .
On he o he hand, o cou se, he esea ch ool o he p ojec , he Li huanian
geo-da a-base o oponyms (Lie u os ie o a džių geoin o macinė duomenų bazė; c .
h p://lkiis.lki. l / lie u os- ie o a dziu- geoin o macine-duomenu-baze) migh
be somewha lopsided a ha poin , as a leas o he egion esea ched in he
p ojec , he da a had been collec ed mos ly du ing some scien i ic explo a ions
o he a ea in 1935-36, in which p edominan ly speake s o Li huanian seem o
ha e been asked mo e o less exclusi ely abou Li huanian o ms o oponyms.
Thus he co esponding oponyms o he same places, i e s, lakes e c. used by
speake s o Polish and Bela usian ha e usually no been eco ded.
2.3. Bu some hing else can be seen a he clea ly, namely ha we a e in
an a ea, whe e we can ind emnan s o a Wes -Bal ic subs a e, adi ionally
a ibu ed o Ya ingian. Mainly i can be disce ned om Eas -Bal ic o ms
by he appea ance o s, z a places, whe e š, ž migh be expec ed. This can be
exempli ied on h ee examples aken om he co pus o i e -names o he a ea:
S aipsniai / A icles 121
The Mo phology o Li huanian Toponyms – Di e ences and
Pa allels o Di e en Classes o Names
Sãknas m. (2) Ve (42868), Saknius m. (?) Ve (42868) s. Li h. šaknìs . ‚ oo ‘;2
Azãgis m. (2) Lp (42933) c . OP . assegis (*azegīs), Li h. až(e)gs, ež(e)gs
‚Gymnocephalus ce nua (a ish)‘;3
Zeb iùs m. (4) K (126445) s. Li h. žẽb as ‚di y, unwashed‘.4
2.4. The au ho ’s pa in ha p ojec consis ed o analyzing he 423 names
o bodies o s anding and lowing wa e , comp ising 240 limnonyms and
183 po amonyms.5
And his will now ake us back o mo phology:
2.4.1. As men ioned al eady in he in oduc ion, he e a e h ee main ypes
o o ming oponyms in Li huanian – and usually we ind hese ypes also in
ac ually all o he Indo-Eu opean languages in Eu ope – al hough in di e en
quan i ies, o cou se.
These ypes a e de i ed names, compound names and syn agma ic names.
In all h ee ypes, we can di e en ia e be ween names made exclusi ely om
appella i al ma e ial and names con aining also onymic ma e ial. Fo de i ed
names, e.g., he di e ence is be ween deappella i al de i a i es and deonymic
de i a i es. Bu hese heo e ical di e en ia ions come wi h some limi a ions
and need o be explained in a mo e p ecise way.
2.4.2. Especially in need o such mo e p ecise explana ions a e he deonymic
o ma ions. They a e a ely con e sions o quasi-con e sions (on con e sions
see below § 2.4.4.) wi hou a su ix om o he kinds o names. In he p e-
dominan numbe o cases hey a e o med by means o o e su ixa ion. The
dependency on he base wo d, he de i a ional basis, is usually exp essed by a
possessi e su ix o a diminu i e su ix. So, o example, he name o a ibu a y
o a i e can be o med by de i ing a diminu i e o m om he name o he
main i e (e.g. Sa ica as he name o a ibu a y o he Sa a in Slo enia),6 o
he name o a bay o a lake can be o med by de i ing a o m wi h a possessi e
su ix om he name o he ac ual lake.
2.4.3. Also deappella i al de i ed names can pose p oblems o analysis. In
many cases we a e no able o ell wi h con idence, whe he he su ixa ion
2 C . Li EW 957; no egis e ed in Vanagas 1970; c . Vanagas 1981a: 287; Vanagas 1981b: 104, 135;
ALEW 1003 .
3 C . Li EW 28, 118, 125; Sa ukynas 1960: 299; Sa ukynas 1966b: 169; Vanagas 1970: 11, 32, 65;
Vanagas 1981a: 54; Vanagas 1981b: 77; PKEŽ 1: 104 .; PKEŽ² 49; ALEW 271 .; LVŽ 1: 249.
4 C . Li EW 1294; Vanagas 1970: 68, 69; Vanagas 1981a: 394; Vanagas 1981b: 135.
5 Fo he ull co pus c . Bichlmeie 2019a, 2019b.
6 C . Bezlaj 1956–1961: 2, 171–174; ESSZI 367 .

HARALD BICHLMEIER
122 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXII
happened du ing he p ocess o onymiza ion – o al eady in he appella i al
sphe e:
I he de i a ion happened al eady in he appella i al sphe e, hen o cou se
he name came in o being by he ac o con e sion wi h ze o-su ixa ion om
an appella i e in o an onym. As especially possessi e and diminu i e su ixes a e
e y p oduc i e in Li huanian, he ac ha a ce ain o ma ion is no booked in
a dic iona y does no mean much in ha con ex .
Anyway we may say ha o cou se he e a e se e al su ixes in Li huanian
which u n up mo e o en han o he s in he o ma ion o names, bu he e does
no seem o be a single su ix which can be called an onymic su ix in he sense
ha i is used exclusi ely o o m names. The same is ue, o example, also o
Sla ic amily names (c . Bichlmeie 2020) – and we may ac ually suppose ha
his is a uni e sal ea u e a leas o he Indo-Eu opean languages o Eu ope:
The e is no su ix exclusi ely o ming names. Bu o cou se he e a e su ixes
popping up in ha sphe e mo e o en han o he s.
2.4.4. Be o e we p oceed o some Li huanian e minological special ies in
name- o ma ion, le ’s ha e a look a wha was jus called ‘con e sions’. I call
‘con e sions’ de i a ional p ocesses wi h ze o-su ixa ion. This means a ce -
ain wo d u ns in o ano he wo d wi hou a change o o m. He e we ind ou
sub ypes:
a) ‘simple’ con e sions, in which an appella i e (a noun) is con e ed in o an
onym, cp. e.g. Balañdis m. Ku (40169): < Li h. balañdis m. ‘do e’;7
b) ‘double’ con e sions, in which besides he con e sion o an appella i e
in o an onym also akes place a con e sion om an adjec i e in o a noun, cp.
e.g. Bedùgnis m. Ka (40254, 42932), Ku (40174) < Li h. bedùgnis ‘wi hou
g ound o bo om’;8
c) ‘pseudocon e sions’ a e con e sions looking like simple con e sions,
which a e indeed back o ma ions, howe e , cp. e.g. he lake-name Šauls m.
(4) < *Šaũlio/-ių ẽže as (no < šauls m. ‚hun e , shoo e ‘);9
7 C . Li EW 31; Sa ukynas 1961: 219; Sa ukynas/Vanagas/Vi kauskas/Vosyly ė/E many ė 1963:
12; Vanagas 1970: 31; no egis e ed in Vanagas 1981a; c . Vanagas 1981b: 39, 77; ALEW 88; LVŽ
1: 322 .
8 C . Li EW 38, 108; Sa ukynas 1961: 221; Sa ukynas/Vanagas/Vi kauskas/Vosyly ė/E many ė
1963: 16; Vanagas 1970: 44; Vanagas 1981a: 60 .; ALEW 101, 238; LVŽ 1: 414. – C . also he
limnonym Bedùgnė . (2) Al (42731) in Bichlmeie 2019a: § 2.2.1.1.1.
9 C . Li EW 125; no egis e ed in Vanagas 1970; c . Vanagas 1981a: 327; ALEW 271.
S aipsniai / A icles 123
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d) ‘onymic con e sions’, in which he ans e o an onym om one onymic
class o ano he onymic class akes place, cp. e.g. he lake-name Gadeikà . Š
(42799) < PN Gadéika.10
2.5. Le ’s now ha e a look a wo special ies o he Li huanian e minology
o wo d- o ma ion and name- o ma ion. The i s one a e he so-called ‘end-
ing-de i a i es’, Ge m. Endungsablei ungen, Li h. galūnių ediniai, he o he ones
a e he so-called ‘p e ix-de i a i es’, Ge m. P ä ixablei ungen, Li h. p iešdėlių
ediniai.
2.5.1. These ‘ending-de i a i es’, Ge m. Endungsablei ungen, Li h. galūnių
ediniai u n ou o be a somewha inhomogeneous g oup:
2.5.1.1. Among hese o ma ions coun :
- simple plu aliza ions o no mal appella i es – so ac ually he e is no de i-
a ion wha soe e – and
- names which show a synch onic s em- owel al e a ion be ween he name
and he appella i e. This is, howe e , me ely a desc ip ion o wha we see, no
an explana ion. The explana ion o hese o ma ions seems o be a bi di e en .
They mos ly o a leas a hei co e seem o be de i a i es wi h a su ix con-
aining yod. Thus hese o ma ions a e in he end ac ually de i a i es o a a he
a chaic kind, as he su ix *-io- se ed o build de i a i es, mos ly adjec i es
o pe inence, al eady in P o o-Indo-Eu opean. Thus, i he e is an appella-
i e o an onym XY and we add a su ix *-io- we ge a wo d meaning ‘belong-
ing o pe aining o XY’. Nice examples o ha a e Old Sla ic/Old Russian
place-names as, e.g., Ja osla -lь ‘Ya osla ’s (ci y)’ < *Ya osla -ia- ← ORuss.
PN Ya osla ъ, a simila case is he place-name Pol. P zemyśl e c.
In ou co pus we ind, e.g.,
Ángė . (1) Si (42698) < *angi-iā- ← Li h. angì-s . ‘snake’;11
Angs m. (4) Si (42698) < *angi-ia- ← Li h. angì-s . ‘snake’;12
10 C . Sa ukynas/Vanagas/Vi kauskas/Vosyly ė/E many ė 1963: 41; Sa ukynas 1966a: 185, 186;
Vanagas 1970: 107, 108, 134; Vanagas 1981a: 102; Vanagas 1981b: 32; Zinke ičius 2008: 281;
LVŽ 3: 7.
11 C . Li EW 10; no egis e ed in Sa ukynas/ Vanagas/Vi kauskas/Vosyly ė/E many ė 1963; no
egis e ed in Sa ukynas 1960; no egis e ed in Vanagas 1970; c . Vanagas 1981a: 42 (ngė
acco ding o Būga apud Vanagas s. . Anginas); ALEW 40 .; LVŽ 1: 98 .
12 C . Li EW 10; Sa ukynas/ Vanagas/Vi kauskas/Vosyly ė/E many ė 1963: 6; no egis e ed in
Sa ukynas 1960; no egis e ed in Vanagas 1970; c . Vanagas 1981a: 42; Vanagas 1981b: 77;
ALEW 40 .; LVŽ 1: 98 .
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124 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXII
Dumblis m. (2) Ka (42940), Ka (42945), Lz (40151) < *dumbl-ia- ← Li h.
dumblas m. ‘mud (on he g ound o a lake)’;13
Samãnius m. (2) Ka (42923) < *saman-iu- ← Li h. sãmana, samanà . ‘moss’;14
Nemajūnė . Lz, Š (37117) < *Nemaiūn-iiā- ← Li h. PlN Nemajūn-ai m. Pl.15
2.5.1.2. So we come o he conclusion, ha his synch onic class is one
which simply does no exis in he diach onic pe spec i e. Bu as only he dia-
ch onic pe spec i e o e s an explana ion – and explana ions a e wha we a e
looking o – his class should be e be disca ded. All membe s o ha class
a e ei he simple su ixal de i a i es o plu al- o ms o he base-wo d ( hus
ze o-de i a i es [o plu al- o ms]).
2.5.2. Ano he p oblema ic case – as a as e minology is conce ned – a e
he so-called ‘p e ix-de i a i es’, Ge m. P ä ixablei ungen, Li h. p iešdėlių ed-
iniai. In his case we also go o do wi h a piece o e minology, which seems
unp oblema ic om a synch onic pe spec i e, bu should be disca ded om a
his o ic, ha is explana o y pe spec i e. Al hough some o hese o ma ions
only show he addi ion o a p e ix a he beginning o he basic wo d, he by
a bigge numbe o o ma ions show also a change o s em class a he end o
he wo d.
2.5.2.1. In bo h cases we should be mo e p ecise: I only a p e ix is added,
his is o mally no a p ocess o de i a ion, bu one o composi ion. Bu i addi-
ionally o he addi ion o a p e ix also he s em-class is al e ed, we see he e
ac ually a p ocess o ci cum iga ion. The as majo i y o hose o ma ions hus
shows a de i a ional p ocess well known om he Ge manic languages – among
which Ge man i sel – and om he Sla ic languages: The co e o ma ions we e
collec i es, bu o cou se he seman ics would widen wi h ime, so i seems ha
in Li huanian hese de i a i e p ocesses show a ce ain accumula ion in se e al
ypes o onyms.
2.5.2.2. Fo ma ions like he meadow-names and ield-names Pa-lazdynė ←
li h. lazdýnas, Pa-salai ys ← li h. salai ė (salà), Pa-sals ← li h. salà show in he
end – on a P o o-Bal ic o a leas P o o-Li huanian le el – he same de i a-
ional s uc u e as hei Ge manic and Sla ic coun e pa s:
PLi h. *Pa-lazdīn-iiā ← PLi h. *lazdīn-a- ‘hazel’,
13 C . Li EW 108; Sa ukynas 1962: 197; Sa ukynas/ Vanagas/Vi kauskas/Vosyly ė/E many ė 1963:
35; Vanagas 1970: 11, 65, 148; Vanagas 1981a: 96; Vanagas 1981b: 65; ALEW 243; LVŽ 2:
386–388.
14 C . Li EW 761; Sa ukynas/ Vanagas/Vi kauskas/Vosyly ė/E many ė 1963: 142; Vanagas 1970:
69, 220; Vanagas 1981a: 289; Vanagas 1981b: 93.
15 C . Sa ukynas/ Vanagas/Vi kauskas/Vosyly ė/E many ė 1963: 108; no egis e ed in Vanagas
1970; c . Vanagas 1981a: 226.
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The Mo phology o Li huanian Toponyms – Di e ences and
Pa allels o Di e en Classes o Names
*Pa-sal-ia- ← PLi h. *salā- ‘island, d y pa ch in a swamp’
a e comple ely pa allel o
NHG Be g m. ‘moun ain’ → Gebi ge n. ‘ he moun ains, moun ain- ange’
(PGe m. *ƀe ǥ-a- → *ǥa-ƀe ǥ-ia) o o
Se b.-C oa . Dȕna m. ‘Danube’ → Pȍdunā lje n. ‘a ea along he Danube’,
Czech břeh m. ‘ i e -side, bank’ → po-břež-í n. ‘a ea along he i e -side’,
ná-břež-í n. ‘p omenade along a i e -bank’ (< CSla . *be gъ : *po-/na-be g-ьje
< PSla . *be g-a- : *pa/nā-be g-ia-).
2.6. Le ’s come o he compound names. They pose less p oblems and show
s uc u ally clea -cu subdi isions. The second compound membe is (wi h ew
excep ions, whe e we ind an adjec i e) a noun, mos ly one designa ing a body
o wa e like Li h. ẽže as m. ‘lake’, dimin. eže ėlis m., p ūdas m. ‘pond’, ùpė
. ‘ i e ’ e c. The i s compound membe can ei he be an onym o an appella-
i e; i i is an appella i e, i can ac ually be a noun – which is he mos equen
case – o an adjec i e o a ely e en a e b(al oo ). No mally he second com-
pound membe shows a change o he s em-class espec i ely o he s em- owel
(which younge laye s o compounds do no ). And his synch onic change o
he s em-class is usually b ough abou by a his o ic su ix change, usually by a
su ix wi h yod – he same kind o yod desc ibed abo e in 2.5.1.1.
Thus heo e ically we ind a leas he ollowing ypes:
A) appella i al i s compound membe :
Aa) noun + noun:
Pelialapūkas16 m. (?) Ve (42896): Li h. pelė . ‘mouse’ o Li h. pẽlūs m. Pl.
‘cha ’17 + Li h. lapūkas m. ‘col s oo (Tussilago), ma sh ma igold (Cal ha
palus is), wa e lily (Nymphaea alba), lea e (o cabbage el sim.)’.18
Ab) noun + noun + change o s em-class:
Vilkeže is m. (1) Lp, Ve (42877): Li h. ilkas ‘wol ’ and ẽže as ‘lake’.19
Ac) adjec i e + noun:
Š en upė20 . (?) Te (130781): Li h. š e as ‘holy’ and ùpė . ‘ i e ’.21
16 Name unaccen ed in he da abase.
17 Vgl. Li EW 565 .,568 .; ALEW 751 ., 754 .
18 No egis e ed in Vanagas 1970; no egis e ed in Vanagas 1981a.
19 C . Li EW 125, 1251 .; Vanagas 1970: 231; Vanagas 1981a: 384; Vanagas 1981b: 40, 42, 82;
ALEW 271, 1243 .
20 Name unaccen ed in he da abase.
21 C . Li EW 1041 ., 1169; Vanagas 1970: 247; Vanagas 1981a: 337 .; Vanagas 1981b: 111; ALEW
1060–1062, 1155 .
HARALD BICHLMEIER
132 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXII
3.2.1. The lake-name Li h. A ess (3b) can be aced back o a p e- o m PBal .
*a -es-(i)ia-. Acco ding o gene al hinking he name is pa o wide Eu opean
con ex s and is o en compa ed o he name o he Sou h Ty olian i e -name
E sch, which is a es ed in an iqui y as A (h)esis. Whe he A (h)esis goes back
o *a -es-io-, which would co espond o he Li huanian o m, o *a -es-i- we
canno ell. The wo names a e gene ally said o de i e om a oo PIE *h2e (h2)-
‘go, wande ’.38 We see he e mos p obably a de i a i e om an s-s em PIE
*h2e (h2)-es- ‘wande ing, going’.
Bu seman ics emain a p oblem: A ess is a lake-name – and wande ing
a ound, i.e. mo ing ahead in one di ec ion is no eally, wha lakes end o do.
Thus we come o he esul , ha maybe he equa ion A ess : A (h)esis/E sch
ound in onomas ic li e a u e since Hans K ahe and Wol gang P. Schmid migh
be no comple ely co ec . Some imes al eady W. P. Schmid men ions also
A esė besides A esys as does G eule quo ing Schmid (c . DGNB 135), bu hey
a e subsumed unde one heading as ‘Gewässe namen’ (hyd onyms) and a e no
di e en ia ed as a lake-name and a i e -name. I we do no wan o hink ha
he Alpine and he Li huanian names a e independen , bu pa allel o ma ions,
we mus look o a connec ion – bu i is di e en om wha has been assumed
so a .
A u he connec ion is hough o exis wi h Th ac. (*)a (-u)-, supposedly
meaning ‘s eam, o en ’.39 Bu Th acian as a ‘T ümme sp ache’, abou which
we do no know ha dly any hing, is a bad candida e o p o e any hing a all.
Toge he wi h La . annus ‘yea ’ < PIE *h2e (h2)-no- (c . EDLIL 43 .) and maybe
Th acian *a (u)- he Li huanian hyd onym migh poin o a g oup o wo ds
showing su ixes om he so-called Caland-Wacke nagel-su ix-sys em (on ha
c . Bichlmeie 2014 wi h u he li e a u e).
3.2.2. I his e ymology is co ec , hen om he iew-poin o seman ics, i
seems mo e p obable ha he lake-name A ess is a seconda y de i a i e om
he i e -name Li h. A esė < PBal . *a -es-iiā-. Tha a i e -name is based on
a wo d meaning ‘wande e ’ o ‘wande ing’ is a a he i ial a ai , hough we
would s ill ha e o explain, how his ending-de i a i e eally came in o being,
and why he e he eminine o m seems o be he p ima y one – as usually i is
he o he way a ound.
3.2.3. In Li huania he e a e a ew o he hyd onyms which ha e he same
su ix-combina ion a he end – and do no ha e any connec ions wi h o ma-
ions ou side o Li huania. The e a e o example Li h. Egless (Li h. ẽglė . ‘ i ’),
38 C . LIV² 273; IEW 69.
39 C . Du idano 1969: 90.

S aipsniai / A icles 133
The Mo phology o Li huanian Toponyms – Di e ences and
Pa allels o Di e en Classes o Names
Žaless (Li h. žãlias ‘g een’) e c.40 Bu we ha e he p oblem ha he e is no way
o make up an inne -Li huanian connec ion o he elemen a -. On he o he
hand, hyd onyms wi h he su ixal elemen -es- a e mainly known om Eas e n
Li huania.41
3.2.4. So in he end we ha e o say: The connec ion be ween A ess and
A hesis ‘E sch’ does exis mos p obably, bu i is no a di ec one, as A ess
is a lake-name. The p ima y connec ion is wi h Li h. A esė < PBal . *a -es-iiā-
which migh be an inne -Bal ic es uc u ing o an olde *a -es-i-, which migh
also be p ese ed in A hesis/E sch.
4. CONCLUSIONS
Wha can we lea n om all ha which has been p esen ed he e? Mainly h ee
hings:
1. The analysis and explana ion o names is always a diach onic a ai , syn-
ch onic linguis ics ha dly e e explains any hing.
2. I is wo h while o look close a he seman ics and s uc u e o subg oups
o names which ha e so a been o en ea ed oge he : The compa a i e anal-
ysis o he wo subg oups o hyd onyms, he po amonyms and limnonyms o
he Dzūkija- egion showed signi ican di e ences in he pe cen age o he ypes
o name- o ma ion ound. Fu he esea ch conce ning he es o Li huania is
needed o ind ou , whe he his is a no mal ea u e all o e Li huania o some-
hing special. Mo e esea ch in ha ein migh be done: compa ing amongs
he mic o oponyms he ag onyms wi h he leimononyms migh also b ing nice
esul s.
3. I is always wo h he wo k and o en e en necessa y o check, whe he old
e ymologies a e s ill alid. The olde he e ymologies a e, he mo e so.
ABBREVIATIONS
Al – Aly aus seniūnija
C oa . – C oa ian
CSla . – Common Sla ic
dimin. – diminu i e
Ge m. – Ge man
Ka – Kapčiamies is (Rayon Lazdijai)
40 C . Vanagas 1970: 137 .; Vanagas 1981a: 99, 397; Vanagas 1981b: 91.
41 C . Ska džius 1943/1996: 311–313; Vanagas 1970: 136–138.
HARALD BICHLMEIER
134 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXII
No – No agelis (Rayon Lazdijai)
K – K okialaukis (Rayon Aly us)
Ku – Kučiūnai (Rayon Lazdijai)
Li h. – Li huanian
Lp – Leipalingis (Rayon D uskininkai)
Lz – Lazdijai (Rayon Lazdijai)
M s – Mi osla as (Rayon Aly us)
NHG – New High Ge man
ORuss. – Old Russian
PGe m. – P o o-Ge manic
PBal . – P o o-Bal ic
PI al. – P o o-I alic
PLi h. – P o o-Li huanian
Pol. – Polish
Pl. – Plu al
PlN – place-name
PN – pe sonal name
PSla . – P o o-Sla ic
Se – Sei ijai (Rayon Lazdijai)
Se b. – Se bian
Sg. – Singula
Si – Simnas (Rayon Aly us)
Še – Šeš okai (Rayon Lazdijai)
Šl – Šla an ai (Rayon Lazdijai)
Š – Š en eže is (Rayon Lazdijai)
Te – Teizai (Rayon Lazdijai)
Ve – Veisiejai (Rayon Lazdijai)
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a dų g upių ski umai i pa alelės
SANTRAUKA
S aipsnio p adžioje k i iškai analizuojama i ikslinama lie u iškų žodžių i ik inių
a dų da ybos e minija, pa yzdžiui, galūniniai ediniai ‘Endungsablei ung’, p iešdėliniai
ediniai ‘P ä ixablei ung’ i kon e sija ‘Kon e sion’. An ojoje dalyje a liekama pie aka-
ių aukš aičių (dzūkų) upių i eže ų a dų lyginamoji analizė, iš ku ios aiškėja, kad abiejų

HARALD BICHLMEIER
138 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXII
anden a džių g upių da ybai būdingi ie pa ys da ybos būdai, ik jų dažnumas kiek ienoje
g upėje gana s ip iai ski iasi. S ambiau klasi ikuojan edinius pas ebima a pa i sin aksi-
nių edinių i dū inių hie a chija – eže ų a dų, kaip edinių, žymiai daugiau, o dū inių
a i kščiai – p opo cingai mažiau negu upė a džių. Mėginan de aliau klasi ikuo i da ybos
p incipus, gaunami į ai esni ezul a ai. T ečiojoje s aipsnio dalyje pa eikiamas upė a džio
Nẽmunas i eže ų A ess bei A esė pa ikslin as e imologinis aiškinimas i susiję komen a ai.
Į eik a 2020 m. ko o 6 d.
HARALD BICHLMEIER
Ma in-Lu he -Uni e si ä Halle-Wi enbe g
O ien alisches Ins i u
Semina ü Indoge manis ik und Allgemeine Sp achwissenscha
Ludwig-Wuche e -S . 2
D-06099 Halle (Saale)
ha ald.bichlmeie @indoge m.uni-halle.de
Sächsische Akademie de Wissenscha en zu Leipzig
A bei ss elle Jena: E ymologisches Wö e buch des Al hochdeu schen
Zwä zengasse 12a
D-07743 Jena
ha ald.bic[email p o ec ed]