S aipsniai / A icles 11
DIETER HECKMANN
The his o ian-a chi is R.
Fo me ly known as he Sec e S a e A chi e o P ussian Cul u al P ope y.
DOI: doi.o g/10.35321/all90-01
IDENTIFIZIERUNG ANONYMER
W i ings o he
Ge many
P ussia wi h he help o
No es and oo no es 1.
Fo P o . D . G asilda Blažienė, he
75 h bi hday on he 15 h. Augus 2024
Vokiečių o dino P ūsijoje anonyminių aš ų
iden i ika imas based on he no a y's pa ašais2. This is he i s ime in he his o y o he coun y ha a no a y has been appoin ed as a no a y.
This is P o . D . Ski iama. G asildai Blažienei, 2024 m.
ugpjūčio 15 d. š enčiančiai 75 h anni e sa y o he ounding o he Czech Republic
The anno a ion
This a icle p esen s a me hod o iden i ying anonymous la e medie al usage ex s hanks o
ansmi ed no a y signa u es in he con ex o he same egis y con ex .
SCÜSSELWÖRTER: Ge man O de , public no a ies, anonymous w i ings, no a y ins umen s, no a y
signa u es, his o y o he Ge man O de , medie al and ea ly mode n his o y o P ussia, Li onia,
Lo aine and Silesia. 1 Sligh ly al e ed e sion o he lec u e gi en by he au ho a he Con e ence
on Wes e n Eu opean Manusc ip s and Documen s om La e An iqui y o Ea ly Mode nism in S .
Pe e sbu g Collec ions (1921.9.2019) in S . Pe e sbu g. 2 This a icle is a glossa y epo , which
co e s he an iqui ies and he ea ly mode n imes o he Wes e n Eu opeans, he ankings and he
his o ical documen s o he con e ence, he edi o ial o ice. The con e ence was held in S .
Pe e sbu g on Sep embe 19-21, 2019.
DIETER HECKMANN
12 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica XC also known as Ac a Linguis ica
The anno a ion
This a icle p esen s a me hod o iden i y anonymous la e medie al ex s o use hanks
o su i ing no a y signa u es in he con ex o he same egis y. KEYWORDS: Teu onic
O de , public no a ies, anonymous w i ings, no a ial ins umen s, no a y signa u es,
his o y o en he Teu onic O de , medie al and ea ly mode n his o y o P ussia, Li onia,
Lo aine and Silesia.
In he edi ing o he Elbinge K iegsbuch o 1383 o 1409, which was published in
2013, i was possible, among o he hings, o use he younge sc ibe Abb. 1: GS A
dem Elbinge S ad sch eibe Ba holomeus S ume zuzuweisen3.
PK, XX. This is he i s ime I' e seen i . I'm no su e wha you' e alking abou .
No. 9; © GS A 62, PK The e we e a leas wo basic condi ions o his: 1. The
sc ibe's hand o Ba holomew is i s a es ed in 1408 as a second hand and in
1409 as a single hand. 2. In a documen o 10. The en h. 1403 (Fig. 1) Ba holomew
iden i ies himsel as a public no a y by means o his own handw i en signa u e.
This esul opens up oom o u he ques ions, some o which can be add essed
below. Is Ba holomeus S ume a singula example o a cle ical ca ee in a la e
medie al P ussian ci y? 3 Heckmann, Kwia kowski 2013: 28 […] 30. This is he i s
ime I' e seen his.
This is 4 Ebd. : 29.
A icles 13 and 14 o he S ai s Code
Iden i izie ung anonyme Sch i en aus dem Deu scho densland
P eußen mi Hil e on No a sun e sch i en
A e he e compa able ca ee s in he cle ical se ice o o he egis a s in he
Ge man s a e o P ussia o in non-P ussian law i ms? Wha s a emen s allow
iden i ica ion o sc ibe's hands wi h ega d o sc ip u al con ex s? This
conce ns a eas such as he in luence o public no a ies on he adminis a ion o
documen s, p o enance esea ch o he exis ence o w i ing landscapes. Wha
me hodological p oblems s and in he way o clea assignmen s o sc ibe's
hands? Speci ically, i would be necessa y o ask whe he he e a e su icien
ex examples a all, whe he o o wha ex en age- ela ed changes in w i ing
ha e had an e ec , o whe he he use o new le e o ms has c ea ed
paleog aphic obs acles.
1. Examples o W i ing Ca ee s
O icial no a y
Ge many P ussia and
In he Roman Empi e
Much mo e amilia han Ba holomeus S ume is he esea ch o he Kulm ci y
cle k Kon ad Bi schin. Bi chin's ame is mainly due o he ac ha in 1431 he
c ea ed he oldes collec ion o Kulme law, which has gained g ea impo ance in
P ussia o bo h u ban and u al se lemen o ms. When Bi schin Bischin en e ed
he se ice o he ci y council o Kulm and in 1431 he is he e as he owne o a
seine App oba ion als ö en liche No a e lang ha , is unbekann . Im Jah e
1423 begegne e zum e s en Mal als S ad sch eibe on Danzig, 1430 wechsel e
ica age in he ci y pa ish chu ch. Bi schin ga e up his Kulme own cle k's o ice in
1443 a he la es , which is p obably ela ed o he acquisi ion o wo pa ish
councils in he diocese o Pomesania. Despi e u he ca ee s, Bi schin emained
loyal o he ci y o Kulm, because he was ac i e o he local council as an occasional
w i e , was he owne o ano he ica ia e and main ained a leas an apa men
in Kulm be ween 1453 and 1456. Bi sch's handw i ing is known no h ough his no a ial
signa u e, bu h ough he incipi o his legal collec ion.
5 Heckmann 2020: 187209. This is he i s ime I' e seen his.
DIETER HECKMANN
14 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica XC also known as Ac a Linguis ica
The abb. 2:GS A PK, XX. This is he i s ime I' e seen i .
S aipsniai A icles 15 and 15
Iden i izie ung anonyme Sch i en aus dem Deu scho densland
P eußen mi Hil e on No a sun e sch i en
In compa ison, he public no a y Pe e on Wo mdi was in he se ice o he
O de om he beginning o his ca ee , ini ially as sec e a y o he House
Commi ees o he Ca hed al Chap e o Samland. As such, he is he se en h.
Augus 1376 occupied. A e s udying law in P ague, Pe e on Wo mdi joined
he w i ing se ice o he Obe s ma schall o he Ge man O de , whe e he is
a es ed om 1396 o 1399. F om he e he mo ed o he Chancelle y. In July 1403,
he G and Mas e appoin ed him P ocu a o o he Cu ia in Rome. Wo mdi held
he posi ion o p osecu o un il his dea h on 27 Ap il. Augus o 14196. Pe e on
Wo mdi 's handw i ing is mainly e idenced by his co espondence, so ha he
esea ch in i s iden i ica ion was no only dependen on his no a y signa u e
(Fig. 3). The abb. 3: GS A PK, XX. This is he i s ime I' e seen i . I'm no su e wha
you' e alking abou . L, No. 28; © GS A PK Ano he p ominen example is p o ided
by S e an Ma hias on Neidenbu g. Like his sponso , he Chancello And eas
San be g, S e an had s udied a he Uni e si y o Vienna. A he la es since
1441 S e an was in he cle ical se ice o he Bishop o Pomesania. F om his ime
is also he ea lies e idence o his signa u e as a public no a y in a ansump o
a documen o Pope Clemen III made by him.
HA, OF 83, S. 2; © GS A PK o 1191 Feb . This is he i s
ime ha his has happened. 6 is known (Fig. 4). 6 P osecu o s Gene al in 1960: 29-34; A mga in 1995: 253-259.
7 San be g and Heckmann 2007.

DIETER HECKMANN
16 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica XC
The abb. 4: GS A PK, XX. This is he i s ime I' e seen i . I'm no su e wha you' e alking abou . 1, numbe 1a; This is GS A PK
S aipsniai A icles 17 and 17
Iden i izie ung anonyme Sch i en aus dem Deu scho densland
P eußen mi Hil e on No a sun e sch i en
F om he o ice o he Pomesan bishop, S e an Ma hias o Neidenbu g mo ed in
1448 o ha o he High Mas e on he Ma ienbu g. S ephen was ini ially p o ided
wi h an A menian canon y, hen wi h he pa ish o S . Nicholas in he old own o
Elbing, and since 1462 wi h an A menian ca hed al pos , which he los a e he
dea h o he G and Mas e Ludwig on E lichhausen in 1467 as a esul o he
newly e up ed wa con lic s wi h Poland o poli ical easons. A e he
econcilia ion be ween Poland and he O de , which was accompanied by a poli ical
amnes y o he suppo e s o bo h con lic ing pa ies, S ephen ecei ed his
canon y back in 1479. A he ins iga ion o he Polish king, he ca hed al chap e
o Kulmsee pos ula ed him bishop o Kulm in he same yea . The o ice o Bishop
o Kulm was held by S ephen o Neidenbu g om 1481, he yea o his
consec a ion, un il his dea h in
The yea is 14958.
Fo he Roman Empi e, om which he Ge man s a e o P ussia had aken o e he
public no a y se ice, Pe e -Johannes Schule has demons a ed simila ca ee s as
a public no a y. The e, oo, a no a y public o en ended his eelance wo k when he
had ob ained a well-equipped o ice o a luc a i e posi ion, such as own cle k,
uni e si y p o esso , lawye o syndic10. This inding p o ides su icien
app oaches o equalize anonymous w i ings wi h he help o he exis ing no a y
signa u es in he egis ies o collec ions o he Reich e i o ies and Reich ci ies.
2. Summa y o documen s
De hochmeis e liche Kanzle And eas San be g ode Johann Bi smi , de
Ba holomeus S ume's p edecesso s in he Elbing Ci y Cle k's O ice, as a as is
known, had no app o als as a public no a y. Al hough hey ep esen a numbe o
examples in which he iden i ica ion o anonymous w i ings has also succeeded
wi hou a no a y's signa u e, he public no a ies in he coun y o municipal cle ical
se ice should, howe e , dese e special a en ion. This is p obably due o he
ac ha om hei anks came he impe us o he eo ganiza ion o he
P ussian
8 Ka p 1996: 498 […] 499. This is he i s ime I' e seen his.
9 Heckmann 2009: 4041. This is he i s ime I' e seen his.
10 School yea 1976: 138.
DIETER HECKMANN
18 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica XC also known as Ac a Linguis ica
The adminis a ion o li e a u e came. This bene i ed mainly he egis y sys em
o bo h he p o incial and municipal o ices, which was accompanied by a
s eng hening o he public ai h in he egis y and he a chi es associa ed wi h
i 11. One o he ou s anding ac i i ies in his con ex is he egis a ion o he
ce i ica es o appoin men o awa d o he Ma shal's O ice, which was ini ia ed
by he hen sec e a y o he Sup eme Ma shal, Pe e on Wo mdi . The almos
20-yea s ay o S e an on Neidenbu g in he High Mas e 's O ice o S ume's
ac i i y om 1408 o 141713 in he se ice o he Elbing Ci y Council, a e ce ainly
among he excep ions, wha he sea ch o hei own handw i en documen s in
he exis ing in di e en a chi es o a chi e uins would be o de e mine.
Howe e , he equen change o employe s and, no leas , he pe sonal
Übe lie e ung me klich e leich e . Die meis en ande en Sch eibe wechsel en
dagegen häu ig ih e Diens he en, sodass ih e eigenhändigen Sch i beispiele
in e wining also p omo ed no ma i e endencies, such as he eme gence o
o icial books o a ionalize he adminis a ion o documen s o he o ma ion o
a chance y wi h a uni o m chance y language o uni o m chance y habi s14.
These obse a ions can be seen as a challenge bo h o he c ea ion o u he
sc ibe biog ams and o p o enance esea ch, in pa icula o he egis y
agmen s o indi idual pieces p ese ed in he manusc ip collec ions o la ge
lib a ies. They also s imula e he ca aloguing o no a ial signa u es and no a ial
signa u es, he wo in e ac ing au hen ica ion ea u es o public no a ies […]
summa ised as no a ial ce i ica ion […], a […]16. 11 Heckmann 2011: 57 […] 67; 2013: 207
[…] 220. This is he i s ime ha his has happened.
12 Con ad 1963: 22 […] 25. This is he i s ime I' e seen i .
13 Ka p 1996: 498; Heckmann, Kwia kowski 2013: 30. This is a lis o people who ha e been awa ded he Nobel P ize in Physiology o Medicine.
14 Heckmann 2016: 106107, 110. This is he i s ime I' e seen his.
15 Weilede 2019: 82 yea s old
16 Heckmann 2009: 52[…]53. This is he i s ime I' e seen his.
S aipsniai A icles 19 and 19
Iden i izie ung anonyme Sch i en aus dem Deu scho densland
P eußen mi Hil e on No a sun e sch i en
3. Me hodical p oblems BEI
The Assignmen o
W i e 's hands
In addi ion o he lack o ex examples, he o en i i a ing change o ink, he
sca e ed adi ion and he hidden sc ibe's ca ee , age- ela ed changes in
w i ing o en s and in he way o iden i ying an anonymous sc ibe's hand (Figu es
5 and 6 wi h he you h and old age hand o Johann Bi smi ). The abb. 5: You h hand
o he Elbinge w i e Johann Bi smi o 1387, Heckmann, Kwia kowski 2013: 23
Heckmann, Kwia kowski 2013: 24
Abb. 6: Al e shand des Elbinge Sch eibe s Johann Bi smi zu 1405,