The meaning and origin of the psychological terms in Mečislovas Reinys’s freely translated Psychology Textbook

RITA KATELYTĖ

Institute of the Lithuanian Language

On the 125th anniversary of Mečislovas Reinys’s birth

On February 5, 2009, 125 years had passed since the birth of Mečislovas Reinys (1884–1953), one of the first Lithuanian psychologists. He was a prominent and enlightened figure—a priest, bishop, archbishop, educator, professor, public figure, politician, and political prisoner. From 1922, at the then University of Kaunas, M. Reinys headed the Department of Psychology in the Faculty of Theology and Philosophy; he also taught general psychology, comparative and educational psychology, and led psychology tutorials. At the time, there was no Lithuanian psychology textbook, so M. Reinys freely translated into Lithuanian Professor Georgijus Chelpanov’s¹ Psychology Textbook. In his preface, he states that “the translation is free, so that the foreign language is not so conspicuous. Besides, it was necessary to change some things and add others” (Reinys 1921: IV). The illustrations were changed, the number of figures reduced, and the chapters divided into paragraphs. M. Reinys complains that finding terms was difficult, and therefore he “used terms from I. Vabalas-Gudaitis’s ‘Personality Research Programme,’ Rygiškiai Jonas’s ‘Our Little Dictionary,’ Z. Žemaitis’s ‘Terms of Geometry and Trigonometry,’ M. Šikšnys’s ‘Dictionary of Arithmetic and Algebra Terms,’ I. Elisonas’s ‘A Short Draft of Zoological Terms,’ and some others” (Reinys 1921: V). Since the textbook was freely translated and much of the text is M. Reinys’s own, the textbook will be referred to below in this article as M. Reinys’s Psychology Textbook (source abbreviation: MR).

M. Reinys’s Psychology Textbook is fairly substantial (242 pp.) and consists of three parts and 38 chapters. The first part discusses the psychology of cognition and presents general information about sensation; the second concerns the psychology of feelings and sets out general information about feelings; the third deals with

¹ Georgijus Chelpanov (1862–1936) was a Russian psychologist, logician, and philosopher.

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the psychology of the will, voluntary and involuntary movements. At the beginning of the textbook is the author’s preface, which demonstrates the importance of psychology and explains the principle behind the textbook’s organization. A short glossary of psychological terms is included at the end. In addition, alongside some Lithuanian terms, the textbook gives equivalents in one or several languages (Russian, German, Polish, English, French, Latin) in parentheses.

The aim of this article is to discuss the meaning and origin of 505 psychological terms found in the aforementioned Psychology Textbook. The first part of the article examines the distribution of terms by meaning, and the second their origins. Further articles are intended to examine the structure of the terms in M. Reinys’s textbook.

1. THE MEANINGS OF TERMS

Psychology terms were selected on the basis of the context of the material under study, the short glossary of psychology terms at the end of M. Reinys’s Psychology Textbook, and the Dictionary of Psychology (PŽ), published in 1993. The terms are presented as written in the source, with the page on which each term first appears indicated alongside it.

Drawing on the textbook by A. Jacikevičius, A. Gučas, and E. Rimkutė, General Psychology, and M. Reinys’s Psychology Textbook, psychology terms are divided into the following semantic groups: general psychology terms; names of branches of psychology; names of psychological laws and theories; names of physiological processes; names of mental processes; names of emotions and feelings; names of personality disorders and character traits; names of cognitive processes; and names of persons.

1.1. General psychology terms. The terms in this group, numbering 40, or 7.9% of all terms, designate general psychological concepts, research methods, manifestations of the human psyche, and so on: apperception MR 93, factor MR 94, pure space MR 149, cause MR 147, reproduction MR 72 (this term is defined as “the process that produces a sensation for us, although the stimulus is no longer present <...>” MR 72), synthesis of concepts MR 141, subject MR 141, substance MR 151, continuous space MR 148, factor MR 141, homogeneous space MR 148.

General psychology terms include space MR 147, time MR 147, causality MR 150, and number MR 147. According to M. Reinys, “the concepts of space and time are necessary conditions for imagining things and events. We call such concepts the basic elements of empirical cognition” MR 149. The term “number has an empirical origin, that is, number is derived from

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sensory experience. <...> The concept of number originates in experiencing objects through the senses and is therefore empirical in nature” MR 150. M. Reinys explains the concept of causality as “one of the basic elements of cognition” MR 151. According to the author, every science has a concept of causality, which affirms the conviction that enduring laws prevail in the world. Just as the laws of nature have always existed, so too will the concept of causality always exist MR 150. M. Reinys compares the term synthesis MR 131 with the term used in chemistry, where a complex substance can be divided into its constituent parts and the substance analyzed. In psychology, this term means the same thing: “<...> in the processes of thought, too, we can combine individual representations into a unit and thereby obtain a general representation or even a concept” MR 131.

Other general psychology terms were also found: moral conduct MR 197, experimental material MR 14, elementary cognitive process MR 179, empirical origin MR 150, bodily expression MR 160, narrative image MR 54, mental science MR 89, psychology MR 1, psychological experiment MR 14, psychological science MR 1, psychological system MR 3, psychological term MR 1, psychological analysis MR 7, psychological condition MR 212, assimilation MR 131, continuous connection of mental phenomena MR 18.

Six terms in this group relating to the soul are noteworthy: soul MR 1, state of the soul MR 21, essence of the soul MR 2, quality of the soul MR 2, movement of the soul MR 160, cognition of the phenomena of the soul MR 3. According to M. Reinys, a phenomenon of the soul MR 3 is “what we call the soul’s, or mental, phenomena—our thoughts, feelings, decisions of the will, and so on. They are also called mental entities or states of consciousness” MR 3. It should be noted that in his textbook M. Reinys also gives a Lithuanian equivalent for the term psychology: sielotyra MR 1. In his words, “the term sielotyra is formed according to a word-compounding pattern customary in the language, since psychology, or sielotyra, is the science of mental phenomena or the life of the soul” MR 1; however, the Lithuanian equivalent is used only once, and thereafter only the term psychology is used.

1.2. Names of branches of psychology. This section reviews the names of branches of psychology used by M. Reinys and compares them with the terms in use today. The 11 terms in this group make up 2.2% of all terms: experimental psychology MR 128, empirical psychology MR 2, animal psychology MR 10, psychology of feelings MR 20, crowd psychology MR 11, comparative psychology MR 10, psychology of cognition MR 20, rational psychology MR 2, folk psychology MR 10, child psychology MR 10, psychology of the will MR 20.

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It should be noted that M. Reinys used the term animal psychology MR 10, whereas the terms now used are animal psychology, zoopsychology (PŽ 1993: 329). M. Reinys argues that studying the psychology of a people with a low level of culture can yield and accumulate a good deal of useful information about mass psychology MR 11 (now propaganda psychology (PŽ 1993: 225). Psychology of peoples MR 10 is now called the psychology of a people or ethnopsychology (PŽ 1993: 80).

Both in M. Reinys’s translation of the Textbook of Psychology and in the Dictionary of Psychology, the terms empirical psychology MR 2 and rational psychology MR 2 are used synonymously and discussed together; the only difference is that the term rational psychology has now been replaced by rationalistic psychology.

According to M. Reinys, comparative psychology MR 10 (now comparative psychology) consists of data from the psychology of peoples, animal psychology, and child psychology MR 11–12.

1.3. Names of psychological laws and theories. This subsection presents 12 terms from the science of psychology (2.4% of all terms) naming laws and theories in psychology.

Most of this group consists of names of psychological theories (7 terms): theory of the rise of affect MR 160, Berkeley’s theory MR 120, theory of faculties MR 16, Helmholtz’s theory MR 52, Hering’s theory MR 55, the theory of the innate moral sense MR 175, theory of traces MR 75. There are somewhat fewer names of psychological laws (5 terms): Fechner’s law MR 69, the psychophysical Weber–Fechner law MR 66, the law of mental life MR 10, the law of mental phenomena MR 3, the specific energy law MR 65. The examples show that personal names in the terms retain their original spelling with Lithuanian endings.

1.4. The group of names of physiological processes comprises 73 terms (14.4% of all terms). They name vital activity, functions, their regulatory mechanisms, and relations with the changing environment: physiology MR 14, physiological state MR 164, physiological phenomenon MR 21, physiological process MR 158, feedback action MR 31, blushing MR 21, reflex MR 34, reflex action MR 31, reflex process MR 185, visual image MR 85, visual center MR 34, dream MR 79, drowsiness MR 214 (alongside this term, the textbook also uses the synonym driemotuojas MR 214), satiety MR 39, self-control MR 195, thirst MR 39.

In the group of terms naming physiological processes, most describe the nervous system. Twenty such terms were found, for example: centrifugal nerve

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MR 31, centripetal nerve MR 31, nerve center MR 37, nature of nerve stimulation MR 29, information from nerve endings MR 66, nervous system MR 22, element of the nervous system MR 25, centripetal nerve MR 31, centrifugal nerve MR 31, internal irritation MR 39, internal experience MR 4, motor nerve MR 31, sensory nerve MR 31, auditory nerve MR 37, tactile nerve MR 58, optic nerve MR 65, gustatory nerve MR 59. In M. Reinys’s Textbook of Psychology, the term dirksnis is used in the sense of “nerve.” The variant dirgsnė had already been used in the works of J. Šliūpas and in V. Kudirka’s Varpas journal (Žemlevičiūtė 2008: 146).

There are quite a few synonymous terms in the group of physiological processes: motor nerves – centripetal nerve MR 31, centripetal nerve MR 31; sensory nerves – centrifugal nerve MR 31, centrifugal nerve MR 31. The examples show that preference is given to Lithuanian-derived synonyms. It should be noted that the terms now used are motor, sensory, and autonomic (sympathetic or parasympathetic) nerves (ME 1993: 66).

M. Reinys distinguishes four types of movement in living beings, naming them with eight terms. Three types are designated by synonymous terms: automatic movements MR 184 – impulsive movements MR 184; reflex movements MR 184 – reflexive movements MR 184, return…

It should be emphasized that the term voluntary movements MR 184 or willed movements MR 184 has now been replaced by the term voluntary movements (PŽ 1993: 320).

Within the group of physiological processes, terms describing touch are notable (8 terms): space in relation to the tactile sensation MR 107, space of tactile sensation MR 107, tactile and muscular image MR 119, tactile area MR 34, muscular and tactile experience MR 121, muscular and tactile effect MR 120. The terms tactile sensation MR 111 and tactile experience MR 122 are used synonymously.

Seven terms naming one of the physiological processes—vision—were found in the source under study. Some terms used by M. Reinys have since changed, for example: two-eyed vision MR 115 or binocular vision MR 115 is now called binocular vision and two-eyed vision (PŽ 1993: 44).

Spatial relations among objects in vision are designated by the terms space in relation to vision MR 112, space of visual sensation MR 107.

The term visual process names the process of vision MR 34.

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Four terms can be assigned to reflex actions, e.g.: the act of coughing MR 184, sneezing MR 31, coughing MR 32, blinking MR 32.

A few terms designate other activities of parts of the organism (sensation, smell, hearing, brain activity): perception of the size of objects MR 121, sensation of light breathing MR 39, sensation MR 4; image of a fragrance MR 81, image of smell MR 85, end of the olfactory nerve MR 59; image of hearing MR 85; power of thought MR 18.

Other terms used by M. Reinys are space in relation to the sensation of movement MR 107, image of movement MR 85, sensation of movement MR 111, purposefulness of reflex movements MR 184.

1.5. The largest group of terms consists of names of mental processes (98 terms, or 19.4% of all terms). This group includes terms describing dynamic mental phenomena that arise under the influence of external and internal stimuli and disappear when these cease.

Mental actions, processes, and phenomena are designated by the following terms: process of abstraction MR 93, abnormal mental phenomenon MR 14, process of abstraction MR 93, higher mental activity MR 34, external act of will MR 183, internal act of will MR 183, fundamental mental process MR 183, process of reasoning MR 143, psychic process MR 5, mental process MR 34, mental phenomenon MR 1, mental action MR 92, mental process MR 136, complex act of will MR 190, phenomenon of will MR 15, act of will MR 183, process of will MR 188, single act of will MR 190.

Associations are designated by the following terms: association MR 80, association of images MR 215, association of similar images MR 82, association by contiguity MR 81, association by contrast MR 82, association by similarity MR 82, association of interconnected images MR 80.

Seventy-two terms for other mental processes were found: abstraction MR 130, transfer of associations MR 83, universality of associations MR 84, reproduction MR 72, abstraction MR 132, abstraction MR 130, recognition MR 73, responsibility MR 198, imagining MR 72, representation MR 1, retention of images MR 74, interweaving of images MR 79, general reasoning MR 147, deduction MR 146, deductive reasoning MR 147, method of extirpation MR 33, perception of space MR 118, power of sound analysis MR 41, induction MR 146, inductive reasoning MR 147, introspection MR 4, self-assurance MR 178, power of imagination MR 18, developed will MR 196, reasoning MR 146, suggestion MR 216, intention MR 192, convergence MR 113, inclination MR

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193, thought MR 1, desire MR 1, perception MR 32, objective reality MR 142, primary empirical element of cognition MR 149, similarity MR 189, member of the subconscious association MR 83, cognition MR 15, primitive mental act MR 35, primitive element of consciousness MR 35, sensation tone MR 38, sensory illusion MR 143, experience MR 12, memory MR 128, insistence MR 210, mind MR 2, reasoning MR 3, mental power MR 193, mental constitution MR 94, mental existence MR 214, mental entity MR 3, mental act of cognition MR 185, mental cognitive entity MR 184, mental ability MR 212, mental image MR 36, genesis of mental phenomena MR 7, inheritance of mental abilities MR 209, consciousness MR 5, depths of consciousness MR 80, self-consciousness MR 203, introspection MR 4, conscience MR 173, fluctuation MR 142, the will of the most perfect MR 196, element of will MR 188, expansion of the will MR 193, freedom of the will MR 198, moment of will MR 190, weakening of the will MR 223, decision of the will MR 3, development of the will MR 195, decision of the will MR 200, consequence of an act of will MR 183.

In the textbook, M. Reinys uses the term course of mental images MR 183, alongside the synonym course of feelings MR 183.

One or another term with a distinctive terminological form is also used: instead of the current standard-language definite form, an Eastern Aukštaitian form with the emphatic particle -ai occurs (Grammar of the Lithuanian Language 1965: 494), e.g., reproduced image MR 144 (see also 1.7, 1.8.1, 1.8.2, 2.3.1).

1.6. The group of names for emotions and feelings comprises 106 terms (21% of all terms), e.g.: emotion MR 158, feeling MR 1, personal feeling MR 163, reproduced feeling MR 162, higher feeling MR 158, pure feeling MR 154, perceived feelings MR 168, primitive feeling MR 162, social feeling MR 163, sociable feeling MR 163, communal feeling MR 163, lower feeling MR 158.

It should be noted that in M. Reinys’s classification, unlike the current one, the concept feelings referred to lower feelings, while emotions referred to higher ones: “If we take as the basis for classification the greater or lesser complexity of the images and concepts imbued in feelings, we can divide feelings into two large groups: 1) lower, or physical, feelings and 2) so-called higher feelings <...> Higher feelings are also called emotions, among other things” MR 158. In contemporary psychology, emotions are associated with experiences of the significance of environmental phenomena and situations that have direct causes (PŽ 1993: 75), whereas feelings are enduring experiences of relations with reality (PŽ 1993: 130).

The textbook’s author uses individual feeling as the main term.

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and provides two synonyms for it: individual feeling, personal feeling; cf.: “feelings associated with the preservation of an individual’s life are called individual or personal feelings <...>” MR 163. “Individual feelings are those that can be experienced by people who do not participate in social life <...>” MR 163. A similar use is found for the synonyms social feeling, sociable feeling, communal feeling: “Feelings intertwined with the preservation of the lives of other people are called social, or communal, feelings” MR 163. “Social feelings arise and develop together with social life” 163. It is noteworthy that the term communal feelings is used more frequently.

The source under study presents the following types of individual and communal feelings (38 terms): altruistic feeling MR 169, feeling of devotion MR 177, characteristic moral feeling MR 179, feeling of gratitude MR 177, feeling of reverence for God MR 177, feeling of love for God MR 177, feeling of devotion to God’s will MR 177, feeling of moral duty MR 173, moral feeling MR 173, egoistic feeling MR 168, elementary aesthetic feeling MR 179, feeling for aesthetics MR 158, aesthetic feeling MR 178, physical feeling MR 158, feeling of well-being MR 62, individual feeling MR 163, individual feeling MR 163, intellectual feeling MR 178, feeling of pride MR 157, feeling of strength MR 165, feeling of revenge MR 164, feeling of pleasure MR 62, feeling of displeasure MR 38, feeling of dissatisfaction MR 164, feeling of unease MR 185, feeling of adoration MR 177, feeling of respect MR 163, sense of duty MR 173, feeling of satisfaction MR 165, feeling of effort MR 192, feeling of gratification MR 92, feeling of abuse MR 164, primary aesthetic feeling MR 179, feeling of anger MR 164, feeling of magnificence MR 157, religious feeling MR 173, feeling of enjoyment MR 165, feeling of fluctuation MR 191.

The following 8 terms are classified as physiological feelings: feeling of fear MR 9, feeling of joy MR 161, feeling of jubilation MR 181, feeling of shame MR 21, feeling of the comical MR 181, feeling of suffering MR 9, feeling of sympathy MR 168, feeling of pain MR 153.

Twenty-seven terms were found that denote experiences of one’s relationship with the environment, other people, and oneself: passion MR 189, fear MR 159, joy MR 159, jubilation MR 159, regret MR 174, desire MR 189, terror MR 159, fury MR 159, the comical MR 181, suffering MR 165, anguish MR 152, unease MR 152, boredom MR 128, despondency MR 159, astonishment MR 159, blackening MR 191, touch MR 58, disgust MR 159, pity MR 174, gratification MR 152, anger MR

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159, pricking of conscience MR 174, enjoyment MR 152, arousal MR 37, composure MR 210, family affection MR 171, longing MR 189.

Terms were also found among other groups of names for emotions and feelings (21 terms), for example: affect MR 157, affect memory MR 162, asthenic affect MR 159, origin of moral feeling MR 174, obligatory nature of moral feeling MR 174, irritation MR 37, physiological foundations of feelings MR 154, external irritation MR 91, external provocation MR 39, emotionality MR 210, expression of feeling MR 160, reproduction of feelings MR 161, memory of feelings MR 162, course of feelings MR 183, elimination of feelings MR 157, quality of the feeling of the comic MR 181, pleasure recalled MR 161, mechanism of sympathy MR 168, development of sympathy MR 171, sthenic affects MR 159.

1.7. Terms for Personality Mental Disorders and Character

The group includes 51 terms (10.1% of all terms) denoting various mental disorders of personality (mental, intellectual, and spiritual disabilities, as well as disorders of thought, behavior, and feelings), and 18 terms reflecting personality individuality, distinctiveness, and the totality of innate or acquired traits and behavioral characteristics.

The textbook uses 12 terms to denote disorders of self-perception, for example: abulia MR 223, altruistic action MR 169, distortion of self-perception MR 222, evaluation of the spiritual “self” MR 204, image of the physical “self” MR 203, hyperbulia MR 224, illusion MR 143, extreme persistence MR 224, mania MR 223, involuntary movement MR 184, uncontrolled movement MR 183.

Pathological perceptual disorders, that is, hallucinations, are denoted by 7 terms: auditory hallucination MR 219, hallucination MR 79, hallucinatory image MR 219, tactile hallucination MR 219, visual hallucination MR 219, gustatory hallucination MR 219, olfactory hallucination MR 219. The Psychology Dictionary lists names for types of hallucinations that differ somewhat from the names of hallucination types used in M. Reinys’s textbook. The aforementioned Psychology Dictionary distinguishes visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory, tactile, visceral, and general sensory hallucinations. M. Reinys identifies the two most common types of hallucinations: visual hallucination and auditory hallucination.

Four speech, three vision, two writing, and five mental disorder terms were found: aphasia MR 33, word deafness MR 220, speech impediment MR 220, mutism MR 220; psychic blindness MR 33, word blindness MR 221, color blindness MR 54; agraphia MR 33, inability to write MR 221; deviation from the norm MR 223,

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mental derangement MR 222, mental illness MR 221, mental derangement MR 219, psychosis MR 221.

To designate the personality, its character traits, and the main temperament types, M. Reinys’s Psychology Textbook uses 18 terms: personality MR 176, personal identity MR 206, character MR 197, choleric MR 209, spiritual personality MR 205, phlegmatic MR 209, retroactive character MR 138, attentive learning MR 101, speed of learning MR 89, logical thinking MR 221, mechanical character MR 97, melancholic MR 209, organic basis of temperament MR 210, reflexive character MR 138, sanguine MR 209, the self MR 201, “self” perception MR 203, temperament MR 209. The synonym of the main term retroactive character MR 138 is reflexive character MR 138.

1.8. The group of names for cognitive processes comprises 108 terms (21.3% of all terms).

1.8.1. Attention. In the textbook, attention MR 90 is defined as a power “by virtue of which we perceive quite clearly and distinctly some of the impressions acting upon our consciousness” MR 90. The following terms are used to name types of attention: active attention MR 91, the active attention MR 96, passive attention MR 91, the passive attention MR 91. Today, different terms are used: involuntary attention, voluntary attention, and post-voluntary attention (PŽ 1993: 53–54).

The quantity and number of contents of attention are named by the terms span of attention MR 91, condition of attention MR 92, narrowness of attention MR 91, volume of attention MR 91.

Other terms for cognitive processes: mechanism of active attention MR 96, operation of voluntary attention MR 194.

1.8.2. Memory. The Dictionary of Psychology distinguishes four types of memory: motor, emotional, visual, and verbal (PŽ 1993: 32). The source under study contains more terms naming types of memory: innate memory MR 98, interval memory MR 88, auditory memory MR 88, mechanical memory MR 89, musical memory MR 88, intellectual memory MR 89, memory of the mind MR 98, deliberative memory MR 101, timbre memory MR 88, tone memory MR 88, children’s memory MR 98, recollection of images MR 100, word memory MR 88. Some subtype terms have further subtypes of their own. For example, auditory memory is divided by M. Reinys into smaller groups, e.g.: “Among persons with auditory memory, one must distinguish those with a good memory for words from others with a good musical memory. Among the latter, one must distinguish those with a good memory for tones, intervals, timbres, and so on.” MR 88.

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The following terms are used to designate the improvement and training of memory: memory improvement MR 100, memory-improvement technique MR 99, memory training MR 100, development of memory MR 97.

M. Reinys distinguishes 4 memory types: auditory type MR 86, motor type MR 86, mixed type MR 85, visual type MR 85.

Another 12 terms related to memory: individual characteristics of memory MR 88, memory strain MR 100, accuracy of memory MR 89, type of memory MR 85, capacity of memory MR 89, memory MR 72, duration of retention MR 89, general characteristic of memory MR 88, physiological basis of memory MR 74, mnemonics MR 98, critique of mnemonics MR 99, mnemonic device MR 99.

1.8.3. A substantial group consists of terms naming sensations (31 terms). The terms in this group denote physiological sensations: sensation MR 1, sensation of hunger MR 61, hunger MR 39, general sensation MR 39, sensation of sound MR 37, sensation of hearing MR 39, process of hearing sensation MR 41, sensation of vitality MR 39, pure sensation MR 36, sensation of external stimuli MR 204, sensation of movement MR 58, perception of humor MR 181, sensation of hardness MR 58, sensation of hearing MR 64, sensation of nausea MR 61, sensation of smell MR 35, sense of time MR 124, sensation of touch MR 36, sensation of burning by touch MR 153, sensation of fatigue MR 62, organic sensation MR 39, perception MR 71, sensation of contact MR 58, comparative sensation MR 72, simple sensation of cold MR 59, sensation of resistance MR 58, sensation of excess MR 61, sensation of opposition MR 61, sense of balance MR 62, muscular sensation MR 39, sensation of visual nerve stimulation MR 65.

It is worth emphasizing that in the terms taste-nerve irritant MR 59 and olfactory-nerve irritant MR 59, the agent of stimulation is named using the derivative suffix -er denoting persons: “taste-nerve irritants are liquid substances. Solid substances soften, mix with saliva, and undergo chemical decomposition; the products of this decomposition irritate the taste nerve” MR 59; “particles of odorous substances settle in the nasal membrane, irritate the terminal organs of the olfactory nerves, the irritation travels to the brain, and the result of such irritation is sensation” MR 59.

1.8.4. The textbook contains 12 terms naming types and phenomena of imagination, for example: reproductive imagination MR 102, powerful imagination MR 106, mechanism of creative imagination MR 103, product of imagination MR 106, power of imagination MR 105, creative activity of imagination MR 105, phenomenon of imagination MR 105.

Alongside the main term imagination MR 102, the synonymous term is used

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The term fantasy MR 102. For the term productive imagination MR 102, M. Reinys also gives the synonym creative imagination MR 102, but thereafter uses only the term creative imagination in the textbook. Compared with current psychological terminology, it is evident that the classification of types of imagination has changed. M. Reinys distinguished reproductive and productive imagination, whereas the Dictionary of Psychology classifies imagination as passive and active, which are further divided into finer subtypes.

1.9. Names for persons The group comprises 6 terms (1.2% of all terms) used to designate persons associated with the science or practice of psychology: empiricist MR 114 (TŽŽ lists only the term empiric, meaning a proponent of empiricism or a person who does not delve into theories), evolutionist MR 175, geneticist MR 114, indeterminist MR 199, nativist MR 115, psychologist MR 9.

The terms collected show that the largest groups are those designating general psychological concepts (40 terms, or 7.9% of all terms), branches of psychology (11 terms, or 2.2% of all terms), psychological laws and theories (12 terms, or 2.4% of all terms), physiological processes (73 terms, or 14.4% of all terms), mental processes (98 terms, or 19.4% of all terms), emotions and feelings (106 terms, or 21% of all terms), personality disorders and character traits (51 terms, or 10.1% of all terms), cognitive processes (108 terms, or 21.3% of all terms), and persons (6 terms, or 1.2% of all terms).

2. ORIGINS OF TERMS

This section of the article discusses the origins of the terms used in M. Reinys’s Psychology Textbook. According to the number of components, all terms are divided into one-word and compound psychological terms. The origins of one-word terms are examined; compound terms are discussed according to the number and origins of their components and their syntactic relations.

The group of one-word terms comprises 138 terms, accounting for 27.3% of all terms. Lithuanian terms predominate here—100 (72.4% of all one-word terms). There are considerably fewer international terms—38 (27.6% of all one-word terms). The group of compound terms comprises 281 two-word, 75 three-word, and 11 multiword terms.

2.1. One-word Lithuanian terms.

It should be noted that, in freely translating the textbook, M. Reinys used Lithuanian terms predominantly, and alongside international terms he provided Lithuanian synonyms,

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e.g.: reproduction MR 72 – reproduction MR 72, subject MR 141 – factor MR 141, illusion MR 143 – sensory deception MR 143.

Most frequently found were Lithuanian terms denoting mental processes (45 terms, or 32.6% of all terms in this group): image MR 72, reproduction MR 72, withdrawal MR 132, recognition MR 73, responsibility MR 198, imagination MR 72, image MR 72, representation MR 1, interest MR 92, fury MR 164, conviction MR 178, disorder MR 96, reasoning MR 146, suggestion MR 216, intention MR 192, pliability MR 210, inclination MR 193, sleep MR 214, thought MR 1, desire MR 1, insight MR 32, inclination MR 193, urge MR 189, experience MR 13, attraction MR 188, arousal MR 191, cognition MR 15, nature MR 197, sensation MR 12, recollection MR 128, persistence MR 210, mind MR 2, reasoning MR 3, coexistence MR 125, consciousness MR 5, connection MR 141, self-consciousness MR 203, introspection MR 4, conscience MR 173, gathering MR 125, fluctuation MR 142, assertion MR 141, certainty MR 141, suffocation MR 39, weeping MR 168.

A smaller group consists of Lithuanian names for emotions and feelings (29): passion MR 189, fear MR 159, joy MR 159, jubilation MR 159, irritation MR 37, pity MR 174, desire MR 189, fright MR 159, rage MR 159, feeling MR 1, emotionality MR 210, comicality MR 181, suffering MR 165, suffering MR 152, uneasiness MR 152, boredom MR 128, sadness MR 159, surprise MR 159, agitation MR 191, touching MR 58, disgust MR 159, compassion MR 174, satisfaction MR 152, anger MR 159, pleasantness MR 152, arousal MR 37, composure MR 210, longing MR 189, offense MR 4.

The same number of Lithuanian terms (9 each) occurs in the group of general psychological terms—time MR 147, causality MR 150, cause MR 147, soul MR 1, psychology MR 1, number MR 147, ability MR 193, similarity MR 131, factor MR 141—and the group of names for physiological processes—sneezing MR 31, coughing MR 32, blinking MR 32, sensation MR 4, dream MR 79, drowsiness MR 214, satiety MR 39, self-control MR 195, thirst MR 189.

The other groups contain only one or two Lithuanian terms apiece: sensations—hunger MR 39, sensation MR 1, feeling MR 71; personality disorders and character traits—mutism MR 220, inability to write MR 221; attention—attention MR 90; memory—memory MR 72; names for imagination—imagination MR 102.

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2.2. International one-word terms. Based on dictionaries of international words (see the bibliography), international one-word terms have been classified by origin. Almost all international terms used in the source under study derive from Latin or Greek.

2.2.1. Terms of Latin origin. Nineteen terms of Latin origin were found in the textbook. Most denote mental processes, e.g.: abstraction MR 130 (Latin abstractio), association MR 80 (Latin associatio), deduction MR 146 (Latin deductio), induction MR 146 (Latin inductio), introspection MR 4 (Latin introspectio), convergence MR 113 (Latin convergens), object MR 205 (Latin objectus).

International terms denoting other semantic groups, for example: affect MR 157 (Latin affectus), apperception MR 93 (Latin ad + Latin perceptio), factor MR 94 (Latin factor), hallucination MR 79 (Latin hallucinatio), illusion MR 143 (Latin illusio), nativism MR 114 (Latin naivus), reflex MR 34 (Latin reflexus), sanguine MR 209 (Latin sanguis), subject MR 141 (Latin subjectum), substance MR 151 (Latin substantia), temperament MR 209 (Latin temperamentum).

2.2.2. Terms of Greek origin. Fifteen terms of Greek origin may be noted: aboulia MR 223 (Greek abulia), aphasia MR 33 (Greek aphasia + Greek phasis), agraphia MR 33 (Greek graphō), character MR 197 (Greek charaktēr), ecstasy MR 222 (Greek ekstasis), fantasy MR 102 (Greek phantasia), physiology MR 14 (Greek physis + Greek logia), phlegmatic MR 209 (Greek phlegmatikos), hyperbulia MR 224 (Greek hyper + Greek bulē), mania 2 MR 23 (Greek mania), melancholic MR 209 (Greek melancholikos), mnemonic device MR 98 (Greek mnēmonikon (technēma)), psychology (Greek psichē + Greek logos), psychosis MR 221 (Greek psychōsis), synthesis MR 131 (Greek synthesis).

One term of Greek origin, borrowed via Latin: choleric MR 209 (Lat. cholericus < Gr. cholē).

2.2.3. Terms of French origin. The term of French origin is reproduction MR 72 (French reproduction). The textbook also contains terms of Latin and Greek origin that entered the language through French.

The source under study uses the term of Latin origin transmitted through French—emotion MR 158 (French émotion < Latin emoveo)—and the term of Greek origin transmitted through French: hypnosis MR 214 (French hypnose < Greek hypnos). It is noteworthy that the form hipnoza MR 10 is used once in the textbook, but only the term hipnozė appears in the glossary at the end, so this is probably a typographical error.

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2.3. Compound two-word terms.

Discussing compound two-word terms, it should be noted that, by the origin of their components, most terms have two Lithuanian components (171 terms, or 60.8% of this group). There are few terms with international components (12 terms, or 4.2% of this group). A considerable proportion of compound terms consists of terms with mixed components (98 terms, or 35% of this group).

2.3.1. Terms with Lithuanian components.

In this group, terms whose dependent component is expressed by a noun in the genitive predominate (126 terms), e.g.: duty of morality MR 174, reproduction of feelings MR 161, sense of touch MR 58, feeling of anger MR164, movement of the soul MR 160, sensation of light MR 64, recollection of images MR 100, expansion of the will MR 193, act of will MR 183.

Considerably fewer terms have a dependent component expressed by an adjective or participle (45 terms). According to how the dependent components are expressed, the following subgroups can be distinguished:

a) terms whose dependent component is expressed by a qualitative adjective, definite or indefinite (16): moral character MR 197, powerful imagination MR 106, pure sensation MR 36, pure feeling MR 154, pure space MR 149, attentive learning MR 101, logical thinking MR 221, unpleasant feeling MR 128, involuntary movement MR 184, involuntary movement MR 183, voluntary movement MR 184, passive attention MR 91, passive attention MR 91, most perfect will MR 196, volitional movement MR 183, lower feeling MR 158;

b) terms whose dependent component is expressed by a relational adjective (17): spiritual personality MR 205, binocular vision MR 115, return movement MR 184, return action MR 31, central nerve MR 31, external irritation MR 91, external stimulation MR 39, internal stimulation MR 39, internal experience MR 4, extreme persistence MR 224, unmotivated fear MR 161, primitive feeling MR 162, intellectual memory MR 89, intellectual science MR 89, continuous space MR 148, homogeneous space MR 148, social feeling MR 163;

c) terms whose dependent component is expressed by a definite or indefinite passive participle (12): productive imagination MR 102, auditory type MR 86, innate memory MR 98, developed will MR 196, motor type MR 86, motor nerve MR 31, sensory nerve MR 31, creative imagination MR 102, renewed sensation MR 72, afterimage MR 54, faculty of judgment MR 33, reflective thought MR 101.

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2.3.2. Terms with international components. This group is dominated by terms whose secondary component is expressed by a noun in the genitive case (10), e.g.: process of abstraction MR 93, Helmholtz’s theory MR 52, method of introspection MR 8, psychic process MR 5. Only a pair of terms have secondary components expressed by adjectives: objective method MR 8, subjective method MR 8.

2.3.3. Terms with mixed components. The group of terms with mixed components consists of several types of terms. The expression of their components shows that there are somewhat more terms whose secondary component is expressed by an adjective. This group consists of:

a) terms with a hybrid secondary component and a Lithuanian primary component (39), e.g.: egoistic feeling MR 168, experimental material MR 14, empirical origin MR 150, aesthetic creativity MR 105, aesthetic feeling MR 178, physical feeling MR 158, physiological state MR 164, physiological phenomenon MR 21, physiological process MR 158, impulsive movement MR 184, instinctive movement MR 184, intellectual feeling MR 178, centrifugal nerve impulse MR 31, mechanical memory MR 89, mechanical science MR 89, metaphysical concept MR 148, reflex movement MR 76, reflex action MR 31, reflex process MR 185, social feeling MR 163;

b) terms with a Lithuanian secondary component and an international primary component (7), e.g.: auditory hallucination MR 219, reciprocal character MR 138, extreme realism MR 63;

c) terms with a hybrid secondary component and an international primary component (7): experimental psychology MR 128, empirical psychology MR 2, mechanical character MR 97, psychic process MR 34, psychological analysis MR 7, rational psychology MR 2, reflex character MR 138;

d) terms with a hybrid secondary component and a hybrid primary component (2): objective reality MR 142, objective reality MR 142.

There are somewhat fewer terms whose secondary component is expressed by a noun in the genitive case. This group consists of:

a) terms with an international secondary component and a Lithuanian primary component (22), e.g.: memory of affects MR 162, method of extirpation MR 33, sense of aesthetics MR 158, Fechner’s law MR 69, hallucinatory performance MR 219, reasoning by induction MR 147, memory for intervals MR 88, directions of intuition MR 175, concept of localization MR 34, mimic movement MR 160, memory for tones MR 88, combination of tones MR 179;

b) terms with a Lithuanian secondary component and an international primary

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as a component (21), e.g.: system of nerves MR 22, localization of faculties MR 34, theory of faculties MR 16, animal psychology MR 10, association of contiguity MR 81, psychology of feelings MR 20, child psychology MR 10, element of the will MR 188, moment of the will MR 190, psychology of the will MR 20.

2.4. Compound three-word terms.

Almost half of all compound three-word terms consist entirely of Lithuanian components (38), e.g.: distortion of personality perceptions MR 222, general characteristic of memory MR 88, external type of irritation MR 39, sensation of easy breathing MR 39, sensation of burning on touch MR 153, ordinary sensation of cold MR 59.

There are almost as many compound three-word terms with mixed components as there are with exclusively Lithuanian components (37), e.g.: mechanism of creative imagination MR 103, specific law of energy MR 65, localization of mental faculties MR 32.

No compound three-word terms with international components were found.

2.5. Compound multiword terms.

Multiword terms are fairly rare in the source under study—11 multiword terms were found, accounting for 3.9% of all compound terms. The majority of compound multiword terms (8) are of Lithuanian origin: feeling of devotion to God's will MR 177, space with respect to the sensation of movement MR 107, space with respect to the sensation of touch MR 107, the essential starting point of the activity of reasoning MR 142, representation of touch and muscles MR 119, experience of muscles and touch MR 121, effect of muscles and touch MR 120, continuous connection of mental phenomena MR 18.

A few terms have mixed components (3): theory of the innate moral sense MR 175, the fundamental empirical element of cognition MR 149, psychophysical Weber–Fechner law MR 66.

CONCLUSIONS

1. M. Reinys’s freely translated from Russian Psychology Textbook under study is an important source from both psychological and terminological perspectives. It is the first Lithuanian psychology textbook, so it may be argued that this textbook laid the foundations for both the science of psychology and psychological terminology.

2. With regard to groups of meanings, the textbook’s terminology is seen to consist mainly of terms denoting mental processes, emotions, and feelings. A small part of the terminology consists of terms naming branches of psychology, laws, theories, and persons associated with the science of psychology.

3. M. Reinys used a single term to name many psychological concepts, but in some cases he provided two or even three synonyms.

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4. It is easy to see that, compared with current psychological terminology, the terms used by M. Reinys have changed considerably: many terms are no longer used, and their classification has changed.

5. Analysis of the textbook’s terms showed that the translator used Lithuanian terms predominantly. Lithuanian single-word and compound terms make up more than half, while international terminology accounts for only one tenth of all the terms discussed. Almost all international psychological terms derive from Latin or Greek, but Lithuanian synonyms are also quite often provided alongside international terms.

6. The textbook’s compound terminology consists mainly of two-word terms. Most two-word compound terms have both components in Lithuanian or are composed of mixed components. An examination of how the components of compound two-word terms are expressed shows that subordinate components are most often expressed by a noun in the genitive case. Three-word and longer compound terms make up an insignificant part of the compound terminology.

SOURCE

MR – Reinius M. Psichologijos vadovėlis. Vilnius, 1921.

LITERATŪRA

Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas (elektroninis leidimas), 6-as leid. Vilnius, 2006.

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Jacekevičius A., Gučas A., Rimkutė E. Bendroji psichologija. Vilnius, 1986.

Lietuvių kalbos gramatika, I. Vyr. redaktorius K. Ulvydas, Vilnius, 1965.

Lietuvių kalbos žodynas (I–XX. 1941–2002). Vilnius, 2005. Interneto prieiga: <http://www.lkz.lt>.

ME 1993: Medicinos enciklopedija, II. Vilnius.

PŽ 1993: Psichologijos žodynas. Spec. red. Augis R., Kočiūnas R., Vilnius.

Vaitkevičiūtė V. Tarptautinių žodžių žodynas (elektroninis leidimas). Vilnius, 2003.

Zemlevičiūtė P. 2008: Lietuviški Vinco Kudirkos medicinos terminai. – Terminologija 15, 142–153.

MEANING AND ORIGIN OF TERMS OF PSYCHOLOGY IN MEČISLOVAS REINYS’

FREELY TRANSLATED “PSICHOLOGIJOS VADOVĖLIS”

This article deals with terminology in the textbook of psychology by one of the first Lithuanian psychologists Mečislovas Reinys. At the beginning of the 20^th century there was still no textbook of psychology in Lithuanian. Reinys made a free translation of Georgij Chelpanov’s textbook Учебник психологии (для гимназий и самообразования) (Psychology textbook (for gymnasiums and self-education)). Quite a lot of text was Reinys’ own. 505 terms from Psichologijos vadovėlis (Psychology textbook) published in 1921 were analyzed in respect of origin and meaning.

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The terms analyzed allow the conclusion that Reinys mainly used Lithuanian terms. Purely Lithuanian one-word and complex terms make up more than half of the terms analyzed. International terms make up only ten percent of all the terms researched. Almost all international one-word terms came from Latin and Greek.

The majority of terms name emotions and feelings, psychical and physiological processes, processes of cognition. There are several terms naming mental disorders, character types, branches, laws and theories of psychology.

The majority of complex terms are two-word terms. Three-word and longer terms are very rare.

The comparison of terminology used by Reinys and the present terminology of psychology shows that quite a lot of terms fell out of use, their classification changed and new terms emerged.

Gauta 2009-12-07

Rita Katelytė Lietuvių kalbos institutas P. Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius E. paštas: [email protected]

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