Terms in the First Lithuanian Arithmetic Problem Book

DIANA ŠILOBRITAITĖ

Lietuvių kalbos institutas

More than a hundred years ago, the first printed Lithuanian arithmetic problem book, Užduotinas, tai ira Rankius užduocziu Aritmetikos arba Rokundos mokslo (1885), was published in Tilsit. The title page states that the author of Užduotino was J. Gailutis. This is the pseudonym of Jonas Spudulis (1860–1920), a prominent Lithuanian public figure of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, a “self-taught linguist and physician” (Sabaliauskas 1979: 177). J. Spudulis studied medicine at Moscow University and graduated from the St. Petersburg Military Medical Academy. He was also interested in the Lithuanian language, contributed to the publication of A. Juška’s dictionary, and collected material from spoken language for his own Lithuanian dictionary. Unfortunately, the dictionary materials, as A. Sabaliauskas notes, “were lost during the First World War” (Sabaliauskas 1979: 177). J. Spudulis also studied Lithuanian place names and personal names, and coined terms in arithmetic and geometry (LTE 1983: 354). According to J. Palionis, J. Spudulis was one of the Dawn-era activists with the greatest knowledge of linguistic matters (Palionis 1995: 205).

J. Spudulis’s Užduotinas is modest in size—80 pages. It consists of three sections (I. Grini skaitliai; II. Praminti skaitliai; III. Nuotrupos), answers to the problems (Atsakai), a multiplication table (Lentelė (tobliczia) dauginimo), an appendix (containing various names for units of measurement), and a brief glossary of terms, Nekurie nepriprasti žodžiai.

The glossary, Nekurie nepriprasti žodžiai, lists alphabetically 58 one-word and compound head terms. Explanations of two terms are given in parentheses: kartrodis (parodo kiek kartu dalitojas įsitenka dalitiname) S 79 and padaras (tai, kas padarita) S 79. Almost all the Lithuanian terms are accompanied by equivalents. Some terms have Lithuanianized Latin and Polish equivalents, for example: atimti, subtraherūti, odjąć S 79, dalitojas, diwiso-rius, dzielnik S 79, darytojai, faktoral, czynnik i S 79, dauginti, multiplicerūti, mnożyċ S 79; others have German and Polish equivalents, for example: nūtrupos, brüche, ułamki S 79, rokūtojas, zähler, licznik S 79. For some terms, only one equivalent is provided

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(Polish, German, or Lithuanianized Latin). There are cases in which Lithuanian terms have no equivalents (see Rumšas 1973: 166–167; 1978: 57 for more details).

A copy of the manuscript of Užduotino is held at the Library of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences (Aritmetikos uždavinynas iš kurio mokė kunigas Katelė. Gauta pas Paliepio gyventoją Šinkūnienę); it was found around 1933. The first and last pages of the manuscript are torn. It is thought to have been written around 1879–1880, while the surviving copy was made around 1880–1885. The manuscript differs somewhat from the printed Užduotino. It lacks the Nuotrupų section and the glossary of terms, Nekurie nepriprasti žodžiai. The manuscript is 68 leaves long. It should be noted that one term in the manuscript is accompanied by an explanation: Kubikas vadinas bile koks daiktas kuria wisas 6 szalis ira vienodas. <...>. In the printed edition, kubiko is no longer present; it is replaced by the term kubas, defined as follows: Kubu wadinasi toks daigtas, kursai tur 6 szalis, wisas vienodas ir ligias S 77.

This article examines more than 200 terms found in the first Lithuanian arithmetic problem book. They are described according to their origin, structure, and synonymous and variant forms, and are also compared with arithmetic terms found in the first mathematical glossaries (by M. Šikšnys and Z. Žemaitis) and in current use. The terms were collected from the printed problem book, its appendix, and its glossary. The article examines not only the arithmetic terms found, but also general scientific and interdisciplinary terms.

1. ONE-WORD TERMS IN J. SPŪDULIS’S PROBLEM BOOK. THESE ARE THE TERMS OF RANKIUS’S PROBLEM BOOK, ARITHMETICS, OR THE SCIENCE OF ROKUNDA

The vast majority of all the terms found are one-word terms. By origin, they are divided into terms of Lithuanian origin, non-Lithuanian origin, and hybrid terms.

Terms of Lithuanian origin

One-word general scientific, interdisciplinary, and arithmetic terms make up about 64.5% of all the terms found. More than half of them—60.5%—are of Lithuanian origin. Some general scientific, interdisciplinary, and mathematical terms are still used today (although the spelling of some has changed), e.g.: distance S 12, heigth S 57 / height S 49 (now height), edge (now edge) S 47, size S 24 / size S 31 (now magnitude), size S 52, two-

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colon S 79 (now colon), row S 79 (now row), speed S 46, speed (now speed) S 30, length (now length) S 19, angle S 77, scale S 76, surface (now surface) S 79, width (now width) S 37, reduction S 40, enlargement S 80, distance (now distance) S 33, task S 80 (now task), vertex S 77 (now vertex), sign S 80 (now sign), and so on. J. Spudulis’s terms height S 57 /height S 49 (now height), speed S 30, length S 19, width S 37, distance S 33 are now considered ordinary words of the common language. The verbs subtract S 79, divide (now divide) S 79, multiply S 79, add (now add) S 80, which are included in the problem book’s glossary of terms, are also used in present-day mathematical language, as are the numbers ten S 79, hundred S 80.

The concept of “number” in the problem book is designated by the term skaitlius S 23, while “answer” is designated by the term atsakas S 68, which is also recorded in Z. Žemaitis’s collection of terms: atsakas; atsakymas – omom Žem 50 (cf. омом – atsakymas; atsakas Žem 23).

The term kabliai S 79, which is not given in LKŽ in the sense of “parentheses,” is worth noting separately. LKŽ also does not record the meanings “zero” for the unattested term nėkis S 79, “fraction” for nuotrupa S 79, or “denominator” for žimėtojas S 80; these meanings are supplied in J. Spudulis’s Užduotine.

J. Spudulis designated the concept of “unit” with the term vienatis. In his view, the other terms were unsuccessful: “vienė, vienibė, vieneris (Schl.) seem to me unsuitable, or signify something entirely different” S 80.

The names of the principal arithmetic operations and the concepts associated with them, which have not survived, stand out. First of all, it should be noted that the term veiksmas “fundamental mathematical operation” (DŽ₆) is not used in J. Spudulis’s problem book; instead, it gives the term veikmė S 21. The names of the principal arithmetic operations—addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division—are likewise absent from the problem book. They are designated by the terms sudėjimas S 3, atėmimas S 7, dauginimas S 13, and dalijimas S 17. It should be noted that M. Šikšnys’s glossary of terms includes both sets of terms mentioned above, though they have nuances of meaning (for a fuller discussion, see Šilobritaitė 2008: 180–196).

Terms of Lithuanian origin denoting quantities on which arithmetic operations are performed are likewise no longer used in mathematical science: dau-gintojas “multiplier” S 26, padaras “product” S 13, dalitojas “divisor” S 18, kartrodis “quotient” S 18. LKŽ does not record kartrodis, nor does it give the mathematical meanings of the terms daugintojas, padaras, dalitojas.

In the glossary of terms in Užduotino, the term skirtumas S 79 is given for the result of subtraction under the heading Nekurie nepriprasti žodžiai, but in the text of the problem book the term used is

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only likius S 8 is used. It should be noted that the result of division is also called by the term Užduotine likius S 18.

Other Lithuanian terms related to the names of arithmetic operations are expressed in two ways: by a one- or two-word term¹ (with the addition of the term skaitlius “number”), namely atimtinas S 8 and atimtinas skaitlius S 8 / atimtinas skaitlius S 79 “subtrahend,” dalitinas S 18 and dalitinas skaitlius S 79 “dividend”; mažintinas S 8 and mažintinas skaitlius S 79 “minuend.” “Multiplicand” is expressed only by the two-word term daugintinas skaitlius S 79.

J. Spudulis used one term to designate two different concepts: “The product of two numbers = 21 808; one multiplier = 375; find the other multiplier!” S 18. Daritojais here refers to daugintinas skaitlius “multiplicand” S 79 and daugintojas “multiplier” S 18.

The problem book examined contains a considerable number of different Lithuanian names for units of measurement, which are used not only in the text but also listed in the appendix at the end of the book². These are:

units of length³: pėda S 76 “an ancient unit of length (approximately 28.8 cm), now used in England and America”; pusmatis S 76 “half a mast, a cubit”; sieksnis S 76 “a unit of length equal to 2.13 m”; ūlek­tis S 76 “a unit of length equal to the distance from the elbow to the fingertips (66–71 cm), a cubit.” In the earliest glossaries of mathematical terms (by Ž. Žemaitis and M. Šikšnys), the terms pėdas Žem 79 (pėda S 76) and sieksnis S 18, Žem 86 are also included;

grain-measuring units: sėtuve S 78 “a measure of grain quantity, half a quarter” (LKŽ_e this meaning of the word was included from the dictionaries of F. Kurschat and F. Neselman);

units of time: amžius S 78, diena S 78, mėnuo S 78, metas (pabuvinis metas tur 366 dienas) S 78, szimtmetis S 78;

unit of liquid measure kibiras S 78;

paper measures: lapas S 78, laksztas S 78, laiszkas “a leaf of a book; a page” S 78;

monetary unit auksinas S 78.

The unit of measure dalis S 77, which is listed in the section Mėros sunkumo (“Units of weight” – D. Š.) in the appendix to the problem book: 1 pound has 32

¹ The structure, origin, and synonymy of two-word terms are discussed in other sections of the article.

² Most of the names of the units of measurement examined come from the appendix to Užduotino. The names used in the text will be discussed only in the section on synonyms.

³ The meanings of the units of measurement are taken from LKŽ_e.

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lotu; 1 lot has 3 zolotniks; 1 zolotnik has 96 parts S 77, J. Spudulis apparently used it as a measure of weight, e.g., Wiena kubiška pėda oro sveria 8 zal. (zolotniks – D. Š.) 48 parts <...> S 60, but this meaning is not recorded in LKŽₑ.

Terms of non-Lithuanian origin

Terms of non-Lithuanian origin make up 36.4% of all one-word terms. Only a few terms of foreign origin that are still in use in mathematics occur in J. Spudulis’s Užduotine: kubas S 47, minutė S 14, numeris S 79, sekunda S 14 (now sekundė), suma S 7.

Other terms of non-Lithuanian origin presented in the Užduotine are names of various units of measurement (incidentally, the concept of “measure” is also denoted by the foreign word mėra S 76). They have come from neighboring Slavic (Russian, Polish, and Belarusian) or German languages (based on LKŽₑ data). These are:

units of length: arszinas (Russian аршин) S 76, colis (German Zoll) S 76, linija S 76 (given in a section of the problem book’s appendix, Mėros (saikai) ilgumo: 1 dūvime 10 linijų S 76 (cf. also: <...> koks galas kartės kiszoja wirszuj wandenio, jeigu upė tur 9 pėdas 2 d (dūvimus – D. Š.) 5 linijas gilumo S 45)), milia (Polish mila “a measure of road length—approximately 7 versts”) S 76, wiorstas (warstas) (Polish wiorsta) S 76, werszkas (Russian вершок⁴) S 76;

units of weight: birkuva S 77 (in LKŽₑ recorded only in Salantai, Grūžiai, and Laukuva, and listed with a see reference to birk(u)vas (Russian берковец)), kuntas (Belarusian хунм) S 77, lotas S 77 (in LKŽₑ, ×lotas, “a common pound equal to 32 lots,” is listed with a see reference to latas (Polish lot, German Loth)), zalatnikas S 77 (in LKŽₑ recorded as ×zolotnikas (-nykas) (Slavic): “a pound contains 96 zolotnyks”);

grain-measuring units: czetwerikas S 78, czetwertis S 78 (×czetvertis see čvertis (Polish ćwierć, Belarusian чверць) “a quarter, one fourth” in LKŽₑ), gorčius (Russian горчец) S 78, kulia (Russian куль) S 78, kwarta (German Quart, Polish kwarta, Belarusian кварта) S 78, kwaterka (Belarusian кватэрка) S 78, lasztas S 78 (in LKŽₑ recorded only as ×lostas “a measure for bulk goods” (German Last));

units of time: adina (Belarusian адзіна) S 79, nedelia (Belarusian нядзеля) S 78;

monetary units: berlinka (Polish berlinka) S 78, ditka (Polish dytek) S 78, groszis (German Groschen “a ten-pfennig coin, formerly a four-pfennig coin,” Polish grosz) S 78, griwina (Belarusian грыўня) S 78, imperijolas (Russian империал) S 78, kapeika (Russian копейка) S 78, marka (German Mark) S

⁴ Kilmė nustatyta remiantis M. Fasmerio žodynu (Фасмер 1986: 302).

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78, rublis (Russian рубль) S 78, skatīkas S 78 (Polish sko(j)ciec, skojejc (for more, see Fraenkel 1962: 798));

paper measures: arkužas (Polish arkusz) S 78, libras S 78 (in the Glossary of Foreign and Unintelligible Words, Polish libra “24 sheets or ark sheets of paper” (Šlapelis 1907: 60)), reza S 43 / reza S 78 (German Ries, Polish reza);

liquid measures: bączka S 78 (Belarusian бочка 2. “an old measure of capacity (about 24 pūdai)” LKŽₑ), sztofas (German Stōf) S 78, węd ras (Polish wiadro, Belarusian вядро “the amount that fits in such a vessel” LKŽₑ) S 78;

area unit desetina S 3 / desėtina (Belarusian десятина⁵) S 76.

The non-systemic units of medicinal mass used in the problem book (whose origin was determined on the basis of TŽŽₑ) are classified as units of measurement: drachma (Greek drachmē “handful”) S 77, granas (Latin granum “little grain”) S 77, skrupulas (Latin scrupulum) S 77, uncija (Latin uncia “one twelfth”) S 77.

It is important to mention that LKŽₑ records only the length-measure units of non-Lithuanian origin diuimas S 76 and futas S 76, and does not give the meaning of štofas (German Stōf) as a liquid-measure unit⁶.

Hybrid terms

In the material under study, hybrid terms make up only 3.1% of all one-word terms. The hybrid term Užduotine denotes the concept of “numerator”: rokūtojas S 79, which is derived from the verb rokūti S 79 (Belarusian рахаваць, Polish rachować). It is important to note that LKŽₑ does not record the meaning “numerator” for rokūtojo S 79: rokuotojas 1. “one who calculates or counts”; rokuotojas 2. “one who sorts.” M. Šikšnys’s glossary of terms already includes skaitiklis Š 19.

Other hybrid terms are the monetary units dugriuvinis S 78 and pusruoblis S 78, as well as the liquid-measure unit pusiau sztofis S 78.

2. COMPOUND TERMS IN J. SPŪDULIS’S PROBLEM BOOK. THESE ARE TERMS OF ARITHMETIC, OR THE SCIENCE OF CALCULATION, IN RANKIUS’S PROBLEMS

Compound terms are less numerous (35.5% of all terms) in the problem book. In terms of structure, they are divided into two-word and three-word terms. In terms of origin, terms whose components are all Lithuanian words predominate.

⁵ Kilmė nustatyta remiantis E. Frenkelio žodynu (Fraenkel 1955: 91).

⁶ Remiamasi M. Fasmerio žodynu (Фасмер 1987: 479).

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2.1. Two-word terms

Two-word terms make up 84.5% of all compound terms. In terms of expression, they are divided into phrases with agreeing and non-agreeing modifiers.

Most modifiers in agreeing two-word arithmetic terms are non-definite, e.g.: daugeriopas sk.⁷ S 79, dwejatūtas sk. S 79, gulszczias brukszmis S 79, gulszczias križius S 79, grini skaitliai S 3, įvairus sk. S 79, maiszitos užduotis S 21, nežinomas skaitlius S 21, pilningi skaitliai S 79, vienodi sk. S 80. Some terms are used in both definite and non-definite forms, e.g.: atimtinasis skaitlius S 8 / atimtinas skaitlius S 79, pramintieji skaitliai S 40 / praminti skaitliai S 40, sudėtinasis skaitlius S 8 / sudėtinas skaitlius S 13.

Two-word measurement-unit names with an agreeing modifier are formed using only two adjectival components—ketvirtainiszkas (-a) and kubiszkas (-a). The head components of these terms are expressed by words of non-Lithuanian origin denoting units of measurement, e.g.: ketvirtainiszka milia S 76, ketvirtainiszka pėda S 76, ketvirtainiszkas arszinas S 76, ketvirtainiszkas sieksnis S 76, ketvirtainiszkas werszkas S 76, kubiszka milia S 77, kubiszka pėda S 77, kubiszkas arszinas S 77, kubiszkas sieksnis S 77, kubiszkas werszkas S 77, kubiszkas wiorstas S 77, and so on. In Z. Žemaitis’s collection of terms, he proposes replacing the Lithuanian term ketvirtainis with a term formed using the suffix -inis: ketvirtainis=kvadratinis Žem 65. M. Šikšnys regards the Lithuanian term ketvirtainiai (kvadratiniai) matai Š 10 as primary. Interestingly, Z. Žemaitis’s collection distinguishes between the terms kubiškas (kūnas) Žem 67 and kūbinis (metras) Žem 67: kūbiškas (cube-shaped) and kūbinis (third-degree). Thus, J. Spudulis’s use of kubiškas corresponds to Z. Žemaitis’s kūbinis, which has the Lithuanian equivalent šeštainis Žem 92.

Terms with a non-agreeing modifier are expressed by the singular genitive, e.g.: dalijimo žimė S 79, dauginimo žimė S 79, ligumo žimė S 79. Some such terms use an unusual word order, e.g.: atėmimas nuotrupu S 65, kiltis nuotrupu S 61, padidinimas nuotrupu S 63, pamažinimas nuotrupu S 63, sudėjimas nuotrupu S 65, sutrumpinimas nuotrupu S 62. This group also includes a two-word mathematical term whose non-agreeing modifier is international in origin, while the head component is Lithuanian: kūbo brauna S 47.

Among two-word terms, the time-measurement unit laikas lig laiko should be noted.

⁷In the problem book, the abbreviations sk. and skt. stand for the term “skaitlius” (number).

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S 79, which names the concept of a “day”: 1 week has 7 times as long as S 79; 1 day (=day lasts a day – D. Š.) has 24 hours.

2.2. Three-word terms

The three-word terms used in the arithmetic book most often have two agreeing modifiers. The first agreeing modifier in such terms is expressed by an adjective formed from a numeral with the suffix -opas: eightfold unknown number S 24, ninefold unknown number S 25, twofold unknown number S 24, fourfold unknown number S 24, fivefold unknown number S 21, sevenfold unknown number S 24, sixfold unknown number S 24, threefold unknown number S 21. The three-word term double unknown number S 25 also has two agreeing modifiers.

The form of two three-word terms is somewhat different—the head element has a non-agreeing modifier with its own agreeing modifier: great unknown number S 24, measure of a higher sum S 41.

3. SYNONYMOUS AND VARIANT FORMS OF TERMS

Relatively few instances of synonymous and variant forms were found in the Užduotine. The article classifies synonyms as single-word and compound.

3.1. Synonymy of single-word terms

In terms of origin, the article divides single-word synonymous terms into several groups: synonymous terms of Lithuanian origin, synonymous terms of foreign origin, and synonymous terms of mixed origin. In the Užduotino glossary and appendix, synonyms are given in parentheses, separated by a comma, or joined by the conjunction or. In the arithmetic book’s text, synonyms are used interchangeably, or only one of the synonyms is used. There are cases when none of the synonyms given in the glossary or appendix is recorded in the text of the Užduotino.

3.1.1. Terms of Lithuanian origin: synonyms. The glossary includes terms from two-member synonym sets brukszmis (–), rūžas S 79⁸; ženklas, žimė S 80, terms from three-member synonym sets dėmė, žimė, ženklas S 79; perziura (bandimas, mėginimas) and a four-member verb synonym set paskirti (apskelmbti, nulemti, apskrieti) S 78. In the text of the Užduotino text, ne-

⁵ The appendix to the arithmetic book gives a different synonym set: A cube has 12 straight brukszmiu or liniju <...> S 77.

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recorded. The text does not use the following synonymous units of measurement listed in the appendix either: a century or a hundred years S 78, a measure or a cubit S 76.

In the text of the exercise book, only one of the synonyms listed in the glossary is used (the first), which J. Spudulis presumably considered the principal one: daliti (skaiditi) S 79.

It is worth mentioning separately the synonym series given in the appendix to the exercise book: sikelis (siekelis – D. Š.) or setuvė S 78. In the text of the exercise book, only siekelis S 42 is used. However, in the appendix to the arithmetic book J. Spudulis gives preference to the term sėutuvė, one of whose meanings in LKŽe is cited from the dictionaries of G. H. F. Neselman and F. Kuršaitis: sėutuvė 2 “a measure of grain, half a quarter”.

In both the text of the exercise book and the glossary of terms, the terms stambinimas (rupinimas) S 41, S 80 are presented as synonyms.

3.1.2. Synonyms of foreign-origin terms. Of the terms in synonym series, ditka or marka S 78 and skatikas or graszis S 78 were found only in the appendix to the exercise book. The terms in the synonym series given in the appendix to the arithmetic book, czetwertis or kulia S 78 and diuimas or colis S 76, are used interchangeably in the text of the arithmetic book. The synonyms listed in the appendix are swaras (kuntas⁹) S 77, although only the term swaras S 20 is used in the text of the arithmetic book.

3.1.3. Synonyms of terms of diverse origins desetina S 3 /desėtina (deszimtinė), pėda (futas) S 76, wėdras or kibiras S 78 are given in the appendix to the arithmetic book. In the text, the terms pėda S 6 and wėdras S 7 have no synonyms, while desetina /desėtina (deszimtinė) are used interchangeably.

A four-member synonym series is worth mentioning separately, in which one borrowed term in the appendix to the arithmetic book has as many as three Lithuanian equivalents: arkužas (lapas, laksztas, laiszkas) S 78. In the text of the arithmetic book, only arkužas S 14 and laksztas S 37 are used interchangeably. The other terms in this synonym series were not found in the text.

3.2. Synonymy of compound terms

Most of these terms belong to two-member synonym series that differ in their synonymous dependent constituents. In some cases, words with the same root are synonymous, e.g.: atimtinas (atimtinis, atimamas) arithmetic term S 79, daugintinas (daugintinis, dauginamas sk.) S 79, mažintinas (mažintinis, mažinamas sk.) S 79, sudėtinas (sudėtinis, sudedamas sk.) S 80; in others, they have different roots, e.g.: atitraukti (grini) skaitliai S 79, dalitinas (dalijamas, skaiditinas skaitlius) S 79, vienintelis (vienstipis) sk. S 80. All the synonyms mentioned are given in the glossary at the end of the arithmetic book. In the appendix to the arithmetic book

9 In a note (Pasargoje), J. Spudulis writes that “in Lithuania another swaras, called ‘the great vogas,’ is also known” S 77.

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several cases were found in which the main components of compound terms are used synonymously, e.g.: lentelė (tabliczia) dauginimo S 75, meros (saikai) ilgumo S 76, meros (saikai) pawirszio S 76.

3.3. Variant expression of terms

Problem book contains only a few phonetic and spelling variants: augsztumas S 47 / auksztumas S 49, didis S 24 / didis S 31, desetina S 3 / desėtina S 76, slice / notch S 78, problem S 33 / task S 80, wiorstas (warstas)¹⁰ S 76.

CONCLUSIONS

J. Spudulis’s Užduotinas, tai ira Rankius užduocziu Aritmetikos arba Rokundos mokslo is the first printed Lithuanian arithmetic problem book.

The terminology of Užduotino comprises not only mathematical terms, but also general scientific and interdisciplinary terms. A large group consists of names of various units of measurement (of length, weight, liquids, etc.).

In writing Užduotingą, J. Spudulis drew on Lithuanian vocabulary. Accordingly, a characteristic feature of the problem book under analysis is the Lithuanian character of its terminology: most terms (simple and compound) are of Lithuanian origin. Terms of foreign origin are often used to name various units of measurement.

The largest group of the terms examined consists of single-word terms (64.5% of all terms found), which form the basis of compound terms, serving as their principal component. Single-word terms of Lithuanian origin account for 60.5%, those of non-Lithuanian origin for 36.4%, and hybrids for 3.1% of all terms found.

Compound terms (two- and three-word terms) are used less frequently, accounting for 35.5% of all terms found. The subordinate components of these terms (adjectives and participles) are usually non-pronominal forms, although pronominal forms are also sometimes used to name specific concepts.

The terminology of Užduotino is not characterized by synonymy or variant forms. Relatively few cases of synonymy among single-word and compound terms were found. Several phonetic and spelling variants were found in the problem book.

Although most of the terms examined are recorded in the academic Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language, a small number of the terms found (or their meanings) are nevertheless absent from LKŽ.

¹⁰The form wiersas found in the problem book text, S 23, may be a proofreading error.

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MAIN SOURCE

S – J. Spudulis. Užduotinas, tai ira Rankius užduocziu Aritmetikos arba Rokundos mokslo (a collection of various examples compiled by J. Gailutis). Tilsit, 1885.

ADDITIONAL SOURCES

DŽ₆ – Dictionary of Contemporary Lithuanian (electronic edition), Vilnius, 2006.

LKŽ – Lietuvių kalbos žodynas (I-XX, 1941–2002), Vilnius, 2005. Interneto prieiga: <http://www.lkz.lt>.

Š – M. Šikšnys Aritmetikos ir algebros terminų žodynėlis, Vilnius, 1919.

TŽŽ – Interleksis. Computerized Dictionary of International Words (electronic edition). Ed. A. Kinderys, Vilnius, 2002.

Žem – Z. Žemaitis Geometrijos ir trigonometrijos terminų rinkinėlis, Kaunas, 1920.

LITERATŪRA

Fraenkel E. 1955: Litauisches etymologisches Wörterbuch 1. A – priekeiuoti, Heidelberg.

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TERMS OF THE FIRST LITHUANIAN EXERCISE BOOK OF ARITHMETIC

Užduotinas, tai ira Rankius užduocziu Aritmetikos arba Rokundos mokslo (Exercise book, or a selection of tasks of arithmetic or of the science of calculation) by Jonas Spudulis published in 1885 is the first printed Lithuanian exercise book of arithmetic. The book in 80 pages has three chapters, a list of solutions to the tasks (Atsakai), a multiplication table (Lentelė (tobliczia) dauginimo), an appendix which includes names of various measures and a small glossary of terms Nekurie nepriprasti žodžiai (Some unusual words).

This article deals with over 200 general terms, interdisciplinary terms and terms of mathematics used in Užduotinas.

Spudulis tried to use Lithuanian vocabulary in Užduotinas. A characteristic feature of this exercise book is the large number of one-word and complex terms which are of the Lithuanian origin. Foreign origin terms in this book most frequently are used to name measures.

The biggest group of terms researched are one-word terms (64,5% of all terms). 60,5% of them are words of Lithuanian origin, 36,4% – non-Lithuanian origin and 3,1% – hybrids.

Complex terms in two and three words make up about one third of terms researched. The subordinate components of these terms (adjectives and participles) are indefinite, but occasionally definite forms were used to name specific concepts.

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Diana Šilobritaitė | Pirmojo lietuviško aritmetikos uždavinyno terminai

Synonymy and variability are not characteristic to Užduotinas. There is a comparatively small number of synonymous one-word and complex terms. Only a few cases of phonetic or orthographical variants were found.

The majority of terms researched were included in Lietuvių kalbos žodynas (Dictionary of Lithuanian), nonetheless some terms (or their meanings) have not been recorded.

Gauta 2009-12-01

Diana Šilobritaitė Lietuvių kalbos institutas P. Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius E. paštas: [email protected]

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