Pirmojo lietuviško aritmetikos uždavinyno terminai

Terms of the first Lithuanian arithmetic problem DIANA ŠILOBRITAITĖ Lithuanian Language Institute more than a hundred years ago in Tilžė published the first printed Lithuanian arithmetic problem Zaduotinas, tai ira Rankius uzduocziu Aritmetikos arba Rokundos mokslo (1885). The title page states that the author of the task is J. Gailutis. This is the nickname of a prominent Lithuanian social figure of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the “self-taught linguist doctor” Jonas Spudulis (1860-1920) (Sabaliauskas 1979: 177). At the University of Moscow, Spudilis studied medicine. graduated from St. Petersburg Military Medical Academy. He was also interested in Lithuanian language, contributed to the publication of A. Juška’s dictionary and collected material from the living language for his Lithuanian language dictionary. Unfortunately, the material of the dictionary, as A. Sabaliauskas points out, “died during the First World War” (Sabaliauskas 1979: 177). J. Spudulis also studied Lithuanian place names, personal names, and created terms for arithmetic and geometry (LTE 1983: 354). According to J. Palionis, J. Spudulis is one of the most knowledgeable of the Dawnists in the field of language (Palionis 1995: 205). J. Spudulio Assignment is a small volume — 80 pages. It consists of three chapters (I. Green numbers; II. Fake numbers; III. Fractions), answers to the problems (Answers), a table of multiplication (Table (tobliczia) of multiplication), an appendix (it gives various names of units of measurement) and a glossary of terms Some unusual words. In the glossary Some unusual words in alphabetical order are given 58 interpretations of their terms: kartrodis (shows how many times the divider fits into the divided) S 79 and padaras (that which is made) S 79. Almost all Lithuanian terms have their equivalents. Some terms have Latin and Polish equivalents, e.g.: subtract, antraštiniai vienažodžiai ir sudėtiniai terminai. Skliausteliuose pateikti dviesubtraheruti, odjgc S 79, divisor, diwisorius, dzielnik S 79, makers, factors, czynniki S 79, multiply, multipliceriti, mnozy¢ S 79, others — German and Polish equivalents, e.g.: nutrupos, briiche, utamki S 79. rokūtojas, zdhler. counter S 79. Some terms have only one equivalent (Polish, German or Latinized Latin). There are cases when Lithuanian terms do not have equivalents (see more. Rumšas 1973: 166-167; 186 Diana Šilobritaitė | Terms of the First Lithuanian Arithmetic Problem 1978: 57). The library of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences holds a copy of the manuscript of UZduotinas (Arithmetic problem from which priest Katelė taught. Received from Šinkūnienė, a resident of Paliepis), which was found about 1933. The first and last pages of the manuscript are torn. It is believed that the manuscript was written about 1879-1880.. and the preserved copy of the manuscript was made about 1880-1885. It does not include the Fragments section and the glossary Some unusual words, The volume of the manuscript is 68 pages. It should be said that in the manuscript one term is given with an explanation: Kubikas vadinas bile koks daiktas kuria wisas 6 szalis ira vienodas. <...>. In the printed publication the cube is no longer used, it is replaced by the term cube, which is defined as follows: Kubu wadinasi toks daigtas, kursai tur 6 szalis, wisas wienodas ir ligias S 77. This article examines over 200 terms found in the first Lithuanian arithmetic problem book. They are described according to their origin, structure and synonymic and variant expression, and also compared with the arithmetic terms presented in the first dictionaries of mathematical terms (M. Šikšnis and Z. Žemaitis) and the current ones. Terms are collected from the printed text of the exercise, the appendix and the glossary. The article examines not only arithmetic, but also general scientific and interdisciplinary terms. 1. UNISEXUALLY J. SPUDULIO ASKED. TAI IRA RANKIAUS UZDUOCZIU ARITMETIKOS The majority of all the found terms consist of single-word terms. According to their origin, they are divided into terms of Lithuanian origin, non-Lithuanian origin and hybrid terms. Terms of Lithuanian origin One-word general scientific, interdisciplinary and arithmetic terms make up about 64.5% of all found terms. More than half of them – 60.5% – are of Lithuanian origin. Some of the general scientific, interdisciplinary and mathematical terms are still used today (some spelling has changed), e.g.: atstumas S 12, aukštumas S 57 /augsztumas S 49 (now height), brauna (now edge) S 47, didis S 24 /didis S 31 (now size), didumas S 52, dwiTerminologija | 2009 | 16 187 taszkis S 79 (now colon), eilė S 79 (now row), greitis S 46, greitis (now speed) S 30, ilgis (now length) S 19, kampas S 77, skalė S 76, pawrszis (now surface) S 79, platuma (now width) S 37, smulkinimas S 40, stambinimas S 80, tolimas (now far) S 33, užduotis S 80 (now task), wirszune S 77 (now vertex), ženklas S 80 (now sign) and others. J. Spudilis's terms altitude S 57 /altitude S 49 (now altitude), speed S 30, longitude S 19, latitude S 37, distance S 33 are now considered ordinary common language words. The verbs subtract S 79, divide (now divide) S 79, multiply S 79, add (now add) S 80 and the numbers decimtis S 79, szimtas S 80 are also used in the language of modern mathematics. The concept of “number” is referred to in the problem book by the term skaitliai S 23, and “answer” — by the term atsakas S 68, which is still recorded in Z. Žemaitis’ terminology: atsakas; answer —omemm Zet 50 (see omerm —answer; answer Zet 23). The term hooks S 79, which is not presented in the meaning of "brackets" in the LKŽ, should be mentioned separately. LKZ, unrecorded and unpreserved terms nekis S 79 "zero", nuotrupa S 79 "fragment", nominator S 80 "denominator" meanings are given in J. Spudulis Užduotis. J. Spudulis called the concept of “unit” the term singular. In his opinion, the other terms had failed: „wienė, wienibe, wieneris (Schl.), it seems to me, does not fit, or denotes with wisu something else“ S 80. There is no clear distinction between the basic arithmetical operations and their associated concepts. First of all, it should be said that the term action “basic mathematical operation” (BMO) is not used in J. Spudulis’s problem book — it presents the term in the verb S 21. The names of the basic arithmetic operations addition, subtraction, multiplication and division are also absent in the problem book. They are called addition S 3, subtraction S 7, multiplication S 13, division S 17. It is worth mentioning that both of these terms are presented in M. Šikšnio glossary, but they have different meanings (see Šilobritaitė 2008: 180—196). The terms of Lithuanian origin, naming the quantities with which arithmetic operations are performed, are also no longer used in mathematical science: multiplier „daugiklis“ S 26, creature „sandauga“ S 13, divisor „daliklis“ S 18, cartrodis „dalmuo“ S 18. In LKŽ, cartrodis not fixed and not given terms multiplier, creature, divisor of mathematical meaning. In the glossary of terms of the exercise Some unusual words for naming the result of subtraction the term difference S 79 is presented, but in the text of the exercise the term 88 Diana Silobritaité | Terms of the First Lithuanian Arithmetic Problem only for losses S 8. It should be said that the result of the division of the task is called the term destiny S 18. Other Lithuanian terms related to the names of arithmetic operations are named in two ways: one-word or two-word"' (by adding the term skaitliai "number- ") terms subtractable S 8 and subtractable numbers S 8 / subtractable numbers S 79 "content- ", divisible S 18 and divisible numbers S 79 "part", decreasing S 8 and decreasing numbers S 79 "subtraction". The "multiple" is named only by the two-word term multiplicable numbers S 79. Two different concepts were named by J. Spudulis in one term: "Being with two numbers = 21 808; one maker = 375; discover another maker!" The factorials here are the multiplier S 79 and the multiplier S 18. In the presented problem, a number of different Lithuanian names of units of measurement were found, which are used not only in the text, but also in the appendix at the end of the problem.” These are: units of measurement of length“: foot S 76 „such an ancient measure of length (about 28.8 cm), now used in England, America“, pusmastis S 76 „half a measure, a cubit“, sieksnis S 76 „measure of length, equal to 2.13 m“, dlektis S 76 „measure of length, equal to the distance from the elbow to the tips of the fingers (66-71 cm), scale“, In the first dictionaries of mathematical terms (Z. Žemaitis and M. Šikšnis) the terms feet Zem 79 (foot S 76) and measure Š 18, Zem 86 are also presented; units of grain counting: setuve S 78 „toks grūdų kiekio matas, pusė ketvirčio“ (LKŽ, this word is inserted in this sense from the dictionaries of E. Kuršaitis and E. Neselman- ); units of time: age S 78. day S 78. month S 78, year (the old year has 366 days) S 78, century S 78; unit of measurement of liquids bucket S 78; paper sizes: sheet S 78, sheet S 78, letter "book sheet; page’ S 78; currency gold S 78. The unit of measurement is part S 77, which is presented in the appendix to the exercise book in the section Measure of gravity (Units of weight —D. S.): 1 swaras tur 32'The structure, origin and synonymy of the biword terms are discussed in other sections of the article. > Most of the names of the units of measurement are taken from the Appendix. The names used in the text will be discussed only in the synonyms section. Values of units of measurement are given from LKŽZ,.. Terminology | 2009 | 16 189 lot; I lots there 3 zalatnikus; 1 zalatnikas tur 96 daļas S 77, J. Spudulis, apparently, held weight measure, e.g., Wiena kubiszka pėda oro sveria 8 zal. (zalatnikus —D. S.) 48 part — S 60, but this value in LKZ, is not adjusted. Terms of non-Lithuanian origin constitute 36.4% of all single-word terms. There are only a few mathematical terms of foreign origin that are now used in J. Spudulio Užduotis: cube S 47, minute S 14, number S 79, second S 14 (now second), sum S 7. Other terms of non-Lithuanian origin presented in UzZduotine are the names of various units of measurement (by the way, the concept of “measure” is also referred to as foreignness mera S 76). They have come from neighbouring Slavic languages (Russian, Polish and Belarusian) or Germanic languages (according to the LKZ). These are: units of length: arszin (Russian: apwun) S 76, inch (German: Zoll) S 76, line S 76 (presented in the appendix section Measures (times) of length: I diuime 10 liniju S 76 (also cf.: — koks galas kartės kiszoja wirszuj vandens, jeigu upė tur 9 pėdų 2 d (diuimus —D. Š.) 5 linijas gylio S 45)), milia (Polish: mila "measure of road length — about 7 varstai") S 76, wiorsta (Polish: wiorsta) S 76, werszkas (Russian: 6eepuox*) S 76; units of weight: birkuwa S 77 (LKZ. is recorded only in Salantus, Grūžiai, Laukuva and is presented with reference see birkuvas (rus. 6epkosey- )), kuntas (brus. xynm) S 77, lotas S 77 (LKZ. xlotas "a simple pound equals 32 lots" is provided with a reference see latas (polk fot, german Loth), zalatnikas S 77 (LKZ. fixed xzolotnik (-nik) (sl.): „the pound has 96 zolotniki“); cereal sequencing units: czetwerik S 78, czetwert S 78 (xczetwert See 1999. pp. 4. "Quarter-finals". ), gorczius (Russian: 2apney) S 78, kulia (Russian: kyo) S 78, kwarta (German: Quart, Polish: kwarta, brush: keapma) S 78, kwaterka (Bruss: keamspka) S 78, lasztas S 78 (LKŽ, recorded only xlost ‘biralų matas’ (German: Last)); units of time: adina (Brus. eOd3ina) S 79, nedzielia (Brus. nsadsens) S 78; monetary units: berlinka (Polish: berlinka) S 78, ditka (Polish: dytek) S 78, graszis (German: Groschen "ten pfenigy coin, formerly four pfenigy coin", Polish: grosz) S 78, griwina (Brus. 2poryna) S 78, imperial (Russian: uMnepua) S 78, kapeika (Russian: Koneūra) S 78, marka (German: Mark) S 1 Origin determined on the basis of M. Fasmer's dictionary (Gacmep 1986: 302). 190 Diana Šilobritaitė | Terms of the First Lithuanian Arithmetic Problem 78, ruble (py67w) S 78, skatyk S 78 (Polish). sko(j)ciec, skojec (see further Fraenkel 1962: 798); Paper sizes: arkusas (Polish: arkusz) S 78, libras S 78 (in the Dictionary of Foreign and Uncommon Words Polish. libra “24 sheets or sheets of paper” (Šlapelis 1907: 60)), reza S 43 /rēza S 78 (German Ries. Polish reza); liquid measuring units: baczka S 78 (brus. 604uxa 2. „an ancient measure of seaking (about 24 pouds)" LKZ,), sztofas (German: Stéf) S 78, wędra (Polish: wiadro, brush: esdpo „a quantity that fits into such a vessel" LK ŽŽ.) S 78; unit of area desetina S 3 /desjatina (brush: desjatina*) S 76. The units of measurement used in the problem are the non-systematic units of mass of medicines (origin determined based on the TZZ.) drachma (Greek drachme "handful- ") S 77, granas (Latin granum "grain") S 77, scrupulum (Latin scrupulum) S 77, ounce (Latin uncia "one twelfth") S 77. It is important to mention that the LKŽ does not record only the non-Lithuanian units of length measurement diuimas S 76 and foot S 76 and does not provide the meaning of the term stofas (German St6f) as a unit of measurement of liquids. " Hybrid terms In the research material hybrid terms make up only 3.1% of all mono-word terms. The hybrid term in the task is the concept of the "counter" rokūtojas S 79, which is made from the verb rokūti S 79 (Brus. paxaeayv, Polish rachowač). It is important to note that in the LKŽ, the meaning of "counter" for the rocker S 79 is not recorded: rokotojas 1. "who calculates, calculates"; rotator 2. „who rocks“, M. Šikšnis’s glossary of terms already contains the numerator Š 19. Other hybrid terms are the monetary units dwigriwinis S 78 and half-ruble S 78 and the unit of measurement of liquids połausztofis S 78. 2. COMPOSITION OF J. SPUDULIS- 'S TASKS. OR ROKUNDOQOS SCIENTIFIC TERMS A little less (35.5% of all terms) in the question found compound terms. With regard to the covenant, they are divided into two-word and three-word. In terms of origin, the terms dominated, all elements of which TAI IRA RANKIAUS UZDUOCZIU ARITMETIKOS are Lithuanian words. The origin is based on E, Frenkel's dictionary (Fraenkel 1955:91). ® Based on M. Fasmer's dictionary {(Dacmep 1987: 479). Terminology | 2009 | 16 191 2.1. Ambiguous terms Two-word terms make up 84.5% of all compound terms. In terms of expression, they are divided into combinations of the harmonic and non-harmonic sign. Most of the combinations of two-word arithmetic terms are not nominative, e.g.: multiples sk." S 79, dwejatiitas sk. S 79, gulszczias brukszmis S 79, gulszczias krizius S 79, grini skaitliai S 3, įvairus sk. S 79, maiszitos uzduotis S 21, unknown numbers S 21, complete numbers S 79, wienodi sk. S 80. Some terms are used in both noun and non-noun forms, e.g.: subtractable number S 8 / subtractable number S 79, subtracted number S 40 / subtracted number S 40, addable number S 8 / addable number S 13. The two-word names of the units of measurement of the harmonized symbol are composed only with two secondary elements —kwadratowy (-a) and kubiczny (-a). The main elements of these terms are represented by words of non-Lithuanian origin, meaning units of measurement, e.g.: ketwirtainiszka milia S 76, ketwirtainiszka pėda S 76, ketwirtainiszkas arszinas S 76, ketwirtainiszkas sieksnis S 76, ketwirtainiškas werszkas S 76, kubiszka milia S 77, kubiszka peda S 77, kubiszkas arszinas S 77, kubiszkas sieksnis S 77, kubiszkas werszkas S 77, kubiszkas wiorstas S 77, etc. Z. Žemaitis proposes to replace the Lithuanian term kvartainis with a term with the suffix -inis: ketvirtainis=kvadratinis Žem 65. M. Šikšnys considers the Lithuanian term: ketvirtainiai (kvadratiniai) matai Š 10 as the main one. It is interesting that in Z. Žemaičio collection there is a distinction between the terms cubic (body) Žem 67 and cubic (meter) Žem 67: cubic (cube-shaped) and cubic (third degree). So J. Spuamatched Saturday Zem 92. The terms of the incompatible certificate are indicated by the singular genitive, e.g.: division zimé S 79, multiplication žimė S 79, legumo žiema S 79. Some of these terms are used in an unusual word order, for example: attenuation by abbreviation S 65, origin by abbreviation S 61, increase by abbreviation S 63, decrease by abbreviation S 63, addition by abbreviation S 65, abbreviation by abbreviation S 62. This group includes a two-word dulio vartojamas kūbiškas atitinka Z. Žemaičio kūbinis, kuris turi lietuvišką mathematical term whose non-compatible notation is international, and the main focus of the term is Lithuanian: cube brauna S 47. The two-word term is distinguished by the unit of time time till time 7 Abbreviations see and sctl. uzdavinyne means the term "numbers" 192 Diana Šilobritaitė | Terms of the First Lithuanian Arithmetic Problem 79, which identifies the concept of the "day": I nedėlia tur 7 laikus lig laiko S 79; 1 I. I. (laikas lig laiko —D. Š.) tur 24 adanas. 2.2. Three-word terms The three-word terms used in the exercise usually have two conjugation marks. The first combining notation of such terms is expressed by adjective. made from the numeral with suffix -opas: aszfuoneriopas unknown number S 24, dewineriopas unknown number S 25, dwejopas unknown number S 24, ketweriopas unknown number S 24, penkeriopas unknown number S 21, septineriopas unknown number S 24, szeszeriopas unknown number S 24, trejopas unknown number S 21. The two alignment marks have also the trizoid term double unknown numbers S 25. The expression of the two three-word terms is somewhat different — the main focus has the unconjugated sign with its conjugated sign: didis of the unknown number S 24, mera of the higher designation S 41. 3, SYNONYMIC AND VARIANTIC EXPRESSION OF TERMS Cases of synonymic and variant expression were found relatively few. In the article, synonyms are divided into singulars and compounds. 3.1. Synonymy of single-word terms In terms of origin, the article divides the one-word synonymous terms into several groups: synonymous terms of Lithuanian origin, synonymous terms of foreign origin and synonymous terms of various origins. In the glossary of terms for the task and in the appendix, synonyms are given in parentheses, separated by a comma or connected by a hyphen or. Synonyms are used in the text of the problem for interchange or only one of the synonyms is used. There are cases when the text of the Assignment does not record any of the synonyms of the terms in the glossary or in the appendix. 3.1.1. The terms of Lithuanian origin are synonyms. The glossary contains the terms of the binary synonyms lines brukszmis (—), ruzas S 79*; sign, zime S 80, three-word synonym line terms déme, Zime, sign S 79; perziura (trying, trying) and keturnarés verbs synonym line designate (circumcise, circumscribe, circumscribe) S 78 In the text of the test not- % The appendix to the test contains a different synonym line: The cube has 12 straight brushstrokes or lines <...> S. 77. Terminology | 2009 | 16 193 recorded. The following synonymous units of measurement listed in the Annex are also excluded from the text: age or century S 78, scale or scale S 76. The text of the task uses only one of the synonyms presented in the dictionary (the first one), which J. Spudulis presumably considered the main one: daliti (shaiditi) S 79. In addition, the synonym line sikelis (siekelis —D. Š.) or sėtuvė S 78 is mentioned separately in the appendix to the questionnaire. Only the sickle S 42 is used in the text of the problem. However, J. Spudulis prefers the term setuve in the appendix to the task, one of the meanings of which in the LKŽ is given from the dictionaries of G. H. E. Neselman and E. Kuršaitis: sėtuvė 2 „such a measure of grain quantity, half a quarter”. Both in the text of the task and in the glossary the terms roughening S 41, S 80 are given as synonyms. 3.1.2. Terms of foreign origin are synonyms. The 78th and 79th rows of the synonymous line terms ditka or marka S 78. skatikas or graszis S 78 are found only in Uzžduotino appendix. The terms czetwertis or kulia S 78, diuim or colis S 76 in the synonym lines in the appendix of the problem are used in the text of the problem for interjection. The synonyms swaras (‘contact- ’) S 77 are given in the appendix, although in the text of the task only the term swaras S 20 is used. 3.1.3. Synonyms of the terms in different languages: desetina S 3 /decimal, S 76, peda (foot) S 76, wedder or bucket S 78 are given in the appendix to the exercise. In the text, the terms peda S 6, wedras S 7 have no synonyms, and desetina /desétina (deszimtine) are used for interjection. A four-letter synonym line is to be mentioned separately, where one borrowed term has three Lithuanian equivalents in the appendix of the dictionary: arkuzas (lapas, laksztas, laiszkas) S 78. In the text of the task, only sheet S 14 and sheet S 37 are used for interpolation. No other terms in this synonym line were found in the text. 3.2. Synonymy of compound terms Most of these terms consist of binary synonym strings that differ in synonymous secondary elements. In some cases, synonymous common root words, e.g.: atimtinas (subtractive, subtractable) sktl. S 79, multipliable (multiplier) S 79, decreasing (decreasing) S 79, compound (compound, adding) S 80, otherwise —non-common roots, e.g.: subtracted numbers S 79, divisible (divisible numbers) S 79, wienintel (wienintype) sk. S 80. All synonyms are listed in the glossary at the end of the exercise. In the attachment of the task * Note (Reserve) |. Spudulis writes that "in Lithuania there is another swara known as the "great woga" S77. 194 Diana Silobritaité | Terms of the First Lithuanian Arithmetic Problem