Term by Term. VII

JONAS KLIMAVIČIUS

POLYSEMOUS INTERNATIONAL

photo- AND photography, LITHUANIAN photograph

The main subject of the article is photographic terminology. However, its inherent connections with light make it necessary to step back and look around. Photography (as a technique) and the techniques and history of taking photographs are discussed here only insofar as they are relevant to the history and present state of the standardization and codification of the polysemy and synonymy of the words in question—specialized (terms) and ordinary—and of their elimination (or at least reduction). For general orientation, the technical types of photography should be listed: ultraviolet and infrared photography, radiography, electrophotography (the most common of the numerous types of electography), digital photography; among types distinguished by the object photographed, the more notable are astrophotography and aerial photography (of part of the Earth's surface) VLE VI 2004.

From the very outset, it is important to emphasize the photograph. On July 19, 1822, the French scientist Joseph Nicéphore Niépce took the first photograph in the world Sav su TV 2006 28 13. More precisely, scientifically speaking: in 1826 [in the 1830s, VLE VI 2004], the Frenchman J. Niépce (J. Niepce) captured an image on a zinc plate coated with light-sensitive asphalt—this was the first photograph (heliograph; exposure lasted as long as 8 hours) TechEnc I 2000 624. The date marking the advent of modern photography is January 7, 1839; at the time, however, it was called daguerreotypy. Incidentally, in Vilnius in 1840 “a daguerreotype brought from France was demonstrated,” and “a daguerreotype studio was established in 1843” VLE VI 2004.

Having established the term photograph in current usage—both serious encyclopedic and popular—we can also add its official, legal and statutory usage: The Civil Code of the Republic of Lithuania also establishes the right to one's image. A photograph (or part of one), portrait, or other image of a natural person may be reproduced, sold, displayed, or printed, and the person may be photographed, only with that person's consent Sav su TV 2007 42 7.

Thus, photography, but photograph. Why? Photography begins with photo-.

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1. The element foto- and abbreviation foto. In the years when photography emerged, spread, and diversified, the element foto-, rich in clipped abbreviations with a photographic meaning, reveals this many-layered diversity extensively (which is why it is more convenient to begin with it). Its basis is p h o t o s e n s i t i v i t y T 1973 265 2, on which are based: p h o t o t e c h n i c s Bt 1969 2 9, T 1973 196 4 (3x), TMtr 1973 10 15, KB 1973 11 48, photographic technician M 1971 5 26, T 1974 7 2, photo company / photography company M ir G 1975 8 55, photo installation Bt 1969 2 9, photo device T 1973 204 3, photo equipment LA 1996 63 3, photo machine (makes hundreds of reproductions of this diagram and reduces them) KV 1982 15 14, photo booth (produces photographs immediately) T 1980 219 3, photo machine Bt 1970 4 24, photo enlarger Bt 1969 9 24, M ir G 1970 8 19, photo lamp Bt 1969 2 9 (3x), T 1973 201 4 (2x), flashbulb M 1971 7 41, photo flash VN 1973 294 2 (2x), photo optics M ir G 1975 8 55, photo lens M ir G 1969 11 54, photo lens KB 1969 10 32, photo camera M ir G 1970 8 8, photo apparatus T 1970 11 23, camera T 1976 219 3, photo exposure meter M 1970 11 23, photo-auto inspector (a certain device that photographs a car and records its speed, and the day, hour, and minute when the speed limit was exceeded) Šv 1973 17 17, photo inspector M ir T 1973 11 47, photo section (intended for photo services; includes the camera itself, a control panel, etc.) T 1976 219 3, photo robot KV 1970 41 11, photorobot “a verbal portrait composed by photomontage on the basis of an eyewitness’s account; <...>” TŽŽ 2001 (Russian фоторобот 1. “a device for producing a composite photographic portrait assembled from parts of photographs of different people,” 2. “a photographic portrait made using such a device” СИС 2005), photo finish (“a photographic or video recording device that captures athletes crossing the finish line” TŽŽ 2001) Sp 1972 35 1: p h o t o g o o d s M 1970 1 16, N 1971 9 56, T 1976 102 4, photo goods M 1970 7 8, T 1973 256 4 (2x), photo goods T 1973 72 3, camera bag M 1970 4 8, photographic material TMkt 1970 27 4, L ir M 1970 29 10, Šv 1972 2 5 // photographic material Šv 1973 23 22 / photographic material Šv 1973 23 23 (2x), photographic film M ir G 1970 3 38, photo film KB 1971 1 61, M ir G 1972 12 34, T 1973 132 3, M 1973 11 37 (photo film FTŽ 2007!), photographic plate M ir G 1970 5 11, 10 24, photographic fabric M ir T 1973 11 11, photographic glass Prg 1975 6 132, film cassette T 1976 228 1, photographic paper M ir G 1970 8 17, photo paper M ir G 1970 1 29, M 1972 11 19, photographic chemicals N 1971 9 56, photographic laboratory L ir M 1970 8 15, TMtr 1973 10 15, photo studio L ir M

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1970 11 6, KB 1971 11 37, photo studio T 1972 280 4 / photography studio TMtr 1973 10 15.

Something remarkable has emerged from the past, for example, the 1888 camera mounted on a sports tricycle—Phototricycle N 1974 1 57. More such modern technological hybrids: photo teleprinter Šv 1973 21 2, phototelevision T 1973 15 1, M ir G 1983 1 36 (“a spacecraft system for photographing celestial bodies (...), automatically processing film, and transmitting the resulting images to Earth via a television channel” TechEnc I 2000), photoheliograph “an astronomical instrument for photographing the Sun” TŽŽ 1936, “a telescope for photographing the Sun” TŽŽ 2001, phototransformer “an optical-mechanical instrument for correcting aerial photographs” TechEnc I 2000, phototheodolite (a synthesis of a camera and <...> a theodolite) KB 1980 7 36, and also KV 1971 36 15 (2x); photographic matching (photo-applying) methods M ir G 5 28, photo application: matching a photograph with a skull LA 1992 53 9. Also worth mentioning are photo-offset printing KB 1971 1 53, electronic phototypesetting machine T 1973 216 4, phototypesetting machines T 1975 131 2, phototypesetting plant L ir M 1980 7 9, and the established photographic typesetting, phototypesetting (it does not photograph, but projects an image onto photographic material) TechEnc I 2000.

From photographic technology to the activity itself—photographic recording L ir M 1972 2 2, 1978 5 3, 1983 23 5, photographic activity L ir M 1980 46 8, photographic process Vd 2005 29 57, photo session N 1971 12 53, photo session Vd 2006 14 22, and to the results—photographic production L ir M 1980 46 8, photograph M 1970 1 17 (2x), Šv 1973 3 22 (2x), T 1973 250 4, photo work L ir M 1970 11 6, photographic creativity LA 1996 64 15, photo frame L ir M 1970 35 12, 1971 43 11, JG 1973 1 31, photo image T 1972 197 1, photo image Prg 1970 3 154, 1974 84 4, little photo L ir M 1981 45 15, photo print T 1982 1 4, 1983 83 4, photo picture KB 1973 11 48, photo portrait Bt 1970 5 7, 23, KV 1970 41 11, photograph NKn 1969 10 14, KB 1971 8 41. There is also photomania LA 1995 136 29, photo hunting MG 1970 9 18 / photo hunting MG 1970 11 8, 1974 1 12, photo hunter M 1970 7 42, MG 1978 8 36, photo gun JG 1981 8 16, camera rifle / photo sniper KV 1978 31 15, photo hunters (: they searched for interesting types) L ir M 1970 20 14.

Various fields of photography have emerged: press photography IQ 2010 7 114, reportage and documentary photography, applied photography—technical, anatomical, and advertising L ir M 1982 28 16. “In 1958 the Journalists’ Union established a photography section; in 1969, the Society of Photographic Art” (TLE III 1987), although the Lithuanian Amateur Photographers’ Union (1933–1940) had already “promoted Lithuanian photographic art abroad” (at the 1937 Paris World’s Fair, Lithuanian

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ruling in?

rinkinys įvertintas aukso medaliu) VLE XIII 2008, o Vilniaus universitete buvusi įsteigta Meninės fotografijos katedra NŽA 2007 11–12 537, Janas Bulhakas tuo metu „dėstė m e n i n ė s f o t o g r a f i j o s pagrindus“ (TLE III 1987). Iš karto plito ir prigijo foto menas KB 1969 10 28 (2x), fotomenas L ir M 1970 2 10, KB 1970 1 74 (net ir foto dailė / fotodailė ir fotoplastika ten pat 69), Prg 1970 3 153, fotomenininkas KB 1969 10 32, 1970 1 69, 75, T 1970 8 4, 39 2 (2x), respublikinė fotomeno draugija T 1970 37 1, fotomeno draugija T 1970 39 2. Nors kurį laiką šiek tiek vartotas ir foto meistras KB 1969 10 29, greta foto meno KB 1974 3 9 ir fotomenininko ten pat 9 (8x), 13 (3x) – ir foto meistras ten pat 9, bet greitai aiškėjo, kad pastarasis tinka visoms fotografijos sritims (Baigusieji šį skyrių įsilies į gausų foto meistrų būrį, dirbantį buitinėje, reportažinėje bei kitose foto srityse M 1970 6 45), o meno teoretikas ir kritikas Anri Vartanovas tiesiai pareiškė: „<...> fotomeno sąvoką reikia kaip nors atriboti nuo fotomeistriškumo, fotoamato, fotoprofesionalizmo“ (Prg 1970 3 153). Jis tada pavartojo ir terminus f o t o e s t e t i k a ten pat, fotožurnalistika ten pat 155, taip pat – lietuvių f o t o m o k y k l a ten pat 163. Vėliau fiksuota f o t o t e o r i j a GKr 1987 41 4, fotokritika T 1974 7 2, 1979 4 15, fotokritikas L ir M 1978 32 12, KmT 1988 212 4, fotoprincipas L ir M 1982 39 9. „J. Bulhakas ketvirtame dešimtmetyje jau buvo suformulavęs savo fotografikos estetines koncepcijas“ (V. Juod BB 1971 25) „fotografijos technikos ir estetikos“ knygoje (lenkų kalba) Fotografika. Meninės fotografijos apybraiža (TLE III 1987). Bet ši f o t o g r a f i k o s reikšmė – 3. „20 a. 1 pusėje Lietuvoje ir Lenkijoje vartotas m e n i n ė s f o t o g r a f i j o s sininimas“ VLE VI 2004 – lietuvių kalboje neprigijo (neaiški ir 2. „fotografijos technika sukurti d a i l ė s kūriniai“ VLE VI 2004), dabartinė fotografika KB 1969 10 32, „fotografika“ KB 1970 6 52 yra „g r a f i n i o v a i z d o fotografija“, 1. „g r a f i n i o d i z a i n o technika, jungianti meninės fotografijos ir grafikos elementus“ VLE VI 2004 (nors: „Terminas dar vartojamas kompiuterine technika apdorotoms fotografijoms a p i b ū d i n t i“), o tokios grafinės nuotraukos kartais pavadinamos žodžiu „fotograma“ KB 1970 6 52, nors jo reikšmės nenusistovėjusios, įvairios: fotograma 2. fiz. techn. „įvairių dydžių laikinio kitimo fot. užrašas“ TŽŽ 2001, fotograma „nuotrauka ant stiklo“ KV 1971 38 15, Jono Meko sukurtos fotogramos, t. y. išryškinti ir padidinti kino kadrai [,] perkelti ant fotopopieriaus LA 1996 63 21, nuo pat fotografijos atsiradimo žinomas, bet tik 1922 m. fotograma įvardytas „abstraktaus arba beveik abstraktaus fot. vaizdo k ū r i m a s be fotoaparato, apšviečiant daiktus, išdėliotus ant šviesai jautraus popieriaus

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(otherwise rayograph—after the surname of the person who established this technique—M. Ray); a work created in this way” VLE VI 2004 (also TŽŽ 2001 photogram 1.); even the television program “Reality Photograms” KV 1983 43 6.

Related terms include photo composition VN 1969 305 1, TMtr 1978 5 P3, GKr 1981 35 6, photo story KV 1982 31 15, T 1983 83 4, photo mosaic M 1969 11 48, photo montage Prg 1970 2 179, GKr 1970 37 7, T 1971 300 4, photo collage Prg 1970 3 154, L ir M 1980 46 8, 1981 51 6, KB 1984 5 68; photo illustration Prg 1970 1 167, N 1972 2 43, T 1972 72 2, photographic reproduction Šv 1972 8 13, VN 1983 82 3, photo wood engraving—“an engraving on wood, made by photographic transfer of an image to the surface of a board and carving it” TŽŽ 2001 (already in TŽŽ 1936), photolithography “the transfer of photographic pictures from a plate to a lithographic stone and printing them by lithographic means” TŽŽ 1936, “lithography using photography (to transfer a drawing onto a lithographic stone)” TŽŽ 1969, photoceramics (“firing photographic images into glass, enamel” TŽŽ 1936) JG 1972 5 6, photo drawing KnT 1970 76 5, photo sculpture (“the application of photography to sculpture; sculpting from a photograph” TŽŽ 1936) KB 1984 5 68, photo fresco Šv 1972 14 29, photo panorama T 1980 209 4.

Also worth mentioning here is postmodernist photorealism, syn. hyperrealism, superrealism (: “Painted from photographs or slides (enlarged images are projected onto the canvas); the properties of the photographic image are imitated precisely: sharpness (...), uniform recording of all details, framing”) VLE VI 2004. And the Soviet era is negatively characterized by photorealism (those inclined to call socialist realism and all Soviet visual art “photorealism,” as the opposite of socialist realism) J. Smul LKn 1962 226. Photographism—“the effort to depict reality in a work of art as precisely as possible in photographic terms” TŽŽ 2001—is likewise merely an imprecise description.

These kinds of photography have quite a number of words of varying frequency and unequal standing—terms, perhaps contenders for term status, or pre-terms—as well as vivid or merely elaborate, odd occasionalisms: photo-fact VN 1981 230 3, Photo-fact (column) VN 1984 114 3, photo chronicle T 1969 283 6, photodocumentary Prg 1970 3 151, GKr 1987 41 4, photodocumentarian VN 1973 246 4, photodocumentary N 1976 10 40, photodocumentary quality L ir M 1980 46 8, photoinformation T 1969 283 6, 1972 290 4 (2x), VN 1973 203 2, KnT 1974 47 2, photo-information and photo-propaganda center T 1970 132 1, photo newspaper VN 1973 203 2, photo diary MG 1973 4 16, L ir M 1981 35 10, photo journal N 1971 8 39, GKr 1987 41 5, photojournalism Prg 1970 3 155, GKr 1987 41 4, ŽŽ 1998 9 5, photojournalist KV 1970 1 1,

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T 1970 8 1, N 1971 7 23, photo reportage GKr 1970 13 8, T 1972 45 1, L ir M 1980 46 8, photo reporter N 1971 8 41, photo report KB 1969 10 28 (3x), photojournalist KB 1969 10 28, photo correspondent T 1969 272 1, photo correspondent M 1973 11 14, photo commentator L ir M 1972 22 12, photo publication L ir M 1982 28 16, photo news L ir M 1972 39 15, photo panorama T 1970 169 3, 185 3, JG 1970 10 28, photo accents L ir M 1979 14 11, Photo Echoes (heading) KmT 1988 184 3, photo advertising T 1974 71 4; photo essay T 1970 8 1, M 1970 5 24, 1971 2 2, KV 1978 49 16, L ir M 1979 15 11, photo novel L ir M 1972 23 5, 1975 28 14, 1978 6 15, 1979 15 11, photo novella T 1970 150 4, L ir M 1979 15 11, photo narrative GKr 1972 18 6, T 1973 193 4, M 1981 2 23, photo comic N 1971 1 42, photo poem L ir M 1979 15 11, KB 1979 6 75 (There is such a genre. It is just very rare. – Virgilijus Juodakis), photo suite T 1982 227 4, “Photo Symphony” T 1971 214 3, Alg. Kunčius’s photo sequence KB 1979 7 43, photo series “Lithuania from a Bird’s-Eye View” T 1980 184 4; photo poster L ir M 1971 10 1, JG 1983 4 17, photo poster KB 1974 2 11, photo visions Atg 1991 32 7, photo impressions GKr 1973 2 5; Photo Kaleidoscope (column) VN 1970 35 4, 1972 273 3, 1978 273 3, photo wordplay M 1971 9 48, 11 48, photo smile KV 1979 36 6, photo joke T 1970 29 4, L ir M 1977 50 16, photo trick L ir M 1974 1 14 (2x), photo riddle KmT 1986 133 3, photo rebus ŠL 1970 9 4, photo retort VN 1970 141 2, ŠL 1987 20 23, photo humor N 1985 8 4, photo caricature L ir M 1970 43 14, photo caricaturist ibid., photo hoax GKr 1987 41 4.

The popularity and spread of photography are also evidenced by many examples: photo agency T 1971 238 4, 239 3, GKr 1971 42 8, N 1974 9 54, photo department Šv 1972 4 2, GKr 1973 2 5 (2x), photo department T 1970 81 1, JG 1972 1 27, photo section M 1969 10 17, GKr 1970 45 8, T 1974 7 2, photo club T 1969 262 2, 1970 8 4 (2x), 1974 7 2, photo club T 1970 8 4, photo group N 1981 4 32, photo circle N 1970 3 18, T 1973 205 4, 218 4, 286 4, 1974 7 2, photo circle KV 1972 16 2, photo organization NŽA 2007 11–12 537, photography enthusiast TMkt 1972 48 4, photo enthusiast GKr 1973 6 6, photo youth KB 1985 8 75, photography services Bt 1982 6 4, photography needs L ir M 1983 30 14, photography trade TMtr 1977 7 P1, photographer M 1971 5 26, photo lab assistant GKr 1987 41 5, female portrait photographer Šv 1978 19 30, female photo model N 1971 10 47, L ir M 1972 13 13, photo model N 1971 1 42, 6 46, Šv 1979 14 30, LA 1993 3 12, female photographic model KmT 1987 229 4, female photo model N 1974 7 57, photo face GKr 1971 37 6; photo exhibition T 1973 193 4, photo exhibi-

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da KB 1972 10 38, photo exhibition L ir M 1972 19 12, photo exposition L ir M 1971 10 15, Prg 1971 5 178, 1972 3 182, T 1973 193 4, GKr 1976 7 8, photo corner L ir M 1972 19 12, photo biennial VN 1980 181 4, photo forum “photo exhibition” Prg 1970 3 153, T 1978 94 4, exhibition “Photo Forum” GKr 1970 1 8, photo vernissage Prg 1970 3 165, photo festival LŽ 2008 110 9, photo salon T 1970 165 2 (4x), L ir M 1978 32 12, photo gallery N 1976 10 40, L ir M 1978 32 12, 1980 35 15 (and photography gallery Prg 1970 3 153, L ir M 1973 24 14), photo museum L ir M 1973 21 10, N 1976 10 40, KB 1980 3 77, photo archive KB 1970 1 69, L ir M 1972 3 12, 1973 42 12, N 1974 9 54, photo library M 1969 11 48, photo display case Bt 1970 4 22, Sp 1970 126 1, JG 1971 7 23, TMtr 1973 2 P 2, 4 P6, 9 P 16, photo stand T 1969 302 4, 1972 79 1, L ir M 1973 18 14, Šv 1973 14 12 (2x), photo contest T 1970 8 1 (2x), L ir M 1971 50 2, KB 1972 2 77 (nx), T 1978 223 4; photo book L ir M 1979 4 15 (and “book for photo copying” V. Urb B ir M 1974 120), photo book for children L ir M 1977 1 3, photo almanac L ir M 1971 43 11, KB 1973 1 67, photo album Sp 1970 104 4, KB 1974 1 49, photo chronicle L ir M 1974 12 2, photo chronicler T 1978 169 4, photo anthology Prg 1970 3 153, 154, photo treasure-house L ir M 1974 48 2, photo vignette KV 1983 38 14, photo card GKr 1969 51 4, photo postcard T 1974 7 2, photo map GKr 1975 11 2, Photoatlas (section) VN 1977 150 3, 1982 257 3, photo herbarium L ir M 1973 40 11, photo souvenir Šv 1972 1 20, photo étude Sp 1970 3 1.

Nevertėtų praleisti ir didžiausios nepaprastybės – fotosofijos. 2010 m. rugpjūčio 19 – rugsėjo 4 d. vyko tarptautinio fotografijų konkurso laureatų paroda fotosofija. Aiškinta, kad parodos pavadinimas – pasiskolinta filosofo Arvydo Šliogerio „nukalta“ „fotosofijos“ sąvoka. Lietuviškai ji reikštų „šviesos išmintis“ ir, regis, vargu ar galėtų apibrėžti konkrečią parodos koncepciją, jungiančią skirtingus darbus IQ 2010 7 108. Dalykas yra bent 15 metų ankstesnis ir gal kiek kitoks: Tarp 80 dalyvių – muziejininkai, fotomenininkai, kritikai, istorikai, restauratoriai, paminklosaugos specialistai, net fotofilosofai LA 1995 108 17. Ir tai dar ne viskas – jau yra buvusi KTU FOTO studijos nario Raimundo Tuminausko fotografijų paroda Šizografija, kurioje eksponuojami darbai, anot meno kritikų, tai tarsi vizijos minimalizmo stiliumi StA 2009 12 5. O ką dar gali sumanyti nuobodulio estetikos menininkai?

Some things have been taken from other languages but not mastered—they remain non-Lithuanian, colloquial: Photograph the summit participants, <...>. In journalistic jargon this is

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called a photo op (abbreviated from English photo opportunity) LA 2000 6 6 (opportunity means a favorable occasion).

Having completed this somewhat evaluative, classified inventory, two things need to be said. The inconsistent spelling of the element foto- was noticed and regularized quite early (Drotvinas 1963: 49–50) and, though less quickly, the separate spelling—foto—has almost disappeared.

The issue of abbreviated compounds is resolved in their favor by their widespread use, despite the influence of the use of equivalents in other languages, which is not entirely consistent or uniformly guiding, and, albeit not entirely consistently, inexorably—for the sake of brevity, that is, economy. Perhaps the most characteristic examples are camera, photo camera, photo lens, photo printer, photograph, photo art,... They are not at all new—photo lens TŽŽ 1936, photo camera (1934) A. Gric VN 1989 342. Camera DŽ 1954 and 1972 was later supplemented with the longer (I would not say fuller) form photography apparatus DŽ 1993 and 2000, but this does not change the relative importance of the variants—camera, photography apparatus TechEnc I 2000, VLE VI 2004. Photo flash, “a pulsed photographic lamp that shines during photography,” DŽ 1993 and 2000, remained without a lengthened variant (alongside photo flash, photo flashbulb is also given FTŽ 1979, photo flashbulb – фотоспышка LRKŽ 1988, фотоспышка – 1. photo flashbulb, 2. (lamp) photo flash RLIKŽ IV 1985) and is clear without it, even without photo-—flash, photo flash—“a pulsed light source for briefly illuminating the image being photographed” TechEnc I 2000. The terms photo camera and aerial photo camera, aerial photography apparatus should be added here, as well as photo laboratory TechEnc I 2000. Yet here too are photographic lens, photographic materials, photographic film, photographic plate, photographic emulsion, photographic paper, photographic printer TechEnc I 2000, although shortened compounds also occur, e.g., photoemulsion—“photographic emulsion—<...>” TŽŽ 2001. Occasional inconsistencies—photographic montage TechEnc I 2000, but photomontage TŽŽ 2001, and so on—are not conceptual. The use of longer variants remains fairly optional; choosing them (if one chooses deliberately) may be influenced somewhat by formality, a certain

* Two of the many examples would suffice to confirm this: photo camera – photographic camera – caméra photographique – photographische Kamera – фотографическая камера and photo lens – photographic objective, camera objective, photographic lens – objectif photographique – Photoobjektiv, photographisches Objektiv; photo film – photofilm, photographic film – pellicule photographique, film photographique – Photofilm, photographischer Film – фотопленка, фотографическая пленка, photo plate – photographic plate, photoplate – plaque photographique – Photoplate – фотопластинка and photo paper – developing paper, photographic paper – paper photographique – photographisches Paper – фотобумага FTŽ 2007.

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motives of solemnity or a desire to emphasize the significance of photography, but certainly not a scholarly aim—the pursuit of clarity and precision, since clarity is already sufficiently ensured by usage itself. Some—photodocumentary, photojournalism, photo forum,...—may perhaps never have had long forms at all, merely resembling clipped abbreviations. A few—photographics, phototypy 1. “a printing method using light-sensitive glass plates on which an image has been photographically recorded”; 2. “a print from such a plate” TŽŽ 1936, “a photomechanical, screenless planographic method for reproducing tonal originals” TechEnc I 2000, phototheque “a systematic collection of photographs or negatives” TŽŽ 2001—could not have had long forms either (and not “a biblio t h e k a of p h o t o graphs or p h o t o graphy”!).

The division of long (not always aptly called full) forms—compounds and their clipped abbreviations—into possible and impossible forms, even in terminology and scholarly style, could only be partial. The possible motivation for such a distinction—that the component photo- also has another meaning, “light” (indeed, its primary meaning)—would not really be decisive; rather, the defining feature of this group of words—not clipped forms!—is their almost uniformly terminological character: photosphere “the surface of the Sun that emits light and heat” TŽŽ 1936, photoenergy MksIL 2010 10 4, photometer 1. in physics, “an instrument for measuring light intensity”; 2. in astronomy, “an instrument for determining the brightness of stars” TŽŽ 1936, “a meter for photometric quantities—luminance, luminous intensity, luminous flux, and illuminance” AETŽ 2010, photoopsia “subjective perception of absent light” M ir G 1984 7 25, photosynthesis “the formation in plants of organic compounds (chlorophyll) from inorganic substances under the influence of light” TŽŽ 1936, photosynthesis “the formation of carbohydrates from CO₂ and H₂O in plants through the action of light energy” ChŽ 1997, “the formation of organic compounds from inorganic substances in plants and some bacteria through the action of light energy” ChŽ 2003, photoperiodism “the effect of day and night length (periodic changes in light and darkness) on plant growth” TŽŽ 1936, phototropism “the movement of plant parts toward or away from a light source, or <...>, induced by unilateral light” TŽŽ 2001, phototaxis “light-induced taxis (movement toward or away from a light source)” TŽŽ 2001, photomorphosis “a change in plant form induced by light” TŽŽ 2001, photokinesis “active movement of animals caused by light stimuli” TŽŽ 2001, photoreception “the reception of energy from light stimuli acting on an organism and its conversion into a nerve impulse” TŽŽ 2001, photoreceptor M ir G 1971 11 14, photobiology “a field of biology that studies processes occurring when an organism is exposed to ultraviolet or infrared radiation (photosynthesis, photoperiodism, phototaxis, etc.)” VLE VI 2004, photoreceiver M ir G 1973

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11 56, FTŽ 1979 and 2007, photoreceiver M ir G 1970 9 57, 1971 9 9, photoelectric line (thirty light-sensitive elements arranged in a single row) T 1978 91 2, photochemistry “the science that studies chemical phenomena caused by light” ChŽ 1997, photooxidation, photoreduction and photopolymerization ChŽ 1997, unusual photoluminescence (Latin lumen, luminis—“light”!) “the spontaneous glow of a material after it has been illuminated” TŽŽ 1936, “luminescence caused by visible or ultraviolet light” (luminescence “glow caused by a non-luminous energy source”) ChŽ 1997, facial photorejuvenation procedure (performed using intense pulsed light technology) Sav su TV 2007 49 11, photoacoustic phenomenon “the generation of acoustic (sound) waves in a medium as a result of optical radiation” TechEnc I 200.

The semantic difference between the terms in these two groups—“photography” and “light”—is almost invariably clear and obvious (would anyone really think that phototherapy meant “photographic treatment”?). There are some ambiguous terms, but their meanings are related in nature, and the connection is readily understood, e.g.: photosensitivity ↑ light sensitivity 1. “the ability of a material to absorb part of the electromagnetic radiation spectrum”; 2. photosensitivity—“a property of photographic material used to determine the exposure” ChŽ 1997, phototechnics 1. “the art and science of lighting,” 2. “the technique of making photographs” TŽŽ 1936. Moreover, a distinction between meanings has already emerged here—light sensitivity and photosensitivity (although usage is not yet consistent: photosensitive layer—“a layer sensitive to light”—фотослой – photosensitive layer, photolayer ChŽ 1997), phototechnics and lighting engineering “a branch of science and technology encompassing methods for generating optical radiation and using it in practice” TechEnc IV 2010.

A substantial group of meanings of “light” comprises photoelectricity “electrical phenomena in materials under the influence of electromagnetic radiation” AETŽ 2010 and the photoelectric or photovoltaic effect AETŽ 2010. Clipped compounds whose main (second) element is a clearly recognizable electrical term are intelligible and unambiguous—photocurrent, photovoltage, photoresistance, photoresistor / resistor, photopotential, photoinduction, photoexcitation, photoconductivity, photoconductor FTŽ 1979, photosemiconductor LA 1996 220 24, photosemiconductor paper T 1971 108 2, photogenerator (converts light energy into electricity) TechEnc I 2000, photovoltaic solar power plant LA 1973 130 15, although some languages use full forms alongside these, or exclusively, e.g.: photocurrent—French photocourant, courant photo-

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électrique, photovoltage—French phototension, tension photoélectrique, photoconductivity—Russian фотопроводимость, фотоэлектрическая проводимость, photoconductor—German Photoleitfähigkeit, photoelektrische Leitfähigkeit, lichtelektrische Leitfähigkeit, Russian фотопроводимость, photosignal—French signal photoélectrique FTŽ 2007. Many other terms whose clipped forms may be incomprehensible are inconsistent: photoelement TechEnc I 2000, photoelement – Photoelement, Photozelle, lichtelektrische Zelle – photocell, photo-electric cell – élément photo-électrique, cellule photo-électrique, photopile – фотоэлемент AETŽ 2010, photoelement – photocell, photoelectric cell – cellule photo-électrique, photopile, photocellule – Photozelle, lichtelektrische Zelle, Photoelement – фотоэлемент FTŽ 2007, but photoelement, photoelectric element FTŽ 1979, “an e l e c t r o n i c element or device whose operation is based on p h o t o e l e c t r i c phenomena (...)” VLE VI 2004, FTŽ 1979, photoelectric effect “a physical phenomenon—the generation of electrons in the atoms of a material when irradiated with X-rays or ultraviolet rays” TŽŽ 1936, “emission of electrons from an illuminated material surface” AETŽ 2010, “one of the photoelectric phenomena” VLE VI 2004, but photoeffect, photoelectric effect FTŽ 1979, photoeffect ↑ photoelectric effect ChŽ 1997 and 2003, yet again photoeffect FTŽ 2007; photoabsorption see photoelectric absorption FTŽ 1979 and photoabsorption see photoelectric absorption FTŽ 2007; photoresponse see photoelectric response FTŽ 1979, but only response FTŽ 2007.

Another group consists of photoelectronic devices—“vacuum electronic or semiconductor devices that convert optical radiation energy into electrical energy. □ Their operating principle is based on photoemission, photoconductivity, or the barrier (valve) photoelectric effect” TechEnc I 2000—photoelectronic device – dispositif photo-électrique – photoelektronisches Gerät – фотоэлектронный прибор RETŽ 2000, AETŽ 2010. The names of specific devices vary: photoelectron multiplier TechEnc I 2000, photomultiplier, photoelectron multiplier – фотоумножитель, фотоэлектронный умножитель – photomultiplier – Photo(elektronen)vervielfacher FTŽ 1979, photomultiplier – photomultiplier – photomultiplicateur – Photoelektronenvervielfacher, Photov ervielfacher – фотоумножитель, фотоэлектронный умножитель FTŽ 2007, photomultiplier – photomultiplier tube, photomultiplier – tube photomultiplicateur, photomultiplicateur – Photoelektronenvervielfacher, Photomultiplikatorröhre, Photov ervielfacher – фотоумножитель, фотоэлектронный умножитель RETŽ 2000, photomultiplier “a vacuum tube that converts a light signal into an electrical signal. It has a photoka-

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todą ir elektronų daugintuvą“ AETŽ 2010. Fotodiodas FTŽ 1979 ir 2007, TechEnc I 2000, RETŽ 2000, AETŽ 2010 – be variantų. Kai kurie šių įtaisų kartais laikomi fotoelektriniais ir turi nemažai įvairių sinonimų: fototranzistorius – фототранзистор, фототриод – phototransistor, phototriode, photistor – Phototransistor, Phototriode FTŽ 1979, phototransistor, optoelectronic transistor, optotransistor – phototransistor, transistor optique, transistor à effet photo-électrique – Fototransistor, optischer Transistor – фототранзистор, онтотранзистор, RETŽ 2000, tik fototranzistorius „tranzistorius su dviem pn sandūromis o p t i n ė s spin-duliuotės energijai keisti ir fotosrovei stiprinti naudojant f o t o e l e k t r i n į reiškinį“ – Phototransistor – phototransistor – phototransistor – фототран-зистор AETŽ 2010; fotoelektrinė relė TechEnc I 2000, bet fotorelė – фотоспереле – light relay – Lichtrelais, Photorelais FTŽ 1979, light relay, photorelay, p h o t o e l e c t r i c relay – photorelais, relais p h o t o s e n s i b l e, relais p h o t o-é l e c t r i q u e – Lichtrelais, Photorelais – фотопереле, ф о т о-э л е к т р и ч е с к о е реле FTŽ 2007, Photorelais, p h o t o e l e k t r i s c h e s Relais – photorelay, photocell relay, p h o t o-e l e c t r i c relay – relais p h o-t o-é l e c t r i q u e, photorelais, relais p h o t o s e n s i b l e – фотопереле AETŽ 2010, bet f o t o e l e k t r o n i n ė relė TechEnc I 2000.

The principle of clarity requires that the full form of these terms be mandatory, while the shortened form is permitted as a contextual variant.

Still different—and misleading—is fotoemisija – p h o t o e l e c t r o n i c emission, photoemission – émission p h o t o é l e c t r o n i q u e, émission p h o t o é l e c-t r i q u e, photoemission – l i c h t e l e k t r i s c h e E l e k t r o n e n e m i s s i o n, Photoemission – фотоэлектронная эмиссия, фотоэмиссия in FTŽ 2007—if it means “the e l e c t r o n e m i s s i o n from the surface of a solid or liquid under the action of electromagnetic radiation” in AETŽ 2010, then it is neither fotoemisija in AETŽ 2010 nor f o t o e m i s i j a, photoelectronic emission in FTŽ 1979 (which has only fotoemiteris), but rather fotoelektronų emisija in TechEnc I 2000, although the recommended term is: otherwise ↑ išorinis fotoefektas—“p h o t o e l e c t r o n e m i s s i o n, the emission of electrons from solids (...) and liquids after they absorb the energy of electromagnetic radiation (photons)” TechEnc II 2003.

The shortened term f o t o c h e m i n i s smogas “smog formed through reactions of nitrogen oxides with hydrocarbons under the influence of ultraviolet radiation”—фотохимический смог – photochemical smog, fotosmogas T 1979 174 3, should be assessed similarly. Probably the innovative term fotolitografija “the formation of a relief pattern by a p h o t o c h e m i c a l method” ChŽ 2003 “on metal, glass, a semiconductor” TŽŽ 1985 and 2001 is also photochemical lithography.

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The element foto is sometimes separated from the word, made independent, and paired with another by various means—a conjunction, hyphen, or slash—most often with kino: foto ir kino aparatai M ir G 1972 10 62, foto bei kino priemonės L ir M 1973 15 2, foto-kino konsultacija M 1974 1 3. But kino is morphologically quite different: foto- is merely a component of the word for photography, whereas kinematografo is clipped to kinas,-o, a Lithuanianized and inflected word (there is no corresponding word fotas, but there is another word fotas meaning “a non-systematic unit of illuminance” MetrŽ 2006). The correct forms are fotoaparatai ir kino aparatai or, in a newer usage, foto- ir kino aparatai. Similarly, these should be corrected: meno ir foto puslapiai (=meno ir fotografijos puslapiai ar meno ir fotopuslapiai) N 1969 12 2, foto ir cheminė sintezė (=fotosintezė ir cheminė sintezė, foto- ir cheminė sintezė) M ir G 1971 2 14, kino kamerų, foto, radijo aparatų (=fotoaparatų ir radijo aparatų arba fotografijos ir radijo aparatų) gamyba T 1970 18 3.

Let us look back 40 years, and leap all the way to 1930. In a feuilleton headed “Ieškau gyvenimo draugės” (“Looking for a life partner”), the talented chronicler of Lithuanian life in humorous form, Augustinas Gricius, records the indeclinable little word foto: Vedybų tikslu panelės 17–20 metų, pridedamos foto, rašykit – laimėsite (“For marriage purposes, young ladies aged 17–20, photos attached, write—you’ll win”) (1930) A. Gric VN 1969 259 (“a young, wealthy teacher” demonstrates an international language culture—he requests fotografijos [photographs] A. Gric VN 1969 261). It also appeared much later: Publicistika, menas, foto, jumoras (“Public affairs, art, photos, humor”) N 1970 7 2. Kaltina foto (“Blaming the photo”) (column title) VN 1969 301 3. Thus, two meanings of foto can even be distinguished: “photograph” and “photography.” Genuine oddities occur: AN-30 bus pritaikytas ne tik foto, bet ir šiluminiam, geofiziniam, gravitaciniam fotografavimui (“The AN-30 will be adapted not only for photo, but also for thermal, geophysical, and gravitational photography”) Spr 1976 2 13. At the outset of the language-cultivation movement, which began about half a century ago, foto (L. Žvejo), then common in the press, was replaced with an entirely Lithuanian form—(L. Žvejo) nuotr.. This was done somewhere in the press by Antanė Kučinskaitė, and it worked so well that KPP 1976 and 1985 needed no further action here; only the spelling of the element foto- was corrected: foto efektas (=fotoefektas), foto nuotrauka (=nuotrauka, fotonuotrauka), and so on. But soon it was needed again: foto (=nuotrauka, fotonuotrauka) TT 1992,—a foreign-language calque. = 1. nuotrauka (2. fotografavimas) KP4L1 2005. Nowadays all forms are used: nuotr., foto, fot., and fotogr., not to mention the pushing aside of nuotrauka (“photograph”)—its unjustified replacement by fotografija, driven by a grim, blind fashion for internationalization. The rampant spread of slang also makes it necessary to guard against fotkinti (a slang hybrid, incorrect) =fotografuoti, nutraukti KP4L1 2005. But where did fotkė go? Thus, to establish a firmer and clearer foundation, it would be useful to look, with theoretical perspective, at both the past and the present.

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2. The polysemy of fotografija and the variety of photographs (fotografijos).

SNŽŽ 1907 has no entry yet. TŽŽ 1936 records the technical meaning of fotografijos—1. “an exact r e p r o d u c t i o n of an object by means of light rays on certain light-sensitive plates” (2. “a p h o t o g r a p h, an image”; 3. “an e s t a b l i s h m e n t where photographs are taken”). Thus, we immediately encounter the term’s ambiguity. Without in any way expecting to alter the semantics of an international word, a linguist should point out that f o t o g r a f i j a meaning “photograph” stands apart from the long series of words with the element –grama—telegrama (“telegram”) “a message transmitted by telegraph; <...>” (cf. telegrafas, 1. “an electronic communications system transmitting alphabetic and numeric messages or still images by electrical signals carried over wires or by radio signals,” whereas telegrafija means “a branch of science and technology that studies the principles of telegraph communication and develops its equipment”), and also radiotelegrama “a message received and recorded by radio” (cf. radiotelegrafas) and radiograma, 1. “a telegram transmitted by radiotelegraph”; spektrograma “a representation of a spectrum obtained by photographic, photoelectric, thermoelectric, or other apparatus” (cf. spektrografas “an instrument for producing and recording a spectrum, <...>,” spektrografija, 1. “the production of a representation of an electromagnetic-wave spectrum”); encefalograma “an X-ray image of the brain, <...>” (cf. encefalografija) and fonograma, 1. “a recording of sound (...) <...>” (cf. fonografija, 3. “sound recording on a disc, magnetic tape <...>” and fonografijos apparatus—fonografas TŽŽ 2001. Here, –grafas denotes a device or apparatus, while fotografas means “a photography specialist” DŽ 2000, TŽŽ 2001, but “a telegraph operator” is telegrafistas DŽ 2000, TŽŽ 2001. Photography also has fotograma, but it differs from fotografijos, that is, from a photograph: fotograma, 1. phot. “a s h a d o w image of an object on a photosensitive layer, obtained without a camera” TŽŽ 2001 (other meanings were already mentioned under fotografika), so it resembles a rentgenograma and especially a tomograma, “an image of a selected layer of an object (or body), obtained by a tomograph” MetrŽ 2006 (cf. tomografija, “an X-ray examination of an object under study—the obtaining by tomograph of s h a d o w photographs of various layers of the object”; tomografas, “an X-r a y apparatus that takes pictures by tomography” TŽŽ 2001).

In the compilation dictionary TŽŽ 1936, in addition to the word fotografija already mentioned [2. “a p h o t o g r a p h, an image”], the following are included: foto “shortened word for photography”; fotografijos aparatas “a device for taking p h o t o g r a p h s, <...>”; fotografas “a person who t a k e s p h o t o g r a p h s”; fotografuoti “to depict, t a k e p h o t o g r a p h s”; fotostatas “a p h o t o g r a p h i c c o p y of a document, map, or picture”; and also fotogeniškas

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“well rendered in p h o t o g r a p h y,” photogrammetry “a method of determining the actual size of objects by measuring a p h o t o g r a p h of the object,” photogravure “a p h o t o g r a p h made by engraving,” photosculpture “<...>, sculpting from a p h o t o g r a p h” (thus alternating among photography, photograph, photographs and photographic photograph, as well as photo...), indicating “a connection with light, with photography.”

The translated TŽŽ 1951 shows no greater modernity or improvement: photo see photography, and this has three meanings—1. “a m e t h o d of reproducing images of objects <...>,” 2. “an image obtained by this method; a p h o t o g r a p h,” 3. “a s t u d i o where such photographs are made” (TŽŽ 1969 photo see photography 2.); neither photographer nor to photograph is included (they, as well as photographic, are in TŽŽ 1969). In TŽŽ 1985 and 2001, meanings 3 of photo and photography are no longer present.

In DŽ 1954, meanings 1–3 of photography differ little from those in TŽŽ 1951. In DŽ 1972, meaning 3 of photography disappears. Also found here are photograph in DŽ 1972, 1993, 200, and photograph 1. “a photographic image” in DŽ 1954, as well as to take 18. “to take a picture, to photograph”: t a k e, capture a beautiful view, a p h o t o g r a p h DŽ 1954, while to photograph means “to take photographs with a c a m e r a” DŽ 1954, “<...> with a c a m e r a” DŽ 1972, 1993, and photographer means “one who takes p h o t o g r a p h s” DŽ 1954, “a specialist in photography” DŽ 1972 and 1993. This duality of usage in dictionaries—photographic photograph and photograph—is also characteristic of encyclopedias: photography is “the production of durable images (p h o t o g r a p h s) <...>” LTE III 1978, “a method for obtaining a durable image <...>; an image of an object obtained by this method (a p h o t o g r a p h i c p r i n t)” TechEnc I 2000, 1. “the production of a durable image (p h o t o - g r a p h) of an object <...>” VLE VI 2004.

Another factor is relevant to this duality and to the terminological preeminence (though not absolute) of photographic photograph. Distinct from it is radiograph, a synonym for the term for a particular type of photography—radiography: X-ray image: radiograph, X-ray image TechEnc IV 2010; radiograph “<...>; a n X - r a y i m a g e” TŽŽ 2001; in ordinary language, simply X-ray image DŽ 1972 and 1993. Radiographic image would have been more precise and systematic. There are also quite different kinds of images, since other kinds of imaging exist too, for example, thermal, geophysical, gravitational imaging Spr 1976 2 13, and other kinds of cameras, for example, p h o t o g r a m m e t r i c c a m e r a “a precisely calibrated e n g i n e e r i n g c a m e r a for producing g e o m e t r i c a l l y a c c u r a t e p h o t o g r a p h i c i m a g e s, which are processed by p h o t o g r a m m e t r i c m e t h o d s” TechEnc

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I 2000. Geodezijos šaka topografija, „tirianti ir kurianti Žemės paviršiaus vaizdavimo planuose ir žemėlapiuose metodus“ TechEnc IV 2010, turi terminą topografinė nuotrauka TechEnc II 2003 (geodezijos str.). Spaudoje jau pasitaiko sutrauktinis trumpinys toponuotrauka Sav su TV 2009 10 65. Primityviai – daroma iš akies – akinė nuotrauka – глазомерная съёмка RLKŽ IV 1985 (LKŽ I₁ 1941 ir I₂ 1968 nėra). Tiksliam darbui pasitelkiama fotografija (bet jos neužtenka), pavyzdžiui, fototeodolitinė nuotrauka „planų ir žemėlapių darymas iš antžeminių fotografinių nuotraukų. Fotografuojama nuo žemės paviršiaus fotoeodolitu. Gautos fotografinės nuotraukos dorojamos stereofotografiniais prietaisais bei skaitmeniniais metodais“ TechEnc I 2000. Geodezijos šakoje fotogrametrijoje, kurios svarbiausias tikslas – iš fotografinių nuotraukų matavimų nustatyti įv. objektų formą, dydį ir padėtį, sudaryti planus ir žemėlapius TechEnc I 2000, yra gravimetrinė nuotrauka – „visuma gravimetrinių ir geodezinių darbų tam tikros teritorijos sunkio lauko tyrimams atlikti“ matuojant ir nustatant koordinates TechEnc II 2003. Taigi šitokia nuotrauka yra „darymas“ (rus. съёмка, о не снимок) arba „darbai“, o pagal gravimetrinės nuotraukos duomenis sudaromi gravimetriniai žemėlapiai TechEnc II 2003. Yra ir šitokios nuotraukos reikšmė „metodas“: geologinė nuotrauka – „geologinių darbų kompleksinis metodas, padedantis tam tikroje teritorijoje nuodugniai ištirti Žemės plutos sandarą <...> ir gautus duomenis pavaizduoti geologiniuose žemėlapiuose“ TechEnc II 2003. Kartais iš apibrėžties (ar ne visai vykusio aiškinimo), pavyzdžiui, str. litocheminė nuotrauka TechEnc III 2008, reikšmė lieka nesuprantama. „Metodas“ veikiau yra nuotraukos metodas, o ne pati nuotrauka. Pagal savo motyvaciją nuotrauka turėtų būti „rezultatas“, o ne „darymas“. Randame, kad taip ir skiriama: survey – 1. „matavimų atlikimo aktas ar veiksmas santykinėms taškų padėtims ant, viršum ar žemiau Žemės paviršiaus nustatyti“ – matavimas, 2. „tokių operacijų rezultatas“ – nuotrauka: engineering survey – inžinerinis matavimas, inžinerinė nuotrauka K ir GdŽ 2000, taip pat nuotrauka – photo(graph); picture, bet vietovės nuotrauka – survey LAKŽ 1991. Šitoj situacijoj ir fotografinės nuotraukos reikšmė kiek kitokia: photographic survey – „nuotrauka, padaryta ir pagal aerofoto nuotraukas, ir pagal foto nuotraukas, t. y. remiantis jų deriniu“ – fotografinė nuotrauka“ K ir GdŽ 2000. Yra ir tokia nuotrauka, kur fotografija ne remiamasi, o ja tiesiog mechaniškai papildomi tekstiniai duomenys. Pagal naują agresyvią tarptau-

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in the fashion of pragmatism, it is called photography and put in quotation marks: ascertainment of facts, or “legal photography.” Facts may additionally be recorded by means of video or audio recording, hence also photographs or video footage Vd 2011 20 46.

Finally, there is photography that seems to have nothing to do with photography at all: фотография – 5. special photography (recording work activities and processes): фотография рабочего времени – photography of working time RLKŽ IV 1985, photochronometry – “a method of studying labor time expenditures in which the duration of individual elements of a work operation and other expenditure categories are observed, measured and examined simultaneously over <...>. Δ is a combination of work-time photography (a study of working time in which all working-time expenditures without exception are measured) and chronometry” VLE VI 2004.

Thus, since an image can be an X-ray, as well as topographic, gravimetric, or geological, photographic image is also a perfectly precise term in specialized usage. However, the fields and the meanings of those images are so different that image in photography (not photographic technology) and ordinary language is clear without a qualifier—unlike those strictly technical images.

From the lengthy and abundant usage, at least some older examples should be mentioned: They took the Club to the photographer, <...> (1897) V. Kudir R I 1989 160. I would have sent the photograph long ago, <...> (1898) V. Kudir R II 1990 846. <...> I took the photograph (1905) J. Basan MGKr 1997 174. <...> he took several photographs of me (1907) J. Basan MGKr 1997 200–201. Now and then something unusual occurs: Polianskis <...> promised to come with his photograph and take a picture of us all A. Čech JV 1961 379. Most important is representative usage: among signs, the well-known photo studio is also attested from an earlier period in VLE VI 2004 212, although it did not enter dictionaries of international words or normative lexicography; later it was ineptly replaced by the already-mentioned photography, meaning 3. “establishment, <...>” and “workshop, <...>,” nevertheless recorded in some sources, for example: фотоателье – photo studio and фотография – 3. (workshop) photography, photo studio (but сняться в фотографии – to have one’s photograph taken at a photography studio!..) RLKŽ IV 1985; Lithuanian Amateur Photographers’ Union (1933) TechEnc I 2000 624, fotomėgėjas – фотолюбитель LRKŽ 1971, 1988, фотолюбитель – amateur photographer, photographer (although фотолюбительский – amateur photographers’), фотограф-любитель – photography enthusiast RLKŽ IV 1985, фотограф-любитель – amateur photographer RLKŽ II 1983, mėgėjas fotografas – любитель-фотограф LRKŽ 1971, 1988; Lithuanian Society of Photographic Art (1969) and Lithuanian Union of Photographic Artists (1989) TechEnc I 2000 624.

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Although photography is old, its semantics are still changing. The meanings “activity based on photographic technique; the totality and/or genre diversity of images produced by photographic technique—photographs—as well as genres” have not yet been recorded in lexicography, but they have long been in use: theory of photography, history of photography, development of photography; artistic, documentary, scientific, advertising, press photography; photo art, photographic art, photo archive, photo library, photo anthology,... Just as there is sculpture (as a genre), not sculptures (as works), graphic art, not engravings, watercolour, not watercolours, so too there is a photography exhibition. An unsuccessful overcorrection, arising from a mechanical understanding of the nature of grammatical number, is photographs exhibition; a second mechanical move is: if photographs, then not pictures, and so photograph is pushed aside as well. A different matter is an individual exhibition of an author's photographs / pictures or an author's photograph display / collection of pictures within a general photography exhibition. It should not be forgotten that the expression photography and cinema media has existed for quite some time, though it remains unrecorded in lexicography and is even (without cause) viewed with suspicion. NŽA 2010 9–10 334. At the periphery one finds a survey of photographic life IQ 2010 7 114 (cf. cultural, artistic, literary life), and even the subject of photo jokes IQ 2010 7 114.

3. Attempts to Lithuanianize “photography” (in its various meanings).

Those Lithuanians who became acquainted with photography as photographers did so first of all not in Lithuanian, and without Lithuanian terms. Those who knew it only from photographs, all the more so. Initially, a familiar barbarism sufficed, though one applied to a somewhat different image and therefore with different semantic combinability: abroz das: Einam a b r o z d ė l i ų (photographs) n u s i t r a u k t (Surviliškis) LKŽ I₁ 1941, I₂ 1968, and also ZnŽ I 2003, abrozas: Anas a (t) d a u š t a s kap un a b r o z e l i o LzŽ 1985, abrozas, abrazikas ZtŽ 1998. Some, even from the very highest echelons of the intelligentsia, amuse themselves by failing to understand how that dazed sheep, carried off and abandoned by the wolf but then running after it, <...> from the back cover, out of two landscape-format a b r o z d ė l i ų, the author gazes in poses aspiring to those of fashion models NŽA 2007 8–9 430.

Photography, once it entered living speech, was merely “a photograph,” and only in Lithuanianized forms: patagrapija (Gervėčiai, Marijampolė) and patagrapuoti (Simnas), patigrapija (Kamajai, Palomenė) LKŽ IX 1973, patigrapija (and patigrapuotis) ZnŽ II 2004, potigrafija ZtŽ 1998 (and patigrafuoti), LzŽ 1985, or even Slavicized forms—fotigrafka, patigrafka LzŽ 1985, fatagrafavoti DvŽ I 2005. There are also fotikartka and korta 3. ZtŽ 1998. And in a poem by Mykolas Vaitkus there is kortelė: This k o r t e l ė will lie on the table, / From it a sad face will gaze, <...> LPoez I 1969 365.

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Lithuanianization began quite early. In 1876 Antanas Baranauskas wrote: Send me a p i c t u r e of your face, made with l i g h t - w r i t i n g A. Baran R II 1970 195. By 1887 it was no longer light-writing, but light-script: I am sending the p i c t u r e - l i g h t - s c r i p t of yourself that you so kindly requested A. Baran R II 1970 144. Although in the next sentence there is only picture: I would also be glad to receive your dear p i c t u r e. In spoken language and old writings, paveikslas—meaning 3, “appearance, form,” and 4, “image”—has existed since M. Daukša; meaning 1, “artistic representation on a flat surface,” is also attested, so meaning 2, “photograph, image,” arose readily LKŽ IX 1973. LKŽ gives this paveikslas from various parts of the Lithuanian-speaking area: Juzis was looking at p i c t u r e s (Žagarė). A[r] you have to take a p i c t u r e (Miežiškiai); also Pagėgiai, Kuršėnai. With the label colloq. it was included in DŽ: paveikslas 2, “photograph,” DŽ 1954 and 1972; 3, “picture,” DŽ 1993; while nuotrauka 1 is defined as “a photographic p i c t u r e” DŽ 1954, 1972, 1993. The verb paveiksluoti, “to photograph,” and the abstract noun paveikslavimas are much more widely used in Mosėdis, Grūšlaukis, Šatės, Telšiai, Kretinga, Kuršėnai, Eržvilkas; Žagarė, Meškučiai, Jurbarkas, Skirsnemunė, Kiduliai, Geistarai, Krekenava, Alizava, Kirdeikiai (rarely, meaning 2, “to depict on paper,” in Tauragė; paveiksluotas, “decorated with pictures, illustrated,” in Marijampolė), paveiksluotojas in Kiduliai, and paveikslininkas 1 in Kuršėnai and Jurbarkas, “photographer” LKŽ IX 1973. Even DŽ 1972 and 1993 list paveiksluoti as colloquial “to photograph.” A. Baranauskas’s coinage paveikslarašis, “painter,” should also be recalled LKŽ IX 1973. Incidentally, among the possible authors of the word vaizdarašys, “painter” (as well as vaizdakalys, “sculptor,” vaizdakal yba and vaizdakaly stė, “sculpture”—these were apparently intended to replace Aušra (1883 146) skaptorius, skaptorysta—the likeliest author would probably be Jonas Jablonskis, since he certainly used skaptorystė by J. Basanavičius, skaptyba by Vydūnas, skaptininkas by Vydūnas and J. Basanavičius, and skaptinys in writings LKŽ XII 1981) his vaizdaraštis meaning 2, “painting, painted work” (meaning 1, “pictorial, hieroglyphic script”), vaizdarašiškas darbas, and perhaps vaizdarašystė, “painting” (vaizdarašyba by Antanas Lelis) LKŽ XVII 1996. Vaizdas already appears in K. Sirvydas’s old dictionary (~1620) with meaning 5, “artistic representation” LKŽ XVII 1996: obraz / imago, simulachrum, statua. wayżdas / abrazas, and in old writings also “statue”; SNŽŽ 1907—paveikslas, abrożdas, risunkas (Russian), while even DŽ 1954 and 1972 still have vaizdakal yba, see sculpture. But rašyti 12, “to colour, ornament,” though it in fact also means “to paint” (to paint little flowers on roses), “to write an image,” although vaizdarašys was used even by J. Balčikonis or included in LRKŽ V 1968, is more reminiscent of Russian писать картину. Perhaps there was good reason for J. Jablonskis also to resort to vaizdininkas LKŽ XVII 1996.

184 J. Klimavičius | Terminas prie termino. VII

A. Baranauskas’s light-writing would be an etymologically precise, but obscurely motivated, calque directly from Greek photographia (or French photographie), but picture-light-writing also recalls German Lichtbild. The naming is actually motivated not by light, but by to illuminate, illuminates, illuminated 5. phot. ‘to act with light in making a photograph, to expose’ LKŽ XV 1991; it cannot in any way be motivated by the semantics of the words to write or writing. Only in explaining digital photography is the word to record needed: If an image is recorded electronically by means of a light-sensitive charge-coupled element in an array, the photography is called digital. Photography is based on the recording of the distribution (...) of radiation or its amplitude and phase (...) VLE VI 2004. Recording an image on a medium is not photographic but magnetic (and audio)—to record 3. ‘to capture sound or an image on a magnetic disc or tape’ DŽ 1993 (to record on a tape recorder DŽ 1972 is imprecise), to record and recording: audio recording, video recording EncKompŽ 2005. It may be unclear whether the means of recording video or audio Vd 2011 20 46 used in court are photographic or magnetic, or both.

A. Baranauskas’s light-writing 2. ‘photograph, photo’ came into use much later—and its use in sense 1, ‘photography (a method of producing an image),’ was also attempted unnecessarily—in RLŽ 1933 (it is absent from RLŽ 1924) and LRŽ 1933 (which also has light-writing); in written sources, also sense 3, ‘blueprint copy’ LKŽ XV 1991. A blueprint copy is entirely unmotivated: a copy is made by hand, whereas the copying technique is called copying. Thus this light-writing 3. grew into a three-sense term without any *светопись, о из световая копия, светокопия: light-writing—1. LTE XI 1983, otherwise ↑ diazocopying, which is also diazotype [based on diazonium salts] light-writing (contact or projection) LTE III 1978; светокопировальный аппарат – light-writing machine, светочувствительная бумага – light-writing paper 2. светокопия – light-writing PolŽ 1959 3. ‘<...> machine’ LKŽ XV 1991. TechEnc dropped light-writing, retaining diazocopying with the addition of a new synonym, diazotype TechEnc I 2000, although it is unclear what such a copy should be called (diazocopy?). The light-writing introduced in DŽ 1972 remains in DŽ 1993 and DŽ 2000.

Vinco Pietaris’s image 4. is rare and entirely individual: I went several times to the photographer, asking about the pictures (1897) V. Piet RR 1973 583 (later he used picture: I once went to the photographer and had a couple of pictures taken in Ustyuzhna (1897. X. 33), ibid. 590). It may perhaps have some connection with sense 5, ‘likeness,’ of image 1–5. in old writings LKŽ IX 1973.

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An even more individual coinage is M. Valančius’s likeness-giving ‘portrait’ LKŽ I₁ 1941, ‘image’: He decorated the walls with likenesses of faces, or portraits LKŽ I₂ 1968. To resemble 12. ‘to look like someone’ is illustrated by M. Valančius’s sentence from Salantai: That’s how Valančius looks to me LKŽ II₂ 1969.

Image LKŽ I₁ 1941 is defined only as ‘portrait, picture,’ but an interesting sentence by J. Jablonskis appears here: Here he is writing our images. LKŽ I₂ 1968 the definition of image 1. is supplemented with the word ‘photograph,’ but neither another sentence by J. Jablonskis—Have you seen his image?—nor J. Šlap’s image – portrait, photograph, obraz LKŽ 1940 sufficiently supports the meaning ‘photograph.’ J. Jablonskis’s image-maker ‘maker of images’ LKŽ I₁ 1941, later supplemented in LKŽ I₂ 1968 by BŽ 405 (that is RLŽ 1924 нопмреписть – image-maker), certainly does not mean ‘photographer.’ DŽ 1954 and 1972 (nor later editions) do not give image the meaning ‘photograph.’

From the living-language and written-source meaning 14. of the prefixed verb to reflect, ‘to turn back, repel (rays, light)’ // ‘to cause to reflect’ LKŽ VIII 1970, the rare reflection 1. ‘reflection (in water)’ (A. Juška’s dictionary, M. Pečkauskaitė-Šatrijos Ragana) LKŽ I₁ 1940, I₂ 1968 was formed; and from the unquestionably later meaning 13. of to photograph, though listed earlier: They took Kluba to the photographer, who photographed him <...> (V. Kudirka). A nicely taken photograph (Utena). I’ll have to get myself photographed sometime, because I’ll need photographs for documents (Daugėliškis) LKŽ VIII 1970 (also Alovė, Dieveniškės)—likewise the relatively rare reflection 2. ‘image’: His reflection is beautiful, exactly like him (as he is, completely) he is reflected (A. Juška’s dictionary), reflection 3. ‘picture, photograph’: My brother sent a photograph from America (Simnas) (2. ‘impression’: отпечаток – imprint, impression, reflection RLŽ 1924; 3. ‘a copy made by writing through carbon paper’ in written sources) LKŽ I₁ 1940, I₂ 1968. These are calques from Polish odbitka (which also means ‘a calque of an expression’), odbić. But they fit quite well with the semantics of to strike—‘to photograph’ is also expressed by to strike: They struck photographs Leipalingis. They strike portraits Dusetos, and especially widespread is to take 24.: He managed to take a good picture of you Simnas. You need to get your photograph taken for your passport Liškiava (also Leipalingis, Švenčionys) LKŽ VIII 1970, to take 10. ZnŽ II 2004. DŽ 1972 also had to take 9. colloq. ‘to photograph’ (whereas to reflect appears only as 3. ‘to reflect’ in DŽ 1972, 1993, 2000).

To picture is considerably broader in meaning than picture, to (re)strike—broader than the rather restricted reflection(s), while the most widespread is to take a photograph. Nuoėmos or nuojamos entirely

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nėra, tik imti fotografiją „fotografuoti, traukti“ (Salamiestis) LKŽ IV 1957, nuimti I. 4. „padaryti planą, nuotrauką ir kt.“ // refl.: Dukryte, nueik į miestą ir nusiimk (nusitrauk, nusifotografuok) (Žagarė; dar Kuktiškės, Vyžuonos) LKŽ IV 1957 (o „padaryti planą“ Raudonė, taip pat imti I. 5. „žymėti; daryti“: Matin ykas planą jema Salamiestis). Nusiimti paveikslą, imstyti paveikslus (prie paveikslo 2. LKŽ IX 1973) čia nepateikti. Pridurtinas nuimdinėti „fotografuoti“ DrskŽ 1988. Gana senas r e i k š m ė s s k o – l i n y s: Fotografiją būčiau seniai pris(i)untęs, bet neturiu – negaliu išvažiuoti nuim tų (1898) V. Kudir R II 1990 846. LKŽ IV 1957 nežymi imti šių verstinių reikšmių, o vertalas prasprūsta: [vaizduotė] nuima tų objektų portretus A. Mick LBP 1975 320. Aloyzas Vidugiris pažymėjo: nuimti 5. (vrt.) „nufotografuoti LžŽ 1985, bet ZtŽ 1998 – ne. Tikėtiniausi šių vertalų šaltiniai – lenk. zdjęcie ir zdjąć, zdejmować (veikiausiai – iš vok. Aufnahme ir aufnehmen), plg. ir rus. снимок ir снять, снимать. Deja, fotografiją imti įdėta į DŽ 1954, 1972, nors nuimti tokios reikšmės nei DŽ 1972, nei DŽ 1993 nėra.

4. Photograph. From the fairly early-emerging and still quite widespread image¹photograph 1. “photographic image” came only a little later—from Aušra 1885 277. LKŽ VIII 1970 jj, quite justifiably separates it as a homonym from the other meanings of the verb to interrupt (and even to break off² – photograph 2.) derivatives. DŽ does not do this – photograph 1. “photographic image” DŽ 1954, 1972, 1993, 2000. Photograph and (to) pull (already in Guardian of the Fatherland 1899 7–8) are undoubtedly c a l q u e s from German Abzug and abziehen. In the etymology of the word to pull, Ernestas Fraenkelis, while listing its derivatives, does not mention photograph (not at all!) (Fraenkel 1955–1965); in his article on the word to pull, the photograph, Wojciechas Smoczyńskis gives not only 1. “tear; break” but even 2. “picture, photograph” (Smoczyński) 2007. Some Lithuanian semantic connections may perhaps be discerned—to pull 7. // “to change an object’s position relative to other objects (bring closer or move farther away)”: Pull the cottage farther from the road (Panemunis, Rokiškis district), 43. // “to draw toward oneself”: Apparently the lightning rod draws fire (Seinai), perhaps more closely related to 36. “to resemble (someone)”: Beautiful, slender, tall—takes after her father (Miežiškiai); the idiom as if drawn from (the same) eye—about someone very similar to another, LKŽ XVI 1995. This new semantic sense of to pull is now very widespread and varied: to pull 50. “to photograph, take a picture”: Everyone went to have their passports taken, <...> (Daugai), even to take out 28. “to interrupt, photograph”: My mare looks as if taken from a photograph—so fine (Šatės),

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to take 34. “to depict, photograph” (among most Aukštaitians and some Samogitians): That father... had her picture taken (daughter’s) picture (Bartninkai). I had my picture taken (Taujėnai). <...> we had our pictures taken (Salamiestis) LKŽ XVI 1995. DŽ 1954 to take 18. “to take a photograph, to photograph”: To take, to take a nice view or photograph, DŽ 1972 – he knows how to take pictures, but not to snap 7. “to photograph”: Take a nice picture. You need to have a passport photo taken. DŽ 1993 and 2000 add nothing new. Antanas Vireliūnas’s camera 19. (!) “camera” LKŽ XVI 1995 and image-take “photograph” LKŽ XVII 1996 did not catch on even as Lithuanian equivalents.

Photograph, although photography is not systematic, but has long since shed the meaning “studio” or “company,” thereby saving it from the remaining unwanted ambiguity. Recently there has been a step backward—photograph is often replaced by photography: a collection of photographs NŽA 2005 5 199, the quantity and quality of photographs IQ 2010 7 108. There is an unthinking attempt to conform to English: Kęstutis Stoškus. Vilnius. Photographs of the Old Town. – Photographs of the Old Town (2004). It is easy to see that English makes precisely this distinction: photography (and photographing) is photography, whereas a photograph is a photograph. Other languages distinguish these meanings similarly to Lithuanian: German Photographie and Aufnahme, Lichtbild (and slide), Abzug (in printing), Polish fotografia and zdjęcie, Russian фотография and снимок. Sometimes the wording is quite clumsy: Photography from the Gdańsk Photography Gallery NŽA 2007 8–9 375. Of course, photograph continues to be used, even by highly authoritative sources, for example: “Other photographs are not worthy of the collection”; the master (S. Žvirgždas) asserts. Vd 2011 5 53. Quite often photograph is used alongside photography: a photography series and a series of photographs NŽA 2006 3 73, a photograph by Tomas Vyšniauskas and a photograph by Tomas Vyšniauskas NŽA 2005 10 484 and 485. The two are also mixed within a sentence: Instead of a photograph of cardiologist V. S., a photograph of anesthesiologist V. J. was published Vd 2006 12 11. This is rather schoolish, blunt, and needlessly stylized. And there are also wholly unsuccessful uses: emerge in photographs and in photography NŽA 2009 7 267 (Nerijus Šepetys). However, some do have a good sense of when a photograph is needed: In the extensive documentary photography, the most compelling are the photographs of N and NN <...> photographs KB 2007 7 36. <...> today photographers, it seems, do not carry in their photographs the development of “grand” themes IQ 2011 4 110. To take pictures clearly falls short of the international to photograph, but it too is sometimes necessary, for example: the photographer kept taking pictures of his fellow tribespeople NŽA 2007 10 504. Used more often, it would also strengthen the position of photograph.

188 J. Klimavičius | Terminas prie termino. VII

CONCLUSIONS

Photo-, photography, and photograph form a kind of pyramid. Its lower part consists of two parallel sections. The first—contracted forms with photographic meanings, containing the element photo-—comprises abbreviations, more numerous and more frequent than their full (long) variants, and reveals photography’s multilayered diversity: photosensitivity and various photographic equipment and accessories, the practice of photography and its results, fields and types of photography (and photographics and photograms, incidentally, are ambiguous), genres, and various terms, pre-terms, and occasional formations. Usage, though not entirely consistent or universal (a similar doublet exists among equivalents in other languages), resolves competition between long and short forms (photographic camera and camera) in favor of the short forms. The long variants, though rarely necessary, are more persistent in technical terminology and less so in photography, especially its non-technical domain and quasi-terminological usage generally. Terminography would accommodate both variants, usually giving preference to the short ones. Some (photodocumentary, photojournalism, photo art) may never have had long forms, while others (photographics, phototype, phototheque) could not have had them. The second section consists of terms from various sciences whose element photo- is not a contraction of photography but means “light” (photosphere, photosynthesis, photobiology, photochemistry). The semantic difference between the terms in these sections is almost always clear; even some ambiguity is understandable, and sometimes the terms are explicitly distinguished (light sensitivity and photosensitivity, lighting technology and photographic technology). The meanings of photoelectricity, photoelectronics, and photochemistry are also readily inferred, but abbreviated forms with the meanings “photoelectric,” “photoelectronic,” and “photochemical,” whose main component is not transparently the word for photoelectricity, photoelectronics, or photochemistry (photoelement, photoeffect, photomultiplier, photorelay; photoemission; photochemical smog), become unclear—even to specialists: is it photoelectric or photoelectronic? Photoelectric cell and effect; photoelectronic devices (multiplier, diode, relay), photoelectron emission; photochemical smog are clear. The indeclinable word—the clipped abbreviation photo—is not recommended and should not be used.

The second part of the pyramid consists entirely of the two-section photography—although no longer including 3. “workshop” or “business” (that is photo studio), it is still at least partly ambiguous, while photography 2. is synonymous—and so is (photo)picture. Two additions are attached to meanings 1–2 of photography: photographic photogram (both polysemous). Since there is also a different kind of photography, and there are cameras (photogrammetric), that is, gravimetric, topographic, geological and other images—not photographs, since the term began with eye photograph. The meaning of these images is twofold—and

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“making” (Russian съёмка, rather than снимок), and “result”; only sometimes are they distinguished—engineering surveying and engineering photograph. In interdisciplinary usage, the precise systematic term would also be photographic image, rather than photographic image (topographic photograph is still fairly rare, while image of the terrain is now rare), much less photograph, which is quite sufficient for works on photography (not technical ones) and ordinary speech. Forensic photography (perhaps also forensic photo?) is “the recording of factual circumstances in writing with photographs or filmed material.” The semantics of photography continue to change and expand: it now also means “activity based on photographic technique; photographs, their diversity of genres, genres,” and so on. The history of adapting photography into Lithuanian is long and extensive: photography sense 1 is A. Baranauskas’s calque šviesraštis, sense 2 is paveikslas šviesraštis, paveikslas, atvaizdas; V. Pietaris’s pavaizdas; M. Valančius’s coinage ataduosmis; the rare atmuša(s); fotografuoti – paveiksluoti, mušti, imti.

The upper part of the pyramid is the established photograph and (to) take a photograph. A photograph saves photography from unwanted ambiguity. Adapting it to English photograph is entirely ill-considered, since there is precisely no ambiguity in English: photography (and photographing) is photography. Although to take is inferior to the international to photograph, to take is nevertheless necessary and strengthens the position of the photograph. In serious—encyclopedic and legal—usage, the photograph is firmly established. We cannot allow the Lithuanian school of photography to be without a Lithuanian photograph.

ŠALTINIAI

AETŽ 2010 – Aiškinamasis elektrotechnikos terminų žodynas. Vyriaus. red. S. Žebrauskas, Kaunas.

Atg – Atgimimas (savaitraštis).

A. Baran R II 1970 – Baranauskas A. Raštai 2, Vilnius.

J. Basan MGKr 1997 – Basanavičius J. Mano gyvenimo kronika ir nervų ligos istorija. 1851–1922 m., Vilnius.

Bt – Buitis (žurnalas).

ChŽ 1997 – Chemijos terminų aiškinamasis žodynas. Ats. red. Z. Mačionis, Vilnius.

ChŽ 2003 – Chemijos terminų aiškinamasis žodynas. Ats. red. Z. Mačionis, Vilnius.

A. Čech JV 1961 – Čechovas A. Juodasis vienuolis. Vertė E. Viskanta, Vilnius.

DrskŽ 1988 – Naktinienė G., Paulauskienė A., Vitkauskas V. Druskininkų tarmės žodynas, Vilnius.

DvŽ I 2005 – Dieveniškių šnektos žodynas 1. Moksl. red. D. Mikulėnienė, K. Morkūnas, Vilnius.

DŽ 1954 – Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas, Vilnius.

DŽ 1972 – Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas, Vilnius.

DŽ 1993 – Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas, Vilnius.

DŽ 2000 – Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas, Vilnius.

EncKompŽ 2005 – Dagienė V., Grigas G., Jevsikova T. Enciklopedinis kompiuterijos žodynas, Vilnius.

FTŽ 1979 – Fizikos terminų žodynas. Red. P. Brazdžiūnas, Vilnius.

FTŽ 2007 – Palenskis V., Valiukėnas V., Žalkauskas V., Žilinskas P. J. Fizikos terminų žodynas, Vilnius.

GKr – Gimtasis kraštas (savaitraštis).

A. Gric VN 1969 – Gricius A. Vyrai, nesijuokit!, Vilnius

190 J. Klimavičius | Terminas prie termino. VII

IQ – IQ (žurnalas).

JG – Jaunimo gretos (žurnalas).

V. Juod BB 1971 – Juodakis V. Balys Burčas, Vilnius.

KB – Kultūros barai (žurnalas).

K ir GdŽ 2000 – Kartografijos ir geodezijos terminų aiškinamasis žodynas. Iš angl. k. vertė, lietuviškus terminus rinko ir naujus sudarė V. Vainauskas, Vilnius.

KmT – Komjaunimo tiesa (laikraštis).

KnT – Kauno tiesa (laikraštis).

V. Kudir R I 1989 – Kudirka V. Raštai 1, Vilnius.

V. Kudir R II 1990 – Kudirka V. Raštai 2, Vilnius.

KV – Kalba Vilnius (savaitraštis).

LA – Lietuvos aidas (laikraštis).

L ir M – Literatūra ir menas (savaitraštis).

LKŽ I₁ 1941 – Lietuvių kalbos žodynas 1, Vilnius.

LKŽ I₂ 1968 – Lietuvių kalbos žodynas 1, Vilnius.

LKŽ IV 1957 – Lietuvių kalbos žodynas 4, Vilnius.

LKŽ VIII 1970 – Lietuvių kalbos žodynas 8, Vilnius.

LKŽ IX 1973 – Lietuvių kalbos žodynas 9, Vilnius.

LKŽ XII 1981 – Lietuvių kalbos žodynas 12, Vilnius.

LKŽ XV 1981 – Lietuvių kalbos žodynas 15, Vilnius.

LKŽ XVI 1995 – Lietuvių kalbos žodynas 16, Vilnius.

LKŽ XVII 1996 – Lietuvių kalbos žodynas 17, Vilnius.

LPoez I 1969 – Lietuvių poezija 1. Sudarė V. Vanagas, Vilnius.

LRKŽ 1971 – Lyberis A. Lietuvių–rusų kalbų žodynas, Vilnius.

LRKŽ 1988 – Lyberis A. Lietuvių–rusų kalbų žodynas, Vilnius.

LRKŽ V 1968 – Lietuvių rašomosios kalbos žodynas 5. Sudarė A. Senn’as, A. Salys, Heidelberg.

LRŽ 1933 – Sereiskis B. Lietuviškai-rusiškas žodynas, Kaunas.

LTE III 1978 – Lietuviškoji tarybinė enciklopedija 3, Vilnius.

LTE V 1983 – Lietuviškoji tarybinė enciklopedija 5, Vilnius.

LžŽ 1985 – Petrauskas J., Vidugiris A. Lazūnų tarmės žodynas, Vilnius.

LŽ – Lietuvos žinios (laikraštis).

M – Moksleivis (žurnalas).

MetrŽ 2006 – Valiukėnas V., Žilinskas P. J. Penkiakalbis aiškinamasis metrologijos terminų žodynas, Vilnius.

MG – Mūsų gamta (žurnalas).

A. Mick LBP – Mickevičius A. Lyrika. Baladės. Poemos, 1975.

M ir G – Mokslas ir gyvenimas (žurnalas).

M ir T – Mokslas ir technika (žurnalas).

MkslL – Mokslo Lietuva (laikraštis).

N – Nemunas (žurnalas).

NKn – Naujos knygos (žurnalas).

NŽA – Naujasis židinys–Aidai (žurnalas).

P – Pagrანდukas (TMtr priedas).

V. Piet RR 1973 – Pietaris V. Rinktiniai raštai, Vilnius.

PolŽ 1959 – Rusų–lietuvių kalbų politechninis žodynas. Red. kol. p-kas A. Novodvorskis, Vilnius.

Prg – Pergalė (žurnalas).

RETŽ 2000 – Radioelektronikos terminų žodynas. Vyr. red. V. Palenskis, Vilnius.

RLKŽ II 1983 – Rusų–lietuvių kalbų žodynas 2. Sudarė Ch. Lemchenas, Vilnius.

RLKŽ IV 1985 – Rusų–lietuvių kalbų žodynas 4. Sudarė J. Kardelytė, Ch. Lemchenas, J. Macaitis, A. Mankevičienė, Vilnius.

RLŽ 1924 – Baronas J. Rusiškai lietuviškas žodynas, Kaunas.

RLŽ 1933 – Baronas J. Rusų lietuvių žodynas, Kaunas.

Sav su TV – Savaitė (su TV) (žurnalas).

J. Smul LKn 1962 – Smulis J. Led inė knyga, Vilnius.

SNŽŽ 1907 – Svetimų ir nesuprantamų žodžių žodynėlis. Sudarė J. Šlapelis, Tilžė.

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191

Sp – Sportas (laikraštis).

Spr – Sparnai (žurnalas).

StA – Studijų aidai (KTU laikraštis).

Šl – Šluota (žurnalas).

J. Šlap LKŽ 1940 – Šlapelis J. Kirčiuotas lenkiškas lietuvių kalbos žodynas, Vilnius.

Šv – Švyturys (žurnalas).

T – Tiesa (laikraštis).

TechEnc I 2000 – Technikos enciklopedija 1, Vilnius.

TechEnc II 2003 – Technikos enciklopedija 2, Vilnius.

TechEnc III 2006 – Technikos enciklopedija 3, Vilnius.

TechEnc IV 2010 – Technikos enciklopedija 4, Vilnius.

TLE III 1987 – Tarybų Lietuvos enciklopedija 3, Vilnius.

TMkt – Tarybinis mokytojas (laikraštis).

TMtr – Tarybinė moteris (žurnalas).

TŽŽ 1936 – Tarptautinių žodžių žodynas, Kaunas.

TŽŽ 1951 – Tarptautinių žodžių žodynas, Vilnius.

TŽŽ 1969 – Tarptautinių žodžių žodynas, Vilnius.

TŽŽ 1985 – Tarptautinių žodžių žodynas, Vilnius.

TŽŽ 2001 – Tarptautinių žodžių žodynas, Vilnius.

V. Urb B ir M 1974 – Urbanas V. Biblioteka ir mikroknyga, Vilnius.

Vd – Veidas (žurnalas).

VLE VI 2004 – Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija 6, Vilnius.

VLE XIII 2008 – Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija 13, Vilnius.

VN – Vakarinės naujienos (laikraštis).

ZnŽ I 2003 – Zanavykų šnektos žodynas 1. Vyriaus. red. A. Pupkis, Vilnius.

ZnŽ II 2004 – Zanavykų šnektos žodynas 2. Vyriaus. red. V. Sakalauskienė, Vilnius.

ŽtŽ 1998 – Vidugiris A. Zietelos šnektos žodynas, Vilnius.

ŽŽ – Žurnalistų žinios (laikraštis).

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LITERATŪRA

Drotvinas V. 1963: Kai kurių žodžių rašymas drauge ir skyrium. – Kalbos kultūra 4, 49–50.

Fraenkel E. 1955–1965: Litauisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, Heidelberg.

KP4L1 2005: Kalbos patarimai 4. Leksika: Skolinių vartojimas (svetimybės, tarptautiniai žodžiai) (L 1). Autorė ir sudarytoja D. Mikulėnienė, Vilnius.

Smoczyński W. 2007: Słownik etymologiczny języka litewskiego, Vilnius.

TT 1992: Terminologijos taisymai. Parengė K. Gaivenis, A. Kaulakienė, St. Keinys, J. Klimavičius, Vilnius.

Gauta 2011-12-21

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