Term after Term. VIII

JONAS KLIMAVIČIUS

ENVIRONMENT AND MEDIUM, MEDIUM AND MEDIA

The terms (and ordinary words) aplinka and terpė are not synonymous. Their meanings and mutual relations took shape over a considerable period, but have now almost stabilized, while continuing to develop to the extent determined by the progress and dissemination of the sciences. The history is interesting and instructive. Yet there are also quite current issues that need to be resolved. For example, “the elements of animate and inanimate nature found in the sea, above the sea, and in the depths of the earth beneath the sea (air, water, the seabed and the depths of the earth beneath the seabed, their natural resources)”—is this the marine environment or the marine medium? To understand and decide this requires—as is usually the case in terminology—not only command of the language and knowledge of linguistics, but also familiarity with the particular science. It is therefore useful to examine in greater depth the causes, course, and results of the emergence, interaction, and distinction between aplinka and terpė.

Both arose through terminologization, but the causes were also triggered (induced), and the subsequent difficult, uneven processes were determined by external influences—chiefly the Russian words среда and окружение, as well as the English medium.

Environment 1. “surroundings,” recorded as early as SD 1642 (Okolicá / Vicinia, territorium vniuersitas agrorum. regie. Apikayme / aplinka ir okrąženia / Ambitio. ambitus. us. circumiectus. us. Aplynka), later in Antanas Juška’s dictionary, and in LKŽ I₂ 1968 also attested in colloquial speech: People gathered from all around Krekenava. A reflection of how the newer, bookish meanings developed is LKŽ I₁ 1941 environment 2. an undifferentiated meaning and its incomplete explanation—“surrounding area, space” (although space here is already a small step towards medium). In LKŽ I₂ 1968 the meaning is split into 2. “the totality of natural conditions in which (=under which) something develops and operates” and 3. “social and domestic conditions, <…>”. Interestingly, both meanings are illustrated with sentences by Jonas Jablonskis—environment 2: And the environment also has a great influence on a person; environment 3: He also has influence, in other respects, on the study of language at school and in the life of his own surroundings. Antanas Vireliūnas’s neologism environmental studies, which took hold rather late and is little used

200 Jonas Klimavičius | Terminas prie termino. VIII

„kraštotyros [irgi Vireliūno naujadaras] dalis, tirianti artimiausią aplinką“ remiasi, rodos, abiem aplinkos reikšmėmis. Naują reikšmę prideda DŽ 1954 – aplinka 3. „aplinkuma, tarpas, sfera“: Oras yra aplinka, kurioje plinta garsas. DŽ 1972 – aplinka 3. aiškinama kiek tiksliau, bet irgi dar dvily­pė – „terpė, sfera“ – oras tikrai yra garso plitimo terpė, bet gyvenamųjų namų aplinkos sutvarkymas – ne jokios terpės ir net ne sferos. Todėl nenuostabu, kad LKŽ I₂ 1968 aplinka 4. „terpė, sfera“ iliustruojama tik oru; bet ir aiškinime neturėjo likti sferos. Toliau, matyt, pajutus aplinkos ir terpės skirtį, aplinka 1. aiškinama „fizinės sąlygos“: geografinė, natūrali; gyvenamųjų namų, bet ir dujų, korozinė DŽ 1993, nors dvi pastarosios veikiau yra terpės.

Before turning to environment as a scientific term, one should first survey its semi-terminological, or even terminologized, usage, in which motivation and semantic relations are most clearly revealed in various compounds and explanations. To begin, two examples: <...> the environment around us is already different Sav with TV 2008 42 3; electric field – 1. a region with special properties surrounding a charged object or a changing magnetic field AETŽ 2010. the surrounding environment: The physiology of cells, like their morphology, depends on the environment surrounding them ŽA 1972 14. The environment around us is dynamic IQ 2010 3 121. <...> relationship with the surrounding environment Sav with TV 2012 1 30. <...> thinking about the world and the environment around it NŽA 2011 2 84. <...> the impact of a nuclear power plant on the environment surrounding it Vd 2009 20 32. Taking into account the risk and protective factors both of the child and of the environment surrounding the child, <...> Vd 2008 50 74. Of course, the people around him is perfectly natural, but, carried away, even the environment and the people around him Sav with TV 2011 26 14. Alongside it, a similar expression is also common: environment-like surrounding: <...>spend the winter surrounded Sav with TV 2008 14 3. <...> nestled in the midst of nature <...> sanatorium Vd 2010 37 43. We live surrounded by the shadow economy Vd 2011 15 22. Taxes are the price of civilization and modern society, so if you want to live in decent surroundings, you have to pay Vd 2011 15 70. One has to learn new values surrounded by them. Vd 2010 39 66.

KPP 1976 and 1985 corrected this to: surrounding environment – environment. But this is not enough, and when no explanation is given as to what is wrong, the correction is of little use. Very little was needed—namely, to cite the Russian окружающая среда. Now, at last, a fuller discussion is needed.

Terminologija | 2012 | 19

201

Rus. okruženije and ¹среда have been recorded in lexicography since as early as 1627 (ССРЛЯ VIII 1959 and XIV 1963). Of the newer meanings of interest, only ¹среда is more widespread – 3. „социально-бытовая обстановка, <...> окружение“ (A. Gercenas, I. Turgenevas) || „совокупность людей, связанных общностью жизненных условий, занятий, интересов или кого-либо“ (M. Saltykovas-Ščedrinas, M. Gorkis), while 4. „группа людей“ (M. Lermontovas, F. Dostojevskis) is устар., so of okruženie, only meaning 3. || „окружающие люди, общество“ is current today. And ¹среда – 2. „совокупность природных или социальных условий, <...>“: географическая, окружающая, and окружение – 3. „окружающая обстановка, среда“: окружение растения, but only ¹среда – 1. „вещество, заполняющее какое-либо пространство и обладающая определенными свойствами“: воздушная, однородная, питательная. The current meaning of Russian среда is broader than that of окружение – it also includes окружение: среда¹ – 1. environment, surroundings; milieu: в среде учёных – among scientists; 2. medium: воздушная – aerial RLKŽ II 1967, 1. special. medium, mediumas: agrarian medium, distorsional medium / distorsional mediumas, почвенная – soil substrate RLKŽ IV 1985, while окружение – 1. environment, surroundings; sphere: literary milieu (4. enclosure, encirclement) RLKŽ II 1967, 2. environment, surroundings: geographical, petty-bourgeois RLKŽ II 1983; aplinka – среда, окружение: geographical, literary LRKŽ 1971, среда, окружение: geographical, literary, solemn, in our surroundings – в нашей среде LRKŽ 1988, and terpė – среда (environment): nutritive LRKŽ 1971, medium (environment) – среда: nutritive LRKŽ 1988. This comparison of meanings makes understandable the need for the modifier окружающая (среда), and, when using this phrase, the necessity of the term окружение. In Russian, the phrases в среде жить, существовать, обитать, расти and среда окружает are customary СССРЯ XIV 1963. Среда is clearly motivated by среду – тарр(е), whereas окружающая среда is nevertheless a contradictio in adiecto (oxymoron). The Lithuanian supanti aplinka, formed uncritically on the model of that phrase, is a pleonasm. Though misunderstood—its origin was unknown—it was noticed and eliminated, and indirectly helped bring about, and especially spread and establish, terpė. Aplinka is similar in motivation to English environment: environ – to surround and German Umgebung: umgeben – to surround, and Umwelt (surrounding world VLKŽ II 1992).

A false way out of this collision did exist, but, incidentally, it came late – namely, external environment: external environment – outdoor environment – среда внешняя AATŽ 2000; disinfection – the destruction of pathogenic microorganisms in the external environ-

202

Jonas Klimavičius | Terminas prie termino. VIII

koje LTE III 1978. Oda – svarbus sudėtingas organas, kuris atlieka daugybę funkcijų: padeda orientuotis išorinėje aplinkoje, <...> Sav su TV 2012 4 13. Taigi išorinės aplinkos dirginami vaikai dabar bręsta greičiau Vd 2010 36 36. Tai – antras pleonazmas, šokimas nuo vilko prie lokio. Aklai nuoseklūs eina iki buko galo: būtina ir vidinės, ir išorinės įmonės aplinkos analizės dermė AtsV 2011 1 8. Pasitaiko ir priešpriešų (išorinė) aplinka ↔ vidus: Išorinė aplinka, be abejo, turėjo įtakos, bet jei valstybės viduje bus chaosas, jokia aplinka nepadės Vd 2009 17 17. <...> fiziologija – mokslas apie tai, kas vyksta organizmo viduje, o ekologija – apie tai, kas vyksta išorinėje aplinkoje MkslL 2012 19 9. Mindaugui rūpėjo <...> didinti savo dinastijos prestižą šalies viduje ir tarptautinėje krikščioniškoje aplinkoje MkslL 2009 8 11. Nieko nevertas išorinis pasaulis, aplinka Sav su TV 2012 1 30.

Now that the need for terpė is entirely clear, aplinka must be discussed more fully in terminological terms so that the difference between the two becomes entirely clear.

The development of the concept aplinka, which took place beyond the confines of the Lithuanian language, is revealed by terminology dictionaries and encyclopedias. For example: aplinka (German Umwelt) – “J. Uexküll (‘The Environment and Inner World of Animals’, 1909) gave this concept the meaning of a natural Δ (the world of activity) that affects animals and in which they orient themselves according to their sensory organization; later this meaning was broadened to include the living space of plants and humans as well. Then philosophical anthropology emphasized that a human being, as an ‘open-to-the-world creature’ (M. Scheler), spiritually transcends the boundaries of the natural Δ because they are capable of changing them, and therefore the specifically human Δ is already marked by culture. <...>, in times of crises caused by the excessive scientific, technological, and economic transformation of nature, particularly serious problems arise concerning ecology, the protection of Δ, and ethics” FilosŽ 2002.

The sociological aspect of the origins of this conception is also indicated: social ecology (Greek oikos – dwelling and logos – science) – “a branch of sociology that examines problems in the relationship between humans and the environment. Social ecology emerged in the 1920s in the United States (...). <...>. Some sociologists believe that it should study human relations with nature – the surrounding animal and plant life; others define social ecology as the science of the relationship between social forms and the social factors that, in relation to these forms, constitute their ‘environment’; <...>. The question of the relationship between nature and society has become particularly urgent in connection with the present-day scientific and technological revolution, which depletes natural resources and pollutes the human environment. <...> FilosŽ 1975.

Terminologija | 2012 | 19

203

When all current meanings of aplinka are presented encyclopedically, their order changes: the oldest is meaning 3. (biol.) – “the totality of natural objects, phenomena, and conditions in which an individual, population, or species lives”; in the middle is 2. (geogr.) – “the totality of inanimate and animate nature and anthropogenic elements of a territory that surrounds humans (society) and is connected to them through reciprocal relations” (the conception is theorized rather elaborately: “an anthropoecosystem is regarded as an ecological system whose central organizing element (host) is the human being, while other natural or anthropogenic formations connected with them constitute their living Δ (home)”); and aplinka 1. is something of a generalization – “the space or totality of objects surrounding something (a medium, called a home), interacting with the object or subject it surrounds (called the host). <...>. Depending on the nature of the medium under consideration or the dominant components of the space, natural (non-anthropogenic), anthropogenic, technical, economic, social, spiritual Δ and other types of Δ are distinguished” VLE I 2001. Aplinka 4. is highly specialized – mathematical, but in LTE I 1976 aplinka was still only mathematical; naturally, it was treated separately as geographical environment – “the totality of objects and phenomena of animate and inanimate nature (climate, soil, mineral resources, relief, vegetation, and fauna), constituting one of the necessary conditions for the existence of society. <...>” LTE IV 1978. Before the opposition between host and home was named, it was understood even without these terms, for example: There is a continuous exchange of matter and energy between the organism and the environment, <...> ŽA 1972 30. The host, of course, is by no means only a human being, and home is not only a human home. But when talking about a human being and people, living environment is very common and natural, for example: The forest is part of our consciousness, our living environment, <...> Sav with TV 2011 42 5. Although animals in colloquial speech usually do not live but rather stay (while domestic animals are kept), theoretically, of course, they live, and therefore they too have their own living environment, for example: Thus, as animal migration changes because of global warming, their living environment changes Vd 2009 11 45.

Many people now talk about aplinka. For example, the well-known linguist David Crystal: <...>: an ecosystem consists of the interaction of all living organisms—plants, animals, bacteria, etc.—with the physical and chemical factors of their environment KM 2005 40. The geographical environment is mentioned by ethnographer Pranė Dundulienė (LEtn 1982 7). Specialists in other fields sometimes use the theoretical concept of aplinka in rather unusual ways, for example: A human being is conditioned by all other existence, which constitutes their environment UP 1992 164. The universe is not some environment or container of bodies UP 1992 140.

204 Jonas Klimavičius | Terminas prie termino. VIII

New types continue to emerge – abiotic environment – “the totality of inorganic conditions (↑abiotic f a c t o r s) in which all living organisms exist,” while the biotic environment “consists of natural f a c t o r s a n d p h e n o m e n a arising from the activity of other organisms (for many microorganisms, biotic f a c t o r s are the organism’s internal m e d i u m)” VLE I 2001. The spiritual environment is gaining currency Sav su TV 2009 27 23, as are the Kaunas literary milieu AtsP. Cvirk 1969 449 and the literary milieu of Moscow MokslL 2001 11 5, academic environment IQ 2011 4 111, information environment MokslL 2007 1 7, business environment IQ 2010 4 29, entrepreneurial environment IQ 2010 4 78, and investment environment Vd 2007 3 11. Some examples may perhaps lie at or beyond the periphery of terminology, e.g.: <...> in contemporary society and culture, fiction already exists in a different p e r c e p t u a l e n v i r o n m e n t SLL 23 2007 305. Incidentally, a type may also occur without a modifier, e.g.: environment – 1. “a substance or field with certain properties that fills a space and in which a system under study is located or a phenomenon under examination takes place,” e.g., liquid medium; 2. “external conditions (temperature, humidity, pressure, vibration) that affect the operation of a device,” e.g., electromagnetic environment AETŽ 2010. Positivist methodology sought the causes, influences, and sources of a text’s emergence by comparing it with other texts. E n v i r o n m e n t (milieu) was needed not only to investigate its genesis, but also to discuss its meaning SLL 23 2007 305. The poet (Albinas Žukauskas) also has a heart’s environment: The heart defends itself against returns, which time ceaselessly contrives in its surroundings AtsP.Cvir 1969 634. Even bedding advertising keeps up: A double, cozy blanket <...> keeps the s l e e p i n g e n v i r o n m e n t fresh.

Both are subjects of environmental science. For practical life, the most relevant is one—the protective environmental aspect: environment – the interacting whole of elements functioning in nature (the earth’s surface and depths, air, water, soil, plants, animals, organic and inorganic substances, anthropogenic components) and the natural and anthropogenic systems that unite them: physical, natural, healthy, human, anthropogenic, degraded, production-related,... AATŽ 2000. The Environmental Protection Act (2005 version of the Act) gives only an edited version of this definition (MkslL 2011 9 7). Thus the central concerns here are environmental protection from physical, chemical, biological, and other adverse effects arising from the use of natural resources; environmental monitoring – “systematic observation of the state of the environment and its elements, assessment and forecasting of anthropogenic changes”; environmental pollution, environmental management, environmental assessment (: environmental protection value, environmental functions, environmental hazard, human impact on the environment) TechEnc I 2000,

Terminologija | 2012 | 19

205

environmental engineering and land management (a KTU degree program), environmental chemistry “a branch of chemistry that examines environmental pollution and ways of reducing it” ChŽ 2003.

Having clarified what environment is, we can also answer the question posed at the very beginning: there is a marine environment MksIL 2011 9 7 (Article 3, paragraph 7 of the aforementioned Act), 11 12.

Medium is also a piece of colloquial-language evidence—the word gap variant: medium 1. see ¹gap 1: Do not leave gaps when weaving cloth Dusetos (also Smálvos); 2. see ¹gap 3: I put everything here into the wall’s medium Sudeikiai (also Dusetos). Attempts have long been made to adapt it to standard language and terminology as well: medium 3. “a vacant, unoccupied position, vacancy”: Wakancyja iákiego wrzedu. Vacantia officia, dignitates. Terpe wiresnibes kokios SD 1642; 4. (neologism) “parenthesis” A. Baranauskas; also medium 2: bridge medium VI 1924 (LKŽ XVI 1995). Mediums are still absent from the LKV 1950 dictionary (161–604). Only in recent times has medium 2. “a substance filling the space or bodies surrounding something” begun to appear and become established: Air is a simple medium for fire. Water is a medium for fish to live in. A nutrient medium for growing bacteria DŽ 1954. A little later, this meaning is divided into two: medium 1. “a substance filling a space”: Air <...>, 2. “an environment in which to exist”: Water <...>. Nutrient medium DŽ 1972. Later, the word “substance” is rightly dropped: medium 1. specialized “an environment for something to exist, manifest itself, or take place”: Air is a medium for fire. Blood is the organism’s internal medium. A nutrient medium for growing bacteria. Solid, liquid, conducting medium. Acidic, alkaline medium (environment). Quenching medium (technical) (2. eastern dialect “gap”) DŽ 1993. It is regrettable that just two years later LKŽ XVI 1995 goes back again: medium 5. “s u b s t a n c e filling a space”: Light, on encountering a medium of greater optical density, slows its propagation P. Avižonis. Blood together with lymph is the organism’s internal medium Raštai and 6. “e n v i r o n m e n t for something to exist, manifest itself, or take place”: Water is a medium for fish to live in DŽ.

Medium terminology in terminography and texts should begin with its differentiation from environment. This is a separate stage in the development of this microsystem—not a short or swift one, but essentially complete. Yet the process of differentiation remains relevant and calls for attention, because it still persists quite extensively in some usage. In 1927, the eminent philosopher and terminologist—the theorist and creator and editor of philosophical and pedagogical terminology—wrote: The reciprocal interaction of people constitutes in society an e n v i r o n m e n t a l m i l i e u, or a n e n v i r o n m e n t, which the French call milieu S. Šalk R I 1990 171. The beginning was difficult for him too.

206 Jonas Klimavičius | Terminas prie termino. VIII

The start was difficult. But even 70–80 years later, people still make similar blunders: This virus is exceptionally resilient in the external environment, <...> and the 2009 H1N1 flu is one of the influenza strains that formed in a pig medium <...> Sav su TV 2009 50 6. Every family creates around itself a medium of relatives and friends’ families, <...> G.GosNR 2010 116. The rapid advancement of technology always brings the danger of drifting away from fundamental reality, from nature as it is given to us, from the medium around us M.D.PhilTI 2009 69. And God forbid that a time should come when caretakers begin to grace magazine covers and teach us life’s truths, proudly calling themselves something like “stylists of the external medium and way of life” Vd 2010 41 62.

The synonymy in usage, unjustifiable and still persisting to this day, is also found in: The influenza virus dies in an alkaline environment (medium) Sav su Tv 2009 47 31.

Much more frequent is the interchangeable use of the two fundamentally different terms: Water is the medium for many chemical reactions <...>. Over the course of evolution, some aquatic plants and animals adapted to life on land, but water was and remains the most important environmental factor for them TechEnc IV 2010 (factors are in a medium, while an environment comprises conditions). <...> unchanged by human activity (...), i.e., the natural marine and aquatic environment (that is, the concept of a three-dimensional medium) MkslL 2011 9 6. I had to change environments three times when I moved from one school to another. – But let us return to the three environments or mediums I mentioned, in which I had to mature. – Back then I did not understand my environment. – <...> the milieu that developed in the gymnasium was mixed. – The fourth medium was the Polytechnic Institute NŽA 2008 9–10 392, 393, 393, 394, 394.

However, one must examine the matter closely to understand which of the words used interchangeably is appropriate. It is certainly not always medium; often it is instead environment, for example: The world consists of two parts <...> (continents, land) and waters (...). <...>. The vegetation and animal life of these parts differ greatly, as does the anthropogenic medium (environment) MkslL 2011 9 6. <...> local places are not only physical geographical points and environments, <...>. Thus premodern local places—fields, farmsteads, village meadows, churches, market squares, estates—are the geographical “local” mediums of nearly all social interactions J. TomlG ir K 2002 61. – Clay, granite, salt. Which medium is best for burying nuclear waste? – Hard to say, <...>. One has to bury it in the environment available in a particular country MkslL 2008 18 7. The scientific and technological environment stifles us, especially since the advent of the computer, information technology, and so on. All this may immerse us in a medium that will no longer be truly human

Terminologija | 2012 | 19

207

M.D.PhilTI 2009 68. Every ship – <...> – is an autonomous structure, often with a distinctive sociocultural environment (...) and a maritime sociocultural medium MkslL 2011 9 7 and 14. The macroeconomic medium and macroeconomic environment Vd 2008 30 11. Vilnius could seek to distinguish itself as a legally favorable medium for establishing alternative investment funds. <...>. Everything needs to begin with creating an appropriate legislative environment; a favorable environment should not change for at least 7–10 years, <...> IQ 2010 3 68. <...> in a medium characterized by openness, we see diverse relations of the individual and community with themselves and their environment SLL 23 2007 34. Such errors occur when writing such half-digested things: These problems are very closely related to the social sciences, which occupy an ever larger place in the life of every state and society Vd 2010 25 47.

A further caution is very much needed: terms used side by side, environment and medium, may be neither synonymous nor interchangeable, but each may have its own meaning and proper place: Old, hollow trees and dead wood are habitats for various living organisms: fungi, lichens, mosses, mollusks, etc., which can live only in old or decaying wood. <...> there are thousands of life forms in the forest that need to be nurtured, first and foremost by preserving their habitat Vd 2010 19 32. <...>In a less regulated business environment, there is less scope for corruption Vd 2011 3 32. Beyond this horrific tip of the iceberg, the facade of an epidemic of self-destructive and other-destructive behavior culminating in early death, lies hidden the medium that feeds this epidemic—a poisoned spiritual environment, <...> Vd 2009 18 62. <...>the family and microsociety (...) create a medium that helps or hinders the formation of adolescents’ spiritual resilience. The crisis in society, manifested in an abundance of risk factors and the high toxicity of the social environment, social exclusion, and a lack of tolerance, poisons adolescents’ fragile spiritual world and encourages pathological forms of rebellion Vd 2007 38 78. <...>the family itself is a medium in which love must be protected and nurtured, and <...>besides the family, another environment is also needed M.D.PhilTI 2009 96.

Why is the family already a medium, and not an environment? Theologian Father Marie-Dominique Philippe OP and his translators—the brothers and sisters of the Community of St. John—are terminologically entirely precise: in pedagogy (educology), a distinction is made between environment – environment – Umgebung – среда – “a factor in human development: the totality of natural, geographical, climatic, social, and cultural conditions in which an individual or group of people lives. This is an ecological medium, with which the individual or group interacts. The social macro-

208

Jonas Klimavičius | Terminas prie termino. VIII

environment is society and its institutions; the microenvironment is the contact medium (family, school, factory, institution). <...>” PT 1993, 1. “<...> Social environment – <...>. The microenvironment is a communication medium (...) EncEŽ 2007.

Here we come to one more small step, but a decisive one. Is the family really only a medium? The natural—physical, geographical,...—environment consists of the conditions of life, both favorable and unfavorable, which also affect processes. The term environmental factors – environmental factors – факторы окружающей среды is used, though by no means always, but sometimes, to mean “abiotic, i.e. physical (humidity, wind, currents, floods and ebbs, sunlight, etc.), chemical (inorganic elements and their various compounds, as well as many organic compounds that are by-products of organisms’ vital activities), and biotic factors, i.e. plants, animals, microorganisms, and their interactions” AATŽ 2000. When conditions need to be specified or broken down, we get factors. But an artificial, anthropogenic environment (technical, cultural, social, spiritual,...) is created (or at least efforts are made to create it) as favorable and effective—it becomes something like a medium (simply decisive factors), but only if the efforts are fruitful. If we did not sense this—admittedly subtle—distinction, it would seem that these media should be called environments: Being in an unfamiliar medium, a person forgets many things Vd 2007 4 54. The creative medium of the old Vilnius photographer was that pure ether in which the Gods breathe NŽA 2007 11–12 535. <...>Lithuanian identity <...>in the future <...>will find it increasingly difficult to “fit” into the medium of traditional culture B.KuzTTS 2007 173. <...> Lithuanian culture as a medium of national consciousness in the diaspora, <...> B. KuzTTS 2007 178. But these media are (almost) concrete factors that produce clear actions and effects (whereas with the environment, there are interactions!). Is it not in journalism and essay writing that nuances and shifts in thought are first sensed?

And shifts are subsequently characterized by inertia too—then they often, or perhaps almost everywhere, become a historical and cultural medium MoksIL 2009 6 4, an international cultural medium IQ 2010 4 93. These media have quite concrete characteristics, the first of which is that they are nourishing: <...>everyday corruption is itself a nourishing medium from which corruption in government arises Vd 2010 2 12. <...> to turn to our rich cultural medium Sav su TV 2012 38 21. A favorable medium for business start-ups seems to encourage the creation of new businesses, but not the development and growth of those already established IQ 2011 4 75. <...> rapidly falling solar power plant construction costs and government-subsidized, fixed energy purchase tariffs provide an excellent medium for a boom in power plant construction IQ 2010 8 89. <...>socia-

Terminologija | 2012 | 19

209

l networks are the b e s t m e d i u m for creating a new profile of political life NŽA 2012 1 9. <...> high-speed internet has already become a u n i q u e m e d i u m for integrating the latest technologies, quality, and accessibility Vd 2009 13 30. The much-vaunted “dialogism” of the new media is greatly exaggerated; it would be more appropriate to speak of an “i n t e r a c t i v e o n e-w a y m e d i u m” Z. BaumG 2007 84. <...> there was a lack of a n o r m a l “S o c r a t i c” i n t e l l e c t u a l m e d i u m IQ 2010 4 19. A society of specialists is the b e s t m e d i u m not only for dictators but also for populist politicians NŽA 2012 5 319. There are more examples demonstrating the concreteness and effectiveness of media: The existence of language is not only a means but also a precondition for the possibility of knowledge—a means, because cognition itself can t a k e p l a c e o n l y w i t h i n t h e m e d i u m o f l a n g u a g e; a precondition, because cognition is directed toward its object as something that u n f o l d s in the form of propositions FĮ 1992 149. <...> to mature into a higher culture, an appropriate historical m e d i u m i s n e e d e d KngA 2009 2 27. The medium for speaking the truth that emerged with the restoration of Lithuania’s independence NŽA 2012 5 289; an excellent medium for explaining and implementing ideas for the protection of the natural environment MksIL 2008 16 4, a medium for abuse Vd 2010 22 21, an excellent medium for shadow activities to flourish Vd 2010 37 78. Next comes inertia again (or perhaps even pressure from the system): social medium Sav su TV 2008 25 6, sociocultural medium NŽA 2007 3 115, political medium NŽA 2008 6 284, 2011 2 138, living scientific medium MksIL 2010 9 9, academic medium MksIL 2006 22 3, Vd 2007 37 34, IQ 2010 4 95. Perhaps not (only) out of inertia, but also for another reason (which will become clear when discussing media and medium), we have these media: information medium Sav su TV 2009 45 7, electronic medium KKS 2005 211, SLL23 2007 307, VD 2007 7 51, 2011 8 7, online medium NŽA 2011 3 162, digital medium MksIL 2006 19 13, NŽA 2011 6 408.

To conclude this discussion of the decisive step, a further word must be said about the aforementioned inertia. It has already gone off the rails, for example: <...> the natural sciences in general are a very creative medium—they must be understood and grasped Vd 2010 25 48. But the space there has already been abused too, for example: perhaps the most favorable space for discussion is the internet NŽA 2012 5 320. Both require moderation. Everyone can see that the medium itself is also subject to this: “the internet simply ‘kills’ human civilization, replacing it with superficial communication” Sav with TV 2008 14 5 (article The Global Medium... for Profane Users).

There are also all sorts of extraordinary little cases. It cannot be said that it would be impossible to insert oneself into an environment, for example: An animal lacks language because, to speak in Heideggerian terms, it does not dwell “in the clearing of Being (Lichtung),” but is embedded in its environment A.MacR VI 1994 283.

210 Jonas Klimavičius | Terminas prie termino. VIII

Occasionally, there is pleonasm in inner medium, e.g.: “‘Local’ and ‘global’ are the strictest concepts of that inner medium, whose principal part is called ‘national’ or regional” M.B.StegG 2008 35. Or might medium be like a gap: The mediating medium between the spheres of matter and spirit here serves as primordial matter UP 1992 128. Terminography has not escaped, in part, idem per idem, e.g.: environment – 1. “reaction medium,” while medium – “environment for something to exist or take place” ChŽ 2003 (perhaps “surroundings” could help). Sometimes this is truly dangerous, e.g.: environment 1. – “<...> medium, i.e. home)” VLE I 2001.

Thus environment gave rise to it, but medium is already clearly distinct from it, although together they form a microsystem. This is well illustrated in the dictionary: environment – environment, ambient – environnement – Umgebung – окружающая среда – see also medium, and medium – medium – milieu – Medium – среда – see also environment RTŽ 2000. We now see that very concrete and highly active environments turn into media.

What remains? What remains is that from which medium began – medium – medium (a substance that surrounds something or in which something happens) – среда [and milieu exterieur Fr. (...) – external environment – наружная среда, milieu interieur (...) – internal environment (conditions) – внутренняя среда] MedŽ 1980, “the environment in which an organism can live, develop, and reproduce” – medium: physiological, nutritive, culture, germination, incubation,..., medium – 2. medium, environment (?!): onulient medium – environment, surrounding medium – environment [and environment – “the totality of external influences affecting an organism’s development” – environment, surroundings; environment – environment, external conditions, surroundings – environment] AugbiolŽ 1998, medium – среда – “the environment in which an organism lives (feeds, grows, develops, and reproduces); the totality of its living conditions”: physiological, nutritive, natural, artificial; liquid, solid, acidic, alkaline AATŽ 2000.

It would be needless repetition to comment here on the internal environment and the like, but it is worth recalling that similar things have occurred elsewhere: the organism’s internal medium Zoopsich 1983 41, the cell and the medium surrounding it ŽA 1972 13. The organism’s medium is sometimes simply represented by the organism (in vivo), as opposed to an artificial medium (in vitro) M ir T 1974 6 24; sometimes even by internal medium: Changes in the internal medium are recorded by the nervous system Zoopsich 1983 121. However, medium is not only the entire organism, but also a particular part of it, e.g.: Blood is an excellent medium for bacteria to multiply in Sav su TV 2010 43 10. An artificial medium may be not only in vitro, i.e. an experimental / research one, e.g.: In artificial insemination, eight ova are taken from the woman, six of which are fertilized by sperm in a special medium Vd 2010 40 45.

Terminologija | 2012 | 19

211

Medium is rarely used incorrectly in place of environment, but unfortunately it does happen: The lower part of the troposphere, tens of years thick, is very important as a living medium for flora, fauna, and humans (=living environment) TechEnc IV 2010. For instance, naturalism rests on the conception of nature as a unified (=common) medium (=environment), of phenomena and objects NŽA 2007 8–9 411.

A couple more side notes. Related to medium is the verb įterpti—not the one meaning “put into a gap” (He inserted a word into the sentence) DŽ 1972, but the one meaning “when scattering bulk materials or pouring liquids” (=scatter, pour, plow in) KPP 1976, which, incidentally, is still encountered, e.g.: <...> the larger the seed, the deeper it is sown. Thus beans and kidney beans are inserted at a depth of 4–6 cm, <...>. Moreover, in lighter sandy soil, seeds are sown somewhat deeper than in loam, although earlier it was said: Often three packets are scattered over such a bed Sav su TV 2011 17 10. Among the misuses is the genetics term įsiterpimas – integration – интеграция—“the incorporation of a DBR molecule or part of it, a plasmid, or a phage chromosome into the DBR of a cell, bacterium, or plasmid with the participation of enzymes; <...>” GenŽ 1995 (whereas elsewhere integruoti has become a mere lexical parasite!), e.g.: A fish gene is inserted into vegetables grown this way so that they keep longer Vd 2010 16 38.

Probably the leap from to fit into the environment (living beings <...> fit into their environment and settle in it FĮ 1992 126)⟧ led to the otherwise not new, but rare verb įtarpinti (a variant of the common but polysemous word įtarpuoti), e.g.: Dostoevsky’s aim was to accumulate the spirit of the Gospel, to interpose tradition into the present, to emphasize the ethical truth of the Gospel NŽA 2011 7 487. In philosophy, it has a meaning, and is therefore needed: to mediate within itself: <...>: substance is mediated within itself or reflected within itself. This means that, in true being, everything that is part, plurality, or diversity is so because being returns to itself FĮ 1992 111. The concept is that which is alive, is its own self-mediation through itself FĮ 1992 323.

The smaller and more recent part—medium and media—was prompted by the English words environment and especially medium (plural mediums and the Latin form media). That stimulus gave rise to as many as three processes and three kinds of results—mass media, medium, and environment, as well as media.

Quite quickly and successfully, mass media emerged—“means of information: the press, radio, television” MokLKŽ 2000 [though it is still absent from the nearly stereotypical DŽ 1993 compilation—DŽ 2000, and appears only in DKŽe 2006 as “public information media (periodical press, radio, television, internet)”], mass media – žiniasklaida PoNS.ALKŽ 2004.

212 Jonas Klimavičius | Terminas prie termino. VIII

Mass media – a contribution of Lithuanian Americans. By that time, the Soviet mass media in Lithuania (“TASS is authorized to announce!”) had already almost exhausted their totalitarian stench, though some still cherished them in the form of the abbreviation VIP (despite the nearly international homonym VIP – English very important person!..). In the realm of theory floated mass communication – массовая коммуникация – mass communication – “the systematic provision (using technical means of reproduction) of specially prepared messages of public significance to large, anonymous, dispersed audiences. The aim is to influence people’s attitudes, evaluations, opinions, and behavior. Δ is an important social and political institution of contemporary society, a subsystem of communication. <...>. Δ’s sources are institutional in nature and include audience-supported feedback. Δ’s means are the press, radio, television, cinema, audio and video recordings. <...>. Δ has greater social and psychological potential than the more traditional forms of communication—interpersonal and public communication. <...>. Psychology, sociology, and semiotics study various problems of Δ, <...>” PsychŽ 1993. Names change, but: We may conditionally call popular mass media demonism, by which we are profoundly wounded ŠA 2001 30 7. The world of mass media here opens up as a utopian space of legitimized deception NŽA 2003 10 571.

It caught on fairly quickly, because here one had to make a clear decision—one cannot call it two different things. Public endorsements (in response to users’ questions)—acceptable, possible and so on (Šiupienienė 1997, Murinienė 1997)—received broad support, although there were also various doubts and objections: the aforementioned VIPas, and even medijos (‘media’) was proposed, although this is m a s s m e d i a, and, moreover, an international word is inconvenient for everyday use. The author of this article responded rather sharply (on air) to those who objected without serious arguments. Only at the very beginning did misunderstandings arise about the scope of the concept: information civilization (understood as m a s s m e d i a a n d t h e i n t e r n e t) MT 2010 10 103, and its correction: The Internet, too, is a mass medium ŠA 2001 15 3; or something more unusual: mass-media s y s t e m KB 2001 5 20, television and radio m a s s - m e d i a n e t w o r k L ir M 1999 34 2, a globalized and “mass-mediated” world KB 2001 10 5. Specific subtypes emerged: tele-mass media L ir M 1999 34 2, television mass media GK 2001 5 25, internet mass media ŠA 2001 15 3, NŽA 2002 11–12, 508, Vd 2004 12 23, electronic mass media ŠA 2001 15 3, interactive mass media ŠA 2001 15 3, secular and confessional mass media NŽA 2004 3 117, secular and church mass media (from the airwaves). There is also an inverted kind: lie-media, muck-media.

Terminologija | 2012 | 19

2 1 3

Not as a name but as a description, information dissemination is also used Vd 2003 7 4, 31 41—as are other similar forms of dissemination: cultural dissemination NŽA 2003 9 489, Vd 2004 20 46, NŽA 2004 5 277, dissemination of cultural information NŽA 2003 3 130, public dissemination of ideas NŽA 2004 6 242, dissemination of art NŽA 2003 1–2 53, dissemination of science MkslL 2012 22 Prd 1, dissemination of German law MkslL 2012 20 6, dissemination of innovations KngA 2003 3 29, dissemination of technologies MkslL 2003 15 3, Vd 2004 18 53, even dissemination of noise and pollution Vd 2003 37 9, and even dissemination of culture and education through the mass media NŽA 2004 4 174.

It was precisely here, with the emergence of mass media, that a slight shift in the meaning of sklaida (‘dissemination’) began. Sklaida meant “‘scattering’: the law of (bullet) dispersion” LKV 1950 dictionary (161–604); 1. “‘scattering’”; 2. physics, “the separation of rays of differently colored light as they pass through an object that refracts them (e.g. a prism)” DŽ 1954; 3. biology, “the initial development of tissues and organs”: Disorders of embryonic development DŽ 1993; and also a meaning that arose quite some time ago (primarily in philosophy) but is not recorded in dictionaries: “unfolding, opening out.” But for about 20 years, instead of this new, still-unrecorded meaning of sklaida, the clearer and more precise (unambiguous) išsklaida (‘unfolding’) has been widely used (and, of course, correspondingly, iš(si)skleisti, ‘to unfold’), although at first it appeared alongside sklaida (‘dissemination’) (and skleisti(s)) (‘to unfold’): Indeed, the scholar does not unfold this concept NŽA 2004 5 251. <...> to unfold the question about the human being, oriented toward grounding metaphysics, as an essential question M.HeidRR 1992 39. Kant, unfolding his own grounding, <...> M.HeidRR 1992 39; to unfold the problematic M.HeidRR 1992 41, to unfold a unified interpretation of transcendence as “care” M.HeidRR 1992 54. Therefore Newton said: hypotheses non fingo, principles are not arbitrarily invented. They are unfolded from the plan of nature and are embedded in that plan M.HeidRR 1992 141. As it unfolds, inquiry does not scatter into random, <...> M.HeidRR 1992 143. Nietzsche <...> did not unfold a metaphysics of complete subjectivity M.HeidRR 1992 200. <...> thinking itself as the unfolded fullness of reflection on the object of thought M.HeidRR 1992 343. ‖ Preparatory thinking and its unfolding M.HeidRR 1992 170, <...> “the systematic unfolding of ‘philosophical anthropology’ M.HeidRR 1992 30. The grounding of metaphysics in terms of the tasks it sets itself, its premises, its unfolding, and the aim of realizing this task M.HeidRR 1992 50; unfolding of the question M.HeidRR 1992 115, unfolding of the question about Nothing

214 Jonas Klimavičius | Terminas prie termino. VIII

M.HeidRR 1992 115, unfolding of the problematic M.HeidRR 1992 54, interpretive unfolding of understanding M.HeidRR 1992 83, unfolding of the fundamental metaphysical position M.HeidRR 1992 170, unfolding of nihilism M.HeidRR 1992 176. Discourse, understood as the dissemination of meanings M.HeidRR 1992 391, the unfolding of St. Thomas Aquinas’s thought NŽA 2001 5 212; the dissemination of meanings a mode of unfolding NRom 200 3 16, theoretical unfolding NRom 1998 5 54, but also the dissemination of individuality in the Middle Ages KngA 2001 1 13, the unfolding of a woman’s personality. These two examples, however, may have a somewhat different meaning—“(un)folding.” There is also already disclosure (along with to disclose): It [the name humanism] does not express the theory of the created, fallen, and redeemed human being unfolded by Christian theology. It denotes a philosophical interpretation of the human being that discloses and evaluates the totality of beings solely on the basis of and with an orientation toward the human being M.HeidRR 1992 151. However, to be true, an assertion need not necessarily disclose the essence of a thing. Truth occurs only where such disclosure takes place M.HeidRR 1992 219. <...> intellect is a mode, and thinking a means, of apprehending Nothing primordially and judging its possible disclosure M.HeidRR 1992 116. Thus we finally arrive also at concealment: Unfounded saying and repetition suffice for disclosure to become concealment M.HeidRR 1992 85. There is even dual disclosure: <...> the axis of Heidegger’s entire philosophy is the so-called dual disclosure of Being and beings (Zweispalt) Arvydas Šliogeris (M.HeidRR 1992 18).

Mass media has become established. Yet in theoretical discourse, means of a certain kind of dissemination is also called media: Who would deny that media have become not only more open today, but also more cunning and powerful? L ir M 2004 19 22, Skirmantas Valiulis. Often alongside mass media: mass media that create a controlled “media space” NŽA 2004 3 117. Another characteristic of mass media that is highly ambiguous from the Church’s perspective is their universality. Reaching the most remote corners, the press, radio, and television create what are called “media communities” NŽA 2004 3 117. Such [TV] campaigns, which claim millions of victims, will undoubtedly continue, and their scale will grow. It could hardly be otherwise, since they increasingly reveal the advantages and benefits of life in a reality mediated by the mass media NŽA 2002 11–12 508. The main participants and heroes of this colorful, virtual war are no longer soldiers dying in trenches and attacks, but representatives of the mass media. The role of people holding guns is no longer to win battles, but to supply the raw material from which the mediated

Terminologija | 2012 | 19

215

a reality of war, eclipsing in its reality the war taking place in physical space <…> Ibid., 510, Vytautas Radžvilas. Support for the medium came from the translation of Marshall McLuhan’s book (1964), Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man. The essence of his theory and term can be understood from the translator Daina Valentinavičienė’s footnote added to Lewis H. Lapham’s introduction, The Eternal Present: “In McLuhan’s general theory, medium primarily means any technical form of human expression, technology, invention, or even the basic raw material of some activity (for example, paper, numbers, an axe, clothing, a house, a photograph, a clock, money, electric light, etc.). Of course, most media are means of communication in the literal or figurative sense (a road, a bicycle, a printing press, a newspaper, a telegraph, television, etc.) or means of informing, and often both” (McLuhan 2003: 7). The translator is right that mass media is narrower. It should be added that mass media includes only m a s s information (primarily) and communication channels, but not their materials (not raw materials!) or specific technical forms (objects); moreover, for McLuhan even a message is a medium, and language is an extension of man¹ (McLuhan 2003: 26, 91). And so the duality continues. In 2007, a conference was held, Media and Imperialism: Press, Photography, Films, Radio and Television in the Era of Modern Imperialism. ‖ The association itself [The International Association for Media and History – IAMHIST] eventually began to bring together not only scholars and historians, but also everyone engaged in research in the fields of cinema, television, radio, photography, the press, and other media (mass media) NŽA 2011 6 425. Incomprehensible usage is even encountered: N spoke about media and the medium without which there is nothing NŽA 2011 5 350.

In computing, there are environment and medium, which are closely related. An attempt was made to get by with a single Lithuanian term, terpė—2. “the e n v i r o n m e n t in which an object functions (environment). The execution environment of an application is a computer, operating system, memory device, data set”: hardware, information, operating, and software environment; and 1. “an e n v i r o n m e n t for storing information (medium), i.e. a m a t e r i a l for recording and storing data”: physical and memory medium; cf. data storage medium – (data) medium, media—“a material medium for recording and storing data” AKŽ 1995. But rapid-

¹Incidentally, this is not the only understanding of language as a medium; cf.: “Language is more than merely a means of communicating or exchanging information. ‘Language,’ H. G. Gadamer argues, ‘is rather that universal m e d i u m in which cognition itself takes place’” (Maceina 1994: 436; 1978).

2 1 6

Jonas Klimavičius | Terminas prie termino. VIII

so two terms emerged—terpė (cf. aplinka)—environment; medium – среда – Umgebung, Umwelt; Medium, Mittel—and operating, software, technical, user, human-computer interaction, memory, recording, and transmission medium; and also aplinka (cf. terpė)—environment; neighbourhood – среда – Umgebung, Umwelt: the real external environment Inf 1997. Most likely this means “the totality of all external conditions and influences acting on a system at a given moment”—aplinka – environment – environnement – окружающая среда ATeleKŽ 2004. Yet immediately an effort is made to establish aplinka – environment as “the totality of hardware and/or software tools with which the performer of a task and the program directly required for that task interact and whose resources they use”; terpė is also used, but… terpė see ↑ aplinka EncKompŽ₂ 2005, so terpė is in fact abandoned. Not even medium remains—only multimedia—“a general term for ↑ multimedia information, ↑ multimedia equipment, and ↑ multimedia medium. When translating from other languages, it is preferable to choose whichever one of the listed terms best suits the context”; and įvairialypė terpė—“a medium made up of multimedia information and the multimedia equipment that processes it” EncKompŽ₂ 2005.

In usage, multimedia forms had already been common by then: VDU Faculty of Informatics Multimedia Laboratory GK 2001 5 26; multimedia products Vd 2003 35 45, 41, 51, multimedia services Vd 2003 38 46. And afterwards they continue to occur in usage, even medium: The latest technologies and m e d i a pose many puzzles for text critics. Electronic publishing is fundamentally changing the accessibility of literary works NŽA 2007 11–12 558; conference “History of M e d i a and Cultural Memory”; m e d i a culture NŽA 2001 6 425, interactive m e d i a portal Vd 2006 52 56. There is all sorts of marginal material too—both Grid program environments MksIL 2007 1 3, and: The I n t e r n e t is, above all, a m e d i u m for us Vd 2006 52 56; and multimedia Vd 2006 52 55, Sav with TV 2009 15 31, 18 11, 2012 16 6; and even... multimedia medium Vd 2011 1 57.

Thus multimedia literacy MksIL 2009 18 5 is almost terminologically settled—EncKompŽ₂ 2008 left everything as it was, but—for reasons unknown—added: media player—“a program for playing multimedia information files.” Usage has yet to catch up fully with standardization.

The third medium is institutional—Department of Photography and M e d i a A r t at the Vilnius Academy of Arts L ir M 2004 20 22, as well as “m u l t i m e d i a

Terminologija | 2012 | 19

2 1 7

art” NŽA 2003 7–8 412, multimedia art festival L ir M 2004 20 22, and even an indeclinable form (!!!): The further development of video and media art is characterized by the integration and interaction of different fields. <...>. The Contemporary Art Information Center and the artists’ group RŪT RŪT <...> present the Lithuanian multimedia art and music festival “Centras” L ir M 2004 20 21. <...>, before the exhibition opening <...> a prominent Swiss curator of video and media exhibitions will give a lecture, “Exhibition Display and Navigation” (in English) L ir M 2004 19 21. That is how they manage—half in English, even with exhibition navigation—what more could one expect, when even motorists cannot or will not replace navigator with a wayfinding device. Others would at least like to: “<...> Lithuanian equivalents for the names of new art forms—intermedia, multimedia, junk—have not yet been coined or established” KngA 2004 1 38. By way of an initial reminder, at least approximate descriptions can be offered: <...> on the one hand, what is presented or expressed in art—that is, its spiritual content—is important. On the other hand, there is a certain medium, a material through which it is conveyed or expressed FĮ 1992 31; medium—2. means of expression in art PONS. ALKŽ 2004. Given the architectural style techno (perhaps technostyle, technoarchitecture), techno music TŽŽ 2001, it might be possible to propose for consideration the entirely intelligible term technoart.

From Latin medium—1. middle, LoLieŽ 2007 gives us mediumas: 1. “a person capable of inducing hypnosis, possessing powers of suggestion and telepathy; a clairvoyant, regarded by spiritualists as an intermediary between people and spirits”; 2. “the middle vocal register of singers”; 4. “a student celebration held halfway through one’s studies”; and medijas—“a voice category of ancient Indo-European languages, surviving in Hittite, Greek, Indo-Iranian, and Tocharian, whose meaning is close to the Lithuanian reflexive verb form” TŽŽ 2001 (KTŽ 1990 has no medijo). Medium 3. “medium, environment” is again from ecclesiastical Latin (Church authors), LoLieŽ 2007 (mediumas—3. medium, environment TŽŽ 2001); therefore medija and multimedija cannot be Latinisms, as TŽŽ 2001 claims, but are Anglicisms, whereas only English medium (1. middle; average, 2. means, method, 3. (living) conditions, circumstances, 4. physics: medium, environment, 5. intermediary, 6. medium (among spiritualists), 7. (paint) solvent ALKŽ 1975) is, in turn, a loanword from Latin. The singular medija is unlikely to derive from the English plural media (although singularization of borrowed plural forms does occur, e.g. pirsas, sibsas)—it may be analogous to auditorija from auditorium.

2 1 8 Jonas Klimavičius | Terminas prie termino. VIII

Quite recently, another medium came up: Most calcium and phosphorus compounds accumulate in the middle layer of an artery—the tunica media,< >... MkslL 2009 7 13. There are all sorts of middle layers—surely they need not be called media?

CONCLUSIONS

The terminologization of environment (physical, geographical, natural, residential,...) and medium (physiological, nutritional,...) was prompted by words from other languages—Russian среда and English medium—and did not happen without collisions: unlike environment (cf. around, also cf. English environment – environ “(to) surround”), the motivation behind Russian среда (cf. среда “between”) required the modifier окружающая to designate the meaning “environment,” but interference produced a blind borrowing of meaning (and, at the same time, an oxymoron): surrounding, later external environment, then mechanically used in the sense of “medium,” though rarely, internal environment and even internal medium, and eventually the synonymous and interchangeable use of environment and medium, that is, their confusion. Yet environment and medium, used alongside one another, can each retain their own meaning and proper place; it is simply not easy to distinguish where usage is sound and where the terms are confused. Although definitions of environment vary considerably (depending also on the dispersion of the concept, proliferation of types, and shifts in meaning), its essence is “conditions as a whole,” which undoubtedly affect processes, whereas medium denotes the decisive “factors.” However, as the concept of “environment” develops and conditions become more concrete, with their efficacy more clearly apparent, many such particular “environments” (family, school, institution,...) become media (of communication, awareness, cultural, sociocultural, social, or a medium for telling the truth or abusing it).

The English term mass medium has been successfully rendered as mass media (an instrument, not an action). With its emergence, dispersal meaning “spreading, unfolding” (of a question, concept, metaphysics,...) was replaced by the more precise, unambiguous term dispersion. Media is used in theory (in translated or compilatory literature), whereas in practice it is used only as a description, not as a term.

In computing, at first environment was environment, and medium – medium, but now of the media only multimodal (not multimedia) medium remains, along with the undifferentiated meanings of multimedia.

There is also media art (even indeclinable, (multi)media art)—both a medium and a material.

From Latin medium also come mediumas (polysemous), the historical-grammatical term medijas, and the colloquial medija.

These matters are important not only for various terminologies, but also for normative lexicography.

Terminologija | 2012 | 19

219

ŠALTINIAI

AATŽ 2000 – Aplinkos apsaugos terminų žodynas. Red. kom. V. Raškauskas, K. Jankevičius, P. Zajançkauskas, Vilnius: Lietuvos Respublikos aplinkos ministerija.

AETŽ 2010 – Aiškinamasis elektrotechnikos terminų žodynas. Vyriaus. red. S. Žebrauskas, Kaunas: Technologija.

AKŽ 1995 – Paulauskas K. V., Jasinevičius R. Aiškinamasis kompiuterijos žodynas. Ats. red. V. K. Paulauskas, Kaunas: Technologija.

ALKŽ 1975 – Svecevičius B. Anglų–lietuvių kalbų žodynas, Vilnius: Mintis.

ATeleKŽ 2004 – Aiškinamasis telekomunikacijų terminų žodynas. Parengė V. Valiukėnas, R. Sabaliauskaitė, J. Gabijūnienė, Vilnius: AB „Lietuvos telekomas“.

AtsP. Cvirk 1969 – Atsiminimai apie Petrą Cvirką, Vilnius: Vaga.

AtsV – Atsakingas verslas (laikraštis).

AugbiolŽ 1998 – Trumpas anglų–lietuvių ir lietuvių–anglų kalbų augalų biologijos terminų žodynas. Parengė O. Rupainienė, Vilnius: UAB „Nacionalinių tyrimų centras“.

Z. BaumG 2007 – Bauman Z. Globalizacija: pasekmės žmogui. Vert. V. Rubavičius, Vilnius: Apostrofa.

ChŽ 2003 – Chemijos terminų aiškinamasis žodynas. Ats. red. Z. Mačionis, spec. red. R. Mudėnienė, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas.

DŽ 1954 – Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas, Vilnius: Valstybinė politinės ir mokslinės literatūros leidykla.

DŽ 1972 – Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas, Vilnius: Mintis.

DŽ 1993 – Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla.

DŽ 2000 – Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas.

DŽₑ 2006 – Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas. VI (III el. leid.), Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas.

EncEŽ 2007 – Jovaiša L. Enciklopedinis edukologijos žodynas, Vilnius: Gimtasis žodis.

EncKompŽ₁ 2005 – Dagienė V., Grigas G., Jevsikova T. Enciklopedinis kompiuterijos žodynas, Vilnius: TEV.

EncKompŽ₂ 2008 – Dagienė V., Grigas G., Jevsikova T. Enciklopedinis kompiuterijos žodynas, Vilnius: TEV.

FĮ 1992 – Anzenbacher A. Filosofijos įvadas. Vert. red. V. Ališauskas ir T. Sodeika, Vilnius: Katalikų pasaulis.

FilosŽ 1975 – Filosofijos žodynas. Liet. leid. red. R. Plečkaitis, Vilnius: Mintis.

FilosŽ 2002 – Halder A. Filosofijos žodynas. Vert. A. Tekorius, red. E. Dagytė, Vilnius: Alma littera.

GenŽ 1995 – Rubikas J. Dažnesnių lietuviškų genetikos terminų žodynėlis, Vilnius: Biochemijos institutas.

GK – Gimtoji kalba (žurnalas).

G. GosNŽ 2010 – Gospodinov G. Natūralus romanas. Vert. G. Kubilickaitė, Vilnius: Baltos lankos.

M. HeidRR 1992 – Heidegeris M. Rinktiniai raštai. Vert. A. Šliogeris, red. J. Pribušauskaitė, Vilnius: Mintis.

Inf 1997 – Lietuvių–anglų–rusų–vokiečių kalbų terminų žodynas. Informatika. Red. R. Valatkaitė, Z. Kudirka, Vilnius: Matematikos ir informatikos institutas.

IQ – IQ (žurnalas).

KB – Kultūros barai (žurnalas).

KKS 2005 – Pupkis A. Kalbos kultūros studijos, Vilnius: Gimtasis žodis.

KM 2005 – Crystal D. Kalbos mirtis. Vert. E. Šidlauskaitė ir G. Gailiūtė, Vilnius: Tyto alba.

KngA – Knygų aidai (žurnalas).

KTŽ 1990 – Gaivenis K., Keinys S. Kalbotyros terminų žodynas, Kaunas: Šviesa.

B. KuzTTS 2007 – Kuzmickas B. Tautos tapatumo savimonė. Lietuvių savimonės bruožai, Vilnius: Mykolo Romerio universiteto Leidybos centras.

LEtn 1982 – Dundulienė P. Lietuvių etnografija, Vilnius: Mokslas.

L ir M – Literatūra ir menas (laikraštis).

LKV 1950 – Lietuvių kalbos vadovas: Tartis ir rašyba. Kirčiavimas. Kalbos dalykai. Žodynas. Sudarė Pr. Skardžius, St. Barzdukas, J. M. Laurinaitis, Bielefeld: Lietuvių tremtinių bendruomenė.

220 Jonas Klimavičius | Terminas prie termino. VIII

LKŽ I₁ 1941 – Lietuvių kalbos žodynas 1, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas.

LKŽ I₂ 1968 – Lietuvių kalbos žodynas 1, Vilnius: Mintis.

LKŽ XV 1995 – Lietuvių kalbos žodynas 15, Vilnius: Mokslas.

LoLieŽ 2007 – Kuzavinis K. Lotynų–lietuvių kalbų žodynas, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas.

LRKŽ 1971 – Lyberis A. Lietuvių–rusų kalbų žodynas, Vilnius: Mintis.

LRKŽ 1988 – Lyberis A. Lietuvių–rusų kalbų žodynas, Vilnius: Mokslas.

LTE I 1976 – Lietuviškoji tarybinė enciklopedija 1, Vilnius: Mokslas.

LTE III 1978 – Lietuviškoji tarybinė enciklopedija 3, Vilnius: Mokslas.

A. MacR VI 1994 – Maceina A. Raštai 6, Vilnius: Mintis.

MedŽ 1980 – Astrauskas V., Bizulevičius V., Pavilonis S., Vaitilavičius A., Vileišis A. Medicinos terminų žodynas, Vilnius: Mokslas.

M ir T – Mokslas ir technika (žurnalas).

MkslL – Mokslo Lietuva (laikraštis).

Prd – Priedas.

Mt – Metai (žurnalas).

NRom – Naujoji Romuva (žurnalas).

NŽA – Naujasis židinys–Aidai (žurnalas).

M. D. PhilT 2009 – Phellipe M. D. OP. Trys išmintys, Vilnius: Agapetos.

PONS. ALKŽ 2004 – PONS. Anglų–lietuvių kalbų žodynas, Vilnius: Šviesa.

PsichŽ 1993 – Psichologijos žodynas. Spec. red. P. Augis, R. Kočiūnas, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla.

PT 1993 – Jovaiša A. Pedagogikos terminai, Kaunas: Šviesa.

RLKŽ II 1967 – Rusų–lietuvių kalbų žodynas 1. Paruošė V. Baronas, V. Galinis, red. B. Larinas, J. Macaitis, Vilnius: Mintis.

RLKŽ II 1983 – Rusų–lietuvių kalbų žodynas 2. Sudarė Ch. Lemchenas, Vilnius: Mokslas.

RLKŽ IV 1985 – Rusų–lietuvių kalbų žodynas 4. Sudarė J. Kardelytė, Ch. Lemchenas, J. Macaitis, A. Mankevičienė, Vilnius: Mintis.

RTŽ 2000 – Radioelektronikos terminų žodynas. Vyr. red. V. Palenskis, Vilnius: Litimo.

Sav su TV – Savaitė (su TV) (žurnalas).

SD 1642 – Pirmasis lietuvių kalbos žodynas: Konstantinas Sirvydas. Dictionarium trium linguarum [fotografuotinis tekstas], Vilnius: Mokslas, 1979.

SLL 23 2007 – Senoji Lietuvos literatūra 23, Vilnius: Lietuvių literatūros ir tautosakos institutas.

M. B. StegG 2008 – Steger M. B. Globalizacija. Labai trumpas įvadas. Vert. E. Vareikis, Vilnius: Eugrimas.

ŠA – Šiaurės Atėnai (laikraštis).

S. ŠalkR I 1990 – Šalkauskis S. Raštai 1, Vilnius: Mintis.

TechEnc I 2000 – Technikos enciklopedija 1, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas.

TechEnc IV 2000 – Technikos enciklopedija 4, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos centras.

J. TomlG ir K 2002 – Tomlinson J. Globalizacija ir kultūra, Vilnius: Mintis.

TŽŽ 2001 – Tarptautinių žodžių žodynas, Vilnius: Alma littera.

UP 1992 – Gineitis L. Istorinis kelias į universalią pasaulėžiūrą, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla.

Vd – Veidas (žurnalas).

VĮ 1924 – Vireliūnas A. Įvardai, arba terminai, priimti Terminologijos komisijos, Kaunas: Sakalas.

VLKŽ II 1992 – Krizinauskas J., Smagurauskas S. Vokiečių–lietuvių kalbų žodynas 2, Vilnius: Mokslas.

Zoopsich 1983 – Bagdonas A. Zoopsichologija, Vilnius: Mokslas.

ŽA 1972 – Pavilonis S., Strolus R., Tamašauskas K. ir kt. Žmogaus anatomija, Vilnius: Mintis.

ССРЛЯ VIII 1959 – Словарь современного русского литературного языка 8, Москва–Ленинград: Издательство Академии Наук СССР.

ССРЛЯ XIV 1963 – Словарь современного русского литературного языка 14, Москва–Ленинград: Издательство Академии Наук СССР.

Terminologija | 2012 | 19

2 2 1

LITERATŪRA

KPP 1971: Kalbos praktikos patarimai. Sudarė A. Pupkis, Vilnius: Mokslas.

KPP 1985: Kalbos praktikos patarimai. Sudarė A. Pupkis, Vilnius: Mokslas.

Maceina A. 1994: Raštai 6, Vilnius: Mintis.

McLuhan M. 2003: Kaip suprasti medijas. Žmogaus tęsiniai. Vert. D. Valentinavičienė, Vilnius: Baltos lankos.

Murinė L. 1997: Iš konsultacijų. – Lietuvos rytas 1997 09 26.

Šiupienienė A. 1997: Klausiate. Atsakome. – Vakarinės naujienos 1997 08 21.

Gauta 2012-12-27

Jonas Klimavičius

Erfurto g. 56-14

LT-04107 Vilnius, Lietuva

222 Jonas Klimavičius | Terminas prie termino. VIII