The First Lithuanian Medical Science Journal and Lithuanian Medical Terminology

PALMIRA ZEMLEVIČIŪTĖ

Institute of the Lithuanian Language

KEYWORDS: medical science journal, Lithuanian medical term, simple word, derivative

For the centenary of Medicine and Nature

INTRODUCTORY REMARKS

The beginnings of the Lithuanian medical science journal¹. The emergence of Lithuanian medical periodicals (Karosas 1960: 42–49; Bizulevičius 1989: 34–39; Andriušis 1996: 161–176) was strongly influenced by non-Lithuanian medical periodicals, published in Latin, Polish, and Russian, which had deep roots in Lithuania (Stakulienė 2001: 220). The first Lithuanian medical periodical, Health (1909–1915, 1920–1928), appeared in the first decade of the 20th century. In the second decade, the journal Medicine and Nature (1913) began publication, as did the fortnightly supplement The Doctor (1914–1915) to the weekly Dawn. Also related to these were Pharmacists’ Affairs, published sporadically in 1911–1912 (Stakulienė 2001: 226).

In a 1910 article, Kazys Grinius proposed launching a “professional” Lithuanian medical journal. In his view, the journal “could include: 1) scholarly articles on medicine, hygiene, medical statistics, veterinary medicine, pharmacy, and the natural sciences; 2) a chronicle of developments in those sciences and the lives of their practitioners; 3) information; 4) feuilletons” (Grinius 1910: 1). However, it was only three years later that this plan was realized: in 1913, the Lithuanian journal of medicine, veterinary medicine, pharmacy, and the natural sciences Medicine and Nature began publication. Its publisher and editor was Dr. Stasys Matulaitis. The journal began publication under the auspices of the Society of Lithuanian Scientists, which had established a Physicians’ and

¹ It should be noted that “in the Lithuanian press of the 20th century, all periodicals were referred to as newspapers. Only later, roughly from the beginning of the period of independence and definitively in the third and fourth decades of the 20th century, did the term ‘journal’ become established” (Stakulienė 2001: 227). Thus, the term journal is used in this article.

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at the initiative of the physicians who were members of the pharmacists’ section²—Dominykas Bukontas, Bronislava Gedminaitė, K. Grinius, Juozas Jarašius, Antanas Vileišis—and the pharmacists Stasys Bytautas, Jonas Kašinskas, Zenonas Kuzavas, Elena Lukaševičiūtė, Motiejus Nasvytis, Jeronimas Šliogeris, Matas Valeika, and Antanas Žukauskas (Aničas 1999: 302). After two issues had appeared, publication ceased owing to a lack of funds (Aničas 1999: 302–303). Thus, the admirable aims remained unrealized.

A few words should now be said about the structure and content of the journal’s issues. In the first issue’s “From the Editorial Board” section, it is stated that “the first newspaper in Lithuanian on medicine, veterinary medicine, pharmacy, and natural science is being launched” (MG 1913 1 1). The need for such a joint journal is emphasized: “the largest part of the Lithuanian intelligentsia is engaged in the aforementioned branches of science. Working separately, we will not be able to accomplish anything. But, gathered together around our newspaper, we will be able to do much that is useful for our fields of science, our profession, and our country. We have brought all the aforementioned branches of science together in one newspaper purely from a practical point of view. Separately, none of these groups would yet be able to have its own newspaper, as is the case among other nations. Therefore, by working together, we will achieve our goal” (MG 1913 1 1–2). The journal was to be published every two months, with an extent of one and a half printer’s sheets, and to include: “1) original and translated articles, 2) feuilletons on public life, 3) reports, 4) a review of medicines and practical advice, 5) criticism and bibliography, 6) correspondence and letters to the Editorial Board, 7) a chronicle, 8) vacant positions, 9) announcements” (MG 1913 1 2). The journal’s price is also given: “4 rubles per year, 2 rubles for half a year, 75 kopecks for a single issue” (MG 1913 1 2).

Thus, the first 25-page issue (May–June) of Medicinos ir gamtos (a bimonthly journal of medicine, veterinary medicine, pharmacy, and natural science) appeared in 1913 (see fig.). In this issue, as noted in the “From the Editorial Board” section, “most of the material is on medicine, because we did not have suitable material from other branches of science, although we approached them and asked for contributions” (MG 1913 1 2). Three articles were included: “The Spread of Trachoma in Lithuania Minor and Lithuania Major” (Dr. P. Avižonis); “Are Adenoids Connected with Onanism?” (Dr. Laumianskis); “From the Gynecology Department of St. Jacob’s Hospital in Vilnius. On the Question of Arresting Uterine Bleeding in Myomas. Read at the Pirogov Congress in St. Petersburg” (Dr.

² One of the tasks in the program drawn up by the Section was to systematize the old terminology and create new terminology (for the natural sciences—botany, chemistry, etc.) and specialized terminology (for medicine and pharmacy) (see Moksleivis Kalnėnas 1912: 184).

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A. Damaševičius). The “Reports” section publishes two pieces by S. Matulaitis: “Treatment of Epilepsy with Bromine” and “Bismutum subnitricum hyperchlorhydrijoj ir ulcum ventrikuli.” The “Feuilletons” section contains J. Bagdanavičius’s³ piece “Courses for Doctors in Berlin.” In the “This and That” section we find J. Bagdanavičius’s work “Are Many Lithuanian Villagers Suffering from Consumption?” The “Bibliography” section presents annotations written by the journal’s editor, S. Matulaitis, for short popular medical booklets (Sveikata arba tiesus ir trumpas kelias į sveikatą. Compiled by Dr. L. Graičiūnas; Užkrečiamųjų limpamųjų ligų išsipletojimo būdai ir kova su jomis. Dr. Graičiūnas). In the “Practical Advice” section, Dr. Jonas Basanavičius offers several practical tips (“To lower the temperature of consumptives <...>,” “Trachoma and iodic acid,” “For stomach pain in gastritis alcoholica”). The final page contains corrections.

In the “From the Editorial Board” section of the second and final issue, regret is expressed over the shortage of submissions (for this reason, the issue appeared late). Disappointment is voiced: “when we began publishing the first Lithuanian-language medical and natural-science newspaper, we hoped to find greater interest. But it seems we were badly mistaken. We somehow managed to publish two issues, but the third, if this lack of response continues, will probably not appear for a long time” (MG 1913 1 1). At the end, everyone “who cares about supporting Medicinos ir Gamtos” is urged to help it in whatever way they can, “some with writing, others with money” (MG 1913 1 2). This issue concludes the serialization of Dr. A. Damaševičius’s article “From the Gynecology Department of St. Jacob’s Hospital in Vilnius. On the Question of Arresting Bleeding from the Uterine Fibroid in Myomas. Read at the Pirogov Congress in St. Petersburg.” Three articles by D. Bukantas are published: “On Ruptures of the Birth Canal and Transverse Presentation during Childbirth,” “On Cases of Bladder Stones in Children,” and “A Homemade pessarium.” S. Matulaitis published an article important and significant both in its subject matter (medicine) and in its linguistic and terminological aspects: “Lithuanian Terminology of Anatomy, Physiology, Pathology, and Chemistry” (it will be discussed in somewhat greater detail below). The “This and That” section contains Dr. J. Bagdanavičius’s piece “On Medical Terminology.” A feuilleton by an author signing with the initials J. Z. is published under the title “This and That from the Hygiene Exhibition in St. Petersburg,” while under the initials A. D. appears N. A. Kukovierov’s re-

³ A pseudonym of Dr. Juozas Bagdonas.

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port, “On the Use of Local Anesthesia.” S. Matulaitis and J. Basanavičius presented new medicines (“Sedobrol,” “Follikulinas kaip pūrgatyvas,” “Ristinas ir niežai,” “Melubrinas”). The “Practical Advice” section features J. Basanavičius’s “For haemorrhagia ventriculi.” The “Chronicle” publishes “The Medicine and Nature Section at This Year’s Congress of the L. M. Dr.”

Lithuanian medical terminology: sources, problems and prospects.

The question of the Lithuanian character of medical terms was probably first raised by Dr. Mikalojus Kuprevičius in 1897. Varpas published his article “Lithuanian Names of Diseases.” He urged physicians to use Lithuanian names for diseases rather than loanwords, and himself presented about 60 in the article, adding their Latin or Greek equivalents.

Concern about the Lithuanian character of medical terminology was voiced again only 16 years later, by S. Matulaitis in 1913, in the article “Lithuanian Terminology of Anatomy, Physiology, Pathology and Chemistry,” published in Medicina ir gamta. It set out a number of pressing medical terminology issues of the time: an excess of terms and, conversely, a lack of them; variation in the terms used to name the same concept; the absence of norms; matters of standardizing and approving terms; and the need to involve specialists and linguists in terminology work. The author urged physicians to collect words from everyday speech or create terms according to the rules of their native language’s grammar. S. Matulaitis emphasized the necessity of “having firmly and definitively established terminology for anatomy, physiology, pathology, chemistry and other branches of science insofar as they are connected with medicine” (Matulaitis 1913: 9). He criticized the “abundance of terms” in the popular medical booklets of the time, in which the same concept had several names. According to the author, this was undesirable and harmful, and confusing even for the reader. Because of this “mixture of terminological abundance,” “scholarly writings will lack seriousness.” Therefore, S. Matulaitis proposed introducing a special terminology section in the Medicina ir gamta journal, where collected terms from the various branches of terminology would be published. The author had outlined guidelines for the further development and standardization of Lithuanian medical terminology that remain relevant today: “Others, having read the terms presented, will offer more suitable ones of their own, whether taken from popular speech or based on grammatical rules. In order to make a final choice of the most suitable term from among all the terms, next year at the meeting of physicians and natural scientists we will be able, with the help of language experts, to complete this work definitively. Having adopted the most suitable terms, we will perhaps publish them in a separate booklet, so that everyone will know them and use uniform terminology” (Matulaitis 1913: 9).

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tis 1913: 10–11). Šiam sumanymui autorius padarė pradžią, pateikdamas straipsnyje nemažai lietuviškų osteologijos vardų.

The subject of the article is Lithuanian Medicina ir gamta journal’s ⁴single-word medical terms. The aim is to discuss the expression of terms, that is, matters of their structure. Single-word terms are divided into simple words from everyday speech or written sources and words formed using the word-formation devices of the native language; the latter are described in greater detail according to their method of formation. Where necessary, medical terms are compared with current terms naming the same concepts. Finally, the article addresses the question of whether the journal’s Lithuanian single-word medical terms have survived in the language of contemporary Lithuanian medical science.

1. LITHUANIAN SINGLE-WORD

MEDICINA IR GAMTA TERMS

1.1. Single-word terms (197 terms). In the articles, single-word terms name generic concepts in the sciences of anatomy, physiology, clinical medicine and pharmacology. A distinction can be made between simple words from everyday speech or written sources and words formed using the word-formation devices of the native language.

1.1.1. Simple words from everyday speech or written sources

(51 terms). Primary (underived) words are classified as simple words from everyday speech or written sources. Kazimieras Gaivenis stated that “ready-made Lithuanian words are most often terminologized in two ways: 1) by extending (transferring) the lexical meaning of a word and 2) by narrowing (restricting) its lexical meaning” (Gaivenis 2002: 52). He observed that medicine was one of the sciences that terminologized words from popular speech (Gaivenis 1983: 15). “Although a large proportion of medical terms is Latin and continues to form the core of the medical lexicon, which is constantly supplemented and refined” (Česnys 2002: 55), many terms have nevertheless been taken from popular speech. Most words taken from everyday speech for scientific medical terminology name anatomical and clinical concepts, with a few naming concepts in physiology.

Anatomical terms have been formed through the terminologization of the basic lexical meanings of everyday words⁵: akis MG 1913 1 23 / akys MG 1913 1 9, see akis 1. “organ of sight” LKŽe; ausys MG 1913 1 9, see ausis 1. “organ of hearing” LKŽe; bamba MG 1913 1 13, see 1 bamba anat. “navel-

⁴ In this article, medical terms of native Lithuanian origin are considered Lithuanian terms.

⁵ To determine whether terms are of popular origin, the article draws on data from the Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language (LKŽe). A term is considered popular if the word or its meaning is attested in the dictionary in everyday speech (as indicated by abbreviations for dialect localities).

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‘a cavity in the middle of the abdomen (umbilicus)’ LKŽe; mouth MG 1913 1 8, see mouth 1. ‘the cavity between the lips and the throat’ LKŽe; teeth MG 1913 2 18, see tooth 1. anat. ‘a bony organ in the mouth or muzzle for chewing food (Dens)’ LKŽe; head MG 1913 1 9, see head 1. ‘a part of the body’ LKŽe; blood MG 1913 1 12, MG 1913 2 6, see blood ‘a red-colored fluid circulating in the human or animal body and nourishing the tissues’ LKŽe; lips MG 1913 1 9, see lip 1. ‘one of the two edges of the mouth’ LKŽe; nose MG 1913 1 9, see 1 nose 1. ‘the organ of smell’ LKŽe; skin MG 1913 1 13, MG 1913 2 4, see skin 1. ‘the upper layer of the human or animal body, its covering’ LKŽe; membrane MG 1913 2 7, see membrane 1. anat. ‘a thin layer of tissue connecting or covering certain parts of the organism’ LKŽe; hand MG 1913 2 6, see hand 1. ‘the upper limb of a human from shoulder to fingertips; the part of this limb from the wrist to the fingertips’ LKŽe; stomach – ‘ventriculus’ MG 1913 2 9 / stomach MG 1913 1 21, see stomach 1. anat. ‘the digestive organ of humans or animals—a muscular sac, stomach, belly (ventriculus)’ LKŽe; brain MG 1913 1 9, see brain 1. anat. ‘the central part of the nervous system, consisting of nerve fibers and cells located in the skull and spinal canal of humans and vertebrate animals’ LKŽe; loins MG 1913 1 18, see loins 1. ‘the lower part of the back below the waist, the lumbar region (lumbus)’ LKŽe; heart MG 1913 1 13, MG 1913 2 2, see heart 1. ‘the central organ of blood circulation, located on the left side of the chest’ LKŽe; face MG 1913 1 9, see face 1. ‘the front part of the human head’ LKŽe; internal organs MG 1913 2 20, see internal organs 1. ‘the internal (usually digestive) organs of humans or animals’ LKŽe; intestines MG 1913 1 17, MG 1913 2 6, see intestine 1. anat. ‘a tubular part of the digestive tract beginning at the stomach (intestinum)’ LKŽe.

Words from everyday language with broader meanings were also adopted for anatomical terminology, but their meanings were narrowed, for example: shame – vulva MG 1913 2 12, see shame 2. ‘external genital organs’ LKŽe, cf. pudendum femininum – female external genital organs MedŽ; lump (?) – uterus MG 1913 2 12 / lump MG 1913 2 3, see lump 6. ‘womb’ LKŽe; shell – concha MG 1913 2 11, see shell 6. anat. ‘the external part of the ear’ LKŽe; eyelid (palpebra) MG 1913 2 13, see eyelid 2. ‘the eyelid’ LKŽe, cf. palpebra – eyelid MedŽ; vagina MG 1913 1 15, see 1 vagina 6. anat. ‘a part of the female reproductive organs (vagina)’ LKŽe; shoulder blade – scapula MG 1913 2 11, see 1 shoulder blade 8. anat. ‘a flat, triangular bone in the upper back (scapula)’ LKŽe; turnip – patella MG 1913 2 12, see turnip 7., see ro-

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mouse 9. ‘kneecap’ LKŽe, cf. patella – kneecap MedŽ; stomach – ‘ven-triculus’ MG 1913 2 9 / stomach MG 1913 1 17, see stomach 3. ‘stomach, belly’ LKŽe, cf. ventriculus – 1. stomach MedŽ; fibula – fibula MG 1913 2 12, see fibula 5. ‘a lower-leg bone’ LKŽe, cf. fibula – fibula MedŽ; penis – penis MG 1913 2 12, see penis 2. anat. ‘the male sexual organ (penis)’ LKŽe; eyelid (palpebra) MG 1913 2 13, see eyelid 2. ‘a covering of the eye that blinks’ / eyelid MG 1913 1 23, see 1 eyelid, see 1 eyelid 2. ‘a covering of the eye that blinks’ LKŽe. According to the dictionary data, all the words mentioned above, except for lump, shell, vagina, are attested in everyday language with medical meanings.

The article “Lithuanian terminology of anatomy, physiology, pathology, and chemistry” proposed several words from everyday language to name an organ of the female reproductive system—motė, močįa, lump (?) – uterus MG 1913 2 12: motė, see 1 motė 6. anat. ‘womb’ LKŽe, cf. uterus – womb MedŽ, but the word močia is not recorded in LKŽe in the sense of ‘womb.’

The journal’s articles contained words from everyday language used to denote not only anatomical concepts but also, to a lesser extent, clinical ones. The clinical term disease MG 1913 1 8, MG 1913 2 7 / diseases MG 1913 2 15, see 1 disease 1. ‘a disturbance of the organism’s functioning, deterioration of health, ill health, disability’ LKŽe, and the pharmacological term medicines MG 1913 1 12, MG 1913 2 20 / medicine MG 1913 1 17, MG 1913 2 21, see 1 medicine ‘a medicinal remedy’ LKŽe.

Several clinical terms use the primary lexical meanings of words from everyday language: dicius (on the forehead) – atheroma MG 1913 2 13, see dicius ‘a kind of lump (atheroma)’ LKŽe, cf. atheroma – atheroma, an accumulation of fat [lipoids] MedŽ; salt MG 1913 1 18, cf. salt 1. ‘a salty mineral compound (sodium chloride) used to preserve and flavor food’ LKŽe; tumor MG 1913 1 13, see tumor 1. ‘a solid growth in any part of the organism’ LKŽe; pus MG 1913 2 5, see pus ‘a greenish-yellow mass that forms in wounds and sores’ LKŽe; water MG 1913 2 15, cf. water 1. ‘a clear, colorless liquid, usually without taste or odor, a compound of hydrogen and oxygen (H₂O)’ LKŽe; boil MG 1913 1 3, cf. boil (med.) ‘a swelling with pus, a sore, a suppurating boil, a carbuncle’ LKŽe, while one word has a narrowed meaning: of stone nom. sg. MG 1913 2 7 / stone MG 1913 2 8 / stones gen. pl. MG 1913 2 7, see stone 8. ‘a concretion formed in the body’ LKŽe.

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In his article, Doctor Bagdanavičius⁶ (more precisely, in the word list) gave two words from everyday speech for naming the same clinical concept: gramai (sputsum) MG 1913 2 13, skrepliai (sputsum) MG 1913 2 13; see skreplys 1, “mucus coughed up from the respiratory organs” LKŽe. The dictionary includes only gramas, which does not have the meaning “sputum”.

A pair of substantivized pronominal adjectives denoting women’s diseases deserves separate mention⁷: baltieji– fluor albus MG 1913 2 12 / baltųjų gen. pl. MG 1913 1 14; see baltieji 2; see baltosios med. “such a women’s disease (Fluor albus)” LKŽe; cf. fluor albus – baltosios MedŽ; raudonieji⁸ – haemorragia MG 1913 2 12; LKŽe does not record raudonieji, only raudonieji žiedai Ss “menstruation”; cf. haemorrhagia – hemorrhage, bleeding MedŽ.

1.1.2. Derivatives (146 terms). More than half of the journal’s Lithuanian one-word medical terms are derivatives⁹. According to their mode of formation, they are classified as suffixal, prefixal, and inflectional derivatives, as well as compounds.

1.1.2.1. Suffixal derivatives (97 terms). This is the largest group of derivatives. Derivatives with the suffix -imas (-imai) predominate; these are mostly action nouns, formed in roughly equal numbers from verbs without prefixes: gimimai MG 1913 2 15, girdėjimas MG 1913 1 10, mirimai MG 1913 2 15, niežėjimas MG 1913 2 22, perpūtimas MG 1913 1 10, perpūtinėjimai MG 1913 1 10, plaudimas MG 1913 2 6, plovimai MG 1913 1 18 / plovimas MG 1913 1 18, plūdimai MG 1913 2 3, skaudėjimas MG 1913 1 22, MG 1913 2 20, sopėjimai MG 1913 1 15, užimas MG 1913 1 13, and from prefixed verbs: įčiurkškimai MG 1913 1 14 / įčiurkškimac MG 1913 1 13, MG 1913 2 3, įdūrimas MG 1913 2 19, įleidimas MG 1913 2 19, išėjimas “evacuation” MG 1913 1 18, nuvargimas MG 1913 2 18, pasiutimas MG 1913 2 16, suspaudimai MG 1913 1 15, užsikrėtimas MG 1913 1 15. The meanings of a few derivatives with this suffix have become more specific, for example: linkimas? – ar-

⁶ See footnote 3.

⁷ “Independent substantivized pronominal adjectives denoting a secondary name for an object, which in certain cases may replace the primary name of the object and serve as its synonym, for example: geltonoji ‘such a disease, jaundice’, <...>, kruvinoji ‘dysentery’. <...>. These substantivized adjectives are formed by turning the name of a characteristic feature of a given object into the name of the object itself. They generally arise alongside names that speakers wish to avoid, for example, names for various diseases, <...>. <...>. Pronominal adjectives become substantivized because of the specificity of their meaning. A characteristic expressed by a pronominal adjective is associated with a particular object, making the name of the object itself unnecessary” (LKG I 530).

⁸ In his 1899 book Patarmės moterims, kurios nori būti sveikos (and in its second edition, published in 1906), physician A. Vileišis used the term raudonieji to mean “menstruation.”

⁹ The description of derivatives draws on the works of Pranas Skardžius, Vincas Urbutis, and Saulius Ambrazas, as well as LKG.

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ticulatio MG 1913 2 12, cf. articulatio – articulation: 1. joint MedŽ, growth “outgrowth” MG 1913 2 15, adhesions “fused places?” MG 1913 2 3, scarring “scar?” MG 1913 2 13.

The following suffix derivatives are listed according to their frequency:

-elis (-eliai): petelis MG 1913 2 4, pilvelis MG 1913 1 21 / pilvelis – “ventriculus” MG 1913 2 9, raktelis¹⁰ – clavicula MG 1913 2 11, cf. clavicula – collarbone MedŽ, ratelis (pessarium) MG 1913 2 13, cf. pessarium – pessary – a device inserted into the vagina to support the uterus in its normal position or to prevent conception MedŽ, ryšelis – ligamentum MG 1913 2 12, cf. ligamentum – ligament MedŽ, švirkštelis MG 1913 2 20;

-onis (-ei/-iai/-ys), -ė (-ės): ligonė MG 1913 1 13, MG 1913 2 2 / ligonės MG 1913 2 2, ligonei MG 1913 2 5 / ligoniai MG 1913 1 6, MG 1913 2 19 / ligonis MG 1913 1 9, MG 1913 2 8 / ligonys MG 1913 1 21;

-umas: kurtumas MG 1913 1 9, mažakraujumas MG 1913 2 2, miegūstumas MG 1913 1 16, mirtingumas MG 1913 2 18, silpnumas MG 1913 1 12, šlapumas MG 1913 2 8;

-elė: bambelė MG 1913 2 4, galvelė MG 1913 2 4, rankelė MG 1913 2 4, trobėlė – “cellula” MG 1913 2 9, virkštelė (Suwałki Governorate) pupovina MG 1913 2 12, cf. funiculus umbilicalis – umbilical cord MedŽ, funis – 2. see funiculus umbilicalis – пуповина MedŽ;

-ymas (-ymai): gydymas MG 1913 1 6, MG 1913 2 2, gimdymai MG 1913 1 13 / gimdymas MG 1913 2 4, išgramdymas MG 1913 2 4;

-ėlis (-ėliai): akmenėliai MG 1913 2 8, maumonelis – rodničok MG 1913 2 11 (not recorded in LKŽe; there is maumonys “the area between the forehead and crown of the head, the top of the head”), cf. fonticulus – momenėlis – родничок MedŽ, pavadėlis – (Ariogala) pupovina MG 1913 2 12, see pavadėlis 2. anat. “umbilical cord” (LKŽe), cf. funiculus umbilicalis – umbilical cord MedŽ;

-tojas (-tojai), -a: gydytojai MG 1913 1 4 / gydytojas MG 1913 2 3, gimdytoja MG 1913 2 4;

-elės: replelės MG 1913 2 3, smiltelės “a type of medicine dosage form” MG 1913 2 22;

-ėlė: motynėlė¹¹ “uterus” MG 1913 1 14, nugarėlė MG 1913 2 4;

-ybė: gyvybė MG 1913 1 15, girtuoklybė MG 1913 2 18;

-slė: pūslė MG 1913 2 8 / pūslės MG 1913 2 13;

-ulys: dusulys MG 1913 1 12, kosulys MG 1913 2 5.

¹⁰ The word raktelis is recorded in LKŽe only with a botanical meaning (a plant name—primrose (Primula)).

¹¹ The word motinėlė is not recorded in LKŽe with a medical meaning.

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There are many suffixes with which only one derivative has been formed:

–ata: health MG 1913 1 6, MG 1913 2 2;

–ažis: gargãžis – cicatrix? MG 1913 2 13, see gargãžis 1., see gargãžė 1. “lumps of coal, slag, burned and stuck together in a blacksmith’s forge”, 2. see gargãžė 2. “the charred end of a wick or a piece of some other fabric”, 3. see gargãžė 3. “an object burned out, used up” LKŽe, gargãžė 4. “a very tangled, twisted object, a crumple” LKŽe, cf. cicatrix – scar MedŽ;

–ėkšlis: putekšlis “rash” MG 1913 2 13, see 1 putekšlis 1. “pimple, pustule” LKŽe;

–erė: koserė MG 1913 1 9;

–da: wound MG 1913 1 23, MG 1913 2 5;

–ykla: clinic MG 1913 1 16;

–yklai: diapers MG 1913 2 7;

–yla: degýla¹² instr. sg. – “oxygenium” MG 1913 2 9;

–ylas: degylas “oxygen” MG 1913 1 22;

–inė: chest MG 1913 1 9;

–iniai: monthly¹³ MG 1913 1 12, MG 1913 2 2;

–inynai: ovaries “ovaries” MG 1913 1 15;

–inys: valinys – a strip used to wrap small children, a bandage MG 1913 2 13, see valinys 2. “a strip for wrapping and tying a swaddled child” LKŽe;

–ininkas: džiovininkas MG 1913 1 21;

–ytė: akytė – “celulla” “cell” MG 1913 2 9;

–(i)ukas: little stone MG 1913 2 8;

–lai: groblai – skeleton MG 1913 2 11, see groblai 1., see grobai 1. “human or animal bones, skeleton, groblai” LKŽe, cf. skeletum – skeleton, bones MedŽ;

–lė: growth¹⁴ grows on a child’s mother, growth – neoplasm MG 1913 2 13, cf. neoplasma – tumor MedŽ;

–lis (–liai): harnesses MG 1913 1 17;

–smai: pains MG 1913 2 5;

–snis (–snai): tvinksnai MG 1913 2 5;

–tas: gates MG 1913 2 13, see vartai 6. anat. “external uterine orifice” LKŽe;

¹² The word degýla is not recorded in LKŽe; only degilas (neol.) “oxygen” is recorded.

¹³ LKŽe lists only adjective 2 mėnesinis adj. 4. “appearing once a month,” cf. 1 mėnesinės fiziol. “monthly recurring bleeding from the uterus of a sexually mature woman, menstruation” LKŽe.

¹⁴ The word auglė has no medical meaning in LKŽe; see auglė 1. “harvest”; 2. “weed”.

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–tė: atodvėstė – I coughed without a break, without catching my breath MG 1913 2 13, see atodvėstė “respite, pause, breathing space” LKŽe;

–tis: mirtis MG 1913 2 7;

–tys: gimtys – genitalia interna MG 1913 2 12, see gimtys “genital organs (genitalia)” LKŽe, cf. genitalia – lytiniai organai MedŽ. Besides the aforementioned meaning, the word gimtys is also given with other meanings not recorded in LKŽe: gimtys išeina – prolapsus vaginae et uteri (Šiauliai and Žagarė area) MG 1913 2 12, cf. prolapsus vaginae – makšties iškritimas MedŽ, prolapsus uteri – gimdos iškritimas MedŽ, gimtys “cervix (of the uterus)?” (“Have the gimtys opened yet [during labor]?”) MG 1913 2 12;

–urys: kumburys “corner of the eye” MG 1913 2 13, see 1 kumburys (kamburys?) “corner, angle, projection” LKŽe;

–uvis: liežuvis MG 1913 1 9;

–vas: pilvas MG 1913 1 13, MG 1913 2 4 / pilvas – “ventriculus” MG 1913 2 9 / pilvas (stomachus) MG 1913 1 21 / pelvis MG 1913 1 13 (this variant is not recorded in LKŽe), see pilvas 3. “stomach” LKŽe.

1.1.2.2. Prefixal derivatives (2 terms). Terms derived with prefixes are very rare in the journal. Only two prefixed terms were found, derived with ant- and pa-: the anatomical term antliežuvis (epiglottis) MG 1913 1 9, cf. epiglottis – antgerklis MedŽ, and the clinical term pakūnė (furunculus) MG 1913 2 13, see 1 pakūnė “sore, boil” LKŽe, cf. furunculus – furunkulas, šunvotė MedŽ.

1.1.2.3. Suffixal derivatives (17 terms). There are considerably more suffixal derivatives than prefixal ones. Most commonly found were derivatives with the suffix –is: atókrytис – recidyv (the patient had recovered but relapsed) MG 1913 2 13, see atokrytis 1. “relapse (of an illness)” LKŽe, degis – “oxygenium” MG 1913 2 9 / degis MG 1913 1 22, see degis 2. (neol.) “oxygen” LKŽe, cf. oxygenium – deguonis MedŽ, karštis MG 1913 1 22, nuomaris MG 1913 1 16, priepuoliai MG 1913 1 16, and derivatives with –as (–ai): lašai¹⁵ MG 1913 1 6, miegas MG 1913 1 8, niežai (uscabies) MG 1913 2 21, užpilai (infusum) MG 1913 2 20–21; derivatives with –a: džიოva MG 1913 1 19, MG 1913 2 17, ištrauka MG 1913 2 21, sloga MG 1913 1 8, see sloga 1. “inflammation of the nasal mucosa” LKŽe, and derivatives with –ė: putės¹⁶ “blisters,” nom. pl. MG 1913 2 13, sopė MG 1913 2 8 /

¹⁵ In V. Urbutis’s view, there is no strict opposition between the members of the pair lašas – lašėti; the members can be exchanged. This is an unexpressed-direction reciprocal derivation (Urbutis 2009: 124).

¹⁶ The word putė in the sense “blister” is not recorded in LKŽe.

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sopės MG 1913 1 18, MG 1913 2 4, see sopė 1. “aching, pain, soreness” LKŽe.

There was one derivative with each of the other endings: -ys: sąnarys? – articulatio MG 1913 2 12; -ius: prietorius MG 1913 1 18.

1.1.2.4. Compound words (30 terms). Compounds make up the second-largest group of derivatives. Most of these are terms from osteology—the names of bones. “According to the part of speech to which the base word of the second component belongs” (Keinys 2005: 134), two groups of compounds are distinguished: compounds with nominal components and compounds with verbal components.

The largest group of derivatives comprises compounds of two nouns (25 terms). The components of these compounds are joined to one another with or without connecting vowels. Thus, in this respect, the compounds under discussion are further divided into:

a) compounds with connecting vowels (19 terms):

-i-: ašarikaulis – os lacrima MG 1913 2 11, blauzdikaulis – tibia MG 1913 2 12, klubikaulis – os ilei MG 1913 2 12, kulnikaulis – tallus MG 1913 2 12, kulšikaulis – os femoris, cf. femur – 1. femur MedŽ, nosikaulis – os nasale MG 1913 2 11, petikaulis – os humeri MG 1913 2 11, pilvikauliai MG 1913 2 6, pilvikaulis – os pubis MG 1913 2 12, cf. os pubis – pubic bone MedŽ, rėtikaulis – os ethmoideum MG 1913 2 11, cf. os ethmoidale – ethmoid bone MedŽ, žandikaulis – os zygomaticum MG 1913 2 11, cf. os zygomaticum – cheekbone MedŽ;

-a-: anglarūgštė¹⁷ MG 1913 1 22, arklakaulis – os vomeris MG 1913 2 11, cf. vomer – ploughshare (bone of the nasal septum) MedŽ, kraujagyslės MG 1913 2 4, pirštakauliai – falanga MG 1913 2 12, plaštalunkis – the plaštalunkis comes on, pulls its legs (cydoporn) MG 1913 2 13 (not recorded in LKŽe), pleištakaulis – os sphenoideum MG 1913 2 11, cf. os sphenoidale – sphenoid bone MedŽ, šunavotė (furunculus) MG 1913 2 13;

-ia-: nosiaryklė MG 1913 1 8.

b) compounds without connecting vowels (6 terms): alkūnkaulis – os ulnae MG 1913 2 11, ligonbutis¹⁸ MG 1913 1 12 / ligonbučiai MG 1913 1 6,

¹⁷ Pr. Skardžius classifies the word angliarūgštė “carbonic acid” among words coined by the varpininkai or borrowed from other sources (Skardžius 1996: 595).

¹⁸ Writing about neologisms, their formation and usage, Pr. Skardžius noted that Jonas Jablonskis used the derivative ligonbutis (I 144) in his writings, but, having eventually become convinced that it was unsuitable, began using ligoninę in its place (Skardžius 1996: 602–603). In his dissertation, Jonas Palionis considered ligonbutį a neologism coined by Jonas Šliūpas (Palionis 1952: 239), but later changed his view, classifying the word ligonbutis “hospital” (cf. German Krankenhaus) as a neologism coined by Friedrich Kurschat (Palionis 1995: 219).

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spine – columna vertebralis MG 1913 2 11, cf. columna vertebralis – stuburas MedŽ, coccygeal bone – os coccigis MG 1913 2 11, cf. os coccygis – stuburgalis MedŽ, rib – costa MG 1913 2 11 / rib MG 1913 1 16.

The next largest group of compounds with nominal components consists of compounds formed from a preposition and a noun (2 terms). However, they may be said to be atypical, since only two terms formed in this way were found in the journal—compounds formed from the prepositions tarp, tarpu and a noun: tarpkojis – perineum MG 1913 2 12, see tarpkojis 1. see tarpukojis “the place between the legs, the crotch” LKŽe, cf. perineum – tarpvietė MedŽ, tarpukaulis MG 1913 1 13.

Compounds with verbal components are also rare—only three compounds formed from a noun and a verb were encountered: rūgštdaris – “oxygenium” MG 1913 2 9 / rūgštdaris MG 1913 1 22, see rūgštdaris see rūgštadaris see rūgščiadaris “oxygen” LKŽe, rūgštgamis – “oxygenium” MG 1913 2 9 / rūgštagamis (oxygenus) MG 1913 1 21–22 (not recorded in LKŽe).

2. LIETUVIŠKI VIENAŽODŽIAI MEDICINOS IR GAMTOS IR DABARTINIAI LIETUVIŲ MEDICINOS MOKSLO TERMINAI

The first medical science journal, which appeared at the beginning of the last century, has also left its mark on contemporary Lithuanian medical science terminology. As can be seen by comparing the Lithuanian one-word terms in Medicinos ir gamtos with terms in the contemporary Lithuanian language of medical science¹⁹, more than half (52%) of the medical terms used by physicians at that time have survived. In terms of form and meaning, they could be divided into several groups:

1) unchanged form and meaning: eye, cf. oculus – akis MedŽ, stone, cf. calculus – akmuo MedŽ, ulna – os ulnae, cf. ulna – alkūnkaulis MedŽ, lacrimal bone – os lacrima, cf. os lacrimale – ašarikaulis MedŽ, ear, cf. auris – ausis MedŽ, navel, cf. umbilicus – bamba MedŽ, tibia – tibia, cf. tibia – blauzdikaulis MedŽ, mouth, cf. os – burna MedŽ, teeth, cf. dens – dantis MedŽ, salt, cf. sal – druska MedŽ, shortness of breath, cf. dyspnoea – dusulys MedŽ, consumption (tuberculosis), cf. tuberculosis – džiova MedŽ, head, cf. caput – galva MedŽ, treatment, cf. medicatio – gydymas MedŽ, physician, cf. medicus – gydytojas MedŽ, childbirth, cf. partus – gimdymas MedŽ, birth, cf. nascentia – gimimas MedŽ, hearing, cf. auditus – 1. hearing; audition MedŽ, life, cf. vita –

¹⁹ The source chosen for contemporary usage is Dictionary of Medical Terms.

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life MedŽ, extract, cf. extractum – ištrauka MedŽ, fever, cf. febris – 1. fever MedŽ, cough, cf. tussis – kosulys MedŽ, blood vessels, cf. vas sanguineum – kraujagyslė MedŽ, blood, cf. sanguis – kraujas MedŽ, shell – concha, cf. concha – kriauklė MedŽ, chest, cf. pectus – krūtinė MedŽ, deafness, cf. surditas – kurtumas MedŽ, drops, cf. gutta – lašas MedŽ, tongue, cf. lingua – liežuvis MedŽ, disease, cf. morbus – liga MedŽ, patient, cf. patiens – ligonis MedŽ, lips, cf. labium – lūpa MedŽ, vagina, cf. vagina – makštis MedŽ, scapula – scapula, cf. scapula – mentė MedŽ, sleep, cf. somnus – miegas MedŽ, deaths²⁰, mortality, cf. mortalitas – mirtingumas MedŽ, death, cf. mors – mirtis MedŽ, tumour, cf. blastoma – navikas MedŽ, scabies (uscabies), cf. scabies – niežai MedŽ, itching, cf. pruritus – niežėjimas MedŽ, nose, cf. nasus – nosis MedŽ, nasopharynx, cf. epipharynx – nosiaryklė MedŽ, nasal bone – os nasale, cf. os nasale – nosikaulis MedŽ, epilepsy, cf. epilepsia – nuomaris MedŽ, skin, cf. cutis – oda MedŽ, abdomen, cf. abdomen, venter – pilvas MedŽ, phalanges – phalanga, cf. phalanx – falanga, pirštakaulis MedŽ, sphenoid bone – os sphenoideum, cf. os sphenoidale – pleištakaulis MedŽ, membrane, cf. membrana – plėvė MedŽ, washing, cf. lavatio – plovimas MedŽ, seizures, cf. paroxysmus – priepuolis MedŽ, pus, cf. pus – pūliai MedŽ, blister, cf. bulla – pūslė MedŽ, hand, cf. manus – 2. hand MedŽ, joint? – articulatio, cf. articulatio – 1. sąnarys MedŽ, weakness, cf. hyposthenia – silpnumas MedŽ, pains, cf. dolor – skausmas MedŽ, stomach – “ventriculus”, cf. ventriculus – 1. stomach MedŽ, sputum (sputsum), cf. sputum – skrepliai MedŽ, runny nose, cf. rhinitis – sloga MedŽ, brain, cf. medulla – 1. brain MedŽ, adhesions, cf. adhaesio – 1. adhesion, concretio – 1. adhesion MedŽ, compressions, cf. compressio – suspaudimas MedŽ, health, cf. sanitas – sveikata MedŽ, heart, cf. cor – širdis MedŽ, rib – costa, cf. costa – šonkaulis MedŽ, pulse beats, cf. pulsus – tvinksnis MedŽ, infection, cf. infectio – infection: 1. užsikrėtimas MedŽ, medicine, cf. medicamentum – vaistas MedŽ, water, cf. aqua – vanduo MedŽ, penis – penis, cf. penis – varpa MedŽ, hilum, cf. hilus – vartai MedŽ, face, cf. facies – 2. face MedŽ, viscera, cf. splanchna – viduriai MedŽ, eyelid (palpebra), cf. palpebra – vokas MedŽ, wound, cf. vulnus – žaizda MedŽ, intestines, cf. intestinum – žarna MedŽ;

²⁰ The term death is recorded only in compound terms; see thanatographia – thanatography: 1. description of dying; 2. study of dying; thanatologia – thanatology, the science of dying MedŽ.

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2) form changed, but meaning unchanged: atokrytis – recidyv, cf. reci-dyvum – atkrytis MedŽ, baltieji – fluor albus, cf. fluor albus – baltosios MedŽ, klubikaulis – os ilei, cf. os ilium – klubakaulis MedŽ, maumonėlis – rodničok, cf. fonticulus – momenėlis – podničok MedŽ, mėnesiniai, cf. – menstruatio – mėnesinės MedŽ, mieguistumas, cf. somnolentia – mieguistumas MedŽ, prietvar(ius), cf. obstipatio – prietvaras MedŽ, strenos, cf. lumbus – strėnos MedŽ, šunavotė (furunculus), cf. furunculus – šunvotė MedŽ, voka, cf. palpebra – vokas MedŽ;

3) form unchanged, but meaning changed: gumbas (?) – uterus, cf. uterus – gimda MedŽ, while gumbas – phyma MedŽ, petikaulis – os humeri, cf. humerus – žastikaulis, while petikaulis – os acromiale MedŽ, pilvas – “ventriculus” / pilvas (stomachus), see pilvas 3. “stomach” LKŽ, cf. stomachus see ventriculus – 1. stomach MedŽ, while pilvas – abdomen, venter MedŽ, priaugimas “growth”, cf. accretio – priaugimas MedŽ;

4) both form and meaning changed: kulnikaulis – tallus, cf. talus – šokikaulis MedŽ, while kulnakaulis – calcaneus MedŽ.

CONCLUSIONS

Questions and problems concerning Lithuanian medical terminology began to be raised in the first Lithuanian medical science journal, published in 1913, Medicina ir gamta; they have not lost their relevance even today—an excess of terms and, conversely, a shortage of them, variation in the terms used to denote the same concept and the importance of standardizing them, the need to involve specialists and linguists in terminological work, concern for the Lithuanian character of medical terminology, and so on. Physicians are urged to collect words from living speech or coin terms in accordance with the rules of their native language’s grammar.

The journal yielded 197 one-word medical terms of Lithuanian origin. First to be mentioned are ordinary words from spoken language or written texts (51 terms), denoting anatomical and, to a lesser extent, clinical concepts. Their basic lexical meanings have most often been terminologized, although words with broader meanings were also adopted for anatomical terminology, with their meanings narrowed.

Derivatives account for the majority of one-word terms (146 terms). Suffixal derivatives predominate (-imas; -elis (-eliai); -umas; -onis (-ei/-iai/-ys), -ė; -elė; -ymas (-ymai); -ėlis (-ėliai); -tojas (-tojai), -a; -elės; -ėlė; -ybė; -ulys; -ata, -ažis, -ekšlis, -erė, -da, -ykla, -yklai, -yla, -ylas, -inė, -iniai, -inynai, -inys, -ininkas, -(i)ukas, -lai, -lė, -lis (-liai), -slė, -smai, -snis (-sniai), -tas, -tis, -tys, -uolis (-uoliai), -urys, -uvis, -vas) (97 terms.

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Prefix-derived terms are very rare—only two derivatives with the prefixes ant- and pa-.

There are considerably more suffixal endings derivatives than prefixal ones (17 terms). Most are derivatives with the endings -is, -as (-ai), -a and -ė. Other endings (-ys, -ius) occur in one derivative each.

The second largest group of formations consists of compounds (30 terms). The largest group of compounds is made up of compounds formed from two nouns (25 terms). The components of nineteen compounds are joined by linking vowels -i-, -a-, -ia-, while the components of six compounds are joined without them. The group of compounds with nominal components includes two compounds formed from the prepositions tarp, tarpu and a noun. Compounds with verbal components are almost absent—there are two compounds formed from a noun and a verb.

More than half of the Lithuanian one-word medical terms have survived and continue to be used in contemporary medical scholarly language. The form and meaning of most of them have remained unchanged. Over time, either the form or the meaning of some terms has changed.

The enthusiasm and dedication of the Lithuanian physicians who wrote for Medicina ir gamta, their concern for the purity and Lithuanian character of their professional language, and their promotion of living speech as the principal source of terminology could serve as a fine and worthy example for today’s medical terminology practitioners.

PRIMARY SOURCES

MG 1913 1 – Medicine and Nature (May–June), Vilnius.

MG 1913 2 – Medicine and Nature (July–August), Vilnius.

SUPPLEMENTARY SOURCES

LKŽe – Lietuvių kalbos žodynas (I–XX, 1941–2002), elektroninis variantas, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 2005. – www.lkz.lt.

MedŽ – V. Astrauskas, St. Bizulevičius, S. Pavilonis, A. Vaitilavičius, A. Vileišis. Dictionary of Medical Terms, Vilnius: Mokslas, 1980.

Advice for women who wish to be healthy. Written according to Zielčakas by Dr. A. V. In Tilsit, 1899.

Advice for women who wish to be healthy. Written according to Zielčakas by Dr. A. Vileišis. 2nd edition, Vilnius, 1906.

LITERATŪRA

Ambrazas S. 1993: Daiktavardžių darybos raida [1]. Lietuvių kalbos veiksmažodiniai vediniai, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla.

Ambrazas S. 2000: Daiktavardžių darybos raida 2. Lietuvių kalbos vardažodiniai vediniai, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas.

Andriušis A. 1996: Lietuvos medicinos spauda. – Žurnalisto žinynas 2, 161–176.

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Aničas J. 1999: Antanas ir Emilija Vileišiai. Gyvenimo ir veiklos bruožai, Vilnius: Alma littera.

Bizulevičius St. 1989: Iš Lietuvos medicinos spaudos istorijos. – Sveikatos apsauga 10, 34–39.

Česnys G. 2002: Lietuviško anatominijos vardyno istorijos metmenys. – Terminologija 9, 55–65.

Gaivenis K. 1983: Šis tas iš lietuviškos liaudinės specialiosios leksikos. – Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai 22. Lietuvių kalbos specialioji leksika, 4–16.

Gaivenis K. 2002: Lietuvių terminologija: teorijos ir tvarkybos metmenys, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos instituto leidykla.

[D-ras Grinius K.] 1910: Apie lietuvių medicinos laikraštį. – Lietuvos žinios 28, 1.

Karosas J. 1960: Vilniaus XIX amžiaus medicininė spauda. – Sveikatos apsauga 11, 42–49.

Keinys St. 2005: Dabartinė lietuvių terminologija, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos instituto leidykla.

[M. Sk-ra] 1897: Lietuviški ligų vardai. – Varpas 3, 41–42.

Matulaitis S. 1913: Anatomijos, fiziologijos, patologijos bei chemijos lietuviška terminologija. – Medicina ir gamta 2.

Moksleivis Kalnėnas 1912: Žmonių medicina. – Ateitis 2, 4.

LKG 1965: Lietuvių kalbos gramatika 1, Vilnius: Mintis.

Palionis J. 1952: Lietuvių literatūrinės kalbos normaliizacija XIX a. pabaigoje (1880–1901). Disertacija, Vilnius.

Palionis J. 1995: Lietuvių rašomosios kalbos istorija, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla.

Skardžius Pr. 1996: Rinktiniai raštai 1. Lietuvių kalbos žodžių daryba, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla.

Stakūlienė S. 2001: Lietuviškoji medicinos periodika: ištakos ir raida Lietuvoje iki XX a. trečiojo dešimtmečio. – Knygotyra 37, 220–233.

Urbutis V. 2009: Žodžių darybos teorija, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas.

THE FIRST LITHUANIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCE AND LITHUANIAN TERMINOLOGY OF MEDICINE

This year is the 100^th anniversary of the first Lithuanian medical journal Medicina ir gamta (Medicine and nature). This publication started raising issues of medical terminology which are still relevant – lack and excess of terms, variation of terms naming the same concept, unification and approval of terms, the necessity to involve both specialists and linguists in the development of terminology, concern about the “Lithuanianness” of medical terminology, etc. Doctors were encouraged to collect words from the folk language or to create terms following the rules of Lithuanian grammar.

The article deals with 197 one-word medical terms of Lithuanian origin found in the journal. Words of the folk language and words taken from written sources which mainly name concepts of anatomy (akis (eye), kraujas (blood), kruoslas (now akies vokas (eyelid)), mentė (shoulder blade), ropė (now kelio girnelė (kneecap)), smegenys (brain), širdis (heart), etc.) and to some extent clinical practice (liga (disease), raudoniejį (now hemoragija (haemorrhage)), vaistas (medication), etc.) are researched. Generally their main lexical meanings were terminologized; words with broader meanings were used as well, especially as terms of anatomy, but their meanings have been narrowed.

The majority of one-word terms are word-formations (74% of researched terms). In this group suffixal derivatives (with suffixes -imas; -ėlis (-ėliai); -umas; -onis (-ei/-iai/-ys), -ė; -elė; -ymas (-ymai); -ėlis (-ėliai); -tojas (-tojai), -a; -elės; -ėlė; -ybė; -ulys; -ata, -ažis, -ekšlis, -erė, -da, -ykla, -yklai, -yla, -ylas, -inė, -iniai, -inynai, -inys, -inin(k)as, -(i)ukas, -lai, -lė, -lis (-liai), -slė, -smai, -snis (-snai), -tas, -tis, -tys, -uolis (-uoliai), -urys, -uvis, -vas) prevail (66% of all word-formations), for instance, dūsavimas (now kvėpavimas (breathing)), gydymas (treating), raktelis (now raktikaulis (collarbone)), silpnumas (weakness), maumonėlis (now momenėlis (fontanelle)), gydytojas (doctor),

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gyvybė (life), kosulys (cough), sveikata (health), puteklšlis (now spuogas (acne)), degy las (now deguonis (oxygen)), krūtinė (chest), kiaušinynai (now kiaušidės (ovaries)), džiovininkas (hectic), akytė (now ląstelė (cell)), pūslė (blister), kumburys (now akies kampas (corner of the eye)).

Prefixal derivatives are rare (1% of all word-formations): pakūnė (now šunvotė (furuncle)).

Ending derivatives comprise 12% of all word-formations. Ending -is (degis (now deguonis (oxygen)), karštis (fever)), -as (-ai) (miegas (sleep), niežai (scabies)), -a (džiova (tuberculosis), ištrauka (extract)) and -ė (sopė (pain)) derivatives are most common.

The second largest group of word-formations are compounds (21% of all word-formations). Compounds made of two nouns are the most common in this group. Their components are connected directly (ligonbutis (now ligoninė (hospital)), šonkaulis (rib)) or by a conjunctive vowels -i- or -(i)a- (žandikaulis (jaw), kraujagyslė (blood vessel), nosiaryklė (nasopharynx)). Compounds made of prepositions and nouns are infrequent: tarpkojis (now tarpuietė (perineum)). Compounds with verbal components (made of nouns and verbs) are very rare: rūgštaris (now deguonis (oxygen)), rūgštagamis (now deguonis (oxygen)).

More than a half of Lithuanian one-word medical terms used in this periodical survived until the current day and still are used in the modern language of medical science. The majority of them have the same meaning and expression, for instance, alkūnkaulis (ulna), džiova (tuberculosis), galva (head), mentė (shoulder blade), skrandis (stomach), sloga (cold), tvinksis (beat), žaizda (wound). Some terms had changes either in their expression, for instance, baltieji – now baltosios (vaginal discharge), klubikaulis – now klubakaulis (hipbone), šunavotė – now šunvotė (furuncle), or in their meaning, for instance, os humeri was called petikaulis and now humerus is žastikaulis and os acromiale became petikaulis; stomachus and ventriculus were both called pilvas, now stomachus is skrandis, ventriculus is skilvelis, and abdomen – pilvas.

The enthusiasm, commitment and concern about the purity of the professional language shown by the Lithuanian doctors who wrote for Medicina ir gamta, their attempts to look for Lithuanian equivalents and turning towards the folk language as the source for terminology could be a good example for the creators of modern medical terminology to follow.

Gauta 2013-07-11

Palmira Zemlevičiūtė Lietuvių kalbos institutas P. Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius E. paštas [email protected]

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