Good Terminological Practice in Libraries

NIJOLĖ BLIŪDŽIUVIENĖ

Vilniaus universitetas

KEYWORDS: librarianship terminology, bibliographic terminology, terminography, terminology dictionaries, use of terms

XX Over the last two decades, library and bibliography terms were intensively systematized, and four normative installments of the Glossary of Library and Bibliography Terms (hereinafter BBTŽ) were published. Throughout the decade, the Terminology Group of the Research Department of the Martynas Mažvydas National Library of Lithuania worked on the terms. From 1990 to 1999, in collaboration with specialists from the library and other institutions, and with the assistance of Dr. Stasys Keinys, a terminologist and linguist from the Terminology Department of the Lithuanian Language Institute of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences at the time, 2,239 terms were standardized in the BBTŽ installments. Specialists and scholars from Vilnius University and the Lithuanian Standards Service (now the Lithuanian Standards Board) also contributed to the preparation of the BBTŽ, having been invited to participate in its editorial board.

The aim of the article is, after discussing the structure and characteristic features of the Dictionary of Librarianship and Bibliography Terms, to examine the significance of this source for the terminology of librarianship and bibliography at the beginning of the 21st century. The article analyzes and compares BBTŽ terms with terms presented in two extensive collective textbooks in communication and information sciences, and discusses terms used in standards and legal acts relating to the field under examination.

DICTIONARY OF LIBRARIANSHIP AND BIBLIOGRAPHY TERMS

In the BBTŽ fascicles, terms are arranged alphabetically, numbered, and marked for stress; definitions and equivalents of the terms in three languages are provided. At the end, a systematic index of terms and an alphabetical—

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an index of equivalents in Russian, English and German. The BBTŽ booklets include several categories of terms: recommended terms (with no label), non-recommended terms (marked with the abbreviation ntk.), historical terms (ist.), and obsolete terms (psn.). The BBTŽ was the first attempt to systematize terminology, so non-recommended, historical and obsolete terms account for about 20 percent of all its terms. In preparation for an extensive terminographic undertaking—to prepare and publish an explanatory multilingual BBTŽ—a historiographical analysis was conducted of the development and organization of Lithuanian terms (LBTRT 1989). This is the first and, to this day, the only comprehensive research study of the development and organization of Lithuanian librarianship terminology. Individual articles were published in the professional journal Tarp knygų and in continuing scholarly publications, Knygotyra, Bibliotekininkystė, Bibliografija. Echoes of this terminological work can also be found in the journal Gimtoji kalba.

Pirmasis Bibliotekininkystės ir bibliografijos terminų žodyno sąsiuvinis (BBTŽ 1990) skirtas katalogų ir kartotekų sudarymo, jų sistemos ir katalogavimo proceso sąvokoms įvardyti. Į BBTŽ įtraukti terminai, įvardijantys net smulkiausias katalogavimo sąvokas, tačiau vengta skolinių, vertinių ir kt. netinkamų terminų. Pirmenybė teikta taisyklingiems lietuviškiems žodžiams. Jeigu tarptautinis terminas yra taisyklingas ir prigijęs vartosenoje, jis BBTŽ pateiktas kaip pagrindinis terminas arba sinonimas. Šis BBTŽ 1990 m. išleistas sąsiuvinis apėmė 518 terminų.

A year later, in 1991, the second BBTŽ booklet was published (BBTŽ 1991), containing 561 terms. This number includes non-recommended terms for the technical equipment used in the production of printed publications and in printing and graphic production, with references to normative terms. The terms cover the entire publication production cycle, which consists of three stages. The first covers the manuscript’s path to the publishing house; the second, the manuscript’s transformation into a publication and the publishing process, together with all printing work, equipment, tools and methods. The third concerns types of publications, with concepts selected from the perspectives of external characteristics and synchronic categories. This booklet also includes terms from the history of books, but does not address the literary-critical relationship between types of works, the writer and the text, or the reader and the text.

A total of 340 bibliographic terms describing types of bibliography, the fields of bibliographic practice and scholarship, and the terminology of these fields were collected in the third BBTŽ booklet and published in 1994 (BBTŽ 1994). In the preface, aiming to create a coherent system of bibliographic terminology, the author identified difficulties associated with the variety of interpretations of terms and contradictions between their

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use in scholarly communication and practical work. Accordingly, efforts to organize bibliographic terminology sought to reduce unnecessary borrowings and calques from other languages and to develop a consistent system of bibliographic terms in accordance with the laws and requirements for creating terms in Lithuanian. Thus, this booklet includes terms frequently used by specialists that should be replaced, with references to recommended terms.

To reflect the system of bibliographic terms and their equivalents in foreign languages, some equivalents are marked with an asterisk. This marking tells users that the equivalents were not found in terminological dictionaries, standards or other terminology resources, and that their translations were approved by the BBTŽ foreign-language consultants. Two asterisks mark terms in other languages whose meanings, owing to differences in bibliographic practice across countries, do not fully correspond to the definition of the Lithuanian term. Given this particular feature of terminology organization, terms most commonly used in scholarly and practical bibliographic work can be retained as part of the system, without introducing ad hoc calques.

A distinctive feature of this BBTŽ booklet is terminologist St. Keinys’s “A Word to the User of Bibliographic Terms” (Keinys 1994: 9–14). It provides a detailed account of the stages involved in preparing the BBTŽ and organizing terminology work, as well as the process of discussing bibliographic terms at editorial board meetings. Users are briefly introduced to the particularities of terminology work and its main principles. The terminological work related to language issues and the contents of the BBTŽ are brought to light. Attention is drawn to the requirement that terminology be Lithuanian in character, and illustrative examples are provided of replacing foreign-language words with Lithuanian ones.

In both practical and scholarly bibliographic work, it was customary to express a relation of belonging or purpose with a multiword term containing the adjective “bibliographic” as one of its components. St. Keinys emphasizes that such relations are expressed by adjectives in Slavic and Germanic languages, whereas Lithuanian requires the genitive case of a noun. Therefore, terms such as bibliografijos leidinys, bibliografijos darbas, bibliografijos žinynas, bibliografijos rodyklė, bibliografijos kultūra and others were included in the normative BBTŽ and supplemented the general system of bibliographic terms. Terms relating to bibliographic work and types of bibliographic publications, bibliographic searching and services, bibliographic description, bibliographic information, bibliographic scholarship and bibliographic culture came into use in practice, scholarly bibliographic work, and documents regulating this work.

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This marked a turning point in the use of terminology, prompted, according to St. Keinys, by the requirements of one’s own (Lithuanian) language and the need to rely on “living language, which best reveals and reflects the spirit of the nation” (Keinys 1994: 13). “When clear Lithuanian terms are available—atitiktis, tinkamumas (tikimas), aptarnavimas—there is no need for the borrowed relevantiškumas or relevantumas, pertinentiskumas ar pertinentumas, servisas; where apibūdinimas is appropriate, charakteristika is quite unnecessary, and so on” (Keinys 1994: 12–13). Many borrowings were identified as non-recommended when “a suitable native word is available or one can be created” (Keinys 1994: 12).

The fourth BBTŽ booklet, Bibliotekos fondai (BBTŽ 1999), published in 1999, contains 820 terms naming types of library collections and concepts relating to collection development (acquisition, organization and preservation), use and collection studies. This number includes not only recommended terms and their synonyms, with references to preferred terms, but also rarely used and historical terms, as well as non-recommended terms with references to recommended ones.

The aforementioned BBTŽ booklet includes terms naming certain phenomena that no longer exist in libraries, for example, specfondas, sąjunginiai knygų mainai, sąjunginis privalomasis egzempliorius, and others. Terms that were actively used in the recent past but have become obsolete as a result of political, social, economic and other changes are marked as historical in the BBTŽ, even though they were previously common in professional language and frequently appeared in the press of the time. Some terms were marked as both non-recommended and obsolete, for example, fondo pasportizacija. A new feature of this booklet is that it contains more and more varied cross-references than the other three. Terms close in meaning are linked in definitions by the labels plg. ir dar žr.

Most terms in the booklet are multiword terms, so a component of a compound term that may be omitted in use is given in parentheses. Since the theory and practice of collection development vary from country to country, equivalents in other languages could not be established for some terms. The BBTŽ contains several terms for which no Russian equivalents are provided; instead, a dash is shown. However, there are also English and German equivalents marked with an asterisk, whose translations—sometimes accompanied by a somewhat broader description of the term—were clarified by specialists in those languages.

For the first time, the normative BBTŽ presents the entire core terminology of library collections. Terms naming types of collections and the activities involved in the development and use of library collections clearly and precisely convey the content of the concepts and conform to the rules of the Lithuanian language and the principles of terminology organization.

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It is now inconceivable to call an organized list of subject headings anything other than a rubric list; the term rubricator previously used for it has been declared unacceptable. Recataloguing was given the new designation recataloguing; the machine-readable catalogue was renamed the machine catalogue, and data relating to the title page—title-page data. In 1990, the term electronic catalogue was declared unacceptable, with a reference to the term machine catalogue; the term catalogue propaganda, included in the BBTŽ but rare in practical use; and one of the areas of the bibliographic description, responsibility data, is identified here as an unacceptable term, with a reference to statement of responsibility. These are just a few examples of terms from the normative BBTŽ that, several decades later, are no longer used in professional language. Every library has an electronic catalogue, and one of the areas of the bibliographic description is called responsibility data.

The terminology for publishing processes, book structure, and types of publications standardized in 1991 aimed to eliminate certain terms, for example: pagination was replaced with page numbering, redkole gija with editorial board, praislistas and preiskurantas with price list, kontrtitulas with half-title page, koloncifra with page number, filigranas with watermark, forzacas with flyleaf, and asteriskas with asterisk, adekvatusis vertimas with exact translation, peipebekas with paperback. We can observe a tendency to replace so-called international terms for book structure with recommended terms, as well as English loanwords making their way from English into professional language.

Among the terms that failed to take root or had difficulty finding their way into use, one can mention published document and unpublished document (they did not displace the synonyms published and unpublished document); audiovisual document is marked as an unacceptable term, and audiovisual document is recommended instead, while sound document is recommended instead of audiodocument.

Following the publication of the fourth BBTŽ booklet, the results of terminology work were actively presented at academic conferences and professional seminars. Lectures on changes in terminology were given to Lithuanian library specialists, who were introduced to the normative terminology for library collections and encouraged to incorporate entirely new or recommended terms in this field into usage.

The fourth BBTŽ booklet, Library Collections, blazed an even broader trail for normative Lithuanian terminology. Unacceptable terms alkova were replaced by inside cover, document repair by document mending, label by slip, collection dynamics by collection change, collection circulation by collection turnover, collection formation by collection building, collection proportion by collection balance, collection relevance

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—collection correspondence, collection stasis by collection stability, horizontal storage by single-storey storage, ideal collection model by model collection, tiered storage by multi-storey storage, local coordination of acquisitions by local acquisitions coordination, collection dislocation by collection arrangement, collection exemplarity by collection copy count, collection completeness by collection comprehensiveness, lacuna by collection gap, etc. (BBTŽ 1999).

Other normative terms that have taken root in usage can also be identified, for example: reserve collection replaced reserved collection, collection accounting unit by storage unit, unit (collection) accounting by individual accounting, inventory book by inventory register.

The following terms had more difficulty taking hold: library mark, document locator, stray document, document substitute, collection resources, collection surplus, collection balance, document receipt, document circulation, document arrangement, (document) remainder, document loss, document substitute, collection waste.

At this stage of library terminology management, the greatest number of new terms—never before used in specialized language—were proposed. They took root successfully and are used not only in spoken and written language, but have also been incorporated into Lithuanian standards and normative library and library activity accounting documents.

USE OF LIBRARIANSHIP AND BIBLIOGRAPHY TERMS IN THE 21ST CENTURY

In 2005, Vilnius University published the Guide to Library and Information Studies (BISV 2009), the result of more than two years of joint work by lecturers and practitioners of the Faculty of Communication at Vilnius University. As noted in the guide’s preface, its aim is to present “a broad range of subjects in library and information sciences,” while also noting that “this book is something of a mosaic of different teaching styles; this was determined both by the specific nature of individual subjects and by the individuality of the authors’ expression, which was not intended to be standardized” (BISV 2009: 14). This may explain why nonstandard terms are found in the guide. For example, the section on withdrawing documents uses the nonstandard term collection cleaning, a free translation of the English word “weeding” (BISV 2009: 470), although in one of the BBTŽ booklets published in 1999, the English word in question is given as the English equivalent of the Lithuanian term document withdrawal, and the term collection cleaning is not to be used in the sense of document withdrawal. However,

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the textbook also contains verbatim definitions of some terms, for example, the definition of open access collection (BISV 2009: 476).

The textbook uses standardized terms for the arrangement of documents and collections, e.g.: formal arrangement of documents, subject arrangement of documents, classified arrangement of documents, chronological arrangement of documents, geographical arrangement of documents, linguistic arrangement of documents, arrangement of documents by format, numerical arrangement of documents. The text does not venture to use the standardized variant fixed arrangement of documents; instead, after a slash, it gives the non-recommended variant feudal arrangement (BISV 2009: 475–478).

When naming the principles of collection development, some standardized terms are given in parentheses, e.g.: profiling (directionality), coordination (coordinated development), although the BBTŽ’s adjectival form of the specific modifier is coordinated development (BISV 2009: 452). The standardized terms document circulation and document turnover are confused, as can be inferred from the English equivalent provided in the text (BISV 2009: 470).

Another substantial educational publication in communication and information sciences, Knygotyra, was published in 2006, and its second edition appeared in 2007. The textbook’s preface emphasizes the aim “to introduce readers to scientific and professional terminology” (Knygotyra 2006: 21) and states that “the issues of terminology <...> important for professional training <...> are discussed here <...>” (Knygotyra 2006: 22). Explanations of concepts are found in almost every chapter. However, in keeping with the promise to pay attention to terminology, the entire second chapter of the textbook is devoted solely to book studies terminology. It discusses the development of Lithuanian book studies terminology, with separate sections devoted to terminology dictionaries, work on book studies terms and their usage, and definitions of book studies terms. The textbook is supplemented with an explanatory glossary of terms (Knygotyra 2006: 347–397). The first two BBTŽ booklets are cited as significant for book studies terminology (Knygotyra 2006: 59). The textbook’s glossary includes the standardized terms from those booklets.

The terms used in legal acts should be reviewed separately. In the fourth BBTŽ booklet, the non-recommended term collection movement was replaced by the standardized term collection change. This term, together with other standardized terms, e.g. reserve collection, general collection accounting book, is used in orders issued by the Minister of Culture of the Republic of Lithuania (LRKMĮ 2005; LRKMĮ 2006; LRKMĮ 2010); from there, these terms were transferred into the operating procedures or collection accounting and preservation regulations of individual libraries. This is one of the official ways of establishing and using standardized terminology.

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The long-established term overall collection accounting and overall collection accounting book was replaced by the updated forms general (collection) accounting and general (collection) accounting book. These terms were adopted at the highest level, that is, they were included in orders of the Minister of Culture of the Republic of Lithuania concerning the preservation of library collections and in library collection accounting regulations (LRKMĮ 2006; LRKMĮ 2010).

It should be noted that the naming of certain types of documents has also become established in legal acts. The new version of the Resolution of the Government of the Republic of Lithuania of 8 June 2016, On the Number of Legal Deposit Copies of Documents and Their Transfer to Libraries, like the previous version prepared a decade earlier, uses the terms audio documents, visual documents, and audiovisual documents (LRV 2016).

The incorporation of standardized terms into standards is no less important. The first stage involved preparing original Lithuanian standards on the basis of the BBTŽ. Over four years, from 1994 to 1998, seven original Lithuanian terminology standards were prepared, incorporating 663 terms together with their definitions and equivalents in foreign languages. The terminology standards covered terms for types of publications and authorship and publishing, as well as for the creation of bibliographic records and cataloguing; three standards concerned library collection terminology.

The original terminology standards, which contained more than 600 terms, ceased to be in force in 2008; however, library and bibliography terms that had by then become standardized were included in the standard LST ISO 5127:2008 Information and documentation. Vocabulary. The entirely new term issue count, understood as a statistical measure and defined as the number of documents issued over a given period, soon replaced document issuing, thereby distinguishing the statistical measure from the work process, and became a term established in Lithuanian standards (LST ISO 5127:2008; LST ISO 2789:2013). The 1,090 terms in the Lithuanian version of the only international terminology standard in the field under consideration (LST ISO 5127:2008) were approved by the State Commission of the Lithuanian Language.

The terminology system of librarianship and related fields was also augmented by terms included in Lithuanian versions of other International Organization for Standardization standards. Between 2000 and 2015, 23 Lithuanian versions of international standards in the field of information and documentation were prepared, incorporating 1,678 terms. Ongoing changes in this field are also reflected in the growing number of terms in different editions of standards on the same subject, such a stan-

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An example is ISO 2789. During the period under review, three editions of the standard for international library statistics were prepared. The number of terms in each edition of this standard steadily increased. There were 93 terms in 2003, 105 in 2006, and 159 in 2013; the Lithuanian version of the latter was adopted in 2015 (LST ISO 2789:2013). Thus, the Lithuanian standard can be a useful resource for Lithuanian terms and their equivalents in foreign languages.

CONCLUSIONS

Systematic work on librarianship and bibliography terminology took place in the 1980s and 1990s. During that period, in cooperation with terminologist Stasys Keinys and specialists in foreign languages and other fields, four installments of the normative multilingual Bibliotekininkystės ir bibliografijos terminų žodyno were prepared and published at the Martynas Mažvydas National Library of Lithuania.

The subject-based installments standardized more than two thousand Lithuanian terms for types of publications and documents, as well as terminology relating to cataloguing, bibliography, the entire cycle of library collection development and its preservation, and types of collections. This stage of work on librarianship and bibliography terminology was an example of successful interinstitutional cooperation: terms already in use were standardized, and new terms proposed for use were offered not only on the basis of terminological principles but also with due regard for the particularities of library practice.

The four installments of the BBTŽ made it possible to undertake other forms of terminological work—standardization of terms. In the 1990s, seven original Lithuanian terminology standards were prepared; they ceased to be in force in 2008. An analysis of Lithuanian versions of international standards prepared in the 21st century found that they contain more than 1,500 terms, which augmented the existing system of librarianship and bibliography terminology.

The inclusion of normative terms in legal acts, standards, and publications intended for study promotes their use. This helps establish normative terms in librarians’ professional language, in documents regulating library activities, and in scholarly communication. An examination of the terminology in key communication and information science textbooks shows that many normative terms have been included in study publications, although some terms still need correction.

Most terms have taken root and entered active use. It should be emphasized that only a small proportion of Lithuanian librarianship and bibliography terms

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are uncommon or little used, while the results of work on some of them may be revised in light of contemporary technological advances and the fact that certain terms have not taken root.

LITERATURE AND SOURCES

BBTŽ 1990: Kolesinskienė N. Bibliotekininkystės ir bibliografijos terminų žodynas. Sąs. 1. Katalogavimas; Katalogų ir kartotekų sistema, Vilnius: Lietuvos nacionalinė Martyno Mažvydo biblioteka.

BBTŽ 1991: Kolesinskienė N., Balsienė A. Bibliotekininkystės ir bibliografijos terminų žodynas. Sąs. 2. Dokumentas; Leidinys; Leid yba, Vilnius: Lietuvos nacionalinė Martyno Mažvydo biblioteka.

BBTŽ 1994: Černiauskaitė V. Bibliotekininkystės ir bibliografijos terminų žodynas. Sąs. 3. Bibliografija, Vilnius: Lietuvos nacionalinė Martyno Mažvydo biblioteka.

BBTŽ 1999: Bliūdžiuvienė N., Rimša V. Bibliotekininkystės ir bibliografijos terminų žodynas. Sąs. 4. Bibliotekos fondai, Vilnius: Lietuvos nacionalinė Martyno Mažvydo biblioteka.

Bibliotekininkystė 1998: Bibliotekininkystė ’97. Bibliotekininkystės ir bibliografijos terminologija, Vilnius: Lietuvos nacionalinė Martyno Mažvydo biblioteka.

BISV 2009: Bibliotekininkystės ir informacijos studijų vadovas. Ats. red. ir sudarytoja A. Glosienė, Vilnius: Vilniaus universiteto leidykla.

Bliūdžiuvienė N. 2001: Lietuviškasis bibliotekininkystės terminų žodynas: samprata ir rengimo programa. – Bibliotekininkystė 2000. Bibliotekų fondai ir skaitytojai, Vilnius: Lietuvos nacionalinė Martyno Mažvydo biblioteka, 70–74.

Bliūdžiuvienė N. 2012: Dokumentinės komunikacijos lietuviškieji terminologiniai ištekliai. – Terminologija 19, 70–82.

Keinys St. 1994: Žodis bibliografijos terminų vartotojui. – Bibliotekininkystės ir bibliografijos terminų žodynas. Sąs. 3. Bibliografija, Vilnius: Lietuvos nacionalinė Martyno Mažvydo biblioteka, 9–14.

Knygotyra 2006: Knygotyra. Vadovėlis. Sudarytojas ir ats. red. D. Kaunas, Vilnius: Vilniaus universiteto leidykla.

LBTRT 1989: Ralytė A., Rimša V. Lietuvių bibliotekininkystės terminologijos raida ir tvarkyba: nuo ištakų iki 1989 m., Vilnius: Lietuvos nacionalinė Martyno Mažvydo biblioteka.

LRKMĮ 2005: Dėl bendrosios bibliotekos apskaitos knygos ir bibliotekos dienoraščio formų patvirtinimo, Lietuvos Respublikos kultūros ministro 2005 m. gruodžio 23 d. Nr. ĮV-75757 įsakymas.

LRKMĮ 2006: Dėl Lietuvos bibliotekų fondo nuostatų patvirtinimo, Lietuvos Respublikos kultūros ministro 2006 m. gruodžio 11 d. Nr. ĮV-670 įsakymas.

LRKMĮ 2010: Dėl bibliotekų fondo apsaugos nuostatų patvirtinimo, Lietuvos Respublikos kultūros ministro 2010 m. spalio 6 d. Nr. ĮV-499 įsakymas.

LRV 2016: Dėl 1996 m. lapkričio 22 d. nutarimo nr. 1389 „Dėl dokumentų privalomųjų egzempliorių skaičiaus ir jų perdavimo bibliotekoms“ pakeitimo, Lietuvos Respublikos Vyriausybės 2016 m. birželio 8 d. Nr. 590 nutarimas.

LST ISO 2789:2013 Information and documentation. International library statistics (identical to ISO 2789:2013), Lithuanian Standards Board.

LST ISO 5127:2008 Information and documentation. Vocabulary (identical to ISO 5127:2001), Lithuanian Standards Board.

BEST LIBRARY PRACTICE IN TERMINOLOGY

The eighties and nineties of the 20th century saw the systematic control of librarianship and bibliographic terminology. During this period, the specialists of the Martynas Mažvydas National Library of Lithuania, together with the linguist Stasys Keinys and other professionals, accomplished an essential terminographic achievement: the preparation and publication of four fascicles of “The Vocabulary of Librarianship and Bibliographic Terms” (Vocabulary of Librarianship and Bibliographic Terms).

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The fascicles contain more than two thousand Lithuanian standardized terms representing the field of publication and document types as well as terms regarding cataloguing, bibliography, the entire cycle of library collection building, conservation of documents and collection types. This stage of control of librarianship and bibliographic terminology serves as an example of successful interinstitutional collaboration; it introduced a new practice of suggesting standardized and new terms not only on the basis of principles of terminology but also considering peculiarities of library practice.

The four fascicles of librarianship and bibliographic terms enabled other methods of control, namely standardization activities in the field of terminology. Seven original standards of Lithuanian terms were drafted in the nineties of 20th century, which expired in 2008. The analysis of the Lithuanian versions of international standards developed in the 21st century shows that they cover more than 1500 terms, which supplemented the stock of the existing librarianship and bibliographic terms.

Normative usage of terms is motivated by their inclusion into legislative acts, standards and study literature, thus ensuring the use of standardized terms in the professional language of librarians, normative documents for libraries and scholarly communication. The analysis of terms used in the leading textbooks of information and communication disciplines shows that the study literature contains many standardized terms, though their non-normative use also occurs.

It could be stated that the majority of terms have gained acceptance and are actively used. It must be noted that part of Lithuanian librarianship and bibliographic terms have not gained acceptance or are not actively used, and some of them need to be revised with regard to modern technological achievements and low level of their acceptance.

Received 2016-12-05

Nijolė Bl div?

Vilnius University

Saulėtekio Ave. 9, Building I, LT-10222 Vilnius

Email: [email protected]

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