ARTŪRAS JUDŽENTIS

Institute of the Lithuanian Language

ON SUBORDINATE CAUSAL CLAUSES

WITH THE CONJUNCTION jog

The article examines subordinate causal clauses in complex sentences introduced by the conjunction jog: it surveys their use from the earliest Lithuanian texts to the present, traces the development of their codification in the standard language, highlights the criteria for codification, and presents arguments in support of their positive codification.

1. EVIDENCE FROM EARLIER WRITINGS AND DIALECTS

1.1. Heinrich Johann Lysius translated an excerpt from Martin Luther about the creation of woman as follows in the manuscript Little Catechism (1719):

And the Lord God made a woman from the rib that he had taken from the man, and brought her to him. Then the man said: This is bone of my bones, and flesh of my flesh. Therefore the woman shall be called Woman, because she was taken out of man. LyK 45_14–17

In this translation, attention is drawn not only to the neologism vyrienė (‘woman’), but also to the subordinate causal clause with the conjunction jog, which expresses the motive for the naming. In choosing it, Lysius was no different from other East Prussian authors and translators of the time. The conjunction jog and its various forms were already used in such clauses by Martynas Mažvydas (cf. Hermann 1912: 8, 12; Drotvinas 1964: 21t; Urbas 1996: 175), for example:

Tu ßmagau turi garbinti Diewa / Jag tawe taip gerai gis papeneia MžK 122(76)_10–11

Such causal adverbial clauses were used by Baltramiejus Vilentas (cf. Hermann 1912: 25), Jonas Bretkūnas (cf. Leskien 1903: 106; Hermann 1912: 28; Kibil d aitė 2001: 136t), and others (cf. Bezzenberger 1877: 266; Hermann 1912: 67). The fact that the conjunction jog is used in subordinate causal clauses

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that it was a standard feature in sentences of the western variety of the Old Lithuanian written language is confirmed by Danielius Kleinas’s Grammatica Lithuanica (1653), in which it is listed alongside other conjunctions expressing causal relations (cf. PLKG 1957: 142).

Subordinate clauses of this type were also widely used in writings produced and published in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. They are found in Mikalojus Daukša’s catechism¹ and Postilė (see Hermann 1912: 32, 36; Drotvinas 1964: 21f.), for example:

M. How did God die / or a human being? Mo. How could a human being die / iog since God, being God, could never die / nor suffer again DK 34_14–20

Such causal clauses were also used by other representatives of the middle variety of the Old Lithuanian written language: Simonas Vaišnoras (see Michelini 1991: 224), the authors of Knygos nobąžnystės krikščioniškos (see Drotvinas 1964: 21f.), and Samuelis Boguslavas Chylinskis (see Drotvinas 1964: 21f.).

In the eastern variety of the Old Lithuanian written language, causal adverbial subordinate clauses with the conjunction jog are attested in the 1605 translation of Ledesma’s catechism (Hermann 1912: 41) and in Jonas Jaknavičius’s Evangelijos bei epistolai, cf.:

I found no new words / that had not been translated into the Cathechijmo from the language of the people by his merciful reverence, priest Mikalojus Daukša, Canon of the Samogitian Church / iog Jesus himself translated them into Samogitian LK A2_14–12

And she gave birth to her firstborn son / and wrapped him in swaddling clothes / and laid him in a manger: iog there was no room for them in the inn. JE 9_13–19

Tokius sakinius vartojo ir Konstantinas Sirvydas (Hermann 1912: 44; Drotvinas 1964: 21t). Šalutinį priežasties sakinį su šiuo jungtuku randame trečiajame Dictionarium trium linguarum leidime (1642):

Muscle in the body of animals / and humans. Musculus. A part of the body is called a muscle / iog because it is long and resembles a mouse. SD₃ 183

Eduardas Hermann noted that in the eastern variety of the written language, the conjunction jog was most often used in causal adverbial clauses, whereas in the writings of East Prussian authors it occurred in explanatory clauses (1912: 67).

¹Incidentally, as many as one third of all causal subordinate clauses with this conjunction have no equivalent in the Polish original (cf. Judžentis, Pajėdienė 2006: 32).

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Thus, subordinate clauses of reason introduced by the conjunction jog are a characteristic feature of the complex sentence in old Lithuanian writings, a norm of the written language of that period. Such clauses were used not only in translated but also in original texts (cf. the sentences quoted from the anonymous translator of Ledesma’s catechism and K. Sirvydas)—they were most likely adopted from spoken language². In Old Lithuanian, the conjunction jog and its various variants were among the most widely used means of linking subordinate clauses in complex sentences; it linked the subordinate clause to the main clause not only in clauses of reason, but also in explanatory, descriptive (consecutive), and even purposive clauses (Hermann 1912: 67–68; Ambrazas 2006: 468, 482). E. Hermann was certain that it had formerly been used throughout Lithuania with the first three meanings³. Admittedly, even in Old Lithuanian, clauses with this conjunction were not the prevailing type of subordinate clause of reason: even then, variants of the conjunctions nes and kadangi were used in such clauses, and the conjunction kad. was also making inroads into them.

Subordinate clauses of reason with the conjunction jog continued to be used in later periods. They can be found in Ziwate (1759), written in the Kretinga dialect, for example:

Jezufas jog buwa dydey fukuttas, nuwargintas, tąnkiey puldynieje anamy kelie Z 187, 26–188, 1; Ką padarey, jog tawęs tawa žmones teyp dydey neapkient: jog wyly fufybuntawojy ant tawęs, nor tawi numariti ant kriziws Z 208_22–25

Such clauses were also used by Kiprijonas Lukauskas in his late-18th-century manuscript sermons, for example:

Tay wis tikiu stipray yr iszpazistu diel to, jog tu tay apreyszkie. Kursay efs’i Teysibiu nesutwertu LP 57_12–13

We also find them in the prayers and acts of faith in Kajetonas Nezabitauskis’s primer Naujas mokslas skaitymo (1824):

Diewe geriausis! nupuolau, gayluose ysz szyrdies, <...> diel to, jog asz tawi, kuris esi patsay sawiey tykra gierybe, užrustynau NE 38_26–31

² One cannot agree with the view expressed by Jonas Palionis in Lietuvių literatūrinės kalbos istorijoje concerning subordinate sentences with a clause of reason introduced by the conjunction jog and various correlates in the main clause: “one may suppose that they were occasional in nature and arose under the influence of Polish originals” (1979: 70). This idea was omitted from the second edition of the textbook—presumably the author abandoned it (cf. 1995: 75).

³ Cf.: “I do not doubt that the consecutive meaning, like the causal and explanatory meanings, was once widespread throughout Lithuania” (1912: 68).

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In the Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language, examples of the conjunction jog used in subordinate causal clauses are provided (LKŽ IV 352) from the third edition of K. Sirvydas’s dictionary (see the cited sentence), the writings of Laurynas Ivinskis and Jonas Jablonskis, and references are also given to the dictionary of Pilypas Ruigys (1747), Adalbert Bezzenberger’s Beiträge (1877), and the writings of Ambraziejus Pabrėža. The use of the form jogei with a causal meaning is illustrated by a sentence from the writings of Motiejus Valančius.

After examining fiction from the second half of the nineteenth century and the first half of the twentieth, Julija Žukauskaitė established that the conjunction jog was used in causal subordinate clauses by Simonas Daukantas, Motiejus Valančius, Laurynas Ivinskis, Juozapas Dovydaitis, Žemaitė, Vaižgantas, Petras Cvirka, and others (Žukauskaitė 1960: 47–49). The author states that “in the writings of our classics, the conjunction jog is rarely used” (ibid., 33); it is “very common only in written works” (35), although earlier “the customary jog was used much more widely[,] than kad” (34), and “writers from Samogitia who wrote earlier also use the conjunction jog more often than kad” (33).

1.2. There is little data on causal subordinate clauses with the conjunction jog used in dialects. It is worth noting that the syntax of our dialects, unlike their phonetics and morphology, has in general been very little described. Already in August Schleicher’s grammar we find the observation that this conjunction is characteristic of older language and written texts; in the spoken language of Lithuania Minor at that time it was already little used: “jet wird es in der gewöhnlichen sprache wol wenig mer gebraucht” (Schleicher 1856: 332). The Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language does not illustrate the use of the conjunction jog with the meanings nes ‘because’ and kadangi ‘since’ with dialect examples. Although Juozas Senkus mentions the rare use of this conjunction to express cause in his article “The conjunction, interjection, and onomatopoeia in the Kapsai and Zanavykai dialects,” he gives an example of an explanatory clause (cf. 1961: 111). J. Žukauskaitė also provides no dialect examples in her article on the conjunction jog in the literary language, but in her view, “in living speech even now jog could be used with this [causal] meaning. This is indicated by songs recorded by A. Juška and tales by J. Basanavičius, in which some instances of jog fully correspond to the literary-language conjunction kadangi ‘since’” (Žukauskaitė 1960: 47). The author’s observation about the “confusion” between the conjunction jog and the particle juk in some dialects is also significant (ibid., 50). Perhaps a sentence used with the conjunction jog-geis in a tale recorded by Mečislovas Davainis-Silvestraitis in the Raseiniai area at the end of the nineteenth century may also be regarded as a causal subordinate clause; cf.:

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What will you be weeping and wailing about now? Since, I suppose, it has been lost forever, jog eiswhatever comes out of the sack, perishes too DSP 143

It may have been in Samogitian and northern Aukštaitian dialects in particular that causal subordinate clauses with the conjunction jog or its variants survived the longest.

The fact that causal subordinate clauses with the conjunction jog have little (or virtually no) support in present-day dialects cannot be a decisive argument against their codification: purpose clauses with the conjunction idant, causal clauses with kadangi, and the like are also little used in present-day dialects, yet they are considered appropriate in the standard language on grounds of stylistic and functional suitability.

2. CURRENT USAGE

Examples of the use of causal subordinate clauses with the conjunction jog in contemporary language were sought in the Corpus of Contemporary Lithuanian (http://donelaitis.vdu.lt). In the “National Periodicals,” “Memoirs,” and “Popular Periodicals” sections of the corpus that were examined, 24 such sentences were found—about 4 percent of all examples of this conjunction in those sections (see Table 1). For example, in the “National Periodicals” section, 7 of 194 subordinate clauses with this conjunction are causal. Comparison with relative clauses—one of the main types of usage of the conjunction jog presented in prescriptive works—shows that this is not a small number: only 2 were found in this section of the corpus. In the “Memoirs” section, no fewer than 14 of the 196 examples of the conjunction jog can be considered to contain a causal subordinate clause (4 of them probably entered the corpus through quotations from older writings and are not cited below). The proportions are somewhat different in the “Popular Periodicals” section: 3 causal subordinate clauses were found, compared with 9 relative clauses.

TABLE 1. Subordinate clauses with the conjunction jog in the Corpus of Contemporary Lithuanian

Corpus section

National periodicals

Memoirs

Popular periodicals

Explanatory clauses

184

176

185

Relative clauses

2

6

9

Causal clauses

7

14

3

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Continuation of Table 1

Corpus section

Republican periodicals

Memoirs

Popular periodicals

Purpose clauses

1

0

2

Total examples reviewed

194

196

199

Republican periodicals⁴

Later, I. M. told him that he was again being reproached for having agreed to shoot rather than to set off an explosion; There are almost no cases when our client was disappointed because it took a long time to receive the money; And dissatisfaction with government or parliamentary decisions can always be expressed. Not because jog they are clearly wrong, but because supposedly there could be a better option; Then the easiest thing is to seat a performer “prepared for the topic” behind the screen. All the more so jog some contestants’ failure to emerge from behind the screen at the end of the show is almost inevitable; Now we felt tired and began to worry that jog we did not know whether we were going in the right direction, how far we had gone, or perhaps were just treading water; V. J. had promised to pay 2,000 US dollars for jog he had arranged a “job”; Now it can be said that the supporters of the Turkish, Romanian and Spanish national teams felt the greatest joy because jog their teams made it to the quarterfinals.

Memoirs

In 1945, an East German teacher was dismissed from her job for because she dared to read episodes from “Pippi Longstocking” aloud in class; little Vilhelmas Ulsonas has been growing up for eight years in the Stockholm apartment of his aunt Edla and uncle Sixten, unloved and unwanted. Perhaps because because his adoptive parents wanted to take a girl from the orphanage rather than a boy, but did not get one... On the other hand, critics, comparing Pippi with other free-spirited heroes, note her distinctiveness and superiority chiefly because because she is “strong, cheerful and fundamentally happy”; Miyo keeps asking and answering for himself why the earth, a cave, and trees help him—perhaps because because they all hated Kato... Perhaps because because his fantastic, conditional nature is entirely obvious, or perhaps because because he is male, the image of Karlsson provoked far less pedagogical hostility than Pippi, although otherwise the two share many close traits; Some of the doctors I had in childhood and adolescence withheld unpleasant facts about diabetes “for my own good” because because they thought I could not cope with harsh facts; Yes, there are arguments. And not only because because the main character is a girl; Those stories are especially fascinating because because readers of different ages can find completely different things in them; [And to readers, this character is probably appealing most because because it brings the joy of self-recognition.

⁴ The language of the examples from the internet has not been edited.

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Popular periodicals

[N]mentions “Viagra,” which, it would seem, could solve her problems today. Perhaps she does not really know it exists? Or perhaps because because you only live life once; But I never thought that it was because because he had been drinking; I deliberately did not tell you about the entire course of treatment. Not only because because I follow unwritten ethical rules.

The examples cited allow us to identify several features of subordinate clauses of cause introduced by the conjunction jog. First, they mark relations of cause and effect, or of a statement and its logical basis. Second, in a complex sentence they usually follow the main clause. Third, the main clause contains correlatives: most often for that reason, less often therefore or for that. Correlatives usually precede the conjunction and highlight the syntactic function of the subordinate clause. The boundaries of sentences without correlatives are not always clear, and they can be interpreted in various ways (cf. the cited sentence All the more so jog some people’s failure to emerge from behind the screen at the end of the program is almost inevitable). These features of the clauses under consideration can be explained by the multifunctionality and polysemy of the conjunction jog in contemporary Lithuanian (cf. the use in corresponding sentences of its synonym, the conjunction kad).

The use of the conjunction jog in subordinate clauses was discussed in 2003 by a subcommittee of the State Commission of the Lithuanian Language. It is regrettable jog that the meeting’s resolutions were content with only a general statement that “[c]onjunctions idant and jog are quite archaic and should therefore be used judiciously.” The subcommittee “expressed concern that jog, idant, and bei are used too often and without justification” (“Subcommittee News,” 2003 02 04, prepared by Aistė Pangonytė, www.vlkk.lt). The subcommittee’s concerns seem to be explained by Rita Miliūnaitė’s view that the conjunction jog is characteristic of “written style, bookish language, especially the language of scholarship, where many subordinate and coordinate clauses are used” (2006: 147)⁵. This definition of the domain and style of use of the conjunction jog does not suit at least the causal subordinate clauses of contemporary language. Not a single such clause was found in the “Lithuanian State Documents” section of the Corpus of Contemporary Lithuanian, and only one in the “Translations of Philosophical Literature” section. It is easy to verify, by consulting the internet, that causal subordinate clauses with the conjunction jog are used quite widely in informal contemporary styles of language.

⁵ Jonas Palionis held a similar view of causal subordinate clauses with the conjunction jog in older Lithuanian writings: they supposedly have “not only an archaic, but also a bookish tone” (1979: 70).

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search engine Google. Entering the words “dėl to jog” or “todėl jog” in the search field, we will find many sentences of interest to us, not only from periodicals but also from discussion websites, forums, blogs, and so on. Here are just a few examples:

Which member of the group lost his job because he did not want to cut his curls? www.superma-ma.lt/.../index.../t352404-400.html; then cast it in another place too, you should manage to pull out a couple, and the reason is that a pike comes to the place where there is movement http://www.biteplius.lt/lt/2club.main (options “Me and others,” “Anglers’ Club,” topic “Fishing for pike with live bait”).

All this shows that the domain of use of causal subordinate clauses with the conjunction jog in contemporary language is broad; they are used fairly often in informal public-language genres close not only to written but also to spoken language (on these, see Miliūnaitė 2008). The spread of such usage can probably also be explained by a certain striving for systematicity: the synonymy of the conjunctions kad and jog in the much more frequently used explanatory and specifying clauses supports and encourages the use of the conjunction jog in causal subordinate clauses as well.

3. RESEARCH ON THE NORM AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF CODIFICATION⁶

When discussing the spelling of the conjunction jog, Jonas Jablonskis cited a causal subordinate clause with this conjunction (from a 1598 catechism) as early as 1893 (see Balčikonis, ed. 1935: 23). The 1901 grammar gives several examples of specifying (or consequential) and explanatory clauses linked by the conjunction jog (and its variants juog, juogei) (Jablonskis 1957: 157). The use of this conjunction in subordinate clauses is described in greater detail in Lietuvių kalbos sintaksėje (1911): it provides examples of the correct use of jog in subject (1957: 491), predicate (ibid., 492), object (493), attributive (495), causal (500), and adverbial clauses of manner (506).

The use of the conjunction jog in complex sentences and its relationship with the conjunction kad were also briefly discussed by Antanas Salys and Leonardas Dambrauskas-Dambriūnas. In the Gimtosios kalbos question-and-answer column, responding to the question of when kad and when jog should be used to join clauses, A. Salys proposes the latter

⁶ Recommendations concerning the use of the subordinating conjunctions jog and kad have been briefly reviewed by Rita Miliūnaitė (see 2003: 199–200).

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vartoti, „kur sakin yje daug kad susigrūda“ (GK₁ 1938, 9: 138 = Jonikas, red. 1979: 261). Ten pat jis duoda ir šio jungtuko vartojimo aiškinamuosiuose ir priežasties sakiniuose pavyzdžių. Tokios vartosenos nepeikia, tik pastebi, kad „dabar visuose šiuose sakiniuose paprastai linkstame vartoti vien kad“ (ten pat). Beveik tuo pačiu metu L. Dambrauskas-Dambriūnas Kalbos patarėjuje rašė, kad jungtukai jog ir kad yra vienos reikšmės, tik pastarasis vartojamas dažniau (KP 1939: 58). Panašiai jo rašoma ir čikagiškės Gimtosios kalbos klausimų kraitelėje: „Jungtukai k a d ir j o g dažnai savo reikšme neskiria ir daugeliu atvejų gali būti vartojamas vienas arba antras tame pačiame sakiny“ (GK₂ 1960, 4: 75), tačiau aiškinamuosiuose sakiniuose siūlo teikti pirmenybę jungtukui kad.

The most thorough study and description of the use of the conjunction jog in the standard language in works written during the 1960s was produced by Julija Žukauskaitė. In the aforementioned article on the conjunction jog in Lithuanian literary language (1960), she states that complex sentences with the conjunctions kad and jog differ in the “sonority of the sounds of the words being joined” and in stylistic nuances—the use of the conjunction jog “gives the thought of the sentence a certain declarative quality” (ibid., 34–35). The author concludes: “[t]he conjunction jog is used in subordinate subject, predicate, object, attributive, manner, and occasionally causal clauses” (ibid., 35). Having separately examined the use of this conjunction in causal subordinate clauses, J. Žukauskaitė concludes: “[i]n contemporary Lithuanian literary language, we generally do not link causal adverbial subordinate clauses with the conjunction jog. But in living speech, jog could still be used with this meaning” (ibid., 47). The author goes on to show how linguists themselves have restricted the use of the conjunction jog in the standard language: causal subordinate clauses with this conjunction in the 1948 edition of Žemaitė’s writings were consistently replaced in the 1956 edition by clauses with the conjunctions kad or nes (ibid., 47–48). In Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos sintaksėje, Jonas Balkevičius does not mention the conjunction jog at all in the section on causal subordinate clauses (1963: 362–363).

J. Žukauskaitė begins another article devoted to the use of the conjunction jog with the following sentence: “The conjunction jog is now used only rarely in dialects” (1968: 21). This suggests that the author knew that the conjunction had formerly been used more widely in dialects than it is today. In Lietuvių kalbos gramatikoje (LKG 1971: 675–677), she summarizes the use of the conjunctions jog and kad as follows: “[t]he meanings of the conjunctions jóg and kàd coincide only in certain cases. The latter is more frequent and can be used with meanings that are not characteristic of the conjunction jóg”

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(ibid., 677). Among other things, J. Žukauskaitė also identifies a causal meaning as atypical of the conjunction jog (ibid.)⁷. It was probably precisely the aforementioned negative codification of its use in causal subordinate clauses in the second volume of Lithuanian Grammar that determined the fate of the usage type of the conjunction jog in later descriptive and prescriptive works.

The following year, causal subordinate clauses with the conjunction jog were no longer mentioned in Vytautas Ambrazas’s seminal article “Structural Types of Lithuanian Subordinate Clauses” (1972). The university textbook Lietuvių kalbos morfologija repeated J. Žukauskaitė’s recommendation on the use of the conjunctions jog and kad (cf. Jakaitienė, Laigonaitė, Paulauskienė 1976: 235), but a footnote noted that “in older texts, the conjunction jog is also used for causal relations” (ibid.). In the third volume of Lietuvių kalbos gramatikos (LKG 1976: 867), causal subordinate clauses with the conjunction jog are mentioned only briefly and in petit⁸. Later grammar works do not mention causal subordinate clauses with the conjunction jog at all (see Sirtautas, Grenda 1988: 169–170; Labutis 1994 II: 69–70; DLKG 1994: 689).

Publications on language practice follow the codification established in prescriptive grammar works. For example, Kalbos praktikos patarimuose provides examples of the correct use of the conjunction jog in complement, predicative, and manner-adverbial subordinate clauses, while causal subordinate clauses are not mentioned (KPP₁ 1976: 117; KPP₂ 1985: 123). The third booklet of Kalbos patarimų identifies the use of this conjunction in purpose subordinate clauses as inadmissible, and gives its use to connect subject, complement, and consequence subordinate clauses as correct (KP S 2003: 28); causal subordinate clauses, however, are not mentioned at all.

Publications intended for schools and the general public also reinforce the codified norm. In his book Kalbos kultūra visiems (2003), Jonas Šukys states that the conjunction jog is often synonymous with the conjunction kad. However, the conjunction jog should not be used with the subjunctive mood. In Lietuvių kalbos žinyne, the conjunction jog is not mentioned in the sections on subordinate clauses of either purpose or cause (LKŽin 2007: 275, 277).

⁷ The author contradicts herself when, later on the same page, in petit, she writes that “in dialects and older texts, the conjunction jóg is used to mark a causal relation” (LKG 1971: 677), as well as other meanings.

⁸ Cf.: “In dialects, older texts, and occasionally also fiction, causal clauses with the conjunction jog occur. The correlative word in such clauses is also dėl to” (LKG 1976: 867). Three examples of this usage are given: from LKŽ, from tales recorded by Jonas Basanavičius, and from the writings of Simonas Daukantas.

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The development of the codification of causal subordinate clauses with the conjunction jog can be briefly summarized as follows: in the early and mid-20th century they were codified as standard, albeit less frequently used (in spoken language), clauses; by the end of the last century (after volume III of LKG), descriptive, prescriptive, and instructional works no longer mentioned them at all, as if they had fallen out of use.

CONCLUSIONS

Causal subordinate clauses with the conjunction jog are an indigenous, not borrowed, type of complex subordinate clause. They have been continuously used from the 16th century to the present day in texts based on various dialects. They most likely entered older texts from spoken language.

As synonyms of clauses with the conjunction kad, these clauses are also quite widely used in present-day Lithuanian. They are characteristic of the language of periodicals, fiction, and informal genres of public speaking.

Since the end of the 20th century, causal subordinate clauses with the conjunction jog have no longer been mentioned in descriptive, prescriptive, and instructional grammar works. The nature of the use of these clauses in older and present-day language provides sufficient grounds for considering their positive codification in the standard language. Such clauses should be further investigated and described in new grammar works.

ŠALTINIAI

DK – Mikalojaus Daukšos 1595 metų katekizmas. Parengė Vida Jakštienė ir Jonas Palionis, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla, 1995.

DSP – Pasakos, sakmės, oracijos. Surinko Mečislovas Davainis-Silvestraitis, Vilnius: Vaga, 1973.

GK₁ – Gimtoji kalba, Kaunas, 1933–1941.

GK₂ – Gimtoji kalba, Čikaga, 1958–1968.

JĖ – Jono Jaknavičiaus 1647 metų EWANGELIE POLSKIE Y LITEWSKIE. Dokumentinis leidimas ir kompaktinė plokštelė su skaitmenine faksimile. Parengė Milda Lučinskienė, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 2005.

LyK – Heinrich Johann Lysius. Mažasis katekizmas. Pagal Berlyno rankraštį parengė Pietro U. Dini, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla, 1993.

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LK – KATHECHISMAS, ABA PAMOKIMAS WIENAM KVRIAMGI KRIKSČZONIVY REYKIAMAS. PARASZITAS Nuog D. IOKVBO LEDESMOS Theologo Soc: IESV... WILNIVY: Drukórnioy Acadêmios SOCIETATIS IESV... 1605.

LP – Kiprijonas Lukauskas. Pamokslai. Tekstą parengė Juozas Karaciejus, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla, 1996.

MžK – Martynas Mažvydas. Katekizmas ir kiti raštai, Vilnius: Baltos lankos, 1993.

NE – Kajetonas Nezabitauskis. Naujas mokslas skaitymo dėl mažų vaikų Žemaičių ir Lietuvos. Fotografuotinis leidimas, Vilnius: Alma littera, 1996.

SD₃ – Pirmasis lietuvių kalbos žodynas. Konstantinas Širvydas. Dictionarium trium linguarum. Įvadą ir žodyno rodyklę parengė Kazys Pakalka, Vilnius: Mokslas, 1979.

Z – 1759 metų „Ziwatas“. Parengė Aleksas Girdenis ir Petras Skirmantas, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas, 1998.

LITERATŪRA

Ambrazas V. 1972: Lietuvių kalbos prijungiamųjų sakinių struktūriniai tipai. – Baltistica 8 (1), 23–48.

Ambrazas V. 2006: Lietuvių kalbos istorinė sintaksė, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas.

Balčikonis J., red. 1935: Jablonskio raštai 4, Kaunas: Švietimo ministerijos leidinys.

Balkevičius J. 1963: Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos sintaksė, Vilnius: Valstybinė politinės ir mokslinės literatūros leidykla.

Bezzenberger A. 1877: Beiträge zur Geschichte der Litauischen Sprache auf Grund litauischer Texte des XVI. Und des XVII. Jahrhunderts, Göttingen: Verlag von Robert Peppmüller.

DLKG 1994: Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos gramatika. Redaktorius Vytautas Ambrazas, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla.

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Gauta 2009 09 14

ON REASON CLAUSES WITH THE CONJUNCTION JOG

Summary

The conjunction jog connects reason clauses frequently used in old Lithuanian writings as well as in present-day publicist, belles-lettres and free style Lithuanian; however, new descriptive, standardising and pedagogical grammars fail to mention them. The paper deals with older and modern usage of the above clauses, offers an overview of their research and development of codification. The paper suggests that the above clauses should be treated as appropriate for standard Lithuanian; arguments for the claim are provided.

ARTŪRAS JUDŽENTIS

Lietuvių kalbos institutas

P. Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius

[email protected]

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