Dėl šalutinių priežasties sakinių su jungtuku „jog“

A. A. JUDŽENTIS. On the secondary cause sentences with the conjunction that 77 ARTŪRAS JUDŽENTIS Lietuvių kalbos institutas ON THE SECONDARY CAUSE PRONOUNCEMENTS SU JUNGTUKU JOG The article examines the secondary elements of the cause of compound connective sentences connected by a conjunction: it reviews their use from the first Lithuanian scripts to the present, shows the development of their codification in the common language, highlights the criteria of codification and provides arguments for positive codification. 1. DATA FROM OLD SCRIPTURES AND DIALECTS 1.1. Heinrich Johann Lyssius in the manuscript Little Catechism (1719) Martin Luther's passage about the creation of the woman was translated as follows: Jr Panas Diewas padáre Moterißkė iß to Sʒonbeul, kurrh iß uomo ėmimas buwo, and atwede jopi. Tadda táre ámmogus: This is Káulas nůg my Káulo, and Kunas nůg my Kuno. Therefore, Wyrene will also be informed that iß Wyro ißimta is LyK 4514–17 In this translation, attention is drawn not only to the newly created viriienė, but also to the secondary causal sentence with the conjunction hogy, which tells the motivation of the naming. In choosing him, Lysiusz did not differ from other East Prussian authors and translators of the time. The conjunction that and its various variants have already been used in these sentences by Martynas Mažvydas (cf. Hermann 1912: 8, 12; Drotvinas 1964: 21t; Urbas 1996: 175), e.g. : Tu ßmagau turi garbinti Diewa / Jag tawe taip gierai gis papeneia MžK 122(76)10–11 Such causal circumstance sentences were used by Baltramiejus Vilentas (cf. Hermann 1912: 25), Jonas Bretkūnas (cf. Leskien 1903: 106; Hermann 1912: 28; Kibildaitė 2001: 136t) and others (cf. Bezzenberger 1877: 266; Hermann 1912: 67). The use of the conjunction jog in the 78 LANGUAGE CULTURE | In 82 sentences it was a normative phenomenon of the western variant of the Old Lithuanian script, confirmed by Daniel Klein’s Grammatica Lithvanica (1653), where it is recorded alongside other conjunctions denoting causal relationships (cf. PLKG 1957: 142). secondary sentences of the cause This type of secondary sentences was widely used in writings prepared and published in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. We find them in the Catechism1 of Mikalojus Daukša and in Postilas (cf. Hermann 1912: 32, 36; Drotvinas 1964: 21t), e.g. : M. Kaipóġ numire Diewîſtei / argu Ʒmogîſtei? Mo. Ʒmogîſtei kaipʼ ēmmógus / iog Diewiſtei kaipʼ Diewas / niekadʼ negałêio mirṫ / nei wel kæſt DK 3414–20 Such reasoning sentences were also used by other representatives of the middle-old scripture language variant: Simonas Vaišnoras (see Michelini 1991: 224), Knygos nobažnystės krikščioniškos autoriai (see Drotvinas 1964: 21t), Samuelis Boguslavas Chylinskis (see Drotvinas 1964: 21t). In the eastern variant of the language of the old writings, the secondary sentences of the cause circumstance with the conjunction that are known from the translation of the Ledesma Catechism in 1605 (Hermann 1912: 41) and the Gospels and Epistles of John Jaknavičius, cf. : Atáio auſiumṗ máno newieno ūdʒey / kuriê neyßmánu sákos Cathechiſmo pérguldito / nuog io miliſtos kúngo Mikalóiaus Dáukßos Kanoniko Baannicėios Ʒemáycu / iog ésus ánas pérguldis ii Ʒemáytißkay LK A2r4–12 Ir pagim.de ſunu ſunu pirmagimi / ir ſuwiſt gi wiſtikłais / ir padeio gi prakarty: iog ne bowo iemis wietos pádwarioy. JE 913–19 Konstantinas Sirvydas also used such sentences (Hermann 1912: 44; Drotvinas 1964: 21t). A secondary causal sentence with this conjunction is found in the third edition of the Dictionarium trium linguarum (1642): Muſʒkuł w ćiele ęwierʒętt / y cʒłowiecʒẽ. Muſculus. Dala kuno pelele wadinama / yog toligij ira peley nutrirtay. SD3 183 Edward Hermann has observed that in the eastern variant of the written language the conjunction that was most often used in causal circumstance sentences, and in the writings of East Prussian authors – in explanatory sentences (1912: 67). 1 By the way, even a third of all causal subordinate sentences with this conjunction have no equivalents in the Polish original (cf. Judžentis, Pajėdienė 2006: 32). A. A. JUDŽENTIS. 79 Thus, the secondary causal sentences with the conjunction that are a characteristic feature of the compound sentences of the old Lithuanian scripts, a normative phenomenon of the language of the scripts of that time. Such sentences are used not only in the translated texts, but also in the original texts (cf. the quoted sentences of the anonymous translator of the Ledesma Catechism and K. Sirvydas) – they are most likely taken from the spoken language2. In the Old Lithuanian language the conjunction that and its various variants were one of the most widely used conjunction means in compound conjunctive sentences; He associated with the main focus not only the causal, but also the explanatory, descriptive (effect) and even the purpose secondary sentences (Hermann 1912: 67–68; Ambrazas 2006: 468, 482). E. Hermann did not doubt that the first three meanings were used throughout Lithuania3. It is true that even in the old Lithuanian language sentences with this conjunction were not the predominant type of secondary-cause sentences: already then these sentences used the conjunctions because and since variants, and the conjunction that also penetrated them. Causal secondary sentences with the conjunction that to use in later tenses. They can be found in the Kretingiškiai dialect written Zivata (1759), e.g. : Jesus, that he was greatly hurt, and that he was painted, and that he was thrown down, we know the way Z 187, 26–188, 1; What did he do, that he was greatly hurt, and that he was not thrown down? ſuſybuntawojy on tawęs, nor tawi numiti on kriżiws Z 20822–25 Kyprijonas Lukauskas also used such sentences in his late 18th century manuscript sermons, e.g. : I'm sure you're strong and you've done a great job, so I'm glad you're here. Kursay eſsi Teysibiu nesutwertu LP 5712–13 We find them and Kajeton Nezabitauskas's Elementary New Science Reading (1824) in prayers and acts of faith: Diewe geriausis! nupuolau, gayluose ysz szyrdies, <...> diel to, jog asz tawi, kuris esi patsay sawiey tykra gierybe, uurustynau NE 3826–31 2 It is not possible to agree with the opinion expressed by Jonas Palionis in the history of Lithuanian literary language regarding connective sentences with a causal secondary element, connected with the conjunction jog, and various correlates in the main element: „it is possible to assume that they were of a causal nature and arose as a result of the influence of the Polish originals“ (1979: 70). This idea was no longer present in the second edition of the textbook – probably the author abandoned it (cf. 1995: 75). 3 Plg.: “I have no doubt that the consequential, as well as the causal and explanatory meaning, was once extended over the whole of Lithuania” (1912: 68). 80 LANGUAGE CULTURE | 82 The Lithuanian language dictionary provides examples of the conjunction jog used in secondary causal sentences (LKŽ IV 352) from the third edition of the dictionary of K. Sirvydas (see the quoted sentence), the writings of Laurynas Ivinskis and Jonas Jablonskis, in addition, references are given to the dictionary of Pilypas Ruigis (1747), Adalbert Bezzenberger (Beiträge 1877), Ambraziejus Pabrėžos writings. The use of the form yogei in the meaning of cause is illustrated by a sentence from the writings of Motiejus Valančius. Having examined fictional literature of the second half of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century in more detail, Julija Žukauskaitė found that the conjunction jog in the secondary causal sentences has been used by Simonas Daukantas, Motiejus Valančius, Laurynas Ivinskis, Juozapas Dovydaitis, Žemaitė, Vaižgantas, Petras Cvirka and others (Žukauskaitė 1960: 47–49). The author claims that “in the writings of our classics the conjunction that is rarely used” (ibid., 33), it is “very common only in writings” (35), but earlier “it was common that was used much more widely[,] than that” (34), and “the writers of Žemaitija who wrote earlier also used the conjunction that more often than that” (33). 1.2. Data on secondary causal sentences with the conjunction that used in dialects are scarce. It should be noted that the syntax of our dialects, unlike phonetics and morphology, is generally poorly described. Already in the grammar of August Schleicher we find a remark that this conjunction is typical of older language and writings; In the colloquial language of Lesser Lithuania at that time it was already little used: „jezt wird es in der gewönlichen Sprache wol wenig mer gebraucht“ (Schleicher 1856: 332). It is important to note that this is not the case because the LC-MS is not a LC-MS. Although Juozas Senkus mentions the rare use of this conjunction to indicate cause in his article „Kapsų ir zanavykų dialektų jungtukas, jaustukas ir ištiktukas“, he gives an example of an explanatory sentence (cf. 1961: 111). In her article on the literary language, J. Žukauskaitė also does not provide dialectal examples of the conjunction, but, in her opinion, “in the living language and now in such a [cause] meaning that it could be used. This is shown by the songs written by A. Juška and the tales by J. Basanavičius, some of which fully correspond to the literary language’s conjunction since” (Žukauskaitė 1960: 47). The author’s remark about the “confusion” of the conjunction that and the particle but in some dialects is also significant (ibid., 50). Perhaps the sentence with the conjunction jogeis, used in Mečislovo Davainio-Silvestraičio fairy tale written in the Raseinių area at the end of the 19th century, can also be regarded as a causal secondary sentence, cf. : A. A. JUDŽENTIS. For secondary cause sentences with the conjunction that 81 What will you open and unlock here? That already, fly, forever disappeared, and whoever is out of the bag, he and destroyed DSP 143 It is precisely in the Žemaičių and Northern Vysokiai dialects that the secondary causal sentences with the conjunction jog or its variants could survive the longest. The fact that secondary purpose sentences with the conjunction jog have no (or almost no) support in the present dialects cannot be a decisive argument for their codification: secondary purpose sentences with the conjunction idant, causal sentences with since, etc. are also rarely used in the present dialects, but they are considered suitable for general language because of their stylistic and functional purposefulness. 2. PRESENTS USE Examples of the use of the subordinate cause sentences with the conjunction kad in the present language were searched in the textbook of contemporary Lithuanian language (http://donelaitis.vdu. lt). In the textbooks of “Respublikinė periodinė spauda”, “Memoirs” and “Populiarioji periodinė spauda” 24 such sentences were found – this amounts to about 4 percent of all the examples with this conjunction given in them (see table 1). For example, in the section “Respublikinės periodikos” out of 194 secondary sentences with this conjunction 7 have a cause. That this is not a small number shows the comparison with descriptive sentences – one of the main types of the conjunction that used in normative works – of which only 2 were found in this part of the text. In the part of the “Memoirs” of 196 examples of the use of the conjunction that, even 14 are considered to have a secondary reasoning sentence (of which 4 probably came into the textbook through quotations from older writings, they are not quoted further). In the “Popular Periodicals” section, the ratio is somewhat different: 3 secondary cause sentences were found, and 9 descriptive ones. TABLE 1. Subordinate sentences with the conjunction jog in the text of contemporary Lithuanian language Tekstyno dalis Respublikinė periodika Memuarai Populiarioji periodika Explanatory sentences 184 176 185 Determinative sentences 2 6 9 Reason sentences 7 14 3 82 LANGUAGE CULTURE | 82 Tekstyno dalis Respublikinė periodika Memuarai Populiarioji periodika Objective sentences 1 0 2 Total samples viewed 194 196 199 Republic periodical4 I. M. later told him that he was again blamed for having agreed to shoot and not blow up; There are almost no cases when our client was disappointed because of the long wait for money; And it is always possible to express dissatisfaction with the decisions of the Government or the Seimas. Not because they are clearly wrong, but because there might be a better option; Then it is easiest to put an artist “prepared for the theme” behind the curtain. All the more so that the failure of some of them from the back of the fence is almost inevitable; Now we felt tired and started worrying about whether we were going in the right direction, how far we had come, or whether we were in a tripping spot; V. J. had promised to pay 2 thousand. US dollars for providing “work”; It is now possible to say that the greatest joy about reaching the quarter-finals was experienced by the fans of the national teams of Turkey, Romania and Spain. Playing In 1945, a GDR teacher was dismissed from her job for daring to read the episodes of Peppa Pig in her class; Bu Wilhelm Ulsson has been growing up in Aunt Edla's and Uncle Sixten's apartment in Stockholm for eight years, unloved and unnecessary. Perhaps because the adoptive parents wanted to take a girl from the shelter rather than a boy, but they did not get it… On the other hand, critics, comparing Peppa with other heroes in the free market, note her uniqueness and superiority primarily because she is “strong, cheerful and basically happy”; Here Mio constantly asks and answers himself why the earth, the cave, the trees help him – perhaps because they all hated Kato… Perhaps because his fantastic, conditionality is quite obvious, or maybe because he is male, Carlson’s painting caused much less pedagogical hostility than Peppe, although the two otherwise have a lot of similar traits; Some of my childhood and adolescence doctors kept the unpleasant facts about diabetes “for my good” because they thought I was incapable of coping with the bitter facts; Yes, there are arguments. And not only because the main character is a girl; These stories are particularly fascinating because readers of different ages can find completely different things in them; [And] for readers, this character is perhaps most attractive because it evokes the joy of self-recognition. 4 The language of the Internet samples has not been corrected. Table 1 continues A. A. JUDŽENTIS. On the secondary cause sentences with the conjunction that 83 Popular periodical [No] mention of Viagra, which seems to be the solution to her problems today. Maybe she's not really aware of this one's existence? Or maybe because you won’t live life a second time anyway; But I never thought it was because he was drunk; I deliberately did not tell you about the whole course of treatment. Not only because I follow unwritten ethical rules. The cited examples allow us to highlight several characteristics of secondary-cause sentences with the conjunction that. First, they denote the relationship between cause and effect or between a statement and its logical basis. Secondly, in a compound sentence they usually come after the main object. Thirdly, they have in the main subject the answering words: most often because of that, less often because of that or for that. The answering words usually go before the conjunction and emphasize the syntactic function of the sub-sentence. The boundaries of sentences without answering words are not always clear, they can be interpreted differently (see the quoted sentence The more so that the failure of some of them from behind the back of the screen is almost inevitable). These characteristics of the sentences under consideration can be explained by the multifunctionality and polysemantic nature of the conjunction jog in contemporary Lithuanian (see the use of its synonym – the conjunction kad in the relevant sentences). The use of the conjunction jog in secondary sentences was discussed in 2003 in the subcommittee of the State Lithuanian Language Commission. It is a pity that the resolutions of the hearing were satisfied only with a general statement that “[j]ungtukai are quite archaic and should therefore be used with caution”. The subcommittee “worried about the fact that, if, and are used too often, without grounds” (Pakomisių naujienos, 2003 02 04, prepared by Aistė Pangonytė, www.vlkk.lt). Pakomisė’s fears are explained by Rita Miliūnaitė’s opinion that the conjunction is characteristic of “writing style, book language, especially scientific language, where a lot of connecting and connecting sentences are used” (2006: 147)5. The scope of use and stylistics of the conjunction are thus defined as not suitable at least for the subordinate causal sentences of the present language. There is no such sentence found in the textbook of the current Lithuanian language “LR Valstybiniai dokumentai”, and only one in the “Translations of Philosophical Literature”. It is easy to convince oneself of the fact that secondary causal sentences with the conjunction jog are used quite widely in the free styles of contemporary language by using the internet. 5 Similar opinions about secondary causal sentences with the conjunction jog in ancient Lithuanian writings were also expressed by Jonas Palionis: they have “[n]e only an archaic, but also a book-like connotation” (1979: 70). 84 LANGUAGE CULTURE | 82 search engine Google. By typing the words “because that” or “because that” in the search box, we will find many sentences of interest to us not only from periodicals, but also from discussion sites, forums, blogs, etc. Here are just a few examples: Which member of the group lost his job because he didn't want to cut his curls? www.supermama.lt/.../index.../t352404-400.html; then put it in another place also a couple you should pull it again, and this is because the fish is introduced to the place where the movement is http://www.biteplius.lt/lt/2club.main (options "I and others", "Fish club", theme "Pike catching with live fish"). All of this shows that the scope of use of secondary-cause sentences with the conjunction that is wide in the current language; quite often they are used in free genres of public language, close not only to written but also to spoken language (see Miliūnaitė 2008). The spread of such usage can probably be explained by a certain desire for systematism: the synonymy of the conjunctions that and that in the much more frequently used explanatory and descriptive sentences supports and encourages the use of the conjunct that in the causal secondary sentences. 3. NORMOS TYRIMAI IR KODIFIKAVIMO RAIDA6 Jonas Jablonskis, discussing the question of the spelling of the conjunction that, quoted the secondary causal sentence with this conjunction (from the Catechism of 1598) as early as 1893 (see Balčikonis, ed. 1935: 23). In the grammar of 1901, several examples of descriptive (or consequential) and explanatory sentences connected with the conjunction that (and its variants juog, juogei) are given (Jablonskis 1957: 157). The use of this conjunction in secondary sentences is described in more detail in Lithuanian Language Syntax (1911): it provides examples of the regular use of that in the verb (1957: 491), the adverb (ibid., 492), the complement (493), the indicative (495), the cause (500) and the circumstance of the way (506) in sentences. Antanas Salis and Leonardo Dambrauskas-Dambriūnas have also written briefly about the use of the conjunction jog in compound sentences and its relationship with the conjunction kad. In answering the question when to use that and when that in conjugating sentences, A. Salys proposes the latter in the questionnaire of the mother tongue. 6 Recommendations on the use of conjugating conjunctions that and that have been briefly reviewed 2003. pp. 199–200. A. A. JUDŽENTIS. For secondary cause sentences with the conjunction that 85 to be used, "where in the sentence a lot that accumulates" (GK1 1938, 9: 138 = Jonikas, ed. 1979: 261). He also gives examples of the use of this conjunction in explanatory and causal sentences. He does not reproach such usage, but only notes that "now in all these sentences we tend to use only that" (ibid.). Almost at the same time, L. Dambrauskas-Dambriūnas wrote in Kalbos patarėjas that the conjunctions jog and kad have the same meaning, only the latter is used more often (KP 1939: 58). Similarly, he writes in the Chicago Native Language Questionnaire: "The verbs that and that often do not differ in their meaning and in many cases one or the other can be used in the same sentence" (GK2 1960, 4: 75), but in explanatory sentences he suggests giving preference to the verb that. The use of the conjunction jog in the common language has been studied and described in the most detailed way by Julia Žukauskaitė in her works written in the 1960s. In the aforementioned article on the conjunction jog in Lithuanian literary language (1960), she states that compound sentences with the conjunction kad ir jog differ “in the sound of the words connected” and in stylistic nuances – the use of the conjunction jog “gives the idea of the sentence a certain declarativeness” (ibid., 34–35). The author concludes: “[j]ungtukas jog is used in the secondary circumstance sentences of the factor, the adverb, the complement, the indicative, the mode and occasionally the causal circumstance” (ibid., 35). Having examined the use of this conjunction in secondary causal sentences separately, J. Žukauskaitė reaches the conclusion: “[d]in contemporary Lithuanian literary language we do not usually use the conjunction that in secondary causal circumstance sentences. But in the living language and now in such a sense that it could be used" (ibid., 47). Furthermore, the author shows how the use of the conjunction that in common language has been narrowed by the linguists themselves: in the 1956 edition of Žemaitės raštai, the secondary causal sentences with this conjunction were consistently replaced by sentences with the conjunctions kad or nes (ibid., 47–48). Jonas Balkevičius In the syntax of contemporary Lithuanian language the conjunction jog is not mentioned at all in the section of secondary cause sentences (1963: 362–363). Another article dedicated to the use of the conjunction jog J. Žukauskaitė begins with the following sentence: "The conjunction jog is rarely used in dialects" (1968: 21). This suggests that the author was aware that the conjunction was used more widely in dialects in the past than it is now. In Lithuanian grammar (LKG 1971: 675–677) she summarizes the use of the conjunctions jog and kad as follows: „[j]ungtukų jóg and kàd meanings coincide only in certain cases. The latter is more common and can be used with meanings that are not characteristic of the conjunction yog”