LIETUVIŲ KALBOTYROS KLAUSIMAI XL (1998)

Albina AUKSORIŪTĖ

Lietuvių kalbos institutas, Vilnius

THE TERMINOLOGICAL LEGACY OF LAURYNAS IVINSKIS

Laurynas Ivinskis (1810–1881), vienas didžiųjų XIX a. Žemaičių švietėjų, dažniausiai minimas kaip pirmasis lietuviškų kalendorių rengėjas. „Metskaitliai“ buvo svarbiausias, bet ne vienintelis jo darbas. L. Ivinskis sugebėjo aprėpti nemažą įvairių sričių – paliko gamtos mokslų veikalų, leksikografijos, kalbotyros darbų, Vakarų Europos prozos ir poezijos vertimų, grožinės literatūros kūrinėlių.

Most of L. Ivinskis’s works, especially those in the field of natural sciences, are also important for terminology. Writing about various fields, he encountered a need for Lithuanian terms, since he was the first to write in Lithuanian about some subjects. This article surveys L. Ivinskis’s works of terminological interest, indicating the number of Lithuanian terms used by the author and the fields to which they may be assigned.

The first calendar, “Metu skajtlus ukiniszkas…,” was published in 1846, and every year until 1865, except for the calendars of 1853 and 1854, whose printing was prohibited by the tsarist censorship, L. Ivinskis published one calendar. After printing was banned, he published the 1865–1866 calendar in Russian type. In 1878, L. Ivinskis’s Lithuanian calendar was published in Sankt Peterburge; later, he contributed to Lithuanian calendars published in Tilsit.

In his calendars, L. Ivinskis presented not only systematic lists of the days of the year, lists and tables of the quarters of the year, church holidays, historical events, indulgence feasts, and fairs held in small towns, but also various short articles, which he included in an appendix he himself called “Pridėjimas.” The articles in most calendars were divided into two parts—religious and agricultural. In later calendars, a third, literary, part was also introduced.

The agricultural section contains quite a few short articles on folk medicine and veterinary matters. In them, L. Ivinskis advised how to treat various human and animal diseases. In these short articles, the author used about 180 folk-medicine terms, 131 of which are names of human diseases. In some cases, he provided synonyms and Polish or Latin equivalents of those terms, e.g., grįžielie, griezielė (ira taj didzioja rankas naria skausmas; 1851: 46)¹; užmušimas nuog kraujo, apopleksėje

¹ Parentheses give L. Ivinskis’s explanation, if one is provided, as well as the year and page of the calendar’s publication.

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(1878: 28); digulis, lili sza (1851: 46); tanduonis (elsewhere twiega wad in, Polish zanog-cica; 1852: 33); pektos rauplė, carbuncle (1862: 33); pritwirtinė (1849: 31); stiffness in the arms and legs, rheumatism (1879: 40); kautajodis (that is, a disease that damages the hide; 1851: 46), etc.

There are somewhat fewer veterinary terms—110, of which 81 are names of animal diseases, e.g., patrikimas, Polish Wściekłizna (1849: 32); giwoliu peles (1849: 33); ptaučziu puwimas giwoli u, Latin Pleuro – pulmonia rheumatico exudativa (1859: 56); raupojimas awiun, Polish ospica owiec (1847: 33); užkibimas szunun uslies, Polish Nosacizna (1850: 36), etc.

In other articles, L. Ivinskis explained how to care for livestock, grow vegetables and grain crops, and carry out other agricultural work. These and other applied articles contain vast stores of folk terminology. The author presented about 80 folk agricultural terms, e.g., skinstasis kritimas (1862: 29); grudun sirpinimas ant tauka (1862: 30); siekhu daiginimas agurku (wogur-klu; 1851: 44); roputsieklė (1856: 42); siejimas ropučziu isz siektas (1856: 42), etc.

The section on household management is rich in advice on running a household and preparing meals. L. Ivinskis used about 180 terms from these fields, e.g., nuowalimas skardiniu ta ira: bliekiniu aptukusiu indu (1847: 33); praginimas skruzdu n isz namun (1856: 47); weleji-mas drabužiu su roputiemis (1847: 28), krušzinis (a drink made from apples and pears is called krušzinis among us, but in foreign countries it is called cider; 1847: 30); atkajtas (boiled, cooled after freezing; called atkajtomis; 1847: 35); buttermilk (the liquid left after churning cream into butter is called buttermilk; 1878: 32); curdling of milk (the curds must coagulate, harden, clump together, and necessarily appear. And this is the curdling of milk; 1878: 29), etc. There are also about 80 terms relating to crafts, and a few words from folk economics, e.g., klajstras (a paste made from potatoes (lume) is suitable for gluing; 1847: 32); potato paste (suitable for workers in boots, bookbinders, shoemakers and other craftsmen; 1847: 32); untanned hide (not yet worked, still rough; 1878: 42); felt boots (1878: 42); kitawonė stikla (1859:60); polishing and sharpening iron (1878: 42); prejkalinė, shop, Latin taberna, institoria taberna (1856: 55), etc.

The calendars also provide information on astronomy, geography, and meteorology, and use about 80 terms from these fields, e.g., mienesia atmajnas (the moon’s return to brightness is called mienesia atmajnas; 1850: 9); lunar eclipse (when the Earth comes between the Sun and the Moon, obstructing its light, it is a lunar eclipse, and this always occurs at full moon; 1850: 9); annular solar eclipse (1856: 40); world (all our Earth on which we live is called the world; 1857: 10); hemisphere (the Earth […] is divided into 5 parts, called hemispheres; 1857: 10); earthquake (1861: 22); volcanic spring (at the top of a mountain a volcanic spring opens; 1861: 24); hail and sleet with a storm (1856: 41); freezing rain, sleet (1861: 27); wieputos (the sky was covered with wieputos (dry clouds); 1861: 29), etc.

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In the calendars of 1862–1864, L. Ivinskis published a theoretical article, “Prigimtinė” (“Nature”), in which he discusses animate and inanimate nature. He presented botanical, zoological, mineralogical, and other terms; for example, he divided birds into 6 groups:

1. Birds of prey: included here are wanagas, pauksztwanagis, artas, warna, palieda, kliekis (supis).

2. Sparrow-like birds: žwirblis, kielė, wiwirsis, (cirulis, wituris), takštingatas, blezdinga.

3. Hopping birds: szarka.

4. Fowl: gajdis.

5. Long-legged birds: struśzis, gandras, garnis, and tilwikas.

6. Water birds: žansis, antis, narunas (1862: 43–44).

Terms from the natural sciences appear not only in this theoretical article but also in many applied articles. L. Ivinskis presented over 300 botanical terms, mostly names of plant genera and species—283—and about 215 zoological terms, that is, names of animal, bird, fish, and insect genera and species. L. Ivinskis’s “Metskaitliai” contain more than 1,600 terms from various fields in total.

L. Ivinskio veikalo „Pasauga“ (1876) buvo išspausdintas tik vienas egzempliorius, nes caro cenzūra neleido jo tiražuoti². Šiame Gyvulių globos draugijos paskelbtam konkursui parašytame 51 puslapio darbe L. Ivinskis pirmą kartą iškelia gamtos apsaugos klausimą, gyvybės saugojimo ir globos problemą. Pabaigoje jis pateikė abėcėlinius knygelėje paminėtų zoologijos ir botanikos terminų sąrašėlius, kur nurodė ne tik genčių, bet ir rūšių bei eilių, kurioms tos gentys priklauso, pavadinimus. Pirmajame sąrašėlyje, pavadintame „Surašzimas giwunju dalijku minawotu toje kningoje su parodimu anun ejlos, pri kurios prigut“, yra 61 gyvūnų genčių pavadinimas, 97 rūšių bei 31 eilių pavadinimas, keletas veislių pavadinimų, iš viso 216 zoologijos terminų. Botanikos terminai pateikti sąrašėlyje „Suraszimas medziu ir zoliun minawotunju šzioje kningoje“, iš viso jų yra 150, iš jų 46 augalų genčių, 64 rūšių ir 26 eilių pavadinimai. Greta lietuviškų genties ir rūšių pavadinimų duodami ir lotyniški terminai, pvz.: Lapė, lot. Vulpes. Giwapliesže isz ejtos szunun ir diet to wadinas: szuo Lapé, lot. Canis Vulpes (p. 43)³; Piktwarłė kitaip Rupuozė, Rupkė, lot. Bufo. Stąnkis beuodegis. Pas mus tajkose: Piktwarłė pitkojė, lot. Bufo cinerea. P. žaloje arba zalėj karpuotojė, lot. B. viridis. P. kukuojentė, lot. B. igneus (lot. Bombinator igneus) (p. 44); Czesnakas. Pagal kitun Błodustas, wejslies Swoguniriu. Labiausej wartojama ira dwė wejsle: Błodustas Swognonas, lot. Allium Cepa ir Błodustas Czesnakas, lot. A. sativum (p. 47).

² See Tyla A. The fate of Laurynas Ivinskis’s book “Pasauga.” – Ivinskis L. Raštai, Vilnius: 1995, 395–400.

³ Original page numbers are indicated.

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“Pasauga” contains more terms than those given in the lists. These include nature-conservation terms, e.g., giwolių sargintinė (p. 38); sargintuwė (p. 39); draugie pasaūgos giwolių (p. 38); the latter term is explained by the author: Ira taj žmoniun draugie, turęnte savo platę riedą, mažne wisose, didesniose karalistiese (p. 38). There are also geographical terms, which are usually explained in greater detail, e.g.: prigimtė dalijkaj (tur nuokentietė nuog prigimtun dalijku, kurejs ira: žemė, wanduo, oras, ugnis ir sutwierimaj giwiejey; p. 31); katnas; katwa (daugibė katnu ir katwun susitraukie iš smulkiausiu akiemis nepriregamu giwuteliu, o tiktaj par stiklinus padidinamunsius pabukus; p. 23–24), and so on.

In his booklet, L. Ivinskis mentioned several names for human diseases, e.g., koliera (p. 21), maras (p. 21), as well as names for animal diseases, e.g., pažandes (p. 8); dusulis arba sinitis (p. 10), and so on. He advised how to use various substances to eliminate pests and parasites; for example, to poison flies he suggested taking aptiekos karcziojo medzio, wadınamo Kwasje (p. 11); to kill lice, su swies-tu geraj sumaiszius truputį giwojo sidabro (p. 24); cockroaches and roaches, wirinąnt boraksą su atumi (p. 24); and fleas and bedbugs, su persiniemis dulkmiemis barstąnt trobos asta ir tową (aptiekose wadınas: Insektenpulwer) (p. 24). “Pasauga” also contains names for horse harnesses and other folk terms.

The only printed copy of L. Ivinskis’s “Pasauga” and its manuscript are held in the Russian Central State Historical Archive in Sankt Peterburg, while the facsimile of this work was included in L. Ivinskis’s “Writings,” published in 1995.

Only the calendars and “Pasauga,” which never reached its readers, were printed; L. Ivinskis’s other works important for terminology remained in manuscript. Among the manuscripts, his scholarly work “Prigimtūmenė, turentė sawieje dalijkus žemies, žoliun ir giwunun su parodimu anun wartojimo” (hereafter “Prigimtūmenė”) is particularly noteworthy. It is held in Kraków at the Library of the Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences (Polska Akademija Umiejętności). Two parts of this work are held in Kraków: 1. Žemiėmina, Polish Mineraty, Latin Fossilia; and 2. Žoliėmina, Polish Rośliny, Latin Vegetabilia. The library of the Institute of Lithuanian Literature and Folklore (hereafter LTIB), which also holds the largest collection of L. Ivinskis’s manuscripts, preserves the first part of “Prigimtūmenė,” Žemietras, Latin Fossilia, the first version of this part. The first part held in Kraków is a supplemented and revised second version of the same part, with a considerably expanded introduction. The institute library also holds the indexes to the terms in “Žemėtrai”: Surašimas žemiėminu, Latin Index Fossiliorum, Polish Spis minerałów, German Verzeichniss der Fossilien.

In the first part of “Prigimtūmenė,” L. Ivinskis described inanimate nature, that is, rocks, soils, metals, the highest Žemaitian hills, rivers, lakes, and so on. In the main section following the introduction, he presented more than 400 geographical and mineralogical terms. Each Lithuanian term is accompanied by its Latin equivalent and, in many cases, Polish and German equivalents, e.g., Gargżna, Latin Glarea, Polish Żwir, German Kies (p. 12); Ragajnis, Latin Silex corneus, Polish Rogowiec, German Horn-

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stein (p. 21); Łaukākaotas paprastasis, Latin Astrios vulgaris. Spathum scintillans, Polish Feldspat pospolity, German Der Feldspath oder Orthoklas (p. 22); Ratėnis skarotasis, Latin Actinotus fibratus, Polish Promieniec włóknisty, German Der asbestartige Strahlstein (p. 24), and so on. In some cases, L. Ivinskis also gave synonyms for Lithuanian terms, e.g., Skarūnis arba Amjōntas, Latin Asbestos. Amiantus. Linum montanum. Asbestus flexibilis, German Der Amiant. Kitajp wadinas dar Katnālinis (pp. 24–25); Raszmuōskiltis, Latin Schistus pictorum. Schistus graphicus, German Zeichenschiefer; paprastaj Juòd k reidė (p. 26); Pàtakšztis arba Patàkstis, Latin Atizoēs micans, Polish Mika, German Der Glimmer. Kitur wadin katies sidabru, German Katzensilber, Polish Kocie srebro (p. 26); Sàkalo druska arba battasis witriōlus, Latin Cadmia sulphurata. Zincum sulphuratum, Polish Siarczan cynku, German Die Blende (p. 40). The author gave not only synonyms but often added various explanations of what an element consists of, where it is found, or what it is used for, e.g., Skīt mēlis, Latin Schistus communis, mensalis, tegularis, durus, Polish Łupek gliniany, German Thonschiefer, kitaip wadinams Raszmenis, Latin Schistus tabularis, Polish Łupek pisarski, iz ano dirb lenteles rasz imuj ir iz to paties raszikles (p. 4); Uōtas sąnkietrines, Latin Montes transitorii. Maž te ture suakminiejusiu žoliu, wienok gana ira Minksz tgiwiu (vok. Weichthiere, lenk. Mięczakow) ir gatwakôju (vok. Kopffüssler, lenk. Głowonogich), o tabiausej Kotrajniu, lot. Orthoceratites, tarp kiautiniu ir wiežiniu ira: Trigube, lot. Trilobites (p. 9); Sidōklis, Latin Gypsum, Polish Gips, German Die Gypse. Daugel ano ira Paneviežio pawiete ties Biržies, kur wadin: Sidoklis ir Žemajčiu apikajmiese ties Szwieksznos, kurin wadin: Gipsas (pp. 32–33), and so on.

The second part, “Žolėmina,” presents a systematic list of plants⁴, containing the names of 219 families and more than two and a half thousand genera belonging to them, e.g.: Draugmie XC. Kartpienùmena, Latin Euphorbiaceae, Polish Ostromleczowate, German Wolfsmilchgewächse, Rieżtas 1. Kār p pienes, Latin Euphorbieae, Polish Ostromlecze. Kārtpienė, Latin Euphorbia, Polish Ostromlecz, German Wolfsmilch (p. 150); Ugmėnė, Latin Basella, Polish Wyćwiklin (p. 158); Twdjūrinis, Latin Murucuja (p. 190); Kwietėnis, Latin Malabaila, Polish Malabaile (p. 196); Spęgntas, Latin Piscidia, Polish Smorzewka (p. 210); Liėnis, Latin Linaria, Polish Lnianka, German Leinkraut (p. 222); Kliėszmuō, Latin Rubia, Polish Marzana, German Krapp (p. 249).

L. Ivinskis compiled indexes of the Lithuanian, Latin, Polish, and German terms in both parts of “Prigimtūmenė.” From the work’s title and the copy held in Kraków

⁴ For further details, see J a n k e v i č i u s K., J a n k e v i č i e n ė R. Some new data on L. Ivinskis’s work in the field of Lithuanian botanical terminology. – Botanikos klausimai, Vilnius, 1962, II, 151–163; J a n k e v i č i e n ė R. Laurynas Ivinskis – creator of Lithuanian plant names. – Lauryno Ivinskio Kalendoriaus 150-mečiui, Vilnius, 1997, 40–46; A u k s o r i ū t ė A. Terminologization of common words in the nineteenth century (L. Ivinskis’s “Prigimtūmenė”). – Lituanistica 3(31), Vilnius, 1997, 44–53.

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From the introduction to the first part, it is clear that the author intended to write a third part, “Gyvūnina,” about animals, but there is no information as to whether this part was written.

L. Ivinskis was also greatly interested in mycology. In 1873 he prepared an atlas containing drawings of fungi and scientific descriptions of them. The author sent this atlas to a botanists’ congress in Warsaw, where the exhibit was selected and sent to the world’s fair in Vienna. Unfortunately, L. Ivinskis’s fungal atlas disappeared somewhere in Vienna, but it is known that the author later compiled such an atlas anew⁵. It is possible that part of this new atlas, or drafts of the old one, are held in the LTIB manuscript collection.

Two parts are preserved at the LTIB – Agaricus aeruginosus III Pratella and Scaurus Agaricus rufo divaceus (collections F1–660 and F1–661), comprising 226 pages in all, with 769 drawings of fungi made by L. Ivinskis himself. L. Ivinskis devoted a separate folder to each fungus; on its first page he gave the Latin name, followed by the Lithuanian, Polish, and sometimes even German, Czech, or Russian name, for example,

Latin Isaria mucida.

Weliėmina kerietojė

Polish Włóknica pleśniowata.

German Keulenschopf.

Latin Agaricus rubens. Amanita rubescens.

Agaricus pustulatus. Amanita. musmiris raudunis.

lenk. Muchomor czerwony. Bedłka szaro – czerwono walub siwa.

rus. Красноватый пластиночник

ček. Sediwa muchomorka.

vok. Röthlicher Blätterschwamm.

The folders contain drawings and descriptions of the fungi in Polish. The descriptions cover the fungus’s stem, cap, scales, color, smell, and taste, and indicate where and when the fungi were found. Most were collected in 1870–1873 and in 1876. Of terminological interest are the 82 Lithuanian names for fungi given by L. Ivinskis.

L. Ivinskis had also prepared a work on folk medicine, “A Method for Treating the Illnesses of People and Animals,” but this manuscript has been lost⁶. The LTIB holds an 86-page manuscript by L. Ivinskis containing advice on treating people and animals. It was written on sheets of various sizes and contains many corrections; it is probably a draft. Perhaps it is a draft of the work “A Method for Treating the Illnesses of People and Animals.”

In the work preserved at the LTIB, L. Ivinskis indicates which illnesses should be treated and how, using various plants or substances. A few examples of terms from this manuscript: Meilisa paprastoje, Latin Dracocephalum Moldavica; giwatė, Latin Vipera Berus, Python Berus; mietswajnis wabatas [...] otherwise called siustwबalis,

⁵ See P e t k e v i č i ū t ė D. Laurynas Ivinskis, Vilnius, 1988, 93–95.

⁶ See P e t k e v i č i ū t ė D. Op. cit., 138.

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Latin Melvė proscarabens; sakala druska, Latin Zinkum oxydatum; kalkstenas, mielinasis akmenelis, Latin Cuprum oxydatum; kosulis sausas; karvies krutininės pliewies karštis, etc. In some cases a Latin name is also given alongside the term, while at the end of the manuscript only Latin names are listed here and there. The work mentions 113 names of human diseases and 16 of animal diseases, 163 plant names and 45 animal names, as well as 72 names of substances used to treat various diseases.

The Samogitian educator also compiled general dictionaries⁷. The largest dictionary he compiled, Polish–Samogitian (Słownik polsko-żmudzki), covering letters A–R and comprising 2,060 pages, is held at the Library of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Krakow. Fragments of the Russian–Lithuanian dictionary (1,193 pp.) and the Russian–Lithuanian–Latin–Polish dictionary (96 pp.) were found in the archives of the Geographical Society in St. Petersburg. These general dictionaries contain varied vocabulary, including some terms, occasionally accompanied by explanations⁸, for example, Akacija –čj.ž.– Akàcije –es.m. (medis) turės žiedus kaipo žirnių (p. 4).

Bedla, bąta, –y.f.– Mushroom, a fungus with a cap at the top (p. 43).

Buchta, –ty.f.– Atsiàuta, –tõs.m. Wandens ing žiames tãrpa Gkiszulis (p. 93).

Gtóg, –u.m.– Gūdobełė, –es.m. krūmas diguotas (lot. Mespilus Oxyacantha) (p. 315).

Mašluk, –a.m.– Rièbėsis kazaliekas, grįs: (lenk. Huba Mašluk), lot. Boletus luteus (p. 565). Rzepa, –py.f. – Rõpė, –pies.m. Żoliė darzowini, lot. Brassica Rapa (p. 2048).

The articles published in L. Ivinskis’s “Metskaitliai,” “Pasauga,” and the manuscript works discussed above can be divided into three groups: 1) articles of a practical nature, 2) works popularizing science, and 3) scholarly works. In the practical articles published in the calendars, L. Ivinskis used many and varied folk terms. Many can also be found in the calendars’ science-popularizing articles, in “Pasaugoje,” and in the manuscript on treating human and animal diseases. The layers of folk terminology embedded in L. Ivinskis’s works are important for terminology and deserve study as one of the sources for the creation of scientific terminology.

In the science-popularizing articles on nature and its phenomena published in “Metskaitliai,” in the scholarly work “Prigimtūmenė,” and in fragments of the “Grybų atlasas,” L. Ivinskis used scientific terminology. He often had to coin scientific terms himself, since he was the first to write in Lithuanian about certain subjects in astronomy, geography, and other natural sciences. The author also coined most of the mineral and plant names in “Prigimtūmenė.” Thus, L. Ivinskis’s works and their term-

⁷ For more, see K r u o p a s J. L. Ivinskis’s lexicographic works. – Proceedings of the Lithuanian SSR Academy of Sciences, Series A, 1(8), 1960, 191–198; V i t k a u s k a s V. Linguistic features of Laurynas Ivinskis’s writings. – Lituanistika 3(27), Vilnius, 1996, 23–24.

⁸ Examples from the Polish–Samogitian dictionary.

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It is important to examine the legacy not only by discussing his work and achievements as a scholar, but also more broadly—as one of the stages in the development of scientific terminology.

Today, L. Ivinskis’s works are important not only for the study of the history of terminology. Some of the terms he coined and used, especially in botany, have become established in modern terminology as well.

Works by L. Ivinskis discussed

1. “Calendar or agricultural year-count,” 1846–1852, 1855–1864, 1868, 1878.

2. “Care for every living creature, that is: instructions on how to treat horses and cattle carefully,” Petropilieje, 1876.

3. “A natural history containing within itself matters of earth, plants, and animals, with an account of their uses. Spis mineralów, roślin i tworów zjyących (zwierzęcych)” (Manuscript).

a) Part 1. Część 1. Earth minerals. Minerały. Fossilia, Krokuwa, 61 p.

b) Part 2. Część 2. Plants. Rośliny. Vegetabilia, Krokuwa, 43–261.

Index of plants, that is: plants and trees arranged according to their genera. Index plantarum. Regestr roślin. Verzeichniss der Pflanzen, 176 p.

4. “Natural history, that is: an index of the things of the earth, plants, and animals, with an account of their uses” (earth minerals. Fossilia). (Manuscript), 42 p.

5. Index of earth minerals. Index Fossiliorum. Spis mineralow. (Manuscript), 64 p.

6. “Agaricus aeruginosus III Pratella” and “Scaurus Agaricus rufo divaceus” (Mushroom atlas, manuscript), 1870–1873, 1876.

7. Work on folk medicine (untitled, manuscript), 86 p.

8. Slownik polsko–żmudzki (Polish–Samogitian dictionary). (Manuscript), 2060 p.

9. Russian–Lithuanian dictionary (Manuscript), 1193 p.

10. Russian–Lithuanian–Latin–Polish dictionary. (Manuscript), 96 p.

Received 1998 06 19

ABBREVIATIONS

Czech – Czech

Polish – Polish

Latin – Latin

LTIB – Library of the Institute of Lithuanian Literature and Folklore

Russian – Russian

German – German

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LITERATŪRA

Jankevičienė R. 1997: Laurynas Ivinskis – augalų lietuviškųjų vardų kūrėjas. – Lauryno Ivinskio Kalendoriaus 150-mečiui, Vilnius, 40–46.

Jankevičius K., Jankevičienė R. 1962: Kai kurie nauji duomenys apie L. Ivinskio darbus lietuviškos botaninės terminijos srityje. – Botanikos klausimai 2, Vilnius, 151–163.

Kruopas J. 1960: L. Ivinskio leksikografiniai darbai. – Lietuvos TSR Mokslų akademijos darbai, serija A, 1(8), Vilnius, 191–198.

Petkevičiūtė D. 1988: Laurynas Ivinskis. Vilnius.

Petkevičiūtė D. Mokslo žinių žurnale L. Ivinskio kalendoriuose: 1. Medicina. – Lietuvos TSR Mokslų akademijos darbai, A serija, 3(40), 1972, 115–124. 2. Astronomija. – Ten pat, 4(41), 1972, 123–135.

Tyla A. 1995: Lauryno Ivinskio knygos „Pasauga“ likimas. – Ivinskis L. Raštai, Vilnius, 395–400.

Vitkauskas V. 1996: Lauryno Ivinskio raštų kalbos ypatybės. – Lituanistica 3(27), Vilnius, 17–26.

THE TERMINOLOGICAL HERITAGE OF L. IVINSKIS

Summary

In this paper the works of L. Ivinskis, the Samogitian enlightener of the 19th century, are reviewed from the standpoint of terminology. The number of Lithuanian terms, used by Ivinskis, and their field are specified.

In his calendars Ivinskis presented many articles about popular medicine, veterinary practice, agriculture and housekeeping, passed on knowledge about astronomy, geography and history. In these articles he used more than 1,600 various Lithuanian terms. Ivinskis was the first to rise the question about the protection of nature in his work „Pasauga“ (1876). At the end of this book he gave a list of Lithuanian terms which included 216 terms of zoology and 150 terms of botany.

An other work of Ivinskis „Prigimtūmenė“ is also a matter of terminological interest. Two parts of this manuscript were found. In the first part of it Ivinskis described inanimate nature (rocks, soils, metals, etc.) and in the second part he presented a systematic description of plants, including 219 names of families of plants and over 2,500 names of genera. In the surviving manuscript of the atlas of mushrooms 82 Lithuanian names used by Ivinskis can be found.

Ivinskis also prepared general dictionaries and wrote more works in different fields, which, unfortunately, have not survived to the present day.

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