ACTA LINGUISTICA LITHUANICA

XLVII (2002), 31–40

Variants of the Surnames of Kaunas Men in the 17th–18th Centuries

ALMA RAGAUSKAITĖ

Lietuvių kalbos institutas, Vilnius

The process of formation of surnames among the citizens of Kaunas was still far from its completion in the 17th and 18th centuries, as witnessed by the numerous variants recorded in the documents. Various factors contributed to this instability, notably the use of Polish and Latin in official documents, and the fact that little attention was paid to the accurate reproduction of surnames. 17th century variants of surnames are here classified into three groups: (1) orthographical and phonetic variants, (2) variants differing as to their endings, and (3) variants with different patronymical suffixes. The latter groups are referred to as morphological variants. In the article, most attention is paid to the first type. A similar instability, especially with regard to orthography and phonetics, is noted in 18th century documents.

0. INTRODUCTION

The formation of Kaunas surnames has already been discussed. It has been established that surnames emerged at different times in all groups of the local Kaunas burgher community. It has been suggested that the surnames of the burgher elite appeared first. As early as the first half of the 16th century, people recorded under personal names of Germanic origin (probably Germans living in the city) and some Lithuanian residents of Kaunas who held higher social positions may already have been using surnames. In the second half of that century and the first half of the 17th century, members of the middle and lower strata of the burgher estate gradually acquired hereditary anthroponyms. By the second half of the 17th century, all residents of Kaunas had surnames (Ragauskaitė 2002: 123–143). However, their formation had not yet been completed at that time. It has been observed that the surnames of burghers in the 17th–18th centuries display considerable variation. Here, different forms of the same surname are called surname VARIANTS (cf. Podol’skaja 1978: 41)¹. In other words, a change in any one element of a surname (ending, suffix, etc.) is enough to speak of the emergence of a new variant. This phenomenon is not limited to the Kaunas name inventory. Surname variation has also been observed in another Lithuanian city of the 17th century—Vilnius—as well as in the name inventories of cities in Poland, Russia, Latvia, and other European countries.

¹ Other authors define the concept of a surname variant in a similar way (cf. Zinkevičius: 1977; Bubak 1981: 251–257; 1986: 112–115, 151–152; Maciejauskienė 1997: 71, etc.).

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Surname variants among Vilnius residents of the early 17th century have been discussed in detail, and the circumstances of their emergence have been elucidated (Zinkevičius 1977: 55–59; 91–93). Much has been written about variation in the suffixes of Polish burghers’ surnames (Bubak 1986: 37, 98, 112). Most studies have addressed theoretical problems in classifying variants of Russian surnames belonging to this estate (Krakalija 1974: 53–58; Gvozdeva 1990: 13–14; Kučerenko 1990: 45–46). Variation in their nickname-based personal names has been studied (Vizgalov 1973: 167–170). Phonetic variants of Russian anthroponyms have been analyzed (Superanskaja 1969: 171–198; 1978: 414–430). Researchers have also examined variants of their historical names (Simina 1970: 189–194). A classification of varying Latvian names has been compiled (Dambe 1970: 218–219). Further research into the development of burghers’ surnames in Kaunas, one of the largest cities of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, also seems timely.

The aim of this article is to discuss the causes behind the emergence of surname variants among residents of Kaunas in the 17th–18th centuries, compare them with modern Lithuanian surnames, and identify their main groups. In addition, it will attempt to examine the influence of the specific nature of the selected sources and other factors on the formation of variant pairs.

The material for this article was collected from 39 books of records of the city of Kaunas dating from 1603–1800². They were written in Polish and Latin. The documents cover a range of subjects. The magistrate’s books record council decisions, burghers’ debts, and financial matters. They also contain guild regulations, court protocols, residents’ wills, and other documents reflecting the realities of city life. The vogt’s book consists of protocols of minor cases. The aldermen’s books contain the complaints submitted to that court by litigants, as well as protocols of the cases heard. The books of deeds contain various contracts of sale, wills, donations, and so on. From the 18th century onward, these books also registered decisions by central appellate, city, and other courts, as well as letters from various officials to the city of Kaunas. Cases heard by the lentvaitiai (deputy vogts) were recorded in separate books. The burgomasters’ books reflect the activities of burgomasters and city treasurers. They contain reports on city revenue and expenditure, as well as various accounts³.

A total of 2,911 distinct designations of men were extracted from the sources discussed. The documents from the 17th century yielded 1,511 records. Of these, 1,311 (86.96% of all 17th-century records) are binomial, e.g.: Albertus Baranowicz₃ 152)⁴, Grzegorz Bortkiewicz₁ 338), Georgius Demer₃ 77), Marka Fiedorowicza (GEN⁵; MS₁ 437), Matiasz Jodebelis (MS₁ 438), Marcin Kałfprowicz (S₃ 168), Walenty na Kielaycia (GEN; MS₁ 258), Andreas Lang (MS₁ 304), Jerego Matulewicza (GEN; MS₁ 313), Matyafu Milkožientysu (DAT; S₃ 286), Michael Nau gard (S₃ 321), Kaspra Oszkapaltis (MS₁ 286), Simon Pupeykiewicz (S₃ 129), Adam Wisztoklis (S₃ 429), Hanufla Zagiera (S₃ 148), and so on.

² Their list is provided at the end of the article. Another Kaunas magistrate’s book, from 1636–1646, is held at the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts in Moscow (F. 356. Ap. 1. B. 19588). It was not possible to consult it.

³ Plačiau apie šio laikotarpio dokumentus žr. Kiaupa (1973: 125–140).

⁴ All personal names cited in the article are given in the nominative case. The abbreviations for the historical source and folio number are indicated in parentheses.

⁵ The following case-name abbreviations are used: genitive – GEN, dative – DAT, instrumental – INSTR.

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200 (13.04%) townspeople were recorded with two Christian names and a surname, e.g.: Augustyn Paweł Dowiata (S₃ 307), Jana Eufłachego Koiałowicza (GEN; S₃ 277), Marcin Jan Kozakiewicz (MS₁ 97), Jerzy Konftanty Mackiewicz (S₃ 491), Piotr Kazimierz Saurymowicz (S₃ 238), Chriftianum Franciscum Schacht (MS₁ 125), Joannem Alexandrum Stephanowicz (MS₁ 470), Kazimierz Michał Surwił (S₃ 79), Joannes Andreas Szymanowki (MS₁ 310), Kazimierz Stefan Urbanowicz (S₃ 444), and others.

A total of 1,400 personal designations were collected from the eighteenth century; 1,152 townspeople (i.e., 82.28% of all eighteenth-century records) were recorded by first name and surname, e.g.: Antoniego Dukiewicza (GEN; AĮ₉ 560), Jan Faber (L₈ 71), Michael Fok (MS₂ 157), Bartłomiej Grudz (AĮ₉ 280), Maciejowi Hintzowi (DAT; AĮ₈ 72), Ernestowi Hirjzfeltowi (DAT; MS₂ 203), Michała Hofmana (GEN; MS₂ 202), Jana Kalofa (GEN; L₇ 109), Jana Kieyżera (GEN; L₈ 6), Joannes Kijter (MS₂ 157), Michał Kleyn (L₇ 132), Tomasz Pieczulewicz (AĮ₉ 197), Matys Reyter (L₁₁ 90), Jozef Rex (L₉ 140), Johan Szreyter (L₉ 100), Kryſztofowi Walterowi (DAT; MS₂ 147), and others.

Presumably for the sake of brevity, 128 (9.15%) townspeople are mentioned by surname only, e.g.: Augowiczowi (DAT; L₁ 71), Bartoszewicza (GEN; AĮ₁ 147), Jasiulewicza (GEN; L₁ 74), Markiewicza (GEN; AKA₂ 64), Mazurkiewicza (GEN; L₁ 48), Michalkiewiczowi (DAT; L₁ 48), Sokołowski (M₂ 324), etc.

Compared with the seventeenth century, the number of townspeople recorded with three anthroponyms—two Christian names and a surname—increased. This was the form of record for 120 (8.57%) Kaunas residents, e.g.: Daniela Fryderyka Kantela (GEN; AĮ₂ 262), Janowi Krystyanowi Lerchowi (DAT; AĮ₃ 21), Janowi Krzyſztophowi Plewowi (DAT; MS₂ 147), Krystyan Henryk Pohibel (M₂ 353), Piotr Władysław Surwił (AĮ₂ 52), Martinus Joannes Szałtowski (AĮ₂ 54), Jan Krzysztoff Szrewer (AĮ₇ 49), Maciej Jozef Wieliczko (AĮ₂ 20), Stanislaw Piotr Wierzbicki (MS 435), and others. As can be seen, in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries people were not always baptized with only one saint’s name. This was not specific to the residents of Kaunas alone. It appears that, broadly speaking, such records can also be linked to the naming tradition among residents of other European cities. This tradition is thought to have been particularly well established in Germany. As early as the fifteenth century, privileged urban families in that country gave their children two names at baptism (Benson 1990: 195). Interestingly, in many cases the Germans living in Kaunas were likewise recorded with two Christian names, e.g.: Adam Jerzy Dyryng (L₇ 112), Jana Krystyana Gatermana (GEN; AĮ₇ 205), Andrzej Jakub Hirſzfeld (AĮ₂ 6), Jakub Frydrych Stolc (MS₂ 235), Jana Bernarda Szwarca (GEN; AĮ₃ 160), Karol Reinhold Wunderam (AĮ₁₀ 482), and others.

It is noteworthy that the same Kaunas residents are mentioned more than once in records of Kaunas court cases. It emerged that some cases were transferred to a court of a higher instance. The names of the townspeople and the titles of their positions and occupations help establish the identity of individuals in records from different years. The examples provided clearly show that only surname variants of the same individuals are discussed, e.g.: Bartłomieij Hryşkaitis – uczciwego Bartłomieia Hryşkiewicza mieszczanina kowien(skiego) (GEN; VSM 82); uczciwy Kasper Perkunelis szwiec i mieszczanin kowien(ski) (MV 216) – uczciwy Kasper Perkunowicz szwiec i mieszczanin kowien(ski) (MV 62); p(an) Kazimierz Hofzkiewicz radca kowienski (SV₂ 105) – p(ana) Kazimierza Ofzkiewicza (GEN; SV₂ 127); Antoniemu Narodzkiemu radcie miasta Kowna (DAT; SV₂ 254) – Antoniemu Narockiemu radcie kowien(skiemu) (DAT; SV₂ 254), etc.

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In discussing cases of surname variation among Kaunas residents, their forms will be compared with present-day surnames⁶. First, the structurally closest surnames are presented, as needed to substantiate the varying forms. Since variants of surnames from a specific city are being studied, the geographical distribution of present-day surnames is also taken into account. Of course, it must not be forgotten that people have migrated throughout history. Residents of other cities and villages also came to a large city such as Kaunas and settled there permanently. As mentioned, all Kaunas residents most likely already had surnames in the seventeenth century. Accordingly, the discussion of surname forms begins with this century⁷.

1. SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY SURNAME VARIANTS

1.0. Various surname variants have been noted in sources from the seventeenth century onward. They have been classified into three groups: 1) surname variants arising from graphic and phonetic differences, 2) surname variants that differ in their endings, and 3) surname variants with different patronymic suffixes. The variants in the last two groups are referred to here as MORPHOLOGICAL.

1.1. Numerous variants resulting from spelling and phonetic differences have been collected. They are presented in alphabetical order: in 1607 Maciey Balicki (V₁ 231) | in 1606 Maciei Belicki (V₁ 19), cf. present-day surnames Balickis and Belčickis; in 1610 Jan Barankiszki (VSM 438) | in 1610 Jan Berankibkis (VSM 438), cf. only the present-day surname Berãnkis; in 1665 Georgio Cajimiro Barowjki (S₃ 160) | in 1668 Georgio Cajimiro Borowjki (S₃ 288), cf. present-day surnames Barãuskas, Barõvskis and Barõuskas, Borõvskis; in 1610 Joannes Casprowicz (M₅ 561) | in 1610 Joannes Casprowicz (M₅ 562), cf. present-day surname Kasparãvičius; in 1625 Jakub Daugelis (MV 150) | in 1626 Jacobi Dagiel (MV 308), cf. present-day surnames Daugelis and Dagėlis; in 1662 Joannes Dembkowjki (S₃ 6) | in 1672 Joannes Dempkowski (S₃ 340), cf. only the surname Dempkãuskas; in 1668 Macia Gor/kiego (GEN; S₃ 298) | in 1663 Mathie Gur/jki (S₃ 23), cf. present-day surnames Gòrskis and Gùrskas, Gùrskis; in 1670 Jofepho Jau czykiewicz (S₃ 406) | in 1670 Jofepho Jauczukiewicz (S₃ 406); such surnames are not found today; in 1625 Jerzego Labanow/kiego (GEN; MV 136) | in 1627 Jerzego Labunow/kiego (GEN; MV 398), cf. present-day surnames Labanãuskas, Labanovskis and Labunãuskas, Labunõvskas, Labunõvskis; in 1612 Mathias Plekaitis (S₁ 5) | in 1617 Mathie Pla- kaitys (S₁ 522), cf. present-day surnames Plekaitis and Plakys; in 1631 Joannis Raczkiewicz (S₂ 173) | in 1640 Joanis Roczkiewicz (S₂ 248), cf. present-day surnames Račkėvičius and Rockã, Ročkãitis, etc.; in 1625 Woyciecha Rudzianskiego (GEN; MV 154) | in 1627 Woyciecha Rudzin/kiego (GEN; MV 390), cf. present-day surnames Rudžiãnskas and Rudzinskas; in 1666 Kafpra Zydkiewicza (GEN; S₃ 257) | in 1666 Gafparum Zytkiewicz (S₃ 256), cf. present-day surnames Žydkẽvičius and Žitkẽvičius. As already noted, in the seventeenth century the city’s legal and administrative documents were written by people whose mother tongue was usually not Lithuanian. When recording surnames, they rendered certain forms of them very inconsistently. Some of the surnames mentioned are

⁶ Dabartinės pavardės pateikiamos iš: Vanagas, red. (1985–1989).

⁷ In discussing variants of surnames among Kaunas townspeople in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the work has drawn in various ways on studies by Z. Zinkevičius, J. Bubak, V. Macijauskienė, and others (see Zinkevičius 1977; Bubak 1981: 251–257; 1986: 112–115; 151–152; Macijauskienė 1990: 263–273; 1991: 118–151; 1993: 34–99; 1997: 71–88).

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variously altered. As a result of the interaction between Slavic and Lithuanian, the vowels a and e, a and o, o and u are regularly not distinguished. The consonants b and p, t and d are confused. Thus, surnames were written down as the scribe’s literacy enabled him to hear and understand them.

1.2. Only a few cases belong to the second type of surname variants, those differing in their endings. These are: in 1615, Valentin Burniškis (S, 368) | in 1615, Valentin Burniško₁ (S₁ 367), cf. only the current surnames Burnys, Būrnikas and others; in 1609, Matys Czernis (VSM 245) | in 1609, Matys Czernius (VSM 246), cf. the current surnames Černis, Černys and Černius; in 1607, Andrzej Raudos₁ (V₁ 257) | in 1607, Raudis (V₁ 220), cf. the current surnames Raūdas and Raūdis, Raudys. There are few variants in this group, since surnames were often recorded without endings in non-Lithuanian texts.

1.3. The third group comprises surname forms with different patronymic suffixes. In more detail, they were divided into three subgroups: 1) surname variants with varying Lithuanian patronymic suffixes, 2) surname variants with varying Slavic patronymic suffixes, and 3) surname variants with patronymic suffixes of different origins.

1.3.1. The first subgroup comprises surname forms with different Lithuanian patronymic suffixes. Only a few such cases are worth noting, for example: in 1612, Georgius Brandziun (S, 25) | in 1613, Georgius Brandzaytis (S₁ 89); surnames of this kind no longer exist today; in 1626, Matysowi Dylonowi (DAT; MV 259) | in 1626, Macieia Dyluna (GEN; MV 274), cf. the current surname Diliūnas; in 1621, Joannes Perdaytis (S₁ 745) | in 1621, Joannes Perdonis (S₁ 748); surnames of this kind are not known today. Incidentally, J. Oksas (2000: 183) also noted variants of this surname. It is clear that foreign-language scribes confused not only Slavic but also Lithuanian patronymic suffixes -aitis, -onis, -ūnas. Another circumstance may also have had an influence. In the courts of the early seventeenth century, Kaunas townspeople spoke Lithuanian. When defending themselves or lodging complaints against those who had wronged them, they had to introduce themselves. In Lithuanian, they would explain where they lived, whom they served, whose kin they were, and so on. I assume that at the time they were not very self-aware and might themselves have given their names in different forms. As a result, certain tendencies in the use of Lithuanian patronymic suffixes became established in court records.

1.3.2. The second subgroup includes cases in which the same surnames were used with different Slavic patronymic suffixes: in 1609, Piotr Bartromieiewicz (VSM 251) | in 1610, Piotr Bartłomiejowicz (VSM 436), cf. the current surname Baltramiejūnas; in 1626, Jozęph Borowicz (MV 297) | in 1628, Jozeph Borewicz (MV 435), cf. the current surname Baravičius; in 1625, Adam Dominikiewicz (MV 123) | in 1625, Adam Dominikowicz (MV 105), cf. the current first name Dominykas⁸; in 1625, Stephanowi Dwilowiczowi (DAT; MV 174) | Stephana Dwilewicza (GEN; MV 173), cf. the current surnames Dvylavičius, Dvylovičius and Dvilėvičius; in 1608, Banis Grygowicz (VSM 86) | in 1608, Bania Grygiewicza (GEN; VSM 21). Cf. the current surnames Grigavičius, Grigovičius and Grigėvičius; in 1607, Piotr Gulbinowicz₁ (V₁ 278) | in 1607, Piotrowi Gulbiniewiczowi (DAT; V₁ 158). Cf. the current surnames Gulbinavičius, Gulbinovičius; in 1626, Krzysztoff Jeremiaszewicz (MV 204) | in 1626, Krzysztoffa Jeremiaszowicza (GEN; MV 182); surnames of this kind no longer exist today; in 1626, Jana

⁸

Dabartinis vardas nurodomas iš: Kuzavinis, Savukynas (1994).

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Maciewicza (GEN; MV 166) | in 1624, Jana Maciewicza (GEN; MV 65), cf. the current surnames Maciejauskas, Maciejauškas, Maciejėnas, Maciejėvskis, Maciejovskis; in 1610, Piotr Maciulowicz (VSM 484) | in 1610, Piotru Maculiewiczu (DAT; VSM 484), cf. the current surnames Maciulavičius and Maculėvičius; in 1610, Jakub Markowicz (VSM 480) | in 1610, Jakubem Markiewiczem (INSTR; VSM 396), cf. the current surnames Markavičius and Markėvičius; in 1606, Jana Mikołajowicza (GEN; V, 20) | in 1607, Jan Mikotaiewicz (V, 154), cf. the current surnames Mikolajunas, Mikolajūnas, Mykolajūnas; in 1607, Jozef Pukienowicz (V, 233) | in 1607, Jozefowi Pukienewiczowi (DAT; V, 236), cf. only the current surnames Pukėnas, Pūkenas, Pūkenas, Pūkėnis, Pūkėnis; in 1607, Mathias Szymkiewicz (M₁ 263) | in 1610, Matys Szymkowicz (M₁ 558), cf. the current surnames Šimkevičius and Šimkavičius; in 1670, Paulo Walo-wicz (S₃ 411) | in 1673, Pawła Walewicza (GEN; S₃ 563), cf. the current surnames Valavičius and Valėvičius. These surname variants most likely arose under the influence of East Slavic patronymic formation patterns. For non-Lithuanian scribes, the Slavic patronymic suffixes -evič and -ovič were merely “Russian endings used to designate a son” (Jablonskis 1979: 243). Consequently, they recorded the same surname with both suffixes.

1.3.3. The third subgroup comprises surname variants with patronymic suffixes of different origins: in 1604–1610, Gregorius Balwierun (M₁ 136) | in 1604–1610, Georgius Balwierowicz (M₁ 142); surnames of this kind no longer exist today; in 1606, Lenart Brai-dziewicz (VSM 74) | in 1607, Leonardo Braidziun (VSM 401); surnames of this kind are also no longer found; in 1604–1610, Casparis Gruminaytis (M₁ 221) | in 1604–1610, Caspar Gruminowicz (M₁ 44); surnames of this kind no longer exist today; in 1603–1629, Marcin Janonis (MV 51) | in 1603–1629, Marcin Janowicz (MV 181), cf. the current surnames Janónis and Janavičius; in 1684, Walentin Mijselunas (MS₁ 234) | in 1684, Valentinum Mijselewicz (MS₁ 248), cf. the current surname Miseliūnas; in 1603–1629, Dominika Narkuna (GEN; MV 212) | in 1603–1629, Dominika Narkiewicza (GEN; MV 212), cf. the current surnames Narki̇̄nas and Narkėvičius; in 1603–1629, Janowi Niefłanayciowi (DAT; MV 57) | in 1603–1629, Jan Niefłanowicz (MV 86); surnames of this kind are also no longer found; in 1603–1629, Jana Stankuna (GEN; MV 155) | in 1603–1629, Jana Stankiewicza (GEN; MV 331), cf. the current surnames Stankėvičius and Stankūnas; in 1604–1610, Bernardus Szymkun (M₁ 128) | in 1604–1610, Ber-nardum Szymkowicz (M₁ 144), cf. the current surnames Šimkūnas and Šimkavičius. Apparently, most often under the influence of Russian clerical tradition, court scribes replaced the authentic Lithuanian patronymic suffixes used by the townspeople themselves—-aitis, -ėnas, -onis, -ūnas—with the Slavic suffixes -evič and -ovič.

2. EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY SURNAME VARIANTS

2.1. In the eighteenth century, surnames were also recorded inaccurately, and their forms varied. There were especially many variants of the same surnames, arising from graphic and phonetic features, for example: 1773–1775 ⁹ Alexander Anyżkiewicz (L₇ 125) | Alexander Anufzkiewicz (L₇ 100), cf. present-day surnames Aniškėvičius and Anuškėvičius; 1768–1771 Jerzy Dymiṅski (L₄

When the document leaves are very disordered, only the approximate chronological boundaries of the document, as stated in the archival description, are given.⁹

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109 | Jerzego Tymin[kiego (GEN; L₂ 22), cf. present-day surnames Dimińskis and Timińskis; 1775–1776 Stan Dobrowskiemu (DAT; L₈ 77) | Stanisław Dombrow[ski (L₈ 91), cf. present-day surnames Dabráuskas and Dambráuskas, Dambráuskis, Dambraìskis, Dombráuskas, Dombròvskis; 1754–1759 Tomaża Dziękiewicza (GEN; L₁ 58) | Tomażowi Dzinkiewiczowi (DAT; L₁ 45), cf. present-day surnames Dzenkēvičius and Dzinkēvičius; 1763–1765 Symon Kałucki (L₃ 16) | Symon Kołucki (L₃ 15), cf. present-day surname Kalùčkas; 1763–1765 Tomaża Kontakiewicza (GEN; L₃ 25) | Tomażowi Kantukiewiczowi (DAT; L₃ 119), cf. only the present-day surname Kantakēvičius; 1763–1765 Maciejowi Kopyłtowiczowi (DAT; L₃ 42) | Maciej Kopułowicz (L₃ 153), cf. only the present-day surname Kapulskis; 1763–1765 Franciszek Łoszakiewicz (L₃ 35) | Franciszek Łaźukiewicz (L₃ 15), cf. present-day surnames Lašakevičius and Lašukas; 1768–1771 Jerzemu Lugayłowi (DAT; L₄ 109) | Jerzemu Lungayło (L₄ 30), cf. only the present-day surname Liugáila; 1773 Antoniemu Miranowiczowi (DAT; L₆ 45) – Antoni Mironowicz (L₆ 126), cf. only the present-day surname Mironāvičius; 1776–1778 Piotr Morawski (L₉ 25) | Piotrowi Murawskiemu (DAT; L₉ 73), cf. present-day surnames Moráuskas, Moràvskis and Muráuskas; 1763–1767 Antoniemu Narockiemu (DAT; SV₂ 254) | Antoniemu Narodzkiemu (DAT; SV₂ 326), cf. present-day surname Narockis; 1775–1776 Jan Pazienkow[ski (L₈ 64) | Jana Poziénkow[kiego (GEN; L₈ 45), no such surnames exist today; 1763–1765 Dominika Radziewicza (GEN; L₃ 2) | Dominikowi Rodziewiczowi (DAT; L₃ 182); 1763–1765 Jakuba Rodziewicza (GEN; L₃ 192) | Jakub Rudźewicz (L₃ 28), cf. present-day surnames Radzevičius, Rodzevičius and Rudzevičius; 1715–1737 Adama Stanisława Skuderewicza (GEN; AĮ₁ 134) | Stanisława Skuderowicza (GEN; AĮ₁ 145), also cf. present-day surname Skuderis; 1780–1781 Jozef Sosin[ski (L₁₁ 61) | Jozef Susinski (L₁₁ 213), such surnames are unknown today; 1773 Michal Taramowicz (L₆ 127) | Michał Tarymowicz (L₆ 25), cf. present-day surname Tarimas; 1776–1778 Jan Zygmantowicz (L₉ 6) | Jan Zygmuntowicz (L₉ 76), cf. present-day surnames Zigmantāvičius and Zigmentāvičius, Zigmentovičius. The diversity of the forms of the eighteenth-century Kaunas surnames presented here is striking. In this century as well, vowels were replaced by other vowels both regularly and irregularly. It was observed that the vowel a is replaced by o in certain cases, and o → a, o → u, e → i. The consonants c and č, d and t, m and n also alternate in various ways. This was influenced by the changed, non-Lithuanian environment of the eighteenth-century Kaunas city offices. Consequently, this period saw the greatest number of surname variants with various Slavic suffixes, whose phonetics are non-Lithuanian.

2.2. Occasional morphological variants of surnames occur.

2.2.1. Instances of variation involving Lithuanian and Slavic patronymic suffixes have been observed, for example: Krzystoffa i Anny Giedrayciow (GEN; AĮ₁₀ 402) | Giedrowiczowie (AĮ₁ 143), cf. present-day surnames Giedráitis and Giedrávičius.

2. 2. 2. The following examples illustrate tendencies in the use of Slavic suffixes: 1755–1763 Bartłomiejowi Maciulewiczowi (DAT; L₂ 177) | Bartłomiejowi Maczułkiemu (DAT; L₂ 139), cf. present-day surnames Maciulēvičius and Mačulskis. 1773 Samuelem Waśilewicz (MS₁ 234) – 1771 Samuel Wasilewski (MS₁ 158), cf. present-day surnames Vasilēvičius and Vasilēvskis.

The variants presented clearly show that the use of different languages in the eighteenth century also hindered the establishment of a stable written form of surnames.

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3. CONCLUDING REMARKS

To summarize what has been set out in this article, it can be said that the final formation of the surnames of Kaunas residents in the 17th–18th centuries had not yet been completed. This is evidenced by the abundance of various surname variants. Their emergence was determined by various circumstances. First of all, the chanceries of the Kaunas city council, the vogt, and the aldermen’s courts wrote their books, in which the surnames of Kaunas residents were recorded, not in Lithuanian, but in Old Polish and Latin. Thus, the townspeople’s anthroponyms were Slavicized, Latinized, and so on. As a result, the already established surname of the same person could be altered in some way in different entries in a case. The specific nature of the record books examined also influenced this phenomenon. They were usually written for practical purposes, so no one was concerned with the precise spelling of Kaunas residents’ surnames. A plaintiff or defendant already mentioned could be recorded with a different form of surname in another hearing record. This variation is also partly related to the unofficial ways in which townspeople were identified. For in the 17th–18th centuries, they were allowed to speak and answer various questions in the courts of Kaunas. It is entirely possible that these people called themselves by different names. In the 18th century, when the environment of the city chanceries became non-Lithuanian, especially favorable conditions arose for the spread of various forms of the same surname.

In conclusion, the following conclusions can be drawn:

1. The forms of surnames among Kaunas townspeople in the 17th–18th centuries were still variable.

2. The 17th-century surname variants are divided into three groups: 1) surname variants arising from spelling and phonetic features, 2) surname variants differing in their endings, and 3) surname variants with different patronymic suffixes. The variants in the latter two groups are termed MORPHOLOGICAL in the article. Forms of surnames in the first group are discussed most extensively.

3. Surnames recorded in the 18th-century record books of the city of Kaunas also varied. Graphical-phonetic surname variants were particularly numerous.

ŠALTINIAI

AI₁ – 1693 m. aktų įrašų knyga. Vilniaus universiteto bibliotekos Rankraščių skyrius (toliau – VUBRS). F. 7. B. 13868, 1.

AI₂ – 1738–1749 m. aktų įrašų knyga. VUBRS. F. 7. B. 13868, 2.

AI₃ – 1743–1748 m. aktų įrašų knyga. VUBRS. F. 7. B. 13868, 3.

AI₄ – 1749–1753 m. aktų įrašų knyga. VUBRS. F. 7. B. 13868, 4.

AI₅ – 1747–1768 m. aktų įrašų knyga. Lietuvos valstybės istorijos archyvas (toliau – LVIA). F. SA. B. 13870.

AI₆ – 1763–1773 m. aktų įrašų knyga. LVIA. F. SA. B. 13871.

AI₇ – 1771–1781 m. aktų įrašų knyga. LVIA. F. SA. B. 13872.

AI₈ – 1780–1784 m. aktų įrašų knyga. LVIA. F. SA. B. 13873.

AI₉ – 1781–1788 m. aktų įrašų knyga. LVIA. F. SA. B. 13874.

AI₁₀ – 1789–1792 m. aktų įrašų knyga. LVIA. F. SA. B. 13877.

AI₁₁ – 1796–1798 m. aktų įrašų knyga. LVIA. F. SA. B. 13877.

AKA₁ – 1779–1781 m. archyvo knygų aprašas, 2. LVIA. F. SA. B. 18657.

AKA₂ – 1788–1809 m. archyvo knygų aprašas. LVIA. F. SA. B. 18653.

XVII–XVIII A. KAUNIEČIŲ PAVARDŽIŲ VARIANTAI | 39

B₁ – 1779–1780 m. burmistro knyga. LVIA. F. SA. B. 19625.

B₂ – 1780–1785 m. burmistro knyga. LVIA. F. SA. B. 19622.

L₁ – 1754–1759 m. lentvaičio knyga. LVIA. F. SA. B. 19588.

L₂ – 1755–1763 m. lentvaičio knyga. LVIA. F. SA. B. 19592.

L₃ – 1763–1765 m. lentvaičio knyga. LVIA. F. SA. B. 19602.

L₄ – 1768–1771 m. lentvaičio knyga. LVIA. F. SA. B. 19596.

L₅ – 1771–1773 m. lentvaičio knyga. LVIA. F. SA. B. 19599.

L₆ – 1773 m. lentvaičio knyga. LVIA. F. SA. B. 19601.

L₇ – 1773–1775 m. lentvaičio knyga. LVIA. F. SA. B. 19605.

L₈ – 1775–1776 m. lentvaičio knyga. LVIA. F. SA. B. 19606.

L₉ – 1776–1778 m. lentvaičio knyga. LVIA. F. SA. B. 19607.

L₁₀ – 1778–1781 m. lentvaičio knyga. LVIA. F. SA. B. 19627.

L₁₁ – 1780–1781 m. lentvaičio knyga. LVIA. F. SA. B. 19610.

M₁ – 1604–1610 m. magistrato knyga. VUBRS. F. 7. B. 13856.

M₂ – 1752–1786 m. magistrato posėdžių protokolai. LVIA. F. SA. B. 19587.

M₃ – 1786–1796 m. magistrato posėdžių knyga. LVIA. F. SA. B. 19560.

MS₁ – 1683–1773 m. mišri knyga: magistrato posėdžių protokolai, magistrato ir suolininkų teismų protokolai ir aktai. VUBRS. F. 7. B. 13867.

MS₂ – 1686–1776 m. mišri knyga: magistrato posėdžių protokolai, magistrato ir suolininkų teismų protokolai ir aktai. VUBRS. F. 7. B. 13867.

MV – 1603–1629 m. mišri magistrato ir vaito knyga. VUBRS. F. 7. B. 13855.

S₁ – 1610–1622 m. suolininkų knyga. VUBRS. F. 7. B. 13861.

S₂ – 1622–1640 m. suolininkų knyga. LVIA. F. SA. B. 13863.

S₃ – 1662–1673 m. suolininkų knyga. VUBRS. F. 7. B. 13865.

SV₁ – 1758–1762 m. suolininkų ir vaito teismo knyga. LVIA. F. SA. B. 19589.

SV₂ – 1763–1767 m. suolininkų ir vaito teismo knyga. LVIA. F. SA. B. 19593.

V₁ – 1606–1608 m. vaito knyga. VUBRS. F. 7. B. 13859.

VSM – 1608–1616 m. mišri vaito, suolininkų ir magistrato knyga. VUBRS. F. 7. B. 13860.

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Alma Ragauskaitė

Lietuvių kalbos institutas

Vileišio g. 5, 2055 Vilnius, Lietuva

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