9s aipsniai / a icles
aine ecke
scien i ic esea ch a eas: bal o-sla ic, bal is ic, slawis ic,
his o ical mo phology o he Bal ic and Sla ic, e ymology,
ph asology o he Bal ic and Sla ic languages, lexicology, language o
he Bal ic and Sla ic olklo e, his o y o bal is ic and slawis ic.
On Ph aseology in he Bible by Johann B e ke, he comple e ansla ion o he Bible in o
Li huanian a he end o he 16 h cen u y. by johann b e ke con ains a a ie y o complex
elemen s (idioms, ph ases). Wi h ega d o biblical ph ases, i is impo an o dis inguish be ween
dėl jono b e kūno biblijos azeologijos
wo ca ego ies: 1) elemen s ha go back o biblical idioms; 2) elemen s ha go back o ce ain
si ua ions. In his Handbook o Ph aseology, Ha ald Bu ge desc ibed an e icien me hod o
deciphe ing idioma ic exp essions in old ansla ions. Among o he hings, he showed a kind o
ph asing. So in Lu he 's Bible ansla ion, a single wo d can co espond o a p eposi ional ph ase
in B e e's ansla ion. Fu he mo e, ph aseologisms a y and o en occu in di e en o ms.
Las ly, examples o ph aseologisms wi h sen ence unc ions, such as g ee ing o mulas, a e
men ioned.
de Äqui alenz idioma ischen geb auchs au : „ausgangssp ache: ein wo – Zielsp ache: ein
anno a ion he i s comple e ansla ion o he bible in o Li huanian om he end o he 16 h
cen u y by johann b e ke con ains many complex uni s (idioms, p o e bs e c.). Rega ding biblical
ph aseological uni s i is impo an o dis inguish be ween wo ca ego ies: 1) uni s, which go
schLÜsseLwö e : Ph aseologismus, Ph asem, Ph aseo ex em, Ph asem a ian e, ansla ion
bo owing (calci ica ion), Ph aseoschema a, igu a e ymologica, ph aseological biblizisms
(biblical ph asologisms). keywo ds: ph aseologism, ph aseme, ph aseological ex eme,
ph aseological a ian , and seologisms.
ansla ion, ph aseological scheme, igu a e ymologica, biblical ph a-
10 ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXIVLXV back o biblical idioms; 2) uni s, which go back o ce ain
aine ecke
si ua ions. one o he e icien me hods o in es iga ing idioma ic exp essions in ancien
ansla ions is desc ibed by ha ald bu ge in his handbook o ph aseology. Among o he hings, he
poin ed ou he ollowing ype o equi o b e ke. Ph aseological uni s o en occu in di e en
a ian s. Finally, I men ioned examples o ph aseological uni s wi h he unc ion o sen ences like
alence o idioma ic usages: “sou ce language: a wo d – a ge language: a ph ase”. in Lu he ’s
ansla ion o he bible a single wo d can co espond o a p eposi ional ph ase in he ansla ion
he g ee ing o mula.
Induc i e
To jus i y he subjec , I would like o say he ollowing: I am a emp ing o commen
on he ph asing o he i s ansla ion o he Bible in o Li huanian by Johann B e ke,
since ex s a e no only made up o " ee sen ences" and hese a e no only made up
o mo e o less " ee ph ases", bu also o speci ic (s e eo ypical) sen ences and
speci ic ( ixed, idioma ic) ph ases. Combina o ics, hanks o sen ences and ex s, is
he e o e no limi ed o he linking o elemen a y (minimal) uni s, bu also includes
whole blocks (non-minimal) uni s, which as such a e di ec ly in ol ed in he
cons uc ion o sen ences and ex s. The same is ue o he ex o he Bible.
In his con ex , a numbe o sel - e lec ions in he Bible a e o pa icula in e es . Jus hink
o quo es such as he common speech o p o e b in he Lu he Bible, which Johann B e ke
ansmi ed wi h kalbesis ( esp. kalbesys) o pasaka and p ikalbesys, c . (1) I anis ieme
pinigus, i da e, kaip buwo pamoki i. They ook he money, and hey hough hey we e ozen.
So he e has been a common discou se among he Jews, o his day. A illi, accep a pecunia,
ece un , sicu e an doc i. And di ulga um es e bum isud apud Judaeos usque in hodie num
diem (M XXVIII o (2) Bila iam io Apasch alai, Schi ai a wi ai kalbi, i ne kalbi ne wieno p ikalbesio
[…] I speak o you as his disciples, Sihe, nu edes u ey ou , nd sages no p o e b […] Dicun uli
eius: […] Ecclesias es 15:29, and he p o e b is nullum loque is […] (c . (He e and below I gi e he
co esponding quo a ions om he Vulga e acco ding o NIV). In he examples (1) and (2) […] and
p obably elsewhe e […] i is p obably ex wi h a ans e ed meaning. The p o e b is used
he e in he much b oade sense o pa able, pa able. Howe e , a ce ain s abili y and seman ic
speci ici y apply o hem as well as o uni s o ph aseology.
Zu Ph aseologie in de bibel des johann b e ke
11s aipsniai a icles in many places a e used in he language o he Bible, which is
pene a ing and i id, images. Bu image y, emo ionali y and exp essi eness a e
ields o ph aseology in hei own igh .
In he pos -wa pe iod, ph aseology has become an independen language. This is
s ischen disziplin en wickel , de en o schungse gebnisse jedoch in de sp achlichen
analyse und auch z. b. in de lexikog aphischen P axis noch ungenügend genu z
pa icula ly ue o olde ex s. I is also no coincidence ha , a e he
e olu iona y e en s o 1989 and 1990, ph aseological esea ch has once again
u ned mo e s ongly o pa icula ly sac ed ex s. Fo example, in 1996 a i s
con e ence on he subjec o "Ph aseology and Religion" was held in Opole, Poland,
and i s ma e ials we e published in 1997. O e he pas decade, he e ha e been
nume ous a icles on he ph asing o he Bible, on biblicism in he ph ases o a ious
languages, and so on. Howe e , i mus be said ha his heme has also occupied he
esea che s in he p eceding pe iods. These wo ks ha e made i inc easingly clea
ha he ph aseology o he indi idual languages has been signi ican ly in luenced by
he Sc ip u es, wi h an in e es ing in e ac ion o he in e na ional and he
na ional in he de elopmen o he ph aseology o he indi idual na ional languages.
Finally, a e a longe phase o elabo a ion o synch onous ph aseology esea ch, i is
o be comple ed by diach onic (his o ical) ph aseology esea ch. In his a ea, much has
al eady been achie ed, we can only hink o he wo k on he his o ical ph aseology o
Ge man by Ha ald Bu ge o he p epa a ions o his o ical-e ymological desc ip ions
o he ph asemics o indi idual Sla ic languages by Vale y Mokienko and his g oup
(Bi ich, Mokienko, S epano a 1998). The his o ical ph aseology o he Bal ic is s ill in i s
in ancy. I ha e pa icipa ed in his young ield o esea ch wi h a monog aph (ecke
1991) and a se ies o a icles on he his o ical ph aseology o Li huanian, La ian and
Old P ussian. In his con ex , he examina ion o he ph asing o he i s ansla ion
o he en i e Bible in o Li huanian by Johann B e ke occupies a special posi ion.
Be o e p oceeding di ec ly o he ea men o he subjec , i is necessa y o say a ew wo ds abou he
e m ph aseology which I ha e used, which is se ou in mo e de ail in a monog aph (Ecke , Gün he 1992). I
use he e m ph asology (men) o linguis ic uni s ha a e dis inguished by 11 F azeologia a eligia. I would
like o ask he Commissione whe he he is awa e o he ac ha he Commission has no ye aken a
decision on his ma e , and i so, wha is he Commission's posi ion? Wa szawa: ene gy, 1997. This is he
i s ime I' e seen i .
12 ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXIV[…]LXV dis inguish he ollowing cha ac e is ics:
aine ecke
1) by a speci ic seman ics, 2) by hysich in: 1) sen ence-wo hy ph asologisms =
ph ases and 2) sen ence-wo hy ph asologisms = ph aso ex emes.
pe wo cha ak e (d. h. Ph aseologismen sind o mal gesehen g öße als wo o -
men) und 3) du ch ih e besonde e unk ion. was le z e e be i , so gliede n sie
Ph ases a e cha ac e ized by a ying deg ees o idioma ici y, i.e. hei meaning
canno (o a leas no en i ely) be de i ed om he meaning o hei componen s. I s
o e all meaning s ands alongside he li e al meaning, he la e o which is no
ealized. The ph aseological meaning de i ed om he ans e is c ucial o i s use.
he ph ases a e linked o wo d o ms in he sen ence and ac as sen ence elemen s.
This is he basis o hei di ision in o ph asal classes (in a ce ain analogy o he ypes
o wo ds). Ph ases build up along wi h wo d o ms and ee wo d combina ions.
Ph aseo ex ems a e comple e s a emen s. hey can be linked wi h sen ences (in
compound sen ences) and build up ex s wi h he sen ences. These include p o e bs,
apho isms, g ee ing o mulas, e c. They e e o ac s and si ua ions. i s seman ics
is wo-laye ed compa ed o ha o ph ases; Because i consis s o : 1) he li e al
meaning (hence i s ansla abili y in o o he languages) and 2) he gene alizing
meaning, which is c ucial o i s use. The seman ics cemen in a way he ph ases - hey
gain a high deg ee o s abili y. indi idual componen s can be omi ed o eplaced by
o he s, i.e. he e is a a iance o ph ases and ph ase ex s. This also dis inguishes i
clea ly om ee wo d combina ions and " ee sen ences". Image y,
exp essi eness, emo ionali y and in ensi y play an ou s anding ole in he ield o
ph aseology. Fi s o all, I will deal wi h ph asemics in he u u e, and only a he end
will I b ie ly deal wi h ph ase ex emics (and he e especially wi h some p o e bs).
some peculia i ies in he s udy
o he ph asology o he Bible
1. i is necessa y o dis inguish be ween wo ca ego ies o biblical ph ases: 1)
ph ases ha go di ec ly back o linguis ic uni s in he Bible (Vladimi gak calls
hem biblical ph ases wi h he aim o
Zu Ph aseologie in de bibel des johann b e ke
13s aipsniai a icles o m a linguis ic uni y, bu e lec a ce ain si ua ion
a cha ak e (Гак 1996: 10)) und 2) Ph aseologismen, die keine di ek e Quelle in
(e en ) om he Holy Sc ip u es (a e gak […] si ua i e biblies ollow i s
wo examples (a ph ase and a ph aseo ex em) o he o me ca ego y:
sche Ph aseologismen).
(3) wo ksmas i g ies […]umas dan ụ […] weeping om […]eenklappen (Lk xiii 28). This
ph ase co esponds in mode n Li huanian dan g iežmas ‘aimana imas (Lk Ž 60) and in
oday's Ge man howls and oo h-clapping ‘gene al ea and despai
(Mdi 212); and
I w o e wha I w o e, I w o e wha I w o e. See also la . quod sc ipsi, sc ipsi. he ph ase
ex has he meaning: wha is done is done and can no longe be changed. I is he apho ism
ha allegedly da es back o he s a emen o Pon ius Pila e when he e used o change he
insc ip ion ha was o be placed o e he head o Ch is on he c oss. In he second
ca ego y, he so-called Si ua ional biblical ph ases, such as he ollowing:
(5) mode n li . a pi kmo ožỹs […] o a man on whom he guil o o he s is laid (LkŽ Viii 1029):
d . I 's called he Russian Sündenbock. I 's a discha ge. See he ollowing passage om 3
Moses 15: 22:
(6) Yog shi aipo Awins wissus iụ nussideghimus an sawens ing Puschce nu nesch u, i epaliek ghị
pus ineie […] Tha is o say ha he buck all j e misse ha au jm in o a wilde ness ca y, nd le
him in o he wilde ness.
I shall no deal u he wi h he la e ca ego y o ph aseologies, which we e
o med only seconda ily on he basis o biblical si ua ions (con ex s) and a e no
ela ed o linguis ic uni s in he ex o he Bible.
In he assessmen o biblical ph aseologies, which go back o linguis ic uni s in he ex
o Sc ip u e, a majo di icul y a ises in ela ion o he s udy o he ph aseology o
con empo a y languages, o example, he p oblem ha we do no ha e linguis ic
compe ence wi h ega d o ea lie language epochs and also canno accu a ely
de e mine he deg ee o idioma ici y o ce ain exp essions. Fo his eason, much
emains hypo he ical. I is he e o e necessa y o p oceed om a e y b oad e m o
ph asology in his o ical s udies o ph asology, which includes no only ph ases and
ph ase ex emes, bu also p eph aseological u ns wi h low idioma ici y (such as hose
ha signal only ce ain in ensi y deg ees) and e en only ixed (s able, s e eo ypical)
u ns.

14
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ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXIV–LXV
Wi h his in mind, I would like o commen b ie ly on wo ypes o such u ns: a) hose based on a
pa icula g amma ical scheme (also called ph asal scheme by some esea che s), such as he
ypical Li huanian ph ases, which consis o he in ini i e ii (būdinỹs) + a ini e o m o he e b,
bo h o ms ha ing he same oo . F om hei meaning hey b ing a ein o cemen , in ensi ica ion
o he seman ics con ained in he e bal oo o he exp ession and should he e o e no only be
seen as pu ely g amma ical (7) iog s owe ( pe) wa lemis guse e guses (k ebsdes) ha o he
s eam sol o F schen wimmeln (2 Mose Viii 3)2; he u n deng e apdenge in:
ka ego ie au ge ass we den. Man gl. wendungen des yps gužė e gužės in:
And Aa on s e ched ou his hand o e he wa e s o Egyp , and he wa e s o Egyp
we e co e ed. b) in he B e ke's Bible ansla ion a la ge numbe o ained ph ases can
be ound, bu in he ollowing example he e al eady seems o be a ce ain seman ic
specializa ion, which a leas mo es he igu e close o a ph ase, c . :
wendungen des yps de igu a e ymologica ausmachen. dies sind noch keine
Bu when he saw he ision, we sough soon o a el in Macedonian. (10) Tikėjose
egėjimą egįs (Vilen as, epis olos i e angelios 156 […] acco ding o LkŽ Xi 360). This is he
i s ime ha he Bible has been ansla ed in o English. See also oday's D.T. Faces
ha e a " u u e o esigh " (ww 268) and la .
Le 's see some d eam aces.
The Re o ma ion saw i as one o i s main asks o b ing he Wo d o God o he people in he
languages hey unde s ood and used. Ma in Lu he 's ansla ion o he Bible in o ea ly New High
Ge man was he i s ansla ion o he Bible in o he a ious languages o his egion. In his
kann lich on g oße bedeu ung ü die Ve b ei ung de p o es an ischen Leh e in
con ex , see Raine Ecke (1987: 20), whe e B e ke s ill e e s o he ansla ion om he Bible.
K ebždė e k ebžda […] om a swa m o wild ducks (LkŽ Vi 487) and Russian. Kimšja kiši […] is
ex is die ens ehung des al en bal ischen sch i ums im 16. jah hunde einzu-
placed by a la ge swa m.
Zu Ph aseologie in de bibel des johann b e ke
15s aipsniai / a icles
And inally, he g ea wo k o Johann B e ke, he i s ansla ion o he en i e
Bible in o a Bal ic language, namely Li huanian, in he las hi d o he 16 h cen u y.
He used he Lu he an ansla ion as his model, bu he also ansla ed pa s om
La in. he examina ion o ph ases in such a ex has o ake in o accoun a numbe
o peculia i ies: a) Fi s o all, o cou se, a pa icula ly close ela ionship wi h he
empla es is cha ac e is ic. The sac ed ex is o be s ic ly ollowed and eedom
o mo emen is no allowed wi hou u he ado. A he same ime, howe e , he
ansmission should each he lis ene and he eade and be unde s andable. In
his ield o ension, pa icula p oblems a ise when ph ases om he sou ce
language (i.e. he immedia e empla e) ha e o be ep oduced in he a ge language
in he ansmission. Today's ligh . The ph ase (sà o) k ỹžių nèš i ‘labai a g i ( Ž
353) al eady has a o e unne and a a ian in he B e ke Bible, which closely ollow
Lu he 's model:
And whoe e does no ca y his c oss and ollow me canno be my disciple. And whoe e does
no ca y my c oss and come a e me canno be my disciple. Do no be di ided agains
you sel es. Do no be di ided agains you sel es. Do no be di ided agains you sel es. Do no be
di ided agains you sel es. Do no be di ided agains you sel es. See also d . ca y his c oss;
(Mdi 271), which is also p e-p in ed in La in, whe eas su ely in he cases whe e i is said ha
Jesus ca ies his c oss, he e is s ill he p e-ph aseological u n.
In a numbe o o he cases, closely ela ed o he empla e, he e a e subsequen
ansmissions o e bal ph ases, such as b. buną laiký i […]shu up[…], eigen l. "Keep
you mou h shu " and "kill by g ie " is p ope . B eaking he hea :
(13) In schi ai es i pawa gusioio Nůdeia, iog Pik enibe sawa Bu na u es laiki i […] Vnd is he
hope o he poo , ha he wickedness will be kep in he mou h […] and e i egeno spes,
iniqui as au em con ahe os suum (hiob V 16); Wha 's he ma e wi h me? Tunc eplied o
(14) Ka da o , we kdomi, i lauſʒdami mano ſchi di? – Was mache j , das j weine , nd b eche
Paul: "Quid aci is len es e a ligen es co meum?"
(See also Appendix XXi 13).
he ph ase buną laiký i is no cha ac e is ic o he Li huanian s anda d language, i
occu s acco ding o he ID o he Ž 114 in he wes e n and no hwes e n dialec s,
as well as in k is ijonas donelai is, Philip calm, johannes b odowski and ie a
16
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ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXIV–LXV
simonai y ė. By he way, he Quand bibel has a e y simila exp ession he e (sawo
bu ną užlaiky i), which also came in o exis ence unde p obably Ge man in luence, c .
(14a) I y a wa g=dieno nussi ikkėjimas, kad pik enybe u ės sawo bu na ulaiky i. As
a as he ph ase láuž i š dį is conce ned, I could no asce ain i om la e
sou ces. In he Li huanian Academic Dic iona y (LkŽ XiV 884) only ph ases wi h
p e ixed e bs and o he meanings a e eco ded, so I suspec ha b e ke is
equi alen o d he e in bo h cases. I would like o ask he P esiden -in-O ice o he
Council whe he he is p epa ed o accep he amendmen s abled by he Commi ee
on he Rules o P ocedu e, he Ve i ica ion o C eden ials and Immuni ies. he La in
o m gi es way o he e b a lige e ‘ o cibly h owing; o smash; hi ing he
g ound, inju ing; o supp ess he mood; To make he hea hea y is o mally clea . In
he Quand Bible we ha e an exp ession o he ype " o make he hea hea y", c .
(14b) Be Powil's a sake: ką dá o e jús, we kdami, i mano ßi d sunkindami? B e ke
usually unde s ands he ph ases in he Lu he model qui e well and gi es hem
acco dingly co ec ly, al hough no in equen ly in close e e ence o Lu he . In he
ollowing, I will men ion one o he ew ailed cases o ansmission:
(15) Anis wisà sawà No à ischpilde an manes […] They ha e j en cou age wi h each o he a me
gekle […] Ape ue un supe me o a sua (hiob XVi 10). I is no coincidence ha Jonas Palionis
co ec ed he a he incomp ehensible ansla ion o his p edica i e ph ase by B e ke in b
14 hen in his commen a y on his in: (16) Jie isą sa o apmaudą išgiežė an manęs, c . li .
apmaudą giež i an ko, kam ‘ä ge n; Le go o his ange a J-M. This is oday's d . "Killing his
mo he " has he meaning o "le ing go o his a ogan (bad) mood, (his ange ) o j-m".
Lu he s ill had he cou age no o be diminished, bu he also needed a li le cou age, c . Ls iii
664 ( o mo e in o ma ion see ecke 2004). b) i is o be expec ed ha he u n in he o iginal,
i.e. in Lu he , di e s om oday's Ge man and acco dingly he ansla ion equi alen in
B e ke is o be es ima ed. The ollowing examples a e ins uc i e in his ega d:
Job was e il and igh , God o bid, and a oided he e il. Job, and e a i ille simplex e ec us
ac imens Deum e ecedens a malo (Job i 1); Didn' you ake ca e o my se an Job? Fo i is
he same hing no in he land, bad nd igh , God- ea ing... […] Numquid conside as i se um
(18) E ne daboieisi mana Ta no Hiobo? Neſa ne a iem ligaus Sʒemeie, p aſ as i ge as / eiſus/,
meum Iob, quod non si ei similis in e a, homo simplex e ec us ac imens Deum e ecedens
Zu Ph aseologie in de bibel des johann b e ke
17s aipsniai / a icles
a malo (hiob i 8).
he eimode pai o mula bad and igh is al eady known in Middle High Ge man
and Lu he uses i se e al imes in he Bible ansla ion excep o he abo e
quo ed passages s ill 2 Sam XV 3 and in Psalm XXV 21. Fo he la e , see. :
P as ibe i eisibe [ ai] eissaugoia mane, nesa esch awẹs laukiu […] bad and igh ha equi ed
me, because I ha e you ( e 84[…]85)3. The ea ly New High Ge man wo d bad nd igh had he
meaning "simple" and " igh ", c . Ls iii 853. only a e Lu he did he meaning change mo e and
mo e o he nega i e, c . oday's bad and igh […]wi h di icul y, in an impe ec way[…]; mo e
han ai ly bad […]as good as possible, bu impe ec […] (Mdi 415). b e ke con eys badly (=simple)
con incingly wi h he help o he p obably bo owed om he Sla ic p as as, which could also
ha e he meaning "simple" (in addi ion o he al eady mo e nega i e "poo , low"), c . ska džius
(1931: 176). Fo he second componen o he pai o m, he uses ge as o eisus, which among
o he hings also has he meaning " easonable, up igh ". In he Quand Bible i s ands o his
win o m in bo h ex s wie nas i eisus, whe e wie nas in u n is a Sla icism ha had he
meaning o " ai h ul, belie ing, hones ", c . ska džius (1931: 236).
c) he close ela ionship o he ansla o o he o iginal inally aises he ques ion o
bo owing, in he case o ph aseology especially o ansla ion bo owing (calci ica ion),
which, howe e , is o en no easy o decide. I can possibly be assumed ha in he abo e
cases such as buną laiký i, š dį láuž i as well as o a numbe o o he examples such
calci ica ions exis . I is possible o clea ly de e mine pa ial o hyb id ansla ion
bo owings, which a e cha ac e ized by he ac ha one componen is bo owed di ec ly
om he sou ce language, while he o he componen s (o o he componen s) a e
ansla ed, c . (19) PONas us[…]u ius Baiụ musch [ka iaus] […] The Lo d will igh o you. . . […]
Dominus pugnabi p o obis (2 Mose XiV 14). This is he i s ime ha his has happened. Fo
a guing, B e ke uses baju muš i, which is de i ed om an Eas Sla ic *bojj bi i […]schlach
schlagen[…]. Li . muš i is he bojus […]s ei , schlach […] bo owed di ec ly om Li huanian
and has been issued wi h a isa.
Übe se zung on os sl. bi i, wäh end bojь (poln. boj, weiß uss., uss. boj) als bajus,
3 dieses we k is mi e s ku z o e igs ellung des o liegenden a ikels zugänglich ge-
24 ac a Linguis ica
aine ecke
Li huanica LXIVLXV
(51b) aß jus ißwessu... […]émę...ku pien[…]s bey meddus sklys a (2 Moses iii 17); his is he i s
ime in he his o y o he wo ld ha a man has been sen enced o dea h. (51c) Jis ne ma ys
s owês, ney páuppes, meddumi i swies u ékances (hiob XX 17); his is he i s ime ha
his has happened. Kazys G igas deals in his monog aph Li o sky Poslo y (1987: 77[…]95) wi h
he Li huanian p o e b Ku mūsų nė a, e šiai midų ge ia (li e ally: […]whe e we a e no , he
cal es d ink honey d ink[…]; meaning: […]whe e we a e no , i is e y good[…]) and i s many
a ian s. In doing so, he s i es o he biblical wis s o he ype "milk and honey" and
combines he li . p o e b Ku mūsų nė a, en i upės pienu plaukia wi h i . Howe e , he
emphasizes ha he la e is used i onically, which is by no means ue o he biblical wis s,
al hough he in luence o he biblical wis is ob ious. O pa icula in e es , howe e , is
ha G igas, e e ing o my i s essay on he his o ical ph asology o Bal ic and Sla ic
(see Ecke 1968: 79 […] 81) o hese languages p esupposes an old ph ase […]honig & bie
inken[…], agains which he abo e-men ioned Li huanian p o e b is mo e special and
younge . In my opinion, in addi ion o he biblical (Old Tes amen and possibly ela ed o he
Heb ew olklo e adi ion) exp ession "milk and honey" o "honey and wine", he e is a
comple ely sepa a e exp ession "honey and bee " (os bal . medus & alus; u sl. med & olъ) in
Bal ic and Sla ic, which goes back o he link (and opposi ion) o he names o he old
in oxica ing d ink and swee d ink bi e . The e a e qui e simila wis s and u ns in hei
con en , bu hey come om e y di e en adi ions and cul u es. 4. in he de e mina ion
o ph ases, se e al e e ences om a language monumen o se e al e e ences om
di e en language monumen s o he same epoch a e help ul. An example o his is he
s anding compa ison (o he compa a i e ph ase) […]a is as whi e as snow[…]: (52) I io Weidas
buwa kaip Siebai, i io Rubas bal as kaip Sniegas […] And his igu e was like he bli[…], and his
d ess was as whi e as snow […] E a au em aspec us eius sicu ulgu , e es imen um eius
nixum sicu (M XXVIII 3). om he Pos ille des b e ke o 1599 (ii 399) is known acco ding o
klemen ina Vosyly ė (LkPŽ 250) he ollowing documen (in w i ing al eady adap ed o oday's
no m):
(53) I 's like a snow lake.
in he bible ansla ion by samuel bogusla chylinski he same passage eads:
(54) Rūbai jo bal i kaipo sniegas (a e LkŽ Xiii 250 also wi h aligned spelling).

Zu Ph aseologie in de bibel des johann b e ke
25s aipsniai / a icles
In his las sec ion, I would like o make a ew ema ks on ph ase ex emics,
which is an impo an pa o i , on pa aph ases o p o e bs.
Le us i s dwell on he Ge man p o e b Whoe e digs a hole o ano he alls in o i
himsel , as he sou ce o which is e e ed o in he […]p o e b lexicon[…] by Ho s and
Annelies Beye (1987: 232) he p o e b salomos. The e i is w i en, "He who digs a pi will
(55) Kaſsạsis důbẹ, ịpuls. I kas aicʒoij (?) [ans elle on ausges ichenem i a] akmeni, an
all in o i , and he who olls a s one will all in o i ". and, who ol i lapidem, e e e u ad
eum (sp sal XXVi 27) and
(56) O cassa a, he pulse o you hea . Bu whoe e digs a pi will all in o i himsel , and
whoe e ea s he oak will be bi en by a snake. Bo h documen s each con ain a synonymous
p o e b. One can p obably add he sense o he pic o ial o he ha in e es s us.
sp ichwo es wie olgend wiede geben: ‘ein ungemach e leide de selbs , de es einem
The e is a connec ion be ween ph ases and ph ases, which consis s mainly in he ac ha
no a ew ph ases consis o pa s (segmen s) o ph ases, i.e. one o he ways o ph asing
is he sel -de e mina ion o pa s o ph ases. See also: (57) Jus uspůla Sÿ a à, i kassa
A imoiui iusụ Důbẹ […] (1545) I alle be einen a men Waisen, nd g ab ewe n Nehes en
g uben […] Supe pupillum i ui is e sub e e e ni imini amicum es um (hiob Vi 27). This is
he i s ime ha his has happened. P obably also he e b e ke e e s o he Lu he an
edi ion o 1545; Fo he edi ion o 1524 has a sligh ly di e en wo ding: "Yh Fallen eynen
a men Waysen, nd o e ewe n nehis en". 2. p o e bs also o en ha e a ian s, see: (58)
Ne wienas be nas ne gal dwiem ponam slusi i […] No se an can […]wean he Lo d die- (59)
Newienas dwi negal Ponam slusi i […] No one can […]wean he Lo d se e (M Vi 24). The
p o e b jus quo ed shows ha he disappea ance o Be nas has al eady led o a
nen – Nemo se us po es duobus dominis se i e (Lk XVi 13) und
s onge
Ve allgemeine ung au .
Al hough he ollowing examples di e conside ably om each o he , hey a e
ne e heless o be ega ded as a ian s o a ph aseology (he e p o e bs): o he
sake o comple eness, I will conclude wi h wo mo e ph aseologies wi h an appella i e
26
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(60) Be Jesus was a oolish man. Ne a P a akas be ces ies, ik ai Tiewischkioia i namie p ieg
sawu iụ […] Jesus bu said […]u jnen, a p ophe is conside ed no less, because in he a he land,
nd daheim bey he his […] E diceba eis Jesus: […]Non es p ophe a sine hono e nisi in sua pa ia
e in cogno ione sua e in domo sua[…] (Mk Vi 4). (61) P a akas nieku ne u masesnios ga bes, ne
Tiewischkioia sawa, i sawa Namůsụ […] (1546) A p ophe is conside ed no less han in his homeland
and in his house (M Xiii 57). He e, oo, he Lu he an edi ion o 1522 di e s: Eyn p ophe gill
ny gend less han da heym nd bey he seynen. (62) Ne wienas p a akas (wiens p a aks) p ijim as
i a ewischkiej sawa […] No p ophe is allowed in his homeland (Lk iV 24).
Nesa ghis pa s Jesus liudija, Jog P a akas sawo iewischkeie ga bes ne u […] Fo he himsel
said o Jesus […]euge e, ha a p ophe is no hing in his wo ld (jh iV 44). I goes wi hou saying
ha he e a e many mo e p o e bs in B e ke's Bible ansla ion, and only a ew examples can be
ci ed he e. In gene al, i can be seen ha he p o e bial easu e o mode n Eu opean languages
has been signi ican ly in luenced by he pa ables ound in he Bible.
unc ion (he e: g ee ing o mulas): (64) Giwenk su Diewu [sweikas]! You' e ou o you
mind! (See also Ac s 23:30). He e i is necessa y o ake a la ge con ex : i is a le e
w i en by he commande o Claudius Lysias, which is quo ed in his wen y- hi d
chap e and a he end o which is he g ee ing o mula men ioned. The al e na i ely
added g ee ing (S eikas!) lea es no doub ha i is a Giwenk su Diewu! (li e ally:
[…]Long li e God![…]) is a g ee ing o mula. In abb e ia ed o m, his g ee ing o mula
s ill appea s in he ollowing example:
Ha e you had a good ime? Abs ain om idola y and bloodshed and su oca ion and
o nica ion. A quibus cus odien es os bene age is. Wha a e you doing he e? Vale e (apg XV
29) was bo n in he ci y o Vale e. I'll gi e you an ex ended con ex om he Lu he edi ion
o 1546: "You a e con ained by he genocide, by he blood, by he su oca ion, by Hu ey, by
whom, i you a e con ained, you a e igh , you we e wan ed". lead he games.
na ü lich ließen sich auch ü diesen yp on Ph aseo ex emen wei e e bei-
F om he o egoing i appea s ha in he comple e ansla ion o he Bible by Johann
B e ke in o Old Li huanian he whole weal h and he g ea a ie y o ph aseological
uni s con ained in he Holy Sc ip u es ha e ound hei e lec ion. This applies o he
a ious ca ego ies o ph aseological uni s, s a ing wi h minimal ph ases o he ype
Zu Ph aseologie in de bibel des johann b e ke
27s aipsniai / a icles
ali . F om he a ious classes o ph ases (such as subs an i e ph ases, e bal
ph ases, p edica i e ph ases, ad e bial ph ases, e c.) o special ypes such as pai s
o o mulas, s anding compa isons, ph ases, igu es, e ymological igu es and inally
di e en ypes o ph ases (p o e bs, g ee ing o mulas). An impo an pa o he
in es iga ion is occupied by he explana ions o he ep oduc ion o he idioma ic
u ns occu ing in M. Lu he and hei ansmissions by B e ke, which, apa om a
ew excep ions, can be desc ibed as success ul. he p oblem o calci ica ion is
discussed in de ail. Pa icula a en ion was paid o he p oblems o he
ph aseological a ian s as well as he di e en s ages o idioma ici y o he
conside a ion o u ns.
Some o he p oblems men ioned (such as he ela ionship be ween ea ly New High
Ge man o […] o […] and oldli . po akim as well as he equi alen s o ea ly New High
Ge man his Mu Mu lein an j-m (ab)kühlen in he B e ke Bible as well as in o he old
Li huanian monumen s and in mode n Li huanian) we e u he examined and
desc ibed in my essay Ph ase and Idiom in B e ke's Old Li huanian Bible. To
summa ize, I would like o poin ou jus one hing: he ideal case would be, i
possible, o d aw up a b ie monog aphic desc ip ion o each single ph ase and
ph ase ex om he Bible, aking in o accoun he sou ce language (Lu he 's Bible,
bu also i s e sions in La in, G eek, and Heb ew) and he a ge language (Old
Li huanian o he las hi d o he 16 h cen u y). This would be a sa is ac o y basis
in e e y espec o he diach onic ph aseology o Li huanian.
LI e A u beye ho s , beye annelies 1987: dic iona y o p o e bs. This is a lis o
p o e bs by au ho . Leipzig: bibliog aphical ins i u e. I is loca ed in Leipzig.
Ha ald bu ge , buho e annelies, sialm amb os 1982: handbook o ph aseology his is he
i s ime ha he e m has been used in his way. Be lin, New Yo k: The G uy e . I'm going
o ake a look a i . Ecke Raine 1968: Minimum ex agmen s in Sla ic and hei
co espondences in Bal ic. This is Bal is ica 4(1), 7981. ecke aine 1987: ma in lu he and
ea ly bal ic w i ing. […] Pola a kъnigopisьnaja s[…] (P iloženije ea ly p o es an ism in
eas e n Eu ope, ed. by Ve onica du eu) 16, 6[…]25.
ecke aine 1991: S udien zu his o ischen Ph aseologie de slawischen Sp achen (un e
Conside a ion o he Bal ic) (Sla ic con ibu ions 281). Published by O o Sagne , Munich.
28
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Ecke Raine 2004: Ph ase and idiom in B e ke's old Li huanian Bible. S udies in Bal ic and
Indo-Eu opean Linguis ics. In hono o William R. Schmals ieg, ed. by Philip Baldi, Pie o and
Dini. Ams e dam and Philadelphia: John Benjamin's Publishing Company, 51 and 62. Ecke
Raine , Gün he Ku 1992: The ph aseology o he Russian language. Leipzig, Be lin, Munich,
Vienna, Zu ich, New Yo k. This is he encyclopedia published by Langenscheid .
F azeologia a eligia (P oblem o he Eu opean F azeology 2), edi ed by M. Lewickiego and
Wojciecha Chlebdy. I would like o ask he Commissione whe he he is awa e o he ac ha
he Commission has no ye aken a decision on his ma e . Vilnius: Li huanian Language
2001.
Ins i u es, gelumbeckai ė jolan a 2002: Linksnių i p ielinksninių kons ukcijų sin aksė Jono
B e kūno Biblijos E angelijoje pagal Luką (Ope a linguis ica Li uanica 1). This is he i s ime
ha he Li huanian language ins i u e has been awa ded he p ize. Vilnius: Li huanian language ins i u e.
g igas kazys 1987: Li huanian speeches. The illa: Vaga. gsbM […] His o ical
wo d o he Bela usian mob, ed. A. I. Ju ański, you a e ou . 2, he Minsk:
Science and echnology, 1983.
Hdg u is spalding kei h. An His o ical Dic iona y o Ge man Figu a i e Usage 3, 5. This is a lis o his o ical dic iona ies o Ge many.
Blackwell,
Ox o d,
1974, and he yea 1991.
Ldw iiV cou se cha wi h alexande . Li huanian-Ge man dic iona y 14. he ollowing pa ag aph is added:
Vandenhoeck and
Rup ech , om 1968 o 1973.
I'm se ious abou his. Li huanian e ymological dic iona y 12. This is Heidelbe g.
Vandenhoeck and Rup ech , 1962 and 1965.
Lk Ž […] Paulauskas jonas. This is he i s ime I' e seen him. Li huanian ph ases and
ph ases. Kaunas, Š iesa, in he yea 1977. This is LkPŽ […] Vosyly ė klemen ina.
1985 .
Compa isons be ween Li huanian and Ge man languages. Vilnius: Mokslas, LkŽ […]
Lie u ių kalbos žodynas 1[…]2, Vilnius: Min is, 1968[…]1969; 3[…]6, Vilnius: Vals ybinė
poli inės i mokslinės li e a ū os leidykla, 1956[…]1962; 7[…]9, Vilnius: Min is, 1966[…]1973;
10[…]15, Vilnius: Mokslas, 1976[…]1991; 16[…]17, Vilnius: Mokslo i encopedijų leidiklykla,
1995[…]1996; 18[…]20, Vilnius: Mokslo i encopedijų leidiklybos ins i u as, 1997[…]2002. LS
I[…]IV […] Röh ich Lu z. He is a membe o he Ge man na ional eam. Lexicon o p o e bial ph ases 1 and 4. I was published by He de Ve lag in 1973.
Mdi is Wol F ied ich. Mode n Ge man idiom. Munich: Max huebe Ve lag, nVbs […] No a
1976 .
ulga a Biblio um sac o um edi io. This is he i s edi ion o he book. Romae: Published by he Va ican Lib a y, 1979.
Zu Ph aseologie in de bibel des johann b e ke
29s aipsniai a icles ska džius P anas 1931: he Sla ic loanwo ds in he old Li huanian language.
[…] Tau a i žodis s ng […] Slogan o he Russian olk languages, ed. F. P. Philyn, you a e ou . 3.
7, 3–249.
Lening ad: he […] Tex C i ical Edi ion o he ansla ion o he Psalms in o Li huanian by
Н
аука
, 1968.
Johannes B e ke, Pas o o Labiau and Königsbe g i. P ., acco ding o he manusc ip om he
yea 1580 and he e ised e sion o his psalm by johannes ehsa, pas o o königsbe g i. P .,
a e he p in ing o he yea 1625 along wi h he ansla ion o he Psal e in o Ge man by
Ma in Lu he a e he edi ion o he yea 1545, wi h he help o iedemann kluge, wi h an
in oduc ion and edi ed by ied ich scholz, biblia sla ica, edi ed by hans o he and ied ich
scholz, wi h he help o ch is ian hannick and udolph, se ies: ium: biblia ludanica, numbe 2:
edi ions, olume 6, Pade bo n, Munich, Vienna, Zu ich, 2002. Heidelbe g: published by ca l win e .
Wo ds and ph ases. A dic iona y o Ge man usage, hs g. by e ha d ag icola wi h he
pa icipa ion o he be gö ne and u h kü ne . Leipzig: bibliog aphical ins i u e, 1975. This is
he i s ime I' e seen i .
Бирих Александр, Мокиенко Валерий, Степанова Людмила 1998:
Словарь русской фразеологии. Историко-этимологический справочник. Под ред. В. М. Мо-
киенко, Санкт-Петербург: Фолио-Пресс.
Гак Владимир 1996: Специфика библейских фразеологизмов в русском языке. –
F azeology and eligion. This is he i s ime ha I ha e had he oppo uni y o speak a he
In e na ional Scien i ic Symposium. Opole, 4-6 Sep embe 1996, also known as Opole 10.
I ha e used only pa s o he Queens I om he Old Tes amen o my in es iga ion, namely
hose in he edi ion by J. Palionis and J. Žukauskai ė Jonas B e kūnas. Rink iniai aš ai
(abb e ia ed b, ), Vilnius 1983: 33[…]312 a e included. The commen a y on his (see page 332 […]
359) was also aken in o accoun . ii. I was able o wo k h ough he New Tes amen o he
B e ke Bible ansla ion on he basis o he unpublished edi ion olume 7 (abb e ia ed: ange
ed). I would like o ake his oppo uni y o exp ess my since e hanks o P o . D . Jochen d.
I is he edi ion: Na ias Tes amen as Ing Lie uwischka Lieszuwi pe aschi as pe Jana
B e kuna Labguwos plebona 1580 which was published in he yea 1580. The New Tes amen
ansla ed in o he Li huanian language by Johann B e ke, Pas o o Labiau 1580. edi ion o
he manusc ip , bd. 7 and 8,

30
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ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXIV–LXV
Labiau in he yea 1580. The bd. 7: Gospels and Ac s. Edi ed by Jochen D. Range. Fe dinand
Schöningh Pade bo n-Munich-Vienna-Zu ich and o he a ached bd. 7: no es and
explana ions (s. 520[…]544) edi ed by jochen d. ange. I e alua ed he ollowing wo k o he
Lu he an model: D. Ma in Lu he 's wo ks. C i ical edi ion o he book. The Ge man Bible
1522-1546. The bd. 1 […] Weima , 1906; bd. by he au ho . 2 […] Weima , 1909; bd. by he au ho 6 […]
Weima , 1929; bd. by he au ho 8 […] Weima , 1954; bd. by he au ho 10, i s hal […] Weima ,
1956; bd. 10, second hal […] Weima , 1957; bd. The second hal o Weima , 1960. I quo e om he
Quand Bible: Biblia Tai es i Wissas Szwen as Raß as Seno i Nau-
jo Tes amen o, ka alauczuje, 1736.
[No e by he au ho : his a icle is a lec u e I ga e on 27 Sep embe 2002 a he in e na ional
con e ence […]400 yea s o he Li huanian Bible: philological and heological aspec s o b e ke
esea ch[…]. The men ioned con e ence was held om 26 o 29 Sep embe 2002 a he
E ns -Mo i z-A nd -Uni e si ä G ei swald by P o . D . Jochen d. Range. Since he ma e ials
o his con e ence ha e no ye been published as o 8 Ap il 2011, I eel compelled o publish my
wo k in his way. […] R.E. […] Wha a e you doing? . San auka's goal is o se e Jono B e kūno, he
au ho o he Bible, in he ph aseology. I 's e y complex elemen s, idioms and ph ases. The e
dėl jono b e kūno biblijos azeologijos
a e wo ca ego ies o schola ships: schola ly, schola ly, schola ly, schola ly, schola ly,
schola ly, schola ly, schola ly, schola ly. This is he i s ime in he his o y o he Bible ha
he Bible has been ansla ed in o English. We a e p esen ing he ma e ial in a way ha is
di e en om he ph aseology and he language. Minimum and ph asing, a liekan ys sakinio
unc ion kaip pasis eikinimo omulės, p z. The Bible says: "You a e ou o you mind". I 's a lie.
Gi e i o God! I 's a lo . The ale ! (See also Ac s 15:29). I is impo an o no e ha he biblical
ph ases o he umpe and he umpe a e di e en om each o he . I is impo an o no e
ha he biblical ph ases o he umpe and he umpe a e di e en om each o he . I is
impo an o no e ha he biblical ph ases o he umpe and he umpe a e di e en om
each o he .
I 's been a long ime since I' e been he e.
aine ecke
Mu zane Ring 16, D-12681 Be lin, Ge many Loca ed in Be lin, Ge many
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