130 ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXVII
daiVa VaiŠnienė
Li huanian Uni e si y o Educa ion
Resea ch a eas include dialec ology, Bal ic philology.
This is Aleksand a Vičiaus.
The wo ds o he CRETINGOS
TARMėS a e: ansPonaViMo
P inciPai and kebLesni a Vejai
The Dic iona y o he K e inga Dialec by Juozas Aleksand o ičius: P inciples o ansposi ion and
p oblema ic cases Anno a ion The p epa a ion o he in e media e ocabula y is ela ed no only
o he p esen a ion o wo ds, illus a ions, bu also o he a he complex p oblems o he
co espondence o he ocabula y and common phone ic o p ose elemen s, he in e p e a ion o
in e media e ph ases. The eliable and linguis ically based ansposi ion o headline o ms o
illus a i e examples de e mines he p esen a ion o he pu pose o he e minology lexicon in
dic iona ies, i s au hen ici y and in e ope abili y wi h he common language o ms. This is
pa icula ly ele an o he p epa a ion o lexical esou ces co e ing he en i e Li huanian
language a ea, such as he Li huanian language dic iona y. Howe e , he same phone ic phenomena
can be ansposed in di e en ways unde he same condi ions, al hough he gene al p inciple […]
ansposed s ic ly acco ding o he uni e sal law o he co espondence o sounds applies.
The a icle p esen s se e al schemes o he applica ion o his p inciple, de e mining he
di e en esul s o ansposi ion, also discusses he p inciples o ansposi ion o heading
wo ds and hei basic o ms, applied in he p epa a ion o he ocabula y o he language o
Alexande he G ea , p esen s p oblema ic cases o ansposi ion.
Anno a ion: The compila ion o a dialec dic iona y is no only ela ed o he p oblems o
p esen a ion o wo ds and illus a ions, bu also o a he delica e p oblems o equi alence
o he ollowing wo ds: a me, šiau ė, k e iškiai, a minas, ansponas. Keywo ds: dialec ,
no he n samogi ian dialec o k e inga, dialec dic iona y,
ansposi ion.
juozo aleksand a ičiaus K e ingos a mės žodynas:
anspona imo p incipai i keblesni a ejai
131 - Sound sys em o p osodic elemen s o he dialec and he s anda d language, as well as
ambiguous in e p e a ion o dialec al phenomena. A eliable and linguis ically g ounded
ansposi ion o headwo d o ms o illus a i e examples de e mines an accu a e p esen a ion o
dialec al lexicon in dic iona ies, au hen ici y, and co ela ion wi h he o ms o he s anda d
language. I is especially ele an in compiling he lexical esou ces co e ing he o e all Li huanian
language domain, such as The Dic iona y o he Li huanian Language. Ne e heless, he same
phone ic phenomena can be a iously ansposed unde he same condi ions, e en hough he
gene al p inciple is applied […] he ansposi ion in s ic compliance wi h he consis en pa e ns,
ollowing a uni e sal law o equi alence o sounds. he a icle p esen s se e al schemes o
applica ion o his p inciple de e mining a ying ansposi ion esul s; The p inciples o
ansposi ion o headwo ds and hei p incipal o ms applied in he compila ion o The Dic iona y o
he K e inga Dialec by Juozas Aleksand o ičius a e discussed. he cases o p oblema ic
ansposi ion a e add essed. The lexicon o he Li huanian language oday is ich in he da a o
ansla ions om he ansla ion dic iona ies ha appea e e y yea , which eco d no only he
new meanings o wo ds, bu also he occu ence o new wo ds o o ms o wo ds. The accu a e
p esen a ion o he language lexicon in dic iona ies, i s au hen ici y and in e ope abili y wi h he
common language o ms a e pa icula ly ele an in b inging oge he lexical esou ces co e ing
he en i e Li huanian language a ea, such as he Li huanian language dic iona y (www.lkž). In he
p epa a ion o his dic iona y, he ansposi ion p o isions cla i ied a e ans e ed o he
ecen ly apidly g owing dic iona ies o indi idual e ms o ph ases.
The eliable and linguis ically based ansposi ion o he phone ic phenomena o he language, he
sp endžia ne ik žodžių pa eikimo, ilius acijų, be i ka ais gana keblias a mės i
bend inės kalbos ga syno a p ozodijos elemen ų a i ik ies p oblemas, ne iena eikš-
in e p e a ion o he phone ic phenomena o he language, e c. a e no only echnical asks o he
p epa a ion o he phone ic ocabula y o scien i ic edi ing, bu also he solu ion o scien i ic p oblems
such as how o anspose as accu a ely as possible he phone ic, accen and mo phological con igu a ions
o he so-called wo ds. Thus, when w i ing a dic iona y, lexical compe ence mus be combined wi h an
ex emely good knowledge o he dic iona y and expe ience o dialec ical wo k, such as he ques ionable
ansposi ion o a wo d in o unknown o ms and such cases ans e ed om one lexical sou ce o
ano he , a he han dis o ing he ac s o he dic iona y o hei in e p e a ion. The p inciples o
ansposi ion a e usually discussed in he p esen a ion o he dic iona y and di e essen ially only in he
in e p e a ion o phone ic phenomena, he scien i ic basis and ansposi ion.
132 o he Li huanian Linguis ic Ac LXVII. The main p inciple decla ed by Lkž and commonly
daiVa VaiŠnienė
applied in ansla ional dic iona ies is ha […] wo ds a e ansposed s ic ly, aking in o
accoun he phone ics (and mo phology) o he wo ds, obse ing wha uni e sal sound
co espondence he e is in he common language examples (Vi kauskas 2006: 35, 38) […]
adhe es o he co espondence o he common language3, i.e. i is based on he p o ision
ha he ansposed o ms co espond o he common language sys em as much as
possible. O cou se, he e a e excep ional cases whe e he phone ic a ian is no
ansposable and i is di ec ly ansposed in o he ansposed o m, i.e. no phone ic
esponse o he sounds (exp essions) wo ks. The Li huanian Language Commission has
also es ablished gene al ansposi ion p inciples based on he ansla ion o he
common language, i.e. he cha ac e is ics o he common owel spelling and he
ansli e a ion o he common Li huanian owel spelling and he ansli e a ion o he
common owel spelling and he ansli e a ion o he common Li huanian owel spelling
and he ansli e a ion o he common owel spelling and he ansli e a ion o he
wo d. Acco ding o he gene al p inciple o ansposi ion discussed, he co espondence
o an in e media e phenomenon in a common language could be pe cei ed as a sequen ial
linea p ocess. he p onounced sound o some p onoun phenomenon is w i en as
accu a ely as possible wi h ansc ip ion ma ks, hen ansposed in o he
co espondence o he common language acco ding o he es ablished phone ic
p onuncia ion […] sound, hyme, e c.
Schedule 1
2 he a ie y o sou ces, i.e. new dialec ological esea ch and scien i ic in e p e a ions o linguis ic
phenomena, g ea ly depends on he accu acy and quali y o ansposi ion, e.g. in he 1980 Li huanian
language dic iona y ins uc ion o ansposi ion, i is ecommended o e e only o he iche and mo e
g indinių ypa ybių žemėlapių izoglosomis (Lkži 1980: 88), o Lie u ių kalbos žodyno aisymuose nu-
di e se sou ces shown in he Li huanian dialec ology, e.g. he Li huanian language a las, o he ansla ion wo ks
The Commission conside s ha he aid is compa ible wi h he in e nal ma ke wi hin he meaning o A icle 107 (3) (c) o he T ea y.
In he 1963 Lkž ins uc ion, he e m " ansla ing p oceedings in o a common language" (plg. The Lkji
1963: 87).
4 access o he In e ne : h p:
www. lkk.l 2012
li /p og ams/zodynu- eikala imai.h ml# a mes, iewed by
04-22.
juozo aleksand a ičiaus K e ingos a mės žodynas:
anspona imo p incipai i keblesni a ejai
O cou se, he e a e some excep ions o he non-ha monic changes, whe e he law o
sound ma ching canno be applied, bu he e a e ce ainly no many such cases, o
example, we could alk abou he adap a ion o some bo owings, he adap a ion o
new wo ds o he phone ic ea u es o he ha monics, spo adic phone ic changes, e c.
Howe e , he esul o he applica ion o he gene al p inciple is no always so clea
and simple: he same phone ic phenomena can be ansposed di e en ly unde he
same condi ions by applying he same gene al co espondence ule. In mo e complex
cases, when he o ms o language o be p esen ed do no ha e any special ea u es
ha help o de e mine exac co espondences, Vy au as Vi kauskas sugges s aking
ac s om hose sen ences in which he co espondence is clea and does no aise
doub s (Vi kauskas 2001: 36). Thus, he ac s o a single language a e no in e p e ed as
sepa a e uni s o a language sys em, bu a e included in he o ali y o he
co espondences o he languages and a e usually combined wi h he common language
sys em. This means ha some imes i is no enough jus o de e mine he
co espondence o a e b, i is necessa y o ake in o accoun how ha
co espondence will unc ion in he common language sys em and will ma ch he co espondences o o he languages.
2The di e ences be ween he wo app oaches discussed a e well illus a ed by
he ansposi ion o a and e in he dic iona ies o sho , long- e m ad ice. In he
Kupiškėnų dic iona y, he wo d is lẹm.na. […] ansposed liemen, n[…].mas […]
ansposed name. In his case, he decimal co espondence is obse ed aking in o
accoun he sys em o leng hs o he spoken language and bea ing in mind ha he
cups up o he hal -leng h a e na u ally sho e han he balls, and such
his o ically ha e been a, e. Howe e , such ansposi ion is no common in common
pa lance. The na u al sho a and e a e usually elonga ed by c ossing, so Lkž is
ep esen ed by he o ms liemẽnė and nãmas, ega dless o he possible
di e ence be ween hese wo. The Commission he e o e concludes ha he aid is compa ible wi h he in e nal ma ke wi hin he meaning o A icle 107 (3) (c) o he T ea y.
134 ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXVII on he in e p e a ion o he de elopmen o
daiVa VaiŠnienė
languages. Al hough he acknowledges ha i would be mo e accu a e o anspose
he sho balsio in his posi ion o he lowe classes, he does no choose i himsel ,
because i is oo con a y o he adi ions o ou dialec ology (gi denis 2008: 23, 12).
These examples do no a y spo adically, which means ha he in e ac ion be ween
he e minology and he ansposed o ms is much mo e complex han he di ec
copying o sounds o phenomena and he co espondence wi h he common language
o m. In pa , his may also be ela ed o he au ho 's subjec i e in e p e a ion, o
example, o his app oach o cases adi ionally ega ded as ai , wi h clea common
language co espondences, e.g. The long s ong-wo ded wo ds gy nos, m gdy i, e c.
ansposed in o he wo ds o he Daukšiai egion would show he au ho s s a emen
ha his di e ence is no jus i ied. Thus, he di e ences be ween he ansposed
o ms a e la gely de e mined by he chosen app oach o he ela ionship be ween he
language and he o ms o he common language. In o he wo ds, whe he he o m
will simply be ansposed by he co espondences o he common language, pe cei ing
he language as a sepa a e language sys em, e alua ing only he o igin o sounds and
he his o ical de elopmen (see Schema 1), o whe he he co espondences o o he
languages and he common language will also be aken in o accoun , i.e. in he case o wo possibili ies o in e p e a ion o he e m, he one ha be e co esponds o he common language sys em (see Schema 2).
how a e hese schemes applied in one o he la es sou ces o he lexicon o he Low Ge man language
[…] he dic iona y o he K e ing language by Juozas Aleksand a ičius? wha p inciples o ansposing
heading wo ds and hei basic o ms we e en isaged by he au ho and wha changed a e edi ing he
dic iona y? I should be no ed ha mos o he ansposi ion ea u es and p ac ical aspec s o edi ing
will no be men ioned he e, as hey a e al eady discussed in he in oduc o y glossa y a icle (Vaišnienė
2011: XXiX-XXXiii). he ollowing ex shall be based on examples gi en in he dic iona y. The au ho o he
dic iona y, Juozas Aleksand ičius, ha ing submi ed he manusc ip o he p ess, was unable o ead i
om beginning o end, o s anda dize and decide on he p esen a ion o he wo ds o o ms o be
conside ed. Some o he p oblems we e discussed wi h he au ho , bu he e a e s ill a numbe o
linguis ic ques ions o be sol ed, o which answe s a e sough on he basis o mo e ecen esea ch
and sou ces om he no he n lowlands, especially he K e ingian dialec . I mus be acknowledged
ha eliable da a was no always enough o sol e he p oblem o mixing and cu ing s ones, and in such
cases he au ho 's opinion was mo e aken in o accoun in he edi ing. On he o he hand, he au ho 's
own app oach o some o he phone ic and mo phological phenomena conside ed has changed, and in
some places i has emained i mly undecided, indica ing ha al e na i e possible a ian s, clauses o
no es ha e been le in he b acke s. Howe e , i can be assumed ha his unusual solu ion was chosen
only because his sound quali y is simply ex emely b igh and speci ic (see Labu is 2002: 6).

juozo aleksand a ičiaus K e ingos a mės žodynas:
anspona imo p incipai i keblesni a ejai
A e e iewing he ansposi ional inequali ies in he manusc ip and he edi ing cases, i
can be no ed ha when p epa ing he ocabula y o he K e ing language, Alexande
applied he p inciples o in e ac ion be ween he wo spoken sounds and he ansposed
le e , c ea ing no qui e accu a e ansposed o ms. Howe e , hese p inciples ha e
no always been consis en ly adhe ed o, so i is likely ha he did no o mula e hem
himsel , bu decided on hem on a case-by-case basis. I 's he p ince. The di ec ans e
o he phone ic gende o he in e media e o he common language, aking in o accoun
only he in e media e p onuncia ions. he basis o he ansposed sound […] he spoken
speech sound, ansc ibed and di ec ly ans e ed o he ansposed o m o he
common language, i he e is no change in he phone ic sound o he e b, e.g. : This
p inciple would be pa ly consis en wi h he ansposi ion scheme whe e only ele an
in e media e esponses a e aken in o accoun . The main di e ence is ha in adi ional
ansposi ion i is cus oma y o ake in o accoun he uni e sal phone ic changes o
sounds […] assimila ion, accommoda ion, degemina ion, e c. […] by ea ing hem as
decimals, al hough no ansla ions. I seems ha he phone ic a ia ions o
Alexand o i ch, which should be ansposed in o he co espondences o he common
language, will be conside ed only as ansla ional a ia ions. The ollowing examples o
inapp op ia e applica ion o he cus ome 's p inciple can be ci ed:
• al hough he au ho chose he mo phological way o p esen ing he
p eposi ions in he ansc ip ion, his p inciple was no ollowed in he
compounds nb, np, which a e p esen ed in he ansc ip ion acco ding o he
phone ic ad ice […] due o he change o accommoda ion o mb, mp. In he case o
he ansli e a ion o a wo d, he ansli e a ion o he ansli e a ion o he
ansli e a ion o he ansli e a ion o he ansli e a ion o he
ansli e a ion o he ansli e a ion o he ansla ion o he ansla ion o
he ansla ion o he ansla ion o he ansla ion o he ansla ion o he
ansla ion o he ansla ion o he ansla ion o he ansla ion o he ansla ion o he ansla ion o he ansla ion o he ansla ion o he ansla ion o he ansla ion o he ansla ion o he ansla ion
136 ac a
daiVa VaiŠnienė
Linguis ica
nuosekliai laikėsi mo ologinio p iebalsių ašybos p incipo. belieka ik spėlio i,
kodėl ap a iamuoju akomodacijos a eju pasi ink a ki okia p iebalsių są eikos
Li huanica LXVII in e p e a ion. This is he i s ime in he his o y o he Li huanian language ha an in e p e e has been appoin ed.
• also in he case o gemina as, he ansc ibed samples do no ollow he p inciple
o mo phological spelling o p e ixes and w i e only one o he wo co esponding
p e ixes. I has also been ans e ed o subheadings, such as […]da as, […]d ėkis,
da[…] ko is, saũšakė, e c.7
The second p inciple. Cons uc ing he esul acco ding o he common unc ioning
o he sound o he same o igin in he spoken language. This p inciple o ansposed
o ms has gi en ise o a good deal o deba e, since he choice o he conclusion, in
some cases e en a heo e ical cons uc , is ela ed o subjec i e in e p e a ion
and may depend on how he e b unc ions in he common language o , in he au ho 's
opinion, on he co espondence o he ansposing scheme. Fo example, gi en he
endency o common language syllables a and e o ex end o long ones, his p inciple is
obse ed wi hou excep ion, e en in cases whe e common language a and e a e kep
sho , see he i s example: he second example is mo e complica ed. I seems o be
so au ho i a i e and i is in e p e ed ha in he common language sys em hey
should unc ion as la o ms. he au ho has consis en ly adhe ed o he p o ision
ha he inal sound o an open wo d, sho ened om *ē and ollowed by ė in common
pa lance, is ma ked in he ansc ip ion by a special sign . 7 Fo mo e examples, see
I 's no like I don' know wha I'm doing.
juozo aleksand a ičiaus K e ingos a mės žodynas:
anspona imo p incipai i keblesni a ejai
137 a icles by a icles
Thus, in all cases, such a sound should be ansposed in he common language as […], e.g.
sâuj[…] > sáujė, kûoj[…] > kójė, mêlninč[…] > mélninčė, dešinûoj[…] > dešinójė, e c. The
con usion a ises when his end is c ossed, because pe haps he oice is umpasis, so in
he c ossed posi ion i canno be ansposed as […], e.g. […]ldaběj[…], d às[…]. Acco ding
o he p inciple in ques ion, he iden ical ansc ibed sound should be ansposed in he
same common language co espondence […] in all cases […] a liep ų […], e.g. aldabijė, d asė,
e c. Bu how o econcile he long […] wi h he sho ening, because he end o he wo d
is unca ed? In he manusc ip , he au ho ied o ind a comp omise solu ion by
lea ing he i le wo d galūnę -ià, g e a in b acke s indica es ha he wo d ė-kamienis,
e.g. aldabijà (ė-kam), d asià (ė-kam). In p epa ing he dic iona y o p in ing in hese
cases, illus a i e examples ha e been aken in o accoun , since some jokes, such as he
one-syllable subs i u e, clea ly indica e he wo d "s one". i he e a e no illus a i e
examples ha accu a ely show he s one, he p inciple is ollowed ha he end o he
wo ds ha a e no cu is -ė, and he cu end is […] -ià ( he di e ence be ween he […] o
linksnia imo aidą pab ėžia i Vladas g ina eckis: šakninio ki čia imo žodžiai
he s one passed in o he […] o he s one, and he end o he […] emained (g ina eckis,
1973: 141)8. He e a e jus a ew consis en examples o ansposi ion o he kebles,
which can be explained as a esul o he applica ion o he p inciples discussed. I should
be no ed ha , in he edi ing o simila cases, he ansposed headings o he wo ding o
he C e ans language a e cla i ied in he ligh o he ollowing p o isions:
(1) whe e possible, d aw on illus a i e examples and he p inciple o analogy; 2) i
he e a e no clea illus a i e examples, he au ho 's w i en o m is le , bu i is
clea ha addi ional esea ch is needed o sol e he p oblems o p esen ing some
o he cases unde conside a ion.
I is wo h no ing ha he p inciples se ou in he a icle a e o mula ed on he basis o da a
om only one sou ce - he ocabula y o he C e an language - bu i is clea ha hey can a leas
pa ially be applied in analysing p oblema ic cases o ansposi ion o o he language ocabula ies.
I should be no ed ha in ecen dic iona ies, he e a e almos no cases o di ec ans e o he
phone ic gende o he e b in o he common language (unless, as in he case o he Daukšiai egion
dic iona y men ioned abo e, he e b is in e p e ed di e en ly om he usual). The mos di icul
cases o ansposi ion a e ela ed o he heo e ical choice o he esul , aking in o accoun how
he common language unc ions in ela ion o he o igin o he e b o he co espondence o he
e b. i he na u e o he phenomenon has no been su icien ly in es iga ed, he scien i ic
jus i ica ion o he ansposi ion depends hea ily on he subjec i e in e p e a ion o he au ho .
8 Unless we see he e a new e kamien, which, acco ding o alex gi denio, would imply in he language o
he landlo ds such sayings as you h: du nys e (gi denis, 1996, 83). Acco ding o Vy au as Vi kauskas,
i i is wo h looking o a new s one he e, i should be in e p e ed as a mix u e o s ones
(Vi kauskas, 2001, 76, oo no e 7).
138 o he
daiVa VaiŠnienė
Li huanian Linguis ic Ac LXVII
Alexande he G ea 's li e a y wo ks, 1967: The Cu se o he Cu se o he Cu se o
he Cu se o he Cu se. disse a ion o he deg ee o candida e o philological
sciences. The ci y o Vilnius.
Alexande he G ea : A dic iona y o he G eek language. Vilnius: Li huanian
Language Ins i u e.
Zo ia babickienė, bi u ė jasiūnai ė, angelė Pečeliūnai ė, ū a bagužy ė 2007: Cen al No h
Lowland K e ingiškių a mė: ex s o he alks wi h commen s by he li e a y publishing
i žodynėliu. Vilnius: bal os lankos.
būga kazimie as 1959: Rink iniai aš ai 2. Vilnius: Vals ybinė poli inės i mokslinės
house.
GIRDENIS ALEXAS 1996: This is he ex o he No h-Eas e n Telšiški ex wi h
commen s. Vilnius: Science and encyclopedia publishing house. Alex's 2008: The Land
o he Rising Sun: Tex s wi h Commen s. Vilnius: Ins i u e o Science and
Encyclopedia Publishing
G igo ye ich Vlad, The His o y o he Peasan s in he Low Coun ies (1973)
Vilnius: The Min . Labu is Vi as (2002): A dic iona y o he Daukšiai egion. Vilnius:
he alma li e a. Lkži 1963 (second edi ion 1980) […] Ins uc ions o he Li huanian
language dic iona y. Vilnius: Ins i u e o Li huanian Language and Li e a u e.
Gene al equi emen s o he p epa a ion o dic iona ies. The Commission
shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
.
Vaiš nienė dai a 2011: "Glossa y o conc e e e ms: he main p inciples o p esen ing
he ma e ial". […] A dic iona y o he C e an language, XX[…]XXXVii. V. Vi kauskas,
Vy au as, 2001: Mo phonymic meanings o he Li huanian language. Vilnius: he hea .
Vi kauskas Vy au as 2006: Amendmen s o he ocabula y o he Li huanian language.
Vilnius: Li huanian Language Ins i u e.
Vocabula y o he Kupiškėnai dialec in he 2010 edi ion o Vosly a Klemen ina.
Vilnius: Li huanian Language Ins i u e.