Juozo Aleksandravičiaus „Kretingos tarmės žodynas“: transponavimo principai ir keblesni atvejai

130 ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXVII daiVa VaiŠnienė Li huanian Uni e si y o Educa ion Resea ch a eas include dialec ology, Bal ic philology. This is Aleksand a Vičiaus. The wo ds o he CRETINGOS TARMėS a e: ansPonaViMo P inciPai and kebLesni a Vejai The Dic iona y o he K e inga Dialec by Juozas Aleksand o ičius: P inciples o ansposi ion and p oblema ic cases Anno a ion The p epa a ion o he in e media e ocabula y is ela ed no only o he p esen a ion o wo ds, illus a ions, bu also o he a he complex p oblems o he co espondence o he ocabula y and common phone ic o p ose elemen s, he in e p e a ion o in e media e ph ases. The eliable and linguis ically based ansposi ion o headline o ms o illus a i e examples de e mines he p esen a ion o he pu pose o he e minology lexicon in dic iona ies, i s au hen ici y and in e ope abili y wi h he common language o ms. This is pa icula ly ele an o he p epa a ion o lexical esou ces co e ing he en i e Li huanian language a ea, such as he Li huanian language dic iona y. Howe e , he same phone ic phenomena can be ansposed in di e en ways unde he same condi ions, al hough he gene al p inciple […] ansposed s ic ly acco ding o he uni e sal law o he co espondence o sounds applies. The a icle p esen s se e al schemes o he applica ion o his p inciple, de e mining he di e en esul s o ansposi ion, also discusses he p inciples o ansposi ion o heading wo ds and hei basic o ms, applied in he p epa a ion o he ocabula y o he language o Alexande he G ea , p esen s p oblema ic cases o ansposi ion. Anno a ion: The compila ion o a dialec dic iona y is no only ela ed o he p oblems o p esen a ion o wo ds and illus a ions, bu also o a he delica e p oblems o equi alence o he ollowing wo ds: a me, šiau ė, k e iškiai, a minas, ansponas. Keywo ds: dialec , no he n samogi ian dialec o k e inga, dialec dic iona y, ansposi ion. juozo aleksand a ičiaus K e ingos a mės žodynas: anspona imo p incipai i keblesni a ejai 131 - Sound sys em o p osodic elemen s o he dialec and he s anda d language, as well as ambiguous in e p e a ion o dialec al phenomena. A eliable and linguis ically g ounded ansposi ion o headwo d o ms o illus a i e examples de e mines an accu a e p esen a ion o dialec al lexicon in dic iona ies, au hen ici y, and co ela ion wi h he o ms o he s anda d language. I is especially ele an in compiling he lexical esou ces co e ing he o e all Li huanian language domain, such as The Dic iona y o he Li huanian Language. Ne e heless, he same phone ic phenomena can be a iously ansposed unde he same condi ions, e en hough he gene al p inciple is applied […] he ansposi ion in s ic compliance wi h he consis en pa e ns, ollowing a uni e sal law o equi alence o sounds. he a icle p esen s se e al schemes o applica ion o his p inciple de e mining a ying ansposi ion esul s; The p inciples o ansposi ion o headwo ds and hei p incipal o ms applied in he compila ion o The Dic iona y o he K e inga Dialec by Juozas Aleksand o ičius a e discussed. he cases o p oblema ic ansposi ion a e add essed. The lexicon o he Li huanian language oday is ich in he da a o ansla ions om he ansla ion dic iona ies ha appea e e y yea , which eco d no only he new meanings o wo ds, bu also he occu ence o new wo ds o o ms o wo ds. The accu a e p esen a ion o he language lexicon in dic iona ies, i s au hen ici y and in e ope abili y wi h he common language o ms a e pa icula ly ele an in b inging oge he lexical esou ces co e ing he en i e Li huanian language a ea, such as he Li huanian language dic iona y (www.lkž). In he p epa a ion o his dic iona y, he ansposi ion p o isions cla i ied a e ans e ed o he ecen ly apidly g owing dic iona ies o indi idual e ms o ph ases. The eliable and linguis ically based ansposi ion o he phone ic phenomena o he language, he sp endžia ne ik žodžių pa eikimo, ilius acijų, be i ka ais gana keblias a mės i bend inės kalbos ga syno a p ozodijos elemen ų a i ik ies p oblemas, ne iena eikš- in e p e a ion o he phone ic phenomena o he language, e c. a e no only echnical asks o he p epa a ion o he phone ic ocabula y o scien i ic edi ing, bu also he solu ion o scien i ic p oblems such as how o anspose as accu a ely as possible he phone ic, accen and mo phological con igu a ions o he so-called wo ds. Thus, when w i ing a dic iona y, lexical compe ence mus be combined wi h an ex emely good knowledge o he dic iona y and expe ience o dialec ical wo k, such as he ques ionable ansposi ion o a wo d in o unknown o ms and such cases ans e ed om one lexical sou ce o ano he , a he han dis o ing he ac s o he dic iona y o hei in e p e a ion. The p inciples o ansposi ion a e usually discussed in he p esen a ion o he dic iona y and di e essen ially only in he in e p e a ion o phone ic phenomena, he scien i ic basis and ansposi ion. 132 o he Li huanian Linguis ic Ac LXVII. The main p inciple decla ed by Lkž and commonly daiVa VaiŠnienė applied in ansla ional dic iona ies is ha […] wo ds a e ansposed s ic ly, aking in o accoun he phone ics (and mo phology) o he wo ds, obse ing wha uni e sal sound co espondence he e is in he common language examples (Vi kauskas 2006: 35, 38) […] adhe es o he co espondence o he common language3, i.e. i is based on he p o ision ha he ansposed o ms co espond o he common language sys em as much as possible. O cou se, he e a e excep ional cases whe e he phone ic a ian is no ansposable and i is di ec ly ansposed in o he ansposed o m, i.e. no phone ic esponse o he sounds (exp essions) wo ks. The Li huanian Language Commission has also es ablished gene al ansposi ion p inciples based on he ansla ion o he common language, i.e. he cha ac e is ics o he common owel spelling and he ansli e a ion o he common Li huanian owel spelling and he ansli e a ion o he common owel spelling and he ansli e a ion o he common Li huanian owel spelling and he ansli e a ion o he common owel spelling and he ansli e a ion o he wo d. Acco ding o he gene al p inciple o ansposi ion discussed, he co espondence o an in e media e phenomenon in a common language could be pe cei ed as a sequen ial linea p ocess. he p onounced sound o some p onoun phenomenon is w i en as accu a ely as possible wi h ansc ip ion ma ks, hen ansposed in o he co espondence o he common language acco ding o he es ablished phone ic p onuncia ion […] sound, hyme, e c. Schedule 1 2 he a ie y o sou ces, i.e. new dialec ological esea ch and scien i ic in e p e a ions o linguis ic phenomena, g ea ly depends on he accu acy and quali y o ansposi ion, e.g. in he 1980 Li huanian language dic iona y ins uc ion o ansposi ion, i is ecommended o e e only o he iche and mo e g indinių ypa ybių žemėlapių izoglosomis (Lkži 1980: 88), o Lie u ių kalbos žodyno aisymuose nu- di e se sou ces shown in he Li huanian dialec ology, e.g. he Li huanian language a las, o he ansla ion wo ks The Commission conside s ha he aid is compa ible wi h he in e nal ma ke wi hin he meaning o A icle 107 (3) (c) o he T ea y. In he 1963 Lkž ins uc ion, he e m " ansla ing p oceedings in o a common language" (plg. The Lkji 1963: 87). 4 access o he In e ne : h p: www. lkk.l 2012 li /p og ams/zodynu- eikala imai.h ml# a mes, iewed by 04-22. juozo aleksand a ičiaus K e ingos a mės žodynas: anspona imo p incipai i keblesni a ejai O cou se, he e a e some excep ions o he non-ha monic changes, whe e he law o sound ma ching canno be applied, bu he e a e ce ainly no many such cases, o example, we could alk abou he adap a ion o some bo owings, he adap a ion o new wo ds o he phone ic ea u es o he ha monics, spo adic phone ic changes, e c. Howe e , he esul o he applica ion o he gene al p inciple is no always so clea and simple: he same phone ic phenomena can be ansposed di e en ly unde he same condi ions by applying he same gene al co espondence ule. In mo e complex cases, when he o ms o language o be p esen ed do no ha e any special ea u es ha help o de e mine exac co espondences, Vy au as Vi kauskas sugges s aking ac s om hose sen ences in which he co espondence is clea and does no aise doub s (Vi kauskas 2001: 36). Thus, he ac s o a single language a e no in e p e ed as sepa a e uni s o a language sys em, bu a e included in he o ali y o he co espondences o he languages and a e usually combined wi h he common language sys em. This means ha some imes i is no enough jus o de e mine he co espondence o a e b, i is necessa y o ake in o accoun how ha co espondence will unc ion in he common language sys em and will ma ch he co espondences o o he languages. 2The di e ences be ween he wo app oaches discussed a e well illus a ed by he ansposi ion o a and e in he dic iona ies o sho , long- e m ad ice. In he Kupiškėnų dic iona y, he wo d is lẹm.na. […] ansposed liemen, n[…].mas […] ansposed name. In his case, he decimal co espondence is obse ed aking in o accoun he sys em o leng hs o he spoken language and bea ing in mind ha he cups up o he hal -leng h a e na u ally sho e han he balls, and such his o ically ha e been a, e. Howe e , such ansposi ion is no common in common pa lance. The na u al sho a and e a e usually elonga ed by c ossing, so Lkž is ep esen ed by he o ms liemẽnė and nãmas, ega dless o he possible di e ence be ween hese wo. The Commission he e o e concludes ha he aid is compa ible wi h he in e nal ma ke wi hin he meaning o A icle 107 (3) (c) o he T ea y. 134 ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXVII on he in e p e a ion o he de elopmen o daiVa VaiŠnienė languages. Al hough he acknowledges ha i would be mo e accu a e o anspose he sho balsio in his posi ion o he lowe classes, he does no choose i himsel , because i is oo con a y o he adi ions o ou dialec ology (gi denis 2008: 23, 12). These examples do no a y spo adically, which means ha he in e ac ion be ween he e minology and he ansposed o ms is much mo e complex han he di ec copying o sounds o phenomena and he co espondence wi h he common language o m. In pa , his may also be ela ed o he au ho 's subjec i e in e p e a ion, o example, o his app oach o cases adi ionally ega ded as ai , wi h clea common language co espondences, e.g. The long s ong-wo ded wo ds gy nos, m gdy i, e c. ansposed in o he wo ds o he Daukšiai egion would show he au ho s s a emen ha his di e ence is no jus i ied. Thus, he di e ences be ween he ansposed o ms a e la gely de e mined by he chosen app oach o he ela ionship be ween he language and he o ms o he common language. In o he wo ds, whe he he o m will simply be ansposed by he co espondences o he common language, pe cei ing he language as a sepa a e language sys em, e alua ing only he o igin o sounds and he his o ical de elopmen (see Schema 1), o whe he he co espondences o o he languages and he common language will also be aken in o accoun , i.e. in he case o wo possibili ies o in e p e a ion o he e m, he one ha be e co esponds o he common language sys em (see Schema 2). how a e hese schemes applied in one o he la es sou ces o he lexicon o he Low Ge man language […] he dic iona y o he K e ing language by Juozas Aleksand a ičius? wha p inciples o ansposing heading wo ds and hei basic o ms we e en isaged by he au ho and wha changed a e edi ing he dic iona y? I should be no ed ha mos o he ansposi ion ea u es and p ac ical aspec s o edi ing will no be men ioned he e, as hey a e al eady discussed in he in oduc o y glossa y a icle (Vaišnienė 2011: XXiX-XXXiii). he ollowing ex shall be based on examples gi en in he dic iona y. The au ho o he dic iona y, Juozas Aleksand ičius, ha ing submi ed he manusc ip o he p ess, was unable o ead i om beginning o end, o s anda dize and decide on he p esen a ion o he wo ds o o ms o be conside ed. Some o he p oblems we e discussed wi h he au ho , bu he e a e s ill a numbe o linguis ic ques ions o be sol ed, o which answe s a e sough on he basis o mo e ecen esea ch and sou ces om he no he n lowlands, especially he K e ingian dialec . I mus be acknowledged ha eliable da a was no always enough o sol e he p oblem o mixing and cu ing s ones, and in such cases he au ho 's opinion was mo e aken in o accoun in he edi ing. On he o he hand, he au ho 's own app oach o some o he phone ic and mo phological phenomena conside ed has changed, and in some places i has emained i mly undecided, indica ing ha al e na i e possible a ian s, clauses o no es ha e been le in he b acke s. Howe e , i can be assumed ha his unusual solu ion was chosen only because his sound quali y is simply ex emely b igh and speci ic (see Labu is 2002: 6). juozo aleksand a ičiaus K e ingos a mės žodynas: anspona imo p incipai i keblesni a ejai A e e iewing he ansposi ional inequali ies in he manusc ip and he edi ing cases, i can be no ed ha when p epa ing he ocabula y o he K e ing language, Alexande applied he p inciples o in e ac ion be ween he wo spoken sounds and he ansposed le e , c ea ing no qui e accu a e ansposed o ms. Howe e , hese p inciples ha e no always been consis en ly adhe ed o, so i is likely ha he did no o mula e hem himsel , bu decided on hem on a case-by-case basis. I 's he p ince. The di ec ans e o he phone ic gende o he in e media e o he common language, aking in o accoun only he in e media e p onuncia ions. he basis o he ansposed sound […] he spoken speech sound, ansc ibed and di ec ly ans e ed o he ansposed o m o he common language, i he e is no change in he phone ic sound o he e b, e.g. : This p inciple would be pa ly consis en wi h he ansposi ion scheme whe e only ele an in e media e esponses a e aken in o accoun . The main di e ence is ha in adi ional ansposi ion i is cus oma y o ake in o accoun he uni e sal phone ic changes o sounds […] assimila ion, accommoda ion, degemina ion, e c. […] by ea ing hem as decimals, al hough no ansla ions. I seems ha he phone ic a ia ions o Alexand o i ch, which should be ansposed in o he co espondences o he common language, will be conside ed only as ansla ional a ia ions. The ollowing examples o inapp op ia e applica ion o he cus ome 's p inciple can be ci ed: • al hough he au ho chose he mo phological way o p esen ing he p eposi ions in he ansc ip ion, his p inciple was no ollowed in he compounds nb, np, which a e p esen ed in he ansc ip ion acco ding o he phone ic ad ice […] due o he change o accommoda ion o mb, mp. In he case o he ansli e a ion o a wo d, he ansli e a ion o he ansli e a ion o he ansli e a ion o he ansli e a ion o he ansli e a ion o he ansli e a ion o he ansli e a ion o he ansla ion o he ansla ion o he ansla ion o he ansla ion o he ansla ion o he ansla ion o he ansla ion o he ansla ion o he ansla ion o he ansla ion o he ansla ion o he ansla ion o he ansla ion o he ansla ion o he ansla ion o he ansla ion o he ansla ion o he ansla ion 136 ac a daiVa VaiŠnienė Linguis ica nuosekliai laikėsi mo ologinio p iebalsių ašybos p incipo. belieka ik spėlio i, kodėl ap a iamuoju akomodacijos a eju pasi ink a ki okia p iebalsių są eikos Li huanica LXVII in e p e a ion. This is he i s ime in he his o y o he Li huanian language ha an in e p e e has been appoin ed. • also in he case o gemina as, he ansc ibed samples do no ollow he p inciple o mo phological spelling o p e ixes and w i e only one o he wo co esponding p e ixes. I has also been ans e ed o subheadings, such as […]da as, […]d ėkis, da[…] ko is, saũšakė, e c.7 The second p inciple. Cons uc ing he esul acco ding o he common unc ioning o he sound o he same o igin in he spoken language. This p inciple o ansposed o ms has gi en ise o a good deal o deba e, since he choice o he conclusion, in some cases e en a heo e ical cons uc , is ela ed o subjec i e in e p e a ion and may depend on how he e b unc ions in he common language o , in he au ho 's opinion, on he co espondence o he ansposing scheme. Fo example, gi en he endency o common language syllables a and e o ex end o long ones, his p inciple is obse ed wi hou excep ion, e en in cases whe e common language a and e a e kep sho , see he i s example: he second example is mo e complica ed. I seems o be so au ho i a i e and i is in e p e ed ha in he common language sys em hey should unc ion as la o ms. he au ho has consis en ly adhe ed o he p o ision ha he inal sound o an open wo d, sho ened om *ē and ollowed by ė in common pa lance, is ma ked in he ansc ip ion by a special sign . 7 Fo mo e examples, see I 's no like I don' know wha I'm doing. juozo aleksand a ičiaus K e ingos a mės žodynas: anspona imo p incipai i keblesni a ejai 137 a icles by a icles Thus, in all cases, such a sound should be ansposed in he common language as […], e.g. sâuj[…] > sáujė, kûoj[…] > kójė, mêlninč[…] > mélninčė, dešinûoj[…] > dešinójė, e c. The con usion a ises when his end is c ossed, because pe haps he oice is umpasis, so in he c ossed posi ion i canno be ansposed as […], e.g. […]ldaběj[…], d às[…]. Acco ding o he p inciple in ques ion, he iden ical ansc ibed sound should be ansposed in he same common language co espondence […] in all cases […] a liep ų […], e.g. aldabijė, d asė, e c. Bu how o econcile he long […] wi h he sho ening, because he end o he wo d is unca ed? In he manusc ip , he au ho ied o ind a comp omise solu ion by lea ing he i le wo d galūnę -ià, g e a in b acke s indica es ha he wo d ė-kamienis, e.g. aldabijà (ė-kam), d asià (ė-kam). In p epa ing he dic iona y o p in ing in hese cases, illus a i e examples ha e been aken in o accoun , since some jokes, such as he one-syllable subs i u e, clea ly indica e he wo d "s one". i he e a e no illus a i e examples ha accu a ely show he s one, he p inciple is ollowed ha he end o he wo ds ha a e no cu is -ė, and he cu end is […] -ià ( he di e ence be ween he […] o linksnia imo aidą pab ėžia i Vladas g ina eckis: šakninio ki čia imo žodžiai he s one passed in o he […] o he s one, and he end o he […] emained (g ina eckis, 1973: 141)8. He e a e jus a ew consis en examples o ansposi ion o he kebles, which can be explained as a esul o he applica ion o he p inciples discussed. I should be no ed ha , in he edi ing o simila cases, he ansposed headings o he wo ding o he C e ans language a e cla i ied in he ligh o he ollowing p o isions: (1) whe e possible, d aw on illus a i e examples and he p inciple o analogy; 2) i he e a e no clea illus a i e examples, he au ho 's w i en o m is le , bu i is clea ha addi ional esea ch is needed o sol e he p oblems o p esen ing some o he cases unde conside a ion. I is wo h no ing ha he p inciples se ou in he a icle a e o mula ed on he basis o da a om only one sou ce - he ocabula y o he C e an language - bu i is clea ha hey can a leas pa ially be applied in analysing p oblema ic cases o ansposi ion o o he language ocabula ies. I should be no ed ha in ecen dic iona ies, he e a e almos no cases o di ec ans e o he phone ic gende o he e b in o he common language (unless, as in he case o he Daukšiai egion dic iona y men ioned abo e, he e b is in e p e ed di e en ly om he usual). The mos di icul cases o ansposi ion a e ela ed o he heo e ical choice o he esul , aking in o accoun how he common language unc ions in ela ion o he o igin o he e b o he co espondence o he e b. i he na u e o he phenomenon has no been su icien ly in es iga ed, he scien i ic jus i ica ion o he ansposi ion depends hea ily on he subjec i e in e p e a ion o he au ho . 8 Unless we see he e a new e kamien, which, acco ding o alex gi denio, would imply in he language o he landlo ds such sayings as you h: du nys e (gi denis, 1996, 83). Acco ding o Vy au as Vi kauskas, i i is wo h looking o a new s one he e, i should be in e p e ed as a mix u e o s ones (Vi kauskas, 2001, 76, oo no e 7). 138 o he daiVa VaiŠnienė Li huanian Linguis ic Ac LXVII Alexande he G ea 's li e a y wo ks, 1967: The Cu se o he Cu se o he Cu se o he Cu se o he Cu se. disse a ion o he deg ee o candida e o philological sciences. The ci y o Vilnius. Alexande he G ea : A dic iona y o he G eek language. Vilnius: Li huanian Language Ins i u e. Zo ia babickienė, bi u ė jasiūnai ė, angelė Pečeliūnai ė, ū a bagužy ė 2007: Cen al No h Lowland K e ingiškių a mė: ex s o he alks wi h commen s by he li e a y publishing i žodynėliu. Vilnius: bal os lankos. būga kazimie as 1959: Rink iniai aš ai 2. Vilnius: Vals ybinė poli inės i mokslinės house. GIRDENIS ALEXAS 1996: This is he ex o he No h-Eas e n Telšiški ex wi h commen s. Vilnius: Science and encyclopedia publishing house. Alex's 2008: The Land o he Rising Sun: Tex s wi h Commen s. Vilnius: Ins i u e o Science and Encyclopedia Publishing G igo ye ich Vlad, The His o y o he Peasan s in he Low Coun ies (1973) Vilnius: The Min . Labu is Vi as (2002): A dic iona y o he Daukšiai egion. Vilnius: he alma li e a. Lkži 1963 (second edi ion 1980) […] Ins uc ions o he Li huanian language dic iona y. Vilnius: Ins i u e o Li huanian Language and Li e a u e. Gene al equi emen s o he p epa a ion o dic iona ies. The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. . Vaiš nienė dai a 2011: "Glossa y o conc e e e ms: he main p inciples o p esen ing he ma e ial". […] A dic iona y o he C e an language, XX[…]XXXVii. V. Vi kauskas, Vy au as, 2001: Mo phonymic meanings o he Li huanian language. Vilnius: he hea . Vi kauskas Vy au as 2006: Amendmen s o he ocabula y o he Li huanian language. Vilnius: Li huanian Language Ins i u e. Vocabula y o he Kupiškėnai dialec in he 2010 edi ion o Vosly a Klemen ina. Vilnius: Li huanian Language Ins i u e.