196 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXII
ANŽELIKA GAIDIENĖ
Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as
Scien i ic esea ch a eas: lexicology and lexicog aphy.
SEMANTIN is
D inking om he wo kshop
O he , o a a con en , by weigh
Manu ac u e om ma e ials o any heading, excep ha o he p oduc
Seman ic Reasons o Appea ance o Synonyms
o he Ve b o d ink
ANOTATION The subjec o his a icle is a ich and unclassi ied seman ic g oup […]
Li huanian language e bs, selec ed om he Li huanian language dic iona y being
p epa ed by he Associa ion. The aim o he s udy is o de e mine wha signs o eal
phenomena, hings o ac ions in he language become seman ic signs ha de e mine he
eme gence o new d inking beha io s. A he end o he a icle, a p elimina y ne wo k o
synonyms o he wo d "d ink" is p esen ed. ESMINIAI WORDS: synonym, concep ,
nomina ion, lexical meaning, seman ic sign, a ne wo k o synonyms.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
The objec o his a icle is a ich seman ic g oup which has no been analyzed be o e […]
d inking e bs o he Li huanian language aken om he Dic iona y o he S anda d
Li huanian Language which is cu en ly in he p ocess o compila ion. The esea ch seeks
o es ima e which ea u es o he ac ual phenomena, hings o ac ions become seman ic
ea u es in he language, which de e mine he ise o new d inking e bs. A p elimina y
synonym ne wo k o he e b o d ink is gi en a he end o he a icle. KEYWORDS:
synonym, concep , nomina ion, lexical meaning, seman ic ea u e, synonyms ne wo k.
A icles and a icles 197
Seman inės eiksmažodžio ge i sinonimų a si adimo p iežas ys
The ques ion o he heo y o synonyms is s ill being asked by a ious wo ld
lexical seman ics specialis s […] Ju ij D. Ap esjan (1974), John R. Taylo (2003), M.
Lynne Mu phy (2003), Pe a S o johann and o he s (2010). The unde s anding o
he concep o synonyms, he de ini ion o synonyms, he classi ica ion, he
k . klausimais. Taikan kalbos echnologijas ku iami sinonimų inklai, sinoni-
o ma ion o lines and ou base a e s ill being discussed, new synonyms ocabula ies a e being w i en.
Lie u ių kalbo y oje sinonimai (konk ečiau – leksiniai) mažai i i1. Vienas
One o he i s esea che s o synonyms is An anas Libe is, who de ended his
disse a ion on he subjec o he synonym dic iona y o he Li huanian language
and he p inciples o i s compila ion (1959), and w o e he i s and so a only
1961 m.; Sinonimų žodynas 1981 m. i šio žodyno an as pa aisy as leidimas
dic iona y o synonyms (Li huanian dic iona y o synonyms in 2002). The
con ibu ion o his schola o he esea ch o synonyms o he Li huanian
language is ex emely aluable. In his wo ks, A. Lybe is has paid conside able
a en ion o he de ini ion o synonyms, hei iden i ica ion, selec ion, o ma ion
o lines, he p inciples o spelling he synonyms ocabula y and o he ques ions
(see mo e in de ail Lybe is 2009: 2182). The heo e ical p o isions o mula ed and
desc ibed by him a e s ill being e alua ed. Jolan a Vaskelienė, who w o e a
disse a ion on his subjec , published a eaching ool called Da ybiniai sinonimai
(2000), w o e a icles. Syn ac ic synonyms a e ex ensi ely s udied by Elena
Valiuly ė Daba inės Lie u os kalbos sin aksiniai synonymiai: place, ime and eason
aiska and k (1998) A icles ha e been w i en on he ques ion o lexical synonyms,
dedica ed o speci ic synonyms, hei e ymology, hei usage, o example. Vinco
U bucio: "The e ymology o he sho ened synonyms o se e al wo ds" (1965), "Lie.
pashin and ( m.) pašaiža […] common oo s synonyms[…] (1998); Nijolės Sližienės
[…]S igma, lack, lack o synonymous meanings and he peculia i ies o hei use[…]
(2005); Seman ics and synonyms o e bs in he e bs o he e bs o he e bs o
he e bs o he e bs o he e bs o he e bs o he e bs o he e bs o he
e bs o he e bs o he e bs o he e bs E alda Jakai ienė "Fo synonyms and
ela ionships o mul iple meanings" (2007) and k . Howe e , he e a e no easons
o he eme gence o new, in en i e synonyms, seman ic ea u es o synonyms ha a e s udied, new me hods, language echnologies, e c., he e a e no esea ches on lexical synonyms.
The subjec o his a icle is o choose e bs belonging o he concep o GERTI. The aim o he
s udy is o de e mine wha signs o eal phenomena, hings o ac ions in he language become
seman ic signs ha de e mine he eme gence o new d inking beha io s. In o de o achie e
his goal, he ollowing asks ha e been iden i ied: 1 Common synonymy issues a e desc ibed in
E alda Jakai ienė's books Li huanian Language Lexicology (1980) and Lexicology (2009; 2010).
Synonyms a e also s udied by Juozas Pikčilingis (Leksinė i g ama inė sinonimika, 1969; a bookle
on synonyms in he second pa o he "Lie u ių kalbos s ilis ikos", 1975) and Kazimie as
Župe ka (Lie u ių kalbos s ilis ika, 1983).
ANŽELIKA GAIDIENĖ
Ac a Linguis ica Li uanica LXXII 198 ways o nomina ion o alcoholic be e ages in
he Li huanian language; examine he seman ic s uc u es o he e bs unde
conside a ion; iden i y and desc ibe he seman ic ela ionships be ween he
meanings o e bs; On he basis o he ma e ial examined, he s udy o cogni i e
ku i p elimina ų lie u ių kalbos gė imo eiksmažodžių sinonimų inklą.
and s uc u al linguis ics p esen ed in S aips is:
kos me odais.
The concep GERTI means common in Li huanian language has qui e a ew e bs.
The e b o d ink is he main (cen al) wo d, mos widely used in Li huanian o say
a d ink. In he end, he Li huanian-language dic iona y o he Associa ion (edi o
Danu ė Liu ke ičienė) eco ded a o al o abou i y e bs, he meanings o
which a e explained as siu b i o mo ning liquid. The abundance o e bs belonging
o his concep o GERTI indica es ha he phenomenon o synonymy in he
gene al Li huanian language is e y ex ensi e, which means ha i is necessa y o
in es iga e in o de o de e mine he eason o i s unc ioning in he language.
The a icle is based on such heo e ical aspec s.
1. The e m concep is unde s ood in a ious ways in linguis ics, some iden i y i wi h
he concep (Jakai ienė 2010: 46), o he s unde s and i mo e b oadly as a
he e ogeneous mul idimensional uni o he wo ld o knowledge and expe ience
(Guda ičius 2011: 112), and o he s highligh he communica i e unc ion o he concep
(Lassan 2002: 32). I is belie ed ha he concep is a uni o s uc u ed knowledge, all
knowledge abou a hing and a phenomenon, eco ded in he consciousness o people
speaking ha language (K ašy ė, Papau ėly ė 2013: 108). The e m "ma iage" is used
in he Russian language o e e o he ma iage o a couple, bu he e m
"ma iage" is no used in he Li huanian language, as i is no used in he Russian
language. (wikipedia.o g) Howe e , he linguis ic exp ession o he concep is
impo an o lexical seman ics. As Aloyzas Guda ičius a gues, e e y nomina ion
ac ualizes he cha ac e is ics o a gi en concep , o example, a ho se, a mule, a
cousin, a mule emphasizes he indi idual cha ac e is ics o a concep (Guda ičius
2009: 51). To iden i y which ea u es o he concep o GERD a e being ac ualized in
he meanings o he e bs belonging o his concep , he elemen s o he scena io o
he co esponding physiological ac ion ha make up he con en o he concep
2015). Len elėje pa eik i scena ijaus elemen ai bu o nus a y i emian is kon eks o
unde conside a ion can help. Gaidienė analysis (da a om he cu en Li huanian
2 Daba inės lie u ių kalbos eks yne as a pe dešim ūks ančių eiksmažodžio ge i a osenos pa-
yzdžių. Pa yzdžių ieško a pagal šaknį ge - (gė -) pasi enkan asmenuojamąsias i neasmenuo-
language ex book (www.DLKT). he o ms o his e bs.
3 A e he inal e ision o he Li huanian language dic iona y, he dic iona y a icles in his
a icle may change.
The e m a ibu e is used in cogni i e linguis ics (see Unge e , Schmid 1996: 22).
S aipsniai / A icles 199
Seman inės eiksmažodžio ge i sinonimų a si adimo p iežas ys
One LENTEL. The concep o he GERTI
scena io5 FIZINISN mus be he physical
FIZIOLOGINIS mas, going be o e being [...]
VEIkSMAS
ac ion-Kelia o he mou h o he bo le,
Anuka d inks lemonade om he own
nąjį iziologinį eiksmą.
A liekan eiksmą daly auja
does no pa icipa e in
he money.
We obse ed ha he had lea ned
o d ink […] u ning a ull glass and a
one h oa . While I was making ea
I wa ched he d ink i wi h he li le
he h oa , he sc o um [...] The lady
alking. A VERY s ong man is d inking
d inks he gu kšnį, he second
cup. /
Ka š ą pa asa io dieną Galipas i Nicha as
mokiniams ski ame uale e iesiog iš čiaupo
he hand- o-hand comba o he wa e .
bo h he ac ion o […] liquid siu bidaug
house and a ca iage. He's ea ing wi h
and pa icipa ing in he pe o mance,
gums, he lips, he ee h, he ongue,
inished he cock ail and s a ed
a second cup o s ong co ee. The
wol comes o d ink om he
oun ain.
VESMO non-alcoholic
OBJEk AS […]ka š i) is
This
be e ages (chilled
an alcoholic be e age
Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
be e ages) d ink only mine al and plain wa e . /
made by a woman who d inks champagne a a ba .
Resea ch has shown ha he meanings o e bs belonging o he GERTI concep a e upda ed in
one way o ano he by he ea u es o he con en o he concep unde conside a ion, o
example, he e b ' ijimas' is eco ded in he meaning o 'gu k i', 'judesys' in he meaning o '
mes i', 'lenk i' in he meaning o e bs, e c. In cogni i e linguis ics, nomina ion is unde s ood as
he naming o a concep (G i ėnienė 2006: 24). The mos impo an ques ion o nomina ion
heo y is […] which pa o he knowledge abou a hing o phenomenon, pe cei ed by he
consciousness and g adually becoming a concep o ha hing o phenomenon, is nomina ed
(Kub iako a 2004: 70). As al eady men ioned, he pu pose o he a icle is o de e mine wha
signs o eal phenomena, hings o ac ions in speech become seman ic signs ha de e mine he
eme gence o new e bs. The e o e, i is impo an o iden i y he dis inc i e, speci ic
seman ic ea u es o he meanings o he e bs o he d ink, which dis inguish he meanings
o he synonyms belonging o he concep o GERT, bu a he same ime o m he con en o
he concep unde conside a ion. I should be ecalled ha a seman ic a ibu e (also used as
[…] sema, seman ic componen , noema, e c.) is adi ionally conside ed o be he smalles
cons i uen seman ic elemen o meaning (Jakai ienė 2010: 57 and e c.). 5 The examples
illus a e ha he ac o d inking can be pe o med no only by humans bu also by animals.
Howe e , his a icle deals only wi h he physiological ac ion o d inking pe o med by humans.
ANŽELIKA GAIDIENĖ
200 o he Li huanian Language Ac LXXII
In he a icle, he e bs belonging o he GERTI concep a e p ima ily classi ied
acco ding o he nomina i e ways […] p ima y, seconda y (di ec and indi ec )
nomina i e e bs6. The esul o he i s nomina ion is an unspoken e b,
a ising om he ag eemen o speake s (Jakai ienė 1988: 24), e.g. gu k i ' o ea ,
o d ink, o ead (p onounced godzi, quickly) ' (BŽe). The i s nomina ion d inking
e bs a e usually mo i a ed phone ically, i.e. he oo s o such e bs iconically
ma k speci ic sounds accompanying a pa icula d ink. The seman ic p ope ies
o hese wo ds a e usually di ec ly ela ed o he physiology o he human
d inking p ocess, i.e. he mo o mo emen s o he lips, ee h, ongue and h oa .
2.2. The esul o he seconda y di ec nomina ion is a wo d ha is based on
ano he e b wi h a simple s uc u e in i s p onuncia ion and meaning (Jakai ienė
1988: 24). The e bs o he e bs o he e bs o he e bs o he e bs o he e bs
i) i - elė i. P iesagos -(i)o i (-sno i, -šno i) ediniai žymi ka ojamą, mažo in en-
o he e bs o he e bs o he e bs o he e bs o he e bs o he e bs o
he e bs o he e bs o he e bs o he e bs o he e bs o he e bs o he
e bs siu b io i ( o suck) is easy, a e a li le d ink (BZ), and he su ix - elė i
ediniai indica es a small d inking ac ion, e.g. gu kš elė i (gu kš ) ʻkiek o d ink (BZ);
o d ink (: siu b ) ʻkiek o d ink, nuge iʼ (BŽe) and k . Since he p eposi ional o m
indica es he cha ac e is ics o he empo a y de elopmen o he d inking p ocess, in o he wo ds, he aspec (ac ion) meanings, hese e bs will no be discussed in he ollowing a icle.
2.3. The esul o he seconda y indi ec nomina ion is a newly o med meaning o he wo d […]
seman ic o ma ion […] (Jakai ienė 1988: 24). I is ecognized ha because o ce ain
ela ionships (me apho ical o me onymical expansion) ha connec he meanings o a
polysyllabic wo d, hey o m a seman ic con inuum, called he seman ic s uc u e o a wo d. As
Dmi y Shmelio a gues, "i he seman ic s uc u e o he meanings o he plu al wo d we e o
be ep esen ed g aphically, we would ge no a ci cle ([…]bend a meaning[…]), di ided in o sec o s
([…]common meaning a ian s[…]), bu in e sec ing wi h each o he (a), some imes on op o each
o he ([…]užeinančius[…] (b) ci cles[…] (see Fig. 1.) " (Shmelio 2008: 83 […] 84). In o he wo ds, he
meanings o he plu al wo ds a e seman ically ela ed o each o he , because one meaning
seems o " ansla e" in o ano he meaning acco ding o ce ain seman ic associa ions
(Šmelio as 2008: 88). The e ms p ima y, seconda y (di ec and indi ec ) nomina ion a e used in
he wo ks o E alda Jakai ienė le in his a icle.

S aipsniai / A icles 201
Seman inės eiksmažodžio ge i sinonimų a si adimo p iežas ys
1 eikšmė 2 eikšmė
1 meaning 2 meaning
(a) (b) Wha is he
1 PAV. O he Seman ic sys em o he meanings o he plu al wo d 2.3.1. In
de e mining he p o o ypical meaning o he plu al e b, om which he meanings
associa ed wi h new d inks mos o en eme ge, based on he in luence o he
p o o ipų eo ija, plačiai aikoma kogni y inėje ling is ikoje.
P o o ipo e minas siejamas su XX a. a lik ais Eleono os Roš y imais. Ti -
colo s o he i eplace on he o ma ion o ca ego ies, E. Roš ound ha despi e
he cen al posi ion o hese colo s, he pa icipan s in he expe imen we e no
be e dis inguished. This s udy allowed scien is s o abandon he use o he e m
"cen al" colo s and ins ead use he e m "p o o ype" (Mikulskas 2009: 46; see
Unge e , Schmid 1996: 6[…]14). The p o o ype is he mos cha ac e is ic membe o
he ca ego y (Unge e , Schmid 1996: 10), by which he ca ego y i sel can be
ecognized. In ce ain cases, he p o o ype may eplace o he membe s o he
ca ego y. As Ru a Ma cinke ičienė a gues, he heo y o p o o ypes […]by applying
he seman ic s uc u e o he wo d, i can be a gued ha he p o o ypical,
p ima y, essen ial o main a e he speci ic, sensuous meanings o he wo d ha
names he objec s o he wo ld[…] (Ma cinke ičienė 2006: 110). Fo example, he
p o o ypically used e b o ea means o make an impac on some hing wi h a
sha p edge, and he meaning associa ed wi h a d ink, o d ink, is a me apho ical
ex ension o he meaning de i ed om he p o o ype. 2.3.2. The mos impo an
ole in shaping he meaning o e bs in d inking is played by me apho ical polysemic
ela ionships. A me apho is a uni e sal phenomenon, a kind o model, ha pe o ms
a simila unc ion in speech as he making o wo ds, only much mo e complex.
T adi ionally, i may be he same o a di e en esemblance, usually ex e nal […]
me a o a sup an ama kaip ieno daik o a eiškinio pa adinimo pe kėlimas pa-
shape, size, e c. […] o ano he hing o phenomenon (Guda ičius 2009: 114). In o he
wo ds, signs belonging o one ealm o eali y a e o en ound in ano he ealm o
eali y and a e ealized in speech as i by chance, and he add essee easily acqui es
hem on he assump ion ha he e is a simila i y be ween he o ms o pe cep ion
eikšmes sup as i iesiogiai. Kaip eigia Ve onika Telija, „me a o izacija p asi-
o eali y.
ANŽELIKA GAIDIENĖ
202 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXII and a ce ain somewha simila , associa i e
pe cep ion o he o he eali y […]7 (Telija 1988: 7). This assump ion is called by V.
Telija he mode o me apho , which allows Y o be like, no me apho is allowed […]
logiškai i on ologiškai ski ingoms esmėms supanašė i: „be p ielaidos, kad X
(Telija 1988: 7). In some cases, concep ual me apho s can also be seen in he
me apho ical meanings o he e bs unde s udy. The concep ual me apho is he
in e ac ion o wo concep ual domains ( he objec and he concep ) (Lako , 1993,
p.
In a e cases, me onymy is used o o m he meaning o he e bs o he d ink.
T adi ionally, me onymy is unde s ood as " he highligh ing o di e en aspec s
o he same si ua ion, in which hings and phenomena a e ela ed by spa ial,
empo al, causal, e c. ela ionships" (Guda ičius 2009: 124). One-wo d me onymy
( he basis o he ans e o he meaning o a wo d, he eason o he
eme gence o a new meaning) and mul i-wo d me onymy ( he ime ope) a e
usually dis inguished (Ma cinke ičienė 2011: 40). In his case, we a e conce ned wi h
he me onymy o a single wo d, which is conside ed o be he cause o he eme gence o some o he seconda y meanings o e bs in d inking.
Based on he iden i ied seman ic ea u es o d inking beha iou , a p elimina y
ne wo k o Li huanian language d inking beha iou synonyms is p o ided a he
end o he a icle. The synonym ne wo k was isualized by he p og am Gephy
(see mo e a h ps: gephi.gi hub.io/).
1. The i s ound o nomina ions
The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion.
The e b d ink is he main (cen al) wo d o he sequence o synonyms unde
conside a ion. DLKT ound o e en housand o his ac ion wo d ga eway 7 Ru. […][...]
me apho iza ion begins wi h he assump ion o a simila i y (o simila i y) o he o ma ion o
ющегося понятия о реалии и некоторого в чем-то сходного с ней «конкретного» образ-
bu a social concep ion o ano he eali y. This is he case in he case o Telia 1988: 7. The
8 h. […]The concep ual sys em unde lying a language con ains housands o concep ual
me apho s […] con en ional mappings om one domain o ano he [...][…] (Lako 1993: 239).
9
Fu he esea ch may cla i y he synonyms o he e b d ink p esen ed in his a icle
inklą.
One o he wo ld's mos popula wo d ne wo ks is Wo dNe (www.wo dne .p ince on.edu). Wo dNe […] is
a la ge da abase o English ocabula y in which nouns, e bs, adjec i es and ad e bs a e cogni i ely
g ouped in o synonym ne wo ks (called synse s in English) e lec ing he ela ionships be ween wo ds
(hype onyms, hyponyms, oponyms, examples11). F om a s ylis ic poin o iew, he e b d ink is
i k .). Wo dNe duomenų bazė suku a P ins ono uni e si e o Kogni y iojo mokslo labo a o ijoje.
A icles o he T ea y A icles 203
Seman inės eiksmažodžio ge i sinonimų a si adimo p iežas ys
uncon en ional and is mos widely used o deno e he concep o d ink: he subjec o d ink is a human
being, an animal12, plg. She only d inks co ee be o e lunch. A cow d inks wa e . (DLKT), he d inking
objec […] liquid (non-alcoholic and alcoholic d inks), plg. She d inks ainwa e and ga gles, laughing wi h all
he lungs. He doesn' walk in on o he glass, he doesn' d ink, he doesn' d ink. (DLKT) In Li huanian
dic iona ies, he meaning o he e b o d ink is de ined simila ly:
(1) To d ink he liquid, o calm he hi s y, e.g. The milk and c eam we e d unk
di ec ly om he gian P.C i 's cabin a e being knocked unconscious. I sleep,
I ea , I d ink un il I'm ull, SD44. I'm no d inking any hing, I'm jus d inking ea.
I'm d inking wa e om he J.Jabl i e . Milk is heal hy o d ink J.Jabl. […]; (2)
D y he liquid, educe he hi s , e.g. The cow d inks om he bucke . The
wa e , he milk. D inking cup ( om which he d inks). D inking wa e (which is
d inkable, sui able o d inking). […];
(3) D inking and d inking luids, e.g. D inking ea o co ee. D ink he boiled wa e .
Would you like o ha e a bee wi h us? The cow d ank wa e om he s eam. […].
Fu he mo e, he e bs o he p ima y nomina ion a e di ided in o e bs wi h
ixed physiological p ope ies o d inking, e bs wi h ixed pu pose o d inking
and e bs wi h a p onoun acco ding o he dis inguished seman ic
cha ac e is ics.
1. Physiological signs o d inking
In he seman ic s uc u e o he p ima y nomina i e e bs belonging o he
concep o GERTI, he e b o d ink has a ai ly clea de ini ion […] he e bs
unde conside a ion a e eco ded in SP ela ed o human physiology, he con ex
k ečiau su am ik ais bu nos po y iais ge ian . Fiziologiniai požymiai gė imo
e bs a e no o en upda ed in he meanings, only a ew wo ds can be
pa yzdžius. Vienų eiksmažodžių eikšmėse už iksuo as ge klės po y is, ki ų –
lūpų i dan ų eiklos po y is a ba lūpų i liežu io eiklos po y is. Pagal ai eiksma-
men ioned below di ided in o a ew g oups.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
12 As men ioned ea lie , his a icle deals only wi h he physiological e ec s o d inking on
humans.
ANŽELIKA GAIDIENĖ
204 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXII
(a) The expe ience o he h oa
The e b gu k i, which means o ea , d ink, and d ink quickly, belongs o he physiological
subg oup o he h oa po e y: Gu k i andenį [alų, pieną, liauskas 1990: 85]. As C. D.
sul is]. Ba zdo as aikinas gu kė iš bu eliuko pepsikolą.
Žodžiai ge klė, gu klys (i gu k i), gu kšnis, gi a y a os pačios šaknies (Saba-
Buck says, […]ide. The wo ds o he languages deno ing he e m h oa a e
e ymologically ela ed o he e ms mo ning, o ms o apsk i , sho ongue, clickse ,
e c. (Li huanian language e ymological dic iona y da abase) This subg oup may also be
assigned o he e b mu k i, which in BZ means ‘ o ea , d ink, o example. A ielka's
going o d own when she doesn' d ink he wa e . Mu kia s ands om he edge o he
pool. (LKŽe) 13. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing
ha o i s publica ion. The meaning ela ed o be e ages is gi en in he a icle
oge he wi h he ollowing meanings: 1. 'Make a whis ling sound (apie ka ę) ' and 2. To
speak in a ague way. The e b mu k i is p esen ed as a homonym (1 and 2) and as a
homo o m (3): (1) 1 mu k i, -ia, -ė 1. "Quie ly sink, ly away". 2. he dog's ail; 3. Speak in a
low oice, mu mu , and whispe ; 4. Ea , d ink, and be me y. 5. o be pampe ed, o be
glamo ous, o be glamo ous
2 mu k i, -ia, -ė 'be le lying, me k iʼ 3 mu k i, -s a, -o 'slipped om swea '
Mos likely he meaning o he e b mu k i ela ed o d ink is p ima y14, no
ans e ed. The e o e, wo sepa a e mu ky wo ds could be gi en, i.e.
homonyms (2):
(2) The mu k i, he mu kia, he mu kė 1. To make a sound (like a ca ) is o pu a
ca on he s o e. 2. Speak clea ly: Mu k i a e he nosimi. 2 o ea , o d ink, o
d ink.
(b) Expe ience o den al and den al wo k
The ollowing subg oup o he mou h and ee h sub-g oup o he ac i i ies
o he mou h and ee h is composed o he mou h and ee h sub-g oups:
(1) o suck 1. ‘To suck, o suck ( o suck) ce ain o gans: Sul is sucked he s aw ou o he bo le. The
baby is sipping milk om a bo le. (B) (2) o be sub ac ed 1. To d ink o o be d unk: The owne is using
a cup o ea. He's bea ing his ches so ha d, i 's inging in his ea s. (BJ) (3) o d ink he "gods" (BJ). Fo
example: You' e going o all, you' e going o all, you' e going o all. LKJ 13 examples ela ed o
d inking, aken om LKJ, as BJ is no eco ded. 14 Plg. om he eco d, eco ded by LKŽ: mu k 3.
Gu k ( o ma k): Jus a mu k wi h one spoon, and an emp y glass.
A icles by A icles 211
Seman inės eiksmažodžio ge i sinonimų a si adimo p iežas ys
(Animal ca casses, ca s and dogs, o example.) Ka y is c ying. A dog is called a
wa e bu alo. (F ench)
The me apho ical meaning o he e b unde conside a ion is 'good, o d ink a lo '
(e.g. e eshing d inks), e.g. How many chickens, how many ducks. (BŽe) di e s
om he main one p ima ily by he subjec o he ac ion pe o med: he subjec
o he main meaning is he animal, he me apho ical […] man. Since animals and hei
ac ions a e usually iewed nega i ely in he Li huanian language, he basis o he
me apho o meaning could be an aes he ic imp ession, namely […] neg ažus
(meaning he diminu i e shade) d ink. Howe e , he e is a nega i e pe cep ion o
alcohol consump ion in he language communi y, so in his case we could see he
concep ual me apho […] GIRTUOKLIS YRA GYVULYS.
This g oup also includes he e b liuob i, he main meaning o which in BŽ is ‘ o gi e away, e.g.
The chickens a e ea ing he po a oes. I 's ime o he cows o s op eeding. The animals
ha en' ha ched ye . (BZe) This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing
ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. me apho ical meaning […]
eiksmažodžio p o o ipinė i me a o inė eikšmės sin aksiškai u i ski ingas
ea ing, d inking, o example. He e en laughed a he salmon. Liu likes odka as much as I do.
(F ench) Wha is he s uc u e o his a gumen ? And wi h wha ? Wha do you ea , wha do
you d ink? (I'm d inking a sho o odka). Howe e , he same si ua ion in ol ing h ee
pa icipan s can be seman ically in e p e ed di e en ly. Fo example, in he sen ence Jonas
liuobia a ižas o animals, he si ua ion is desc ibed di e en ly han Kiaules liuobiame bul ėmis.
Jonas liuobia a ižas eeding he animals (a ižos) is he e in e p e ed as a pa ien ; I also aises
i s ele ance. Compa ing he meanings and seman ic s uc u es o hese wo sen ences wi h
he ele an si ua ion highligh s hei di e en signi ica i e meanings: he i s ells wha is
done wi h animals as pa ien s, he second […] wha is done wi h ood as pa ien s (plg. Sližienė: 26,
1994 2004: 261). Compa ing hese abs ac meanings wi h he me apho ical meaning o ‘ea ,
d ink, e c.. He e en laughed a he salmon. Liu likes odka as much as I do. (B) I may be possible o
speak o an ac an mino i y o in e p e a i e de i a ion (e.g. Sližienė 1994: 409), when one
ac an (liuobiamieji, i.e. she iami gy uliai) is " ansla ed" om he o iginal ( h ee pa iciple)
si ua ion; A he same ime, a new si ua ion a ises wi h ewe pa icipan s han in he
beginning (see Plungian 2011: 46 ). Thus, he p o o ypical […] […] o gi e […] and […] o gi e […]
(pagal še i Sližienė 2004: 261) […] and he me apho ical […] godžiai alen ing, ge i […] […] ha e
di e en a gumen s uc u es ha co ela e wi h di e en seman ic and syn ac ic alue
s uc u es. 19 […][...] he ac ha he names o animals in his case a e e y p oduc i e
es i ies o he essen ially nega i e a i ude o Li huanians owa ds he animal wo ld. […]
(Guda ičius 2009: 119) I is also impo an o no e ha he Commission's p oposal o a di ec i e
on he p o ec ion o wo ke s om he isks ela ed o exposu e o ca cinogens a wo k is based on he p inciple o p opo ionali y.

ANŽELIKA GAIDIENĖ
212 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXII
2.1.5. Panašu į mo y uojančia eikšme nusakomo eiksmo (skysčio
The meanings o he e bs men ioned below ela ed o d inking, due o he
seconda y nomina ion p ocess o he sound sign, ha e acqui ed me apho ical
meanings. (a) The noise emi ed by he low o pou ing o a liquid is he noise
emi ed by he ac ions o he e bs belonging o his subg oup (SP): I ains
hea ily all day long. → 4. "D ink, d ink, d ink: I' e been s a ing a he wa e all
(1) pliaup i 1. ʻsma kiai ly iʼ: Lie us pliaup e pliaupė kelias dienas. → 3. ʻdaug,
godžiai s ėb i, ge iʼ: Tu pliaupi be saiko ą ka ą. Pliaupk ba ščių. (BŽe)
day. Talkininkai is a ype o bee wi h a bi e as e. (B) (3) o close o close o
1. I ained hea ily all nigh . → 4. "D inking wa e , d inking wa e : I wan o
d ink wa e ". (F ench) We could also dis inguish he la ge g oup SP […] y i
didelį gu kšnį om he la ge g oup Veiksmažodžių pliaup i, kliauk i (kliok i).
b) The mos cha ac e is ic o he meanings o he e bs gi en below SP is also a
sound, only aised du ing he low o he liquid. The de i a i e meanings o he
e bs clap and clap (which a e a ian s) a e based on he oo meaning o clap, o
clap, o y, o o clap: (1) o clap 1. To make o s umble, o s umble, o y, o o
s umble: Why do you s umble on eggs? → 3. The child c ies o o ange juice. He's
pou ing bee ou o a bo le. (F ench)
(2) o knock 1. o knock 3 > ʻkliuksin ge iʼ: A boy om a bo le o knock a
bee . Wha kind o d ink do you like o d ink in he summe ? I spi and I spi
mine al wa e . (F ench)
The i s meaning o he e b " o s umble" is indica ed by he sound " o
sin ekė i, bėg iʼ. Ap a iamo eiksmažodžio kliuken i pag indinė eikšmė ski-
s umble" om he abo e-men ioned e bs " o s umble" and " o s umble",
which ha e he same oo , he main meaning, because he ac o lowing,
unning, is indica ed:
(3) cus ome s 1. ‘I can hea he wa e unning ou o he bo le. The e b
2. ʻge i kliuksin ʼ: Vaikas kliukena iš bu elio pieną. (BŽe)
" o d ink" is de i ed om he e b " o d ink", which is associa ed wi h he
g indine eikšme ʻpil i, eliūskuo i skys į sukelian ga sąʼ (BŽe okia eikšmė
panop icon:
(4) old 1. We d ink ea in he mo ning. (F ench)
A icles o he T ea y
Seman inės eiksmažodžio ge i sinonimų a si adimo p iežas ys
Plg. wi h he i s meaning o his wo d, gi en in LKŽ: ‘ o ill, o ill a
liquid by c ea ing sound.
In he abo e-men ioned e bs o lowing sounds, one can see no only a
me apho ical ans e ence (simila o he sounds o a s eam, ain all), bu
also a me onymy, because he ans e ence occu s h ough one o he
cha ac e is ics o he d ink […] he speci ic sound ep esen ing he en i e
complex physiological p ocess.
In summa y, i can be said ha mos me apho ical d inking synonyms a ise o
emphasize, highligh he e y na u e o he ac o d inking o he low o a
liquid, he sound i makes when i is pou ed.
2.2. Me onymic ans e o meanings
In a e cases, me onymy is used o o m he meaning o he e bs o he d ink.
We could dis inguish he ollowing ypes o e b me onymy: esul ins ead o
ac ion, cause ins ead o esul , and pa ins ead o whole. These species a e
discussed in mo e de ail below.
2.2.1. The esul ins ead o he ac ion This me onymic species belongs o he
e bs explode, pamp i and pus i. The me onymy o he e b o explode, meaning
o wake up, o ea , o d ink, could be associa ed wi h he mo i a ing meaning o
o be slow, o expand, eco ded in LKJ (BJ does no ha e such meanings): (1) o
explode 6. Good mo ning, ea , d ink: I 's enough o you o explode honey, lea e i
o me.
(F ench)
The plg. LK and 4. "I'm abou o bu s in o lames, I'm abou o bu s in o
lames, I'm abou o bu s in o lames, I'm abou o bu s in o lames". F om
hose mice, he na u e o he cal 's belly explodes, and i ea s hei Rd. I can' ake i anymo e, my mou h is hal bu s ing!
The LMD(Sln).
The e b o explode has ano he meaning o d ink alcoholic be e ages: He ecei ed
a sala y and explodes. (BZE), which is ela ed speci ically o he class o alcoholic
mų a ojimu. Toks eiškinys, kai žodis imamas a o i ne isa juo nominuoja-
d inks, bu only o a ce ain ex en , is called he na owing o he meaning. The
o he wo e bs belonging o his model a e pamp i and pus i. Thei me onymic
meanings ela ed o d ink a e mos likely de i ed om he basic (p o o ipical)
meanings: pamp i. A e si ing down, you need o s aigh en he cushion. → 2.
ANŽELIKA GAIDIENĖ
214 o he Li huanian Language Ac LXXII
(2) pamp i 1. ʻpūs is, plės is, pu s i, pus iʼ: Ka ė p isi ijo dobilų su asa i ėmė
Good, d ink a lo , ea a lo , ea : How much can you b ew ha bee ? (B) (3) elease 1.
To inc ease he olume, he scope (p onounced ko kenksminga zaedus, za algius)
o he cows om he poin o deli e y. I 's been a long ime since I' e ea en. → 2.
Ea ing o d inking: How much can you le go o bee ?! All he has o do is le i go,
and he doesn' ha e o wo k. In he clea es o hese e bs, we could dis inguish a
physiological sense o wholeness.
2.2.2. Cause ins ead o e ec
The p o o ypical (mo i a ing) meaning o he e b o pou is ela ed o he pou ing
o a liquid in o he in e io o an objec , e.g. o pou wine om a bo le in o a cup.
He pou ed he co ee. The landlo d pou ed bee in o he ba n. The Li huanians
pou ed boiling wa e on hem and pou ed s ones. (F ench) The eason o his is
ha i is a me apho o he low o wa e , and he only me onymic objec used is
he middle o a human being, e.g. 'd inking a lo ': They d ank bee all day long. (F ench)
2.2.3. Pa o he whole This me onymic species is a ibu ed o he e b my i,
whose mo i a ing meaning is o push he ish in o he s omach, which indica es
he essen ial s age o he ea ing ac ion […] ood diges ion, and he me onymic
meaning is o ea , d ink, which indica es he ea ing p ocess.
(1) in he mo ning 1. ‘Pu ing ood in he s omach: I don ha e ee h, so I don ea
e e y hing like a ea . I 's wha you ea ha makes you a . → 3. Ea and d ink
well: Wha a e you doing s anding up, si down?! He ea s like a ho se, wo ks like a
oos e . The ollowing a icle p o ides a p elimina y lis o synonyms o
alcoholic be e ages in Li huanian.
A icles by A icle 215
Seman inės eiksmažodžio ge i sinonimų a si adimo p iežas ys
2 PAV. O he P elimina y Li huanian language d inking beha iou synonyms ne wo k
ge i
FP
FGP
whispe -
ed whispe ed
The FLDP
siu b i
s iaub i
ies
FLLP
plumped
GTP
1 kauš i
The GPP
2 cows
O he , no u he wo ked han ho - olled, in coils
I 's like ETV,
you' e shaking,
you' e shaking,
you' e shaking
Looks like
J's going
o bend o e .
( om)
dead
dead apped
I looks
like a T-shi .
Looks like a
GV.
I looks like KG
pliaup i cliauk i
(cliok i) clinkin i
(kliunkin i)
plumpin i clien s
Me onP
PP
exploded
pumped
le 's pou
OP
he GP
y i
APENDRINAMOSIOS IŠVADOS The analysis o he meanings o he e bs
belonging o he concep o GERTI leads o he ollowing conclusions:
1. The closes o he cen e o he GERTI concep a e he p ima y
nomina i e e bs whose meanings eco ded in he SP a e ela ed o he
physiology o he human o animal d inking ac ion, i.e. he mo o mo emen s
o he lips, ee h, ongue and h oa , e.g. gu gling, sucking. The name o he
d ink is usually de i ed om he oo o he wo d, which symbolically
indica es he speci ic sound o he d ink. The majo i y o synonymic
meanings belonging o he concep o GERT a e de i ed in he o m o
seman ic de i a ion. 2.1.Me apho ical polysemic connec ions play an
impo an ole in shaping he seman ic s uc u es o d ink synonyms.
The e a e wo main ypes o me apho ical conno a ions associa ed wi h
d inking: (1) an ene ge ic, pu pose ul ac ion ha esembles a mo i a ing
meaning. :
ANŽELIKA GAIDIENĖ
The Ac a Linguis ica LXXII o he Republic o Li huania 2) esembles a
mo i a ing meaning o a mo emen , e.g. h owing; 3) he empe a u e
emi ed du ing he ac ion desc ibed in he simila ly mo i a ing meaning,
e.g. kicking; 4) esembles a mo i a ing ac ion pe o med by an animal, e.g. a
elbow, and 5) esembles a sound aised du ing a mo i a ing ac ion ( lowing,
pou ing, o splashing) e.g. a elbow. S udies ha e shown ha mos
me apho ical synonyms o d inks a ise o emphasize, o highligh he
speci ic na u e o he ac ual d inking ac ion, such as shaking, buzzing,
h owing, o he sound o a liquid lowing, pou ing, such as splashing,
clapping.
2.2. The me onymic ans e o he meanings o synonyms o d inks is no
common. The e a e se e al ypes o me onymy ha can be assigned o such
ypes o me onymy: he esul ins ead o he ac ion (pu i y o eeling, e.g.,
exploding), he eason ins ead o he esul (objec , e.g., pou ing), and he
pa ins ead o he whole (pu i y o eeling, e.g., mo ning). 3. The s udy
e ealed ha he seman ic o igin o he synonyms o he e b o d ink is
de e mined by he desi e o speake s o name he ac o d inking wi h
di e en wo ds, emphasizing one cogni i e cha ac e is ic and ano he . The
mos equen ly upda ed SPs a e o a calo i ic na u e ela ed o he
physiology o he mou h and mo emen s and he sound p oduced by he luid.
SINONIM TINKLO SUPRUMPINIMAI FGP physiological h oa expe ience FLDP
physiological lip and oo h ac i i y expe ience FLLP physiological lip and
ongue ac i i y expe ience FP physiological d inking signs
GP […] sign o he h oa
GPP […] cha ac e is ic o he be e age wi h he ing edien
GTP […] indica ion o he d inking pu pose
Me a P […] me apho ical ans e o
meaning Me onP […] me onymical ans e o meaning
a ibu e o he objec
Simila o ETV […] simila o mo i a ing meaning o ocus on an ene ge ic,
pu pose ul ac ion

S aipsniai / A icles 217
Seman inės eiksmažodžio ge i sinonimų a si adimo p iežas ys
Panašu į GV – panašu į mo y uojančia eikšme nusakomą eiksmą, a liekamą gy ūno
Simila o J […] simila o mo i a ing ac ion simila o KG […] simila o mo i a ing
ac ion simila o T […] simila o mo i a ing ac ion simila o empe a u e
PP – pilnumo pojūčio požymis
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[…] Language sciences 25, 263 […] 284. This is no he case.
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ANŽELIKA GAIDIENĖ
220 o he Li huanian Language Ac LXXII
Seman ic Reasons o Appea ance o Synonyms
o he Ve b o d ink
Summa y
The objec o his a icle is a ich seman ic g oup which has no ye been analyzed be o e […]
d inking e bs aken om he e sion o he Dic iona y o he S anda d Li huanian Language
which is cu en ly in he p ocess o compila ion. The esea ch seeks o es ima e he
which ea u es o he ac ual phenomena, hings o ac ions become seman ic ea u es in
he language, which de e mine he ise o new d inking e bs. The esea ch also seeks o
e iciency o hese seman ic ea u es. A p elimina y synonym ne wo k o he e b o d ink is
gi en a he end o he a icle.
Deli e ed on 1 Sep embe 2014
ANŽELIKA GAIDIENĖ
Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as
Pe o Pe o ich S ee , 5, LT-10308
Vilnius, Li huania anzelika.gaidi[email p o ec ed] This is a lis o people who we e bo n in, esiden s o , o o he wise closely associa ed wi h Pe o ich S ee , Vilnius, Li huania.