Semantinės veiksmažodžio „gerti“ sinonimų atsiradimo priežastys

196 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXII ANŽELIKA GAIDIENĖ Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as Scien i ic esea ch a eas: lexicology and lexicog aphy. SEMANTIN is D inking om he wo kshop O he , o a a con en , by weigh Manu ac u e om ma e ials o any heading, excep ha o he p oduc Seman ic Reasons o Appea ance o Synonyms o he Ve b o d ink ANOTATION The subjec o his a icle is a ich and unclassi ied seman ic g oup […] Li huanian language e bs, selec ed om he Li huanian language dic iona y being p epa ed by he Associa ion. The aim o he s udy is o de e mine wha signs o eal phenomena, hings o ac ions in he language become seman ic signs ha de e mine he eme gence o new d inking beha io s. A he end o he a icle, a p elimina y ne wo k o synonyms o he wo d "d ink" is p esen ed. ESMINIAI WORDS: synonym, concep , nomina ion, lexical meaning, seman ic sign, a ne wo k o synonyms. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal. The objec o his a icle is a ich seman ic g oup which has no been analyzed be o e […] d inking e bs o he Li huanian language aken om he Dic iona y o he S anda d Li huanian Language which is cu en ly in he p ocess o compila ion. The esea ch seeks o es ima e which ea u es o he ac ual phenomena, hings o ac ions become seman ic ea u es in he language, which de e mine he ise o new d inking e bs. A p elimina y synonym ne wo k o he e b o d ink is gi en a he end o he a icle. KEYWORDS: synonym, concep , nomina ion, lexical meaning, seman ic ea u e, synonyms ne wo k. A icles and a icles 197 Seman inės eiksmažodžio ge i sinonimų a si adimo p iežas ys The ques ion o he heo y o synonyms is s ill being asked by a ious wo ld lexical seman ics specialis s […] Ju ij D. Ap esjan (1974), John R. Taylo (2003), M. Lynne Mu phy (2003), Pe a S o johann and o he s (2010). The unde s anding o he concep o synonyms, he de ini ion o synonyms, he classi ica ion, he k . klausimais. Taikan kalbos echnologijas ku iami sinonimų inklai, sinoni- o ma ion o lines and ou base a e s ill being discussed, new synonyms ocabula ies a e being w i en. Lie u ių kalbo y oje sinonimai (konk ečiau – leksiniai) mažai i i1. Vienas One o he i s esea che s o synonyms is An anas Libe is, who de ended his disse a ion on he subjec o he synonym dic iona y o he Li huanian language and he p inciples o i s compila ion (1959), and w o e he i s and so a only 1961 m.; Sinonimų žodynas 1981 m. i šio žodyno an as pa aisy as leidimas dic iona y o synonyms (Li huanian dic iona y o synonyms in 2002). The con ibu ion o his schola o he esea ch o synonyms o he Li huanian language is ex emely aluable. In his wo ks, A. Lybe is has paid conside able a en ion o he de ini ion o synonyms, hei iden i ica ion, selec ion, o ma ion o lines, he p inciples o spelling he synonyms ocabula y and o he ques ions (see mo e in de ail Lybe is 2009: 2182). The heo e ical p o isions o mula ed and desc ibed by him a e s ill being e alua ed. Jolan a Vaskelienė, who w o e a disse a ion on his subjec , published a eaching ool called Da ybiniai sinonimai (2000), w o e a icles. Syn ac ic synonyms a e ex ensi ely s udied by Elena Valiuly ė Daba inės Lie u os kalbos sin aksiniai synonymiai: place, ime and eason aiska and k (1998) A icles ha e been w i en on he ques ion o lexical synonyms, dedica ed o speci ic synonyms, hei e ymology, hei usage, o example. Vinco U bucio: "The e ymology o he sho ened synonyms o se e al wo ds" (1965), "Lie. pashin and ( m.) pašaiža […] common oo s synonyms[…] (1998); Nijolės Sližienės […]S igma, lack, lack o synonymous meanings and he peculia i ies o hei use[…] (2005); Seman ics and synonyms o e bs in he e bs o he e bs o he e bs o he e bs o he e bs o he e bs o he e bs o he e bs o he e bs o he e bs o he e bs o he e bs o he e bs E alda Jakai ienė "Fo synonyms and ela ionships o mul iple meanings" (2007) and k . Howe e , he e a e no easons o he eme gence o new, in en i e synonyms, seman ic ea u es o synonyms ha a e s udied, new me hods, language echnologies, e c., he e a e no esea ches on lexical synonyms. The subjec o his a icle is o choose e bs belonging o he concep o GERTI. The aim o he s udy is o de e mine wha signs o eal phenomena, hings o ac ions in he language become seman ic signs ha de e mine he eme gence o new d inking beha io s. In o de o achie e his goal, he ollowing asks ha e been iden i ied: 1 Common synonymy issues a e desc ibed in E alda Jakai ienė's books Li huanian Language Lexicology (1980) and Lexicology (2009; 2010). Synonyms a e also s udied by Juozas Pikčilingis (Leksinė i g ama inė sinonimika, 1969; a bookle on synonyms in he second pa o he "Lie u ių kalbos s ilis ikos", 1975) and Kazimie as Župe ka (Lie u ių kalbos s ilis ika, 1983). ANŽELIKA GAIDIENĖ Ac a Linguis ica Li uanica LXXII 198 ways o nomina ion o alcoholic be e ages in he Li huanian language; examine he seman ic s uc u es o he e bs unde conside a ion; iden i y and desc ibe he seman ic ela ionships be ween he meanings o e bs; On he basis o he ma e ial examined, he s udy o cogni i e ku i p elimina ų lie u ių kalbos gė imo eiksmažodžių sinonimų inklą. and s uc u al linguis ics p esen ed in S aips is: kos me odais. The concep GERTI means common in Li huanian language has qui e a ew e bs. The e b o d ink is he main (cen al) wo d, mos widely used in Li huanian o say a d ink. In he end, he Li huanian-language dic iona y o he Associa ion (edi o Danu ė Liu ke ičienė) eco ded a o al o abou i y e bs, he meanings o which a e explained as siu b i o mo ning liquid. The abundance o e bs belonging o his concep o GERTI indica es ha he phenomenon o synonymy in he gene al Li huanian language is e y ex ensi e, which means ha i is necessa y o in es iga e in o de o de e mine he eason o i s unc ioning in he language. The a icle is based on such heo e ical aspec s. 1. The e m concep is unde s ood in a ious ways in linguis ics, some iden i y i wi h he concep (Jakai ienė 2010: 46), o he s unde s and i mo e b oadly as a he e ogeneous mul idimensional uni o he wo ld o knowledge and expe ience (Guda ičius 2011: 112), and o he s highligh he communica i e unc ion o he concep (Lassan 2002: 32). I is belie ed ha he concep is a uni o s uc u ed knowledge, all knowledge abou a hing and a phenomenon, eco ded in he consciousness o people speaking ha language (K ašy ė, Papau ėly ė 2013: 108). The e m "ma iage" is used in he Russian language o e e o he ma iage o a couple, bu he e m "ma iage" is no used in he Li huanian language, as i is no used in he Russian language. (wikipedia.o g) Howe e , he linguis ic exp ession o he concep is impo an o lexical seman ics. As Aloyzas Guda ičius a gues, e e y nomina ion ac ualizes he cha ac e is ics o a gi en concep , o example, a ho se, a mule, a cousin, a mule emphasizes he indi idual cha ac e is ics o a concep (Guda ičius 2009: 51). To iden i y which ea u es o he concep o GERD a e being ac ualized in he meanings o he e bs belonging o his concep , he elemen s o he scena io o he co esponding physiological ac ion ha make up he con en o he concep 2015). Len elėje pa eik i scena ijaus elemen ai bu o nus a y i emian is kon eks o unde conside a ion can help. Gaidienė analysis (da a om he cu en Li huanian 2 Daba inės lie u ių kalbos eks yne as a pe dešim ūks ančių eiksmažodžio ge i a osenos pa- yzdžių. Pa yzdžių ieško a pagal šaknį ge - (gė -) pasi enkan asmenuojamąsias i neasmenuo- language ex book (www.DLKT). he o ms o his e bs. 3 A e he inal e ision o he Li huanian language dic iona y, he dic iona y a icles in his a icle may change. The e m a ibu e is used in cogni i e linguis ics (see Unge e , Schmid 1996: 22). S aipsniai / A icles 199 Seman inės eiksmažodžio ge i sinonimų a si adimo p iežas ys One LENTEL. The concep o he GERTI scena io5 FIZINISN mus be he physical FIZIOLOGINIS mas, going be o e being [...] VEIkSMAS ac ion-Kelia o he mou h o he bo le, Anuka d inks lemonade om he own nąjį iziologinį eiksmą. A liekan eiksmą daly auja does no pa icipa e in he money. We obse ed ha he had lea ned o d ink […] u ning a ull glass and a one h oa . While I was making ea I wa ched he d ink i wi h he li le he h oa , he sc o um [...] The lady alking. A VERY s ong man is d inking d inks he gu kšnį, he second cup. / Ka š ą pa asa io dieną Galipas i Nicha as mokiniams ski ame uale e iesiog iš čiaupo he hand- o-hand comba o he wa e . bo h he ac ion o […] liquid siu bidaug house and a ca iage. He's ea ing wi h and pa icipa ing in he pe o mance, gums, he lips, he ee h, he ongue, inished he cock ail and s a ed a second cup o s ong co ee. The wol comes o d ink om he oun ain. VESMO non-alcoholic OBJEk AS […]ka š i) is This be e ages (chilled an alcoholic be e age Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. be e ages) d ink only mine al and plain wa e . / made by a woman who d inks champagne a a ba . Resea ch has shown ha he meanings o e bs belonging o he GERTI concep a e upda ed in one way o ano he by he ea u es o he con en o he concep unde conside a ion, o example, he e b ' ijimas' is eco ded in he meaning o 'gu k i', 'judesys' in he meaning o ' mes i', 'lenk i' in he meaning o e bs, e c. In cogni i e linguis ics, nomina ion is unde s ood as he naming o a concep (G i ėnienė 2006: 24). The mos impo an ques ion o nomina ion heo y is […] which pa o he knowledge abou a hing o phenomenon, pe cei ed by he consciousness and g adually becoming a concep o ha hing o phenomenon, is nomina ed (Kub iako a 2004: 70). As al eady men ioned, he pu pose o he a icle is o de e mine wha signs o eal phenomena, hings o ac ions in speech become seman ic signs ha de e mine he eme gence o new e bs. The e o e, i is impo an o iden i y he dis inc i e, speci ic seman ic ea u es o he meanings o he e bs o he d ink, which dis inguish he meanings o he synonyms belonging o he concep o GERT, bu a he same ime o m he con en o he concep unde conside a ion. I should be ecalled ha a seman ic a ibu e (also used as […] sema, seman ic componen , noema, e c.) is adi ionally conside ed o be he smalles cons i uen seman ic elemen o meaning (Jakai ienė 2010: 57 and e c.). 5 The examples illus a e ha he ac o d inking can be pe o med no only by humans bu also by animals. Howe e , his a icle deals only wi h he physiological ac ion o d inking pe o med by humans. ANŽELIKA GAIDIENĖ 200 o he Li huanian Language Ac LXXII In he a icle, he e bs belonging o he GERTI concep a e p ima ily classi ied acco ding o he nomina i e ways […] p ima y, seconda y (di ec and indi ec ) nomina i e e bs6. The esul o he i s nomina ion is an unspoken e b, a ising om he ag eemen o speake s (Jakai ienė 1988: 24), e.g. gu k i ' o ea , o d ink, o ead (p onounced godzi, quickly) ' (BŽe). The i s nomina ion d inking e bs a e usually mo i a ed phone ically, i.e. he oo s o such e bs iconically ma k speci ic sounds accompanying a pa icula d ink. The seman ic p ope ies o hese wo ds a e usually di ec ly ela ed o he physiology o he human d inking p ocess, i.e. he mo o mo emen s o he lips, ee h, ongue and h oa . 2.2. The esul o he seconda y di ec nomina ion is a wo d ha is based on ano he e b wi h a simple s uc u e in i s p onuncia ion and meaning (Jakai ienė 1988: 24). The e bs o he e bs o he e bs o he e bs o he e bs o he e bs i) i - elė i. P iesagos -(i)o i (-sno i, -šno i) ediniai žymi ka ojamą, mažo in en- o he e bs o he e bs o he e bs o he e bs o he e bs o he e bs o he e bs o he e bs o he e bs o he e bs o he e bs o he e bs o he e bs siu b io i ( o suck) is easy, a e a li le d ink (BZ), and he su ix - elė i ediniai indica es a small d inking ac ion, e.g. gu kš elė i (gu kš ) ʻkiek o d ink (BZ); o d ink (: siu b ) ʻkiek o d ink, nuge iʼ (BŽe) and k . Since he p eposi ional o m indica es he cha ac e is ics o he empo a y de elopmen o he d inking p ocess, in o he wo ds, he aspec (ac ion) meanings, hese e bs will no be discussed in he ollowing a icle. 2.3. The esul o he seconda y indi ec nomina ion is a newly o med meaning o he wo d […] seman ic o ma ion […] (Jakai ienė 1988: 24). I is ecognized ha because o ce ain ela ionships (me apho ical o me onymical expansion) ha connec he meanings o a polysyllabic wo d, hey o m a seman ic con inuum, called he seman ic s uc u e o a wo d. As Dmi y Shmelio a gues, "i he seman ic s uc u e o he meanings o he plu al wo d we e o be ep esen ed g aphically, we would ge no a ci cle ([…]bend a meaning[…]), di ided in o sec o s ([…]common meaning a ian s[…]), bu in e sec ing wi h each o he (a), some imes on op o each o he ([…]užeinančius[…] (b) ci cles[…] (see Fig. 1.) " (Shmelio 2008: 83 […] 84). In o he wo ds, he meanings o he plu al wo ds a e seman ically ela ed o each o he , because one meaning seems o " ansla e" in o ano he meaning acco ding o ce ain seman ic associa ions (Šmelio as 2008: 88). The e ms p ima y, seconda y (di ec and indi ec ) nomina ion a e used in he wo ks o E alda Jakai ienė le in his a icle. S aipsniai / A icles 201 Seman inės eiksmažodžio ge i sinonimų a si adimo p iežas ys 1 eikšmė 2 eikšmė 1 meaning 2 meaning (a) (b) Wha is he 1 PAV. O he Seman ic sys em o he meanings o he plu al wo d 2.3.1. In de e mining he p o o ypical meaning o he plu al e b, om which he meanings associa ed wi h new d inks mos o en eme ge, based on he in luence o he p o o ipų eo ija, plačiai aikoma kogni y inėje ling is ikoje. P o o ipo e minas siejamas su XX a. a lik ais Eleono os Roš y imais. Ti - colo s o he i eplace on he o ma ion o ca ego ies, E. Roš ound ha despi e he cen al posi ion o hese colo s, he pa icipan s in he expe imen we e no be e dis inguished. This s udy allowed scien is s o abandon he use o he e m "cen al" colo s and ins ead use he e m "p o o ype" (Mikulskas 2009: 46; see Unge e , Schmid 1996: 6[…]14). The p o o ype is he mos cha ac e is ic membe o he ca ego y (Unge e , Schmid 1996: 10), by which he ca ego y i sel can be ecognized. In ce ain cases, he p o o ype may eplace o he membe s o he ca ego y. As Ru a Ma cinke ičienė a gues, he heo y o p o o ypes […]by applying he seman ic s uc u e o he wo d, i can be a gued ha he p o o ypical, p ima y, essen ial o main a e he speci ic, sensuous meanings o he wo d ha names he objec s o he wo ld[…] (Ma cinke ičienė 2006: 110). Fo example, he p o o ypically used e b o ea means o make an impac on some hing wi h a sha p edge, and he meaning associa ed wi h a d ink, o d ink, is a me apho ical ex ension o he meaning de i ed om he p o o ype. 2.3.2. The mos impo an ole in shaping he meaning o e bs in d inking is played by me apho ical polysemic ela ionships. A me apho is a uni e sal phenomenon, a kind o model, ha pe o ms a simila unc ion in speech as he making o wo ds, only much mo e complex. T adi ionally, i may be he same o a di e en esemblance, usually ex e nal […] me a o a sup an ama kaip ieno daik o a eiškinio pa adinimo pe kėlimas pa- shape, size, e c. […] o ano he hing o phenomenon (Guda ičius 2009: 114). In o he wo ds, signs belonging o one ealm o eali y a e o en ound in ano he ealm o eali y and a e ealized in speech as i by chance, and he add essee easily acqui es hem on he assump ion ha he e is a simila i y be ween he o ms o pe cep ion eikšmes sup as i iesiogiai. Kaip eigia Ve onika Telija, „me a o izacija p asi- o eali y. ANŽELIKA GAIDIENĖ 202 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXII and a ce ain somewha simila , associa i e pe cep ion o he o he eali y […]7 (Telija 1988: 7). This assump ion is called by V. Telija he mode o me apho , which allows Y o be like, no me apho is allowed […] logiškai i on ologiškai ski ingoms esmėms supanašė i: „be p ielaidos, kad X (Telija 1988: 7). In some cases, concep ual me apho s can also be seen in he me apho ical meanings o he e bs unde s udy. The concep ual me apho is he in e ac ion o wo concep ual domains ( he objec and he concep ) (Lako , 1993, p. In a e cases, me onymy is used o o m he meaning o he e bs o he d ink. T adi ionally, me onymy is unde s ood as " he highligh ing o di e en aspec s o he same si ua ion, in which hings and phenomena a e ela ed by spa ial, empo al, causal, e c. ela ionships" (Guda ičius 2009: 124). One-wo d me onymy ( he basis o he ans e o he meaning o a wo d, he eason o he eme gence o a new meaning) and mul i-wo d me onymy ( he ime ope) a e usually dis inguished (Ma cinke ičienė 2011: 40). In his case, we a e conce ned wi h he me onymy o a single wo d, which is conside ed o be he cause o he eme gence o some o he seconda y meanings o e bs in d inking. Based on he iden i ied seman ic ea u es o d inking beha iou , a p elimina y ne wo k o Li huanian language d inking beha iou synonyms is p o ided a he end o he a icle. The synonym ne wo k was isualized by he p og am Gephy (see mo e a h ps: gephi.gi hub.io/). 1. The i s ound o nomina ions The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion. The e b d ink is he main (cen al) wo d o he sequence o synonyms unde conside a ion. DLKT ound o e en housand o his ac ion wo d ga eway 7 Ru. […][...] me apho iza ion begins wi h he assump ion o a simila i y (o simila i y) o he o ma ion o ющегося понятия о реалии и некоторого в чем-то сходного с ней «конкретного» образ- bu a social concep ion o ano he eali y. This is he case in he case o Telia 1988: 7. The 8 h. […]The concep ual sys em unde lying a language con ains housands o concep ual me apho s […] con en ional mappings om one domain o ano he [...][…] (Lako 1993: 239). 9 Fu he esea ch may cla i y he synonyms o he e b d ink p esen ed in his a icle inklą. One o he wo ld's mos popula wo d ne wo ks is Wo dNe (www.wo dne .p ince on.edu). Wo dNe […] is a la ge da abase o English ocabula y in which nouns, e bs, adjec i es and ad e bs a e cogni i ely g ouped in o synonym ne wo ks (called synse s in English) e lec ing he ela ionships be ween wo ds (hype onyms, hyponyms, oponyms, examples11). F om a s ylis ic poin o iew, he e b d ink is i k .). Wo dNe duomenų bazė suku a P ins ono uni e si e o Kogni y iojo mokslo labo a o ijoje. A icles o he T ea y A icles 203 Seman inės eiksmažodžio ge i sinonimų a si adimo p iežas ys uncon en ional and is mos widely used o deno e he concep o d ink: he subjec o d ink is a human being, an animal12, plg. She only d inks co ee be o e lunch. A cow d inks wa e . (DLKT), he d inking objec […] liquid (non-alcoholic and alcoholic d inks), plg. She d inks ainwa e and ga gles, laughing wi h all he lungs. He doesn' walk in on o he glass, he doesn' d ink, he doesn' d ink. (DLKT) In Li huanian dic iona ies, he meaning o he e b o d ink is de ined simila ly: (1) To d ink he liquid, o calm he hi s y, e.g. The milk and c eam we e d unk di ec ly om he gian P.C i 's cabin a e being knocked unconscious. I sleep, I ea , I d ink un il I'm ull, SD44. I'm no d inking any hing, I'm jus d inking ea. I'm d inking wa e om he J.Jabl i e . Milk is heal hy o d ink J.Jabl. […]; (2) D y he liquid, educe he hi s , e.g. The cow d inks om he bucke . The wa e , he milk. D inking cup ( om which he d inks). D inking wa e (which is d inkable, sui able o d inking). […]; (3) D inking and d inking luids, e.g. D inking ea o co ee. D ink he boiled wa e . Would you like o ha e a bee wi h us? The cow d ank wa e om he s eam. […]. Fu he mo e, he e bs o he p ima y nomina ion a e di ided in o e bs wi h ixed physiological p ope ies o d inking, e bs wi h ixed pu pose o d inking and e bs wi h a p onoun acco ding o he dis inguished seman ic cha ac e is ics. 1. Physiological signs o d inking In he seman ic s uc u e o he p ima y nomina i e e bs belonging o he concep o GERTI, he e b o d ink has a ai ly clea de ini ion […] he e bs unde conside a ion a e eco ded in SP ela ed o human physiology, he con ex k ečiau su am ik ais bu nos po y iais ge ian . Fiziologiniai požymiai gė imo e bs a e no o en upda ed in he meanings, only a ew wo ds can be pa yzdžius. Vienų eiksmažodžių eikšmėse už iksuo as ge klės po y is, ki ų – lūpų i dan ų eiklos po y is a ba lūpų i liežu io eiklos po y is. Pagal ai eiksma- men ioned below di ided in o a ew g oups. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. 12 As men ioned ea lie , his a icle deals only wi h he physiological e ec s o d inking on humans. ANŽELIKA GAIDIENĖ 204 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXII (a) The expe ience o he h oa The e b gu k i, which means o ea , d ink, and d ink quickly, belongs o he physiological subg oup o he h oa po e y: Gu k i andenį [alų, pieną, liauskas 1990: 85]. As C. D. sul is]. Ba zdo as aikinas gu kė iš bu eliuko pepsikolą. Žodžiai ge klė, gu klys (i gu k i), gu kšnis, gi a y a os pačios šaknies (Saba- Buck says, […]ide. The wo ds o he languages deno ing he e m h oa a e e ymologically ela ed o he e ms mo ning, o ms o apsk i , sho ongue, clickse , e c. (Li huanian language e ymological dic iona y da abase) This subg oup may also be assigned o he e b mu k i, which in BZ means ‘ o ea , d ink, o example. A ielka's going o d own when she doesn' d ink he wa e . Mu kia s ands om he edge o he pool. (LKŽe) 13. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion. The meaning ela ed o be e ages is gi en in he a icle oge he wi h he ollowing meanings: 1. 'Make a whis ling sound (apie ka ę) ' and 2. To speak in a ague way. The e b mu k i is p esen ed as a homonym (1 and 2) and as a homo o m (3): (1) 1 mu k i, -ia, -ė 1. "Quie ly sink, ly away". 2. he dog's ail; 3. Speak in a low oice, mu mu , and whispe ; 4. Ea , d ink, and be me y. 5. o be pampe ed, o be glamo ous, o be glamo ous 2 mu k i, -ia, -ė 'be le lying, me k iʼ 3 mu k i, -s a, -o 'slipped om swea ' Mos likely he meaning o he e b mu k i ela ed o d ink is p ima y14, no ans e ed. The e o e, wo sepa a e mu ky wo ds could be gi en, i.e. homonyms (2): (2) The mu k i, he mu kia, he mu kė 1. To make a sound (like a ca ) is o pu a ca on he s o e. 2. Speak clea ly: Mu k i a e he nosimi. 2 o ea , o d ink, o d ink. (b) Expe ience o den al and den al wo k The ollowing subg oup o he mou h and ee h sub-g oup o he ac i i ies o he mou h and ee h is composed o he mou h and ee h sub-g oups: (1) o suck 1. ‘To suck, o suck ( o suck) ce ain o gans: Sul is sucked he s aw ou o he bo le. The baby is sipping milk om a bo le. (B) (2) o be sub ac ed 1. To d ink o o be d unk: The owne is using a cup o ea. He's bea ing his ches so ha d, i 's inging in his ea s. (BJ) (3) o d ink he "gods" (BJ). Fo example: You' e going o all, you' e going o all, you' e going o all. LKJ 13 examples ela ed o d inking, aken om LKJ, as BJ is no eco ded. 14 Plg. om he eco d, eco ded by LKŽ: mu k 3. Gu k ( o ma k): Jus a mu k wi h one spoon, and an emp y glass. A icles by A icles 211 Seman inės eiksmažodžio ge i sinonimų a si adimo p iežas ys (Animal ca casses, ca s and dogs, o example.) Ka y is c ying. A dog is called a wa e bu alo. (F ench) The me apho ical meaning o he e b unde conside a ion is 'good, o d ink a lo ' (e.g. e eshing d inks), e.g. How many chickens, how many ducks. (BŽe) di e s om he main one p ima ily by he subjec o he ac ion pe o med: he subjec o he main meaning is he animal, he me apho ical […] man. Since animals and hei ac ions a e usually iewed nega i ely in he Li huanian language, he basis o he me apho o meaning could be an aes he ic imp ession, namely […] neg ažus (meaning he diminu i e shade) d ink. Howe e , he e is a nega i e pe cep ion o alcohol consump ion in he language communi y, so in his case we could see he concep ual me apho […] GIRTUOKLIS YRA GYVULYS. This g oup also includes he e b liuob i, he main meaning o which in BŽ is ‘ o gi e away, e.g. The chickens a e ea ing he po a oes. I 's ime o he cows o s op eeding. The animals ha en' ha ched ye . (BZe) This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. me apho ical meaning […] eiksmažodžio p o o ipinė i me a o inė eikšmės sin aksiškai u i ski ingas ea ing, d inking, o example. He e en laughed a he salmon. Liu likes odka as much as I do. (F ench) Wha is he s uc u e o his a gumen ? And wi h wha ? Wha do you ea , wha do you d ink? (I'm d inking a sho o odka). Howe e , he same si ua ion in ol ing h ee pa icipan s can be seman ically in e p e ed di e en ly. Fo example, in he sen ence Jonas liuobia a ižas o animals, he si ua ion is desc ibed di e en ly han Kiaules liuobiame bul ėmis. Jonas liuobia a ižas eeding he animals (a ižos) is he e in e p e ed as a pa ien ; I also aises i s ele ance. Compa ing he meanings and seman ic s uc u es o hese wo sen ences wi h he ele an si ua ion highligh s hei di e en signi ica i e meanings: he i s ells wha is done wi h animals as pa ien s, he second […] wha is done wi h ood as pa ien s (plg. Sližienė: 26, 1994 2004: 261). Compa ing hese abs ac meanings wi h he me apho ical meaning o ‘ea , d ink, e c.. He e en laughed a he salmon. Liu likes odka as much as I do. (B) I may be possible o speak o an ac an mino i y o in e p e a i e de i a ion (e.g. Sližienė 1994: 409), when one ac an (liuobiamieji, i.e. she iami gy uliai) is " ansla ed" om he o iginal ( h ee pa iciple) si ua ion; A he same ime, a new si ua ion a ises wi h ewe pa icipan s han in he beginning (see Plungian 2011: 46 ). Thus, he p o o ypical […] […] o gi e […] and […] o gi e […] (pagal še i Sližienė 2004: 261) […] and he me apho ical […] godžiai alen ing, ge i […] […] ha e di e en a gumen s uc u es ha co ela e wi h di e en seman ic and syn ac ic alue s uc u es. 19 […][...] he ac ha he names o animals in his case a e e y p oduc i e es i ies o he essen ially nega i e a i ude o Li huanians owa ds he animal wo ld. […] (Guda ičius 2009: 119) I is also impo an o no e ha he Commission's p oposal o a di ec i e on he p o ec ion o wo ke s om he isks ela ed o exposu e o ca cinogens a wo k is based on he p inciple o p opo ionali y. ANŽELIKA GAIDIENĖ 212 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXII 2.1.5. Panašu į mo y uojančia eikšme nusakomo eiksmo (skysčio The meanings o he e bs men ioned below ela ed o d inking, due o he seconda y nomina ion p ocess o he sound sign, ha e acqui ed me apho ical meanings. (a) The noise emi ed by he low o pou ing o a liquid is he noise emi ed by he ac ions o he e bs belonging o his subg oup (SP): I ains hea ily all day long. → 4. "D ink, d ink, d ink: I' e been s a ing a he wa e all (1) pliaup i 1. ʻsma kiai ly iʼ: Lie us pliaup e pliaupė kelias dienas. → 3. ʻdaug, godžiai s ėb i, ge iʼ: Tu pliaupi be saiko ą ka ą. Pliaupk ba ščių. (BŽe) day. Talkininkai is a ype o bee wi h a bi e as e. (B) (3) o close o close o 1. I ained hea ily all nigh . → 4. "D inking wa e , d inking wa e : I wan o d ink wa e ". (F ench) We could also dis inguish he la ge g oup SP […] y i didelį gu kšnį om he la ge g oup Veiksmažodžių pliaup i, kliauk i (kliok i). b) The mos cha ac e is ic o he meanings o he e bs gi en below SP is also a sound, only aised du ing he low o he liquid. The de i a i e meanings o he e bs clap and clap (which a e a ian s) a e based on he oo meaning o clap, o clap, o y, o o clap: (1) o clap 1. To make o s umble, o s umble, o y, o o s umble: Why do you s umble on eggs? → 3. The child c ies o o ange juice. He's pou ing bee ou o a bo le. (F ench) (2) o knock 1. o knock 3 > ʻkliuksin ge iʼ: A boy om a bo le o knock a bee . Wha kind o d ink do you like o d ink in he summe ? I spi and I spi mine al wa e . (F ench) The i s meaning o he e b " o s umble" is indica ed by he sound " o sin ekė i, bėg iʼ. Ap a iamo eiksmažodžio kliuken i pag indinė eikšmė ski- s umble" om he abo e-men ioned e bs " o s umble" and " o s umble", which ha e he same oo , he main meaning, because he ac o lowing, unning, is indica ed: (3) cus ome s 1. ‘I can hea he wa e unning ou o he bo le. The e b 2. ʻge i kliuksin ʼ: Vaikas kliukena iš bu elio pieną. (BŽe) " o d ink" is de i ed om he e b " o d ink", which is associa ed wi h he g indine eikšme ʻpil i, eliūskuo i skys į sukelian ga sąʼ (BŽe okia eikšmė panop icon: (4) old 1. We d ink ea in he mo ning. (F ench) A icles o he T ea y Seman inės eiksmažodžio ge i sinonimų a si adimo p iežas ys Plg. wi h he i s meaning o his wo d, gi en in LKŽ: ‘ o ill, o ill a liquid by c ea ing sound. In he abo e-men ioned e bs o lowing sounds, one can see no only a me apho ical ans e ence (simila o he sounds o a s eam, ain all), bu also a me onymy, because he ans e ence occu s h ough one o he cha ac e is ics o he d ink […] he speci ic sound ep esen ing he en i e complex physiological p ocess. In summa y, i can be said ha mos me apho ical d inking synonyms a ise o emphasize, highligh he e y na u e o he ac o d inking o he low o a liquid, he sound i makes when i is pou ed. 2.2. Me onymic ans e o meanings In a e cases, me onymy is used o o m he meaning o he e bs o he d ink. We could dis inguish he ollowing ypes o e b me onymy: esul ins ead o ac ion, cause ins ead o esul , and pa ins ead o whole. These species a e discussed in mo e de ail below. 2.2.1. The esul ins ead o he ac ion This me onymic species belongs o he e bs explode, pamp i and pus i. The me onymy o he e b o explode, meaning o wake up, o ea , o d ink, could be associa ed wi h he mo i a ing meaning o o be slow, o expand, eco ded in LKJ (BJ does no ha e such meanings): (1) o explode 6. Good mo ning, ea , d ink: I 's enough o you o explode honey, lea e i o me. (F ench) The plg. LK and 4. "I'm abou o bu s in o lames, I'm abou o bu s in o lames, I'm abou o bu s in o lames, I'm abou o bu s in o lames". F om hose mice, he na u e o he cal 's belly explodes, and i ea s hei Rd. I can' ake i anymo e, my mou h is hal bu s ing! The LMD(Sln). The e b o explode has ano he meaning o d ink alcoholic be e ages: He ecei ed a sala y and explodes. (BZE), which is ela ed speci ically o he class o alcoholic mų a ojimu. Toks eiškinys, kai žodis imamas a o i ne isa juo nominuoja- d inks, bu only o a ce ain ex en , is called he na owing o he meaning. The o he wo e bs belonging o his model a e pamp i and pus i. Thei me onymic meanings ela ed o d ink a e mos likely de i ed om he basic (p o o ipical) meanings: pamp i. A e si ing down, you need o s aigh en he cushion. → 2. ANŽELIKA GAIDIENĖ 214 o he Li huanian Language Ac LXXII (2) pamp i 1. ʻpūs is, plės is, pu s i, pus iʼ: Ka ė p isi ijo dobilų su asa i ėmė Good, d ink a lo , ea a lo , ea : How much can you b ew ha bee ? (B) (3) elease 1. To inc ease he olume, he scope (p onounced ko kenksminga zaedus, za algius) o he cows om he poin o deli e y. I 's been a long ime since I' e ea en. → 2. Ea ing o d inking: How much can you le go o bee ?! All he has o do is le i go, and he doesn' ha e o wo k. In he clea es o hese e bs, we could dis inguish a physiological sense o wholeness. 2.2.2. Cause ins ead o e ec The p o o ypical (mo i a ing) meaning o he e b o pou is ela ed o he pou ing o a liquid in o he in e io o an objec , e.g. o pou wine om a bo le in o a cup. He pou ed he co ee. The landlo d pou ed bee in o he ba n. The Li huanians pou ed boiling wa e on hem and pou ed s ones. (F ench) The eason o his is ha i is a me apho o he low o wa e , and he only me onymic objec used is he middle o a human being, e.g. 'd inking a lo ': They d ank bee all day long. (F ench) 2.2.3. Pa o he whole This me onymic species is a ibu ed o he e b my i, whose mo i a ing meaning is o push he ish in o he s omach, which indica es he essen ial s age o he ea ing ac ion […] ood diges ion, and he me onymic meaning is o ea , d ink, which indica es he ea ing p ocess. (1) in he mo ning 1. ‘Pu ing ood in he s omach: I don ha e ee h, so I don ea e e y hing like a ea . I 's wha you ea ha makes you a . → 3. Ea and d ink well: Wha a e you doing s anding up, si down?! He ea s like a ho se, wo ks like a oos e . The ollowing a icle p o ides a p elimina y lis o synonyms o alcoholic be e ages in Li huanian. A icles by A icle 215 Seman inės eiksmažodžio ge i sinonimų a si adimo p iežas ys 2 PAV. O he P elimina y Li huanian language d inking beha iou synonyms ne wo k ge i FP FGP whispe - ed whispe ed The FLDP siu b i s iaub i ies FLLP plumped GTP 1 kauš i The GPP 2 cows O he , no u he wo ked han ho - olled, in coils I 's like ETV, you' e shaking, you' e shaking, you' e shaking Looks like J's going o bend o e . ( om) dead dead apped I looks like a T-shi . Looks like a GV. I looks like KG pliaup i cliauk i (cliok i) clinkin i (kliunkin i) plumpin i clien s Me onP PP exploded pumped le 's pou OP he GP y i APENDRINAMOSIOS IŠVADOS The analysis o he meanings o he e bs belonging o he concep o GERTI leads o he ollowing conclusions: 1. The closes o he cen e o he GERTI concep a e he p ima y nomina i e e bs whose meanings eco ded in he SP a e ela ed o he physiology o he human o animal d inking ac ion, i.e. he mo o mo emen s o he lips, ee h, ongue and h oa , e.g. gu gling, sucking. The name o he d ink is usually de i ed om he oo o he wo d, which symbolically indica es he speci ic sound o he d ink. The majo i y o synonymic meanings belonging o he concep o GERT a e de i ed in he o m o seman ic de i a ion. 2.1.Me apho ical polysemic connec ions play an impo an ole in shaping he seman ic s uc u es o d ink synonyms. The e a e wo main ypes o me apho ical conno a ions associa ed wi h d inking: (1) an ene ge ic, pu pose ul ac ion ha esembles a mo i a ing meaning. : ANŽELIKA GAIDIENĖ The Ac a Linguis ica LXXII o he Republic o Li huania 2) esembles a mo i a ing meaning o a mo emen , e.g. h owing; 3) he empe a u e emi ed du ing he ac ion desc ibed in he simila ly mo i a ing meaning, e.g. kicking; 4) esembles a mo i a ing ac ion pe o med by an animal, e.g. a elbow, and 5) esembles a sound aised du ing a mo i a ing ac ion ( lowing, pou ing, o splashing) e.g. a elbow. S udies ha e shown ha mos me apho ical synonyms o d inks a ise o emphasize, o highligh he speci ic na u e o he ac ual d inking ac ion, such as shaking, buzzing, h owing, o he sound o a liquid lowing, pou ing, such as splashing, clapping. 2.2. The me onymic ans e o he meanings o synonyms o d inks is no common. The e a e se e al ypes o me onymy ha can be assigned o such ypes o me onymy: he esul ins ead o he ac ion (pu i y o eeling, e.g., exploding), he eason ins ead o he esul (objec , e.g., pou ing), and he pa ins ead o he whole (pu i y o eeling, e.g., mo ning). 3. The s udy e ealed ha he seman ic o igin o he synonyms o he e b o d ink is de e mined by he desi e o speake s o name he ac o d inking wi h di e en wo ds, emphasizing one cogni i e cha ac e is ic and ano he . The mos equen ly upda ed SPs a e o a calo i ic na u e ela ed o he physiology o he mou h and mo emen s and he sound p oduced by he luid. SINONIM TINKLO SUPRUMPINIMAI FGP physiological h oa expe ience FLDP physiological lip and oo h ac i i y expe ience FLLP physiological lip and ongue ac i i y expe ience FP physiological d inking signs GP […] sign o he h oa GPP […] cha ac e is ic o he be e age wi h he ing edien GTP […] indica ion o he d inking pu pose Me a P […] me apho ical ans e o meaning Me onP […] me onymical ans e o meaning a ibu e o he objec Simila o ETV […] simila o mo i a ing meaning o ocus on an ene ge ic, pu pose ul ac ion S aipsniai / A icles 217 Seman inės eiksmažodžio ge i sinonimų a si adimo p iežas ys Panašu į GV – panašu į mo y uojančia eikšme nusakomą eiksmą, a liekamą gy ūno Simila o J […] simila o mo i a ing ac ion simila o KG […] simila o mo i a ing ac ion simila o T […] simila o mo i a ing ac ion simila o empe a u e PP – pilnumo pojūčio požymis LITERATŪRA IR ŠALTINIAI Ap esjan […] Ap esyan Yu i D. He is a membe o he Russian Academy o Sciences. 1974: Lexical seman ics: he cinoimic средства языка. Москва: Наука. A dic iona y o he Li huanian language is being p epa ed by BŽE. The edi o ial boa d is composed o D. Liu ke ičienė (edi o ), G. Nak inienė, R. Pe okienė, D. S e ikienė, K. Vosyly ė and J. Zaba skai ė. The p og amme is V. Sa ke ičius. D. 1: The in oduc ion, B, C, H, J, O. Vilnius: Li huanian language ins i u e, 2013. D. 3: Č, E, , , F, Z. Vilnius: Li huanian language ins i u e, 2014. Access o he In e ne : h p: www.bkz.lki.l ; I 's in he handw i ing. C use D. Alan 1986: Lexical Seman ics. This is he i s ime I' e seen his. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. DLKT […] Tex o he cu en Li huanian language. The Kaunas: VDU. I is a ailable on he In e ne a : h p: eks ynas. du.l / eks ynas. The cu en Li huanian language dic iona y: six h ( hi d elec onic) edi ion, ed. This is S asys Keinys. Vilnius: Ins i u e o Li huanian Language, 2006; online e sion, 2011. Access o he In e ne : h p://dz.lki.l F aenkel E ns 1962[…]1965: Li huanian e ymological dic iona y o he i s and second cen u ies. Heidelbe g: he win e . Gaidienė Anželika 2015: Cha ac e is ics o he seman ic o igin o he use o indi ec nomina ions in he seconda y. Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica 73 ( o be amended) spaudai). G ybauskai ė: The o igin o he name o he plan in he no he n Pane ėžys egion Vilnius: Li huanian Language Ins i u e. Guda ičius Aloyzas (1994): Leksinė seman ika (Lexical seman ics) is a book by he Ge man w i e and his o ian Guda ičius Aloyzas. One by one. The ings. The s uc u e. Šiauliai: The pedagogical ins i u e o Šiauliai. ANŽELIKA GAIDIENĖ 218 o he Li huanian Language Ac LXXII Guda ičius Aloyzas 2007: G e inamoji seman ika. Šiauliai: Šiaulių uni e si e o publishing house. Guda ičius Aloyzas (2009) E hnolinguis ics ( he language o he people). Šiauliai: The publishing house o Šiauliai Uni e si y. 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Lako , Geo ge: The con empo a y heo y o me apho s. Me apho and Though . This is Camb idge. Lassan Eleono a 2002: […]Hope: seman ic and concep ual analysis. – Respec us Philologicus 2 (7) and 32. Lib is An anas is a dic iona y o synonyms. Vilnius: Li huanian Language Ins i u e. Libe ec An anas, The Theo y and P ac ice o Lexicog aphy, published in 2009. This is Zi a Šimėnai ė. Vilnius: Li huanian Language Ins i u e. Da abase o e ymological ocabula y o he Li huanian language. Vilnius: Uni e si y o Vilnius, 2007 o 2012 I is a ailable on he In e ne a : h p: www.bal nexus.l /LKŽe […] Li huanian language dic iona y 1[…]20, 1941[…]2002, elec onic e sion, edi o ial boa d: Ge uda Nak inienė (edi o ), Jonas Paulauskas, Ri u ė Pe okienė, Vy au as Vi kauskas, Jolan a Zaba skai ė. Vilnius: Li huanian Language Ins i u e, 2005 (upda ed e sion, 2008). Access o he In e ne : www.lkz.l A icles and a icles 219 Seman inės eiksmažodžio ge i sinonimų a si adimo p iežas ys Ma cinekewicz is he au ho o he 2006 book Concep ual Me apho s in T ansla ion. […] Wo k and days 45, 109[…]118. I is a ailable on he In e ne a : h p: donelai is. du.l /publikacijos/dd45_ u a.pd . Ma cinekewicz, The Meaning o he Wo d. Wo ds and ex s. Kaunas: The Uni e si y o Vy au as he G ea . Mikulsas Rolandas 2009: Kogni y inė ling is ika i leksikog a ijos p oblemos. – Language and people. Vilnius: The publishing house o Vilnius Mu phy M. Lynne 2010: Lexical Meaning. Camb idge [N.Y.]: Camb idge Uni e - Uni e si y, 3980. he Ci y P ess. Pliny he Younge , in his book G amma ical Typology: Vilnius: The Associa ion o he Salesian Academy: The Uni e si y o Vilnius. Popo a, S e nin […] Popo a Z. D., S e nin I. A. He is a membe o he Russian Academy o Sciences. 2010: Cogni i e and лингвистика. Москва: Восток – Запад. Sližienė Nijolė 1994[…]2004: Dic iona y o e b conjuga ion in he Li huanian language 1[…]2. Vilnius: Ins i u e o Science and Encyclopedia Publishing Sliwinski's book, "S icks and Bones: Synonyms and Thei Usage." Cul u e o he language 78, 128 […] 132. Shmelio […] Shmelo Dmi y N. He was bo n in Moscow, Russia. 2008: Essays on he semasiology o he Russian language языка. Москва: Издательство ЛКИ. Taylo John 2003: Nea synonyms as coex ensi e ca ego ies: ‘Tallʼ and ‘high e ised. […] Language sciences 25, 263 […] 284. This is no he case. F ied ich Unge e , Schmid Hans-Jö g 1996: An in oduc ion o cogni i e linguis ics. He is also he au ho o a book on cogni i e linguis ics. This is London Longman. U sula K. Le Guin: The heo y o wo d o ma ion Vilnius: Science and echnology 2nd edi ion, Vilnius: Ins i u e o he Publishing o Science and Encyclopedias, 2009. U quha 's 1965 essay on he e ymology o he wo d " umpe ." This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. U ban is Vincas 1998: Lie o me. Wha a e you doing? pashin and ( m.) pašaiža a e synonyms o common oo s. – Bal ic Sea 33 (1), 49 o 57. Valiuly ė Elena 1998: Syn ac ic synonyms o he cu en Li huanian language: place, ime and eason. Vilnius: Ins i u e o Science and Encyclopedia Publishing Vassilienė-Jolan a (2000), Synonyms o wo ks [a ex book o s uden s o philological special ies]. Šiauliai: The Uni e si y o Šiauliai. ANŽELIKA GAIDIENĖ 220 o he Li huanian Language Ac LXXII Seman ic Reasons o Appea ance o Synonyms o he Ve b o d ink Summa y The objec o his a icle is a ich seman ic g oup which has no ye been analyzed be o e […] d inking e bs aken om he e sion o he Dic iona y o he S anda d Li huanian Language which is cu en ly in he p ocess o compila ion. The esea ch seeks o es ima e he which ea u es o he ac ual phenomena, hings o ac ions become seman ic ea u es in he language, which de e mine he ise o new d inking e bs. The esea ch also seeks o e iciency o hese seman ic ea u es. A p elimina y synonym ne wo k o he e b o d ink is gi en a he end o he a icle. Deli e ed on 1 Sep embe 2014 ANŽELIKA GAIDIENĖ Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as Pe o Pe o ich S ee , 5, LT-10308 Vilnius, Li huania anzelika.gaidi[email p o ec ed] This is a lis o people who we e bo n in, esiden s o , o o he wise closely associa ed wi h Pe o ich S ee , Vilnius, Li huania.