LAIMUTIS BILKIS

Institute of the Lithuanian Language

Research areas: toponymy, anthroponymy.

THE DEVELOPMENT AND ORIGIN OF THE CITY OF IGNALINA AND ITS NAME

Development and Origin of Ignalina and Its Name

ABSTRACT

The article combines historical and linguistic (the origin of place names) research. Drawing on numerous historical documents, it examines the development of the city of Ignalina: it establishes when the first settlement was founded and who its founders were, and presents the history of the Kamenskis family, the landowning owners of Ignalina, from the establishment of the manorial farmstead to the sale of the Vidiškės estate. It also identifies the personal name that was the source of the place name and explains the origin of the current city name Ignalinà and other variants used for it.

KEYWORDS: settlement history, development of settlement names, origin of settlement names.

ANNOTATION

The article brings together historical and linguistic (origin of place names) research. Based on abundant historical documents, the study addresses the development of Ignalina: it traces the establishment of the first settlement and its original founders and presents the history of Ignalina owners, the noble Kamenskis family, from the establishment of the folwark to the period of selling Vidiškės manor. It also determines the personal name considered the source of origin of the locality’s name and explains the origin of the present name Ignalinà and its other variants.

KEYWORDS: history of settlements, development of settlement names, origin of settlement names.

1. Little has been written in scholarly literature about the name of the city of Ignalina. In his monograph Names of Lithuanian Cities, Aleksandras Vanagas briefly surveyed the locality

274

Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXV

Ignalinos miesto ir jo vardo raida bei kilmė

and the development and origin of its name, offering the most plausible explanation of the toponym’s origin (Vanagas 1996: 77–78). According to him, the town began to develop near the railway station, built in the second half of the nineteenth century when the St Petersburg–Warsaw railway was laid. Further, drawing on information in Volume V of Monuments of Lithuanian Urbanism, it is stated that the name itself was first mentioned in 1810, when Ignas Tyzenhauzas bought the Gineitiškės folwark and attached it to Ignalina or Vyžuona. The toponym is thought undoubtedly to be of anthroponymic origin, and the personal name in question may have been that of the nobleman Ignas Tyzenhauzas. The town’s name is derived not from the form Įgnas, but from the diminutive form Ignėlis or *Ignalis, and is considered a derivative formed with the suffix –in–. It is also claimed that two other variants of the name Ignalinà are known from spoken language—Ignãlina and Ignalinė—and it is conjectured that forms with the suffix –ina arose under the influence of Polish or other Slavic languages. In her doctoral dissertation on the formation of Lithuanian settlement names with suffixes, Marija Razmukaitė likewise derives the town’s name from the personal name *Ignalis, whose plausibility is supported by the surname Ignaliūkas (Razmukaitė 1998: 82).

Later, information concerning the settlement’s first mention and other historical details that refine some of A. Vanagas’s claims appeared in the local periodical press and on websites. Therefore, drawing on the available historical sources, this article aims to investigate as accurately and comprehensively as possible the circumstances surrounding the emergence and development of the town (settlement), identify the personal name that was the source of its name, and determine the possible ways in which the present-day town name Ignalinà was formed.

Encyclopedic publications contain little information about the history of Ignalina. They note that the settlement began to grow in 1857–1862, after a railway station was built and the St Petersburg–Warsaw (Vilnius–Daugavpils) railway was laid (LTE IV 401; VLE VII 744; IEŽ 17, 19). It is also observed that the settlement initially belonged to the Vidiškės parish (Kviklys I 729).

2. A study of the settlement’s development should begin with the history of its first mention in historical documents. As can be seen, it was previously claimed that Ignalina was first mentioned in 1810. This is stated not only in A. Vanagas’s book, published in the late twentieth century, but also in a monograph published later and devoted to the study of towns and townships in eastern Lithuania. The monograph explains that the name Ignalina (Ignalinkos) is mentioned that year in a document concerning “Lukštas, Vyžuonėlės and Ignalina” (Miškinis 2005: 76). According to the author, it states that “Vyžuonėlės expanded when Ignas Tyzenhauzas <...> bought the Gineitiškės folwark with the village of Šemeta from Justin Saurinavičius, an armourer from Mstislavl, for 3,000 silver rubles and attached them to Vyžuonėlės (Vyžuonos) or Ignalina.” On the basis of this entry, it is concluded that the place called Ignalina came into existence before 1810. However, the regional press disputes this and explains that the Ignalina mentioned in this document is not the same place

Straipsniai / Articles

275

LAIMUTIS BILKIS

but another locality, and that Ignas Tyzenhauzas was not involved in the founding of the settlement (Matkevičius 2014).

The historical document in question is part of a larger collection of documents concerning the Tyzenhauz genealogy and estates. It is entitled “Information about Lukštas, Vyžuonėlės and Ignalina” (Wiadomość o Luksztach, Wiżunkach i Ignalinie). Drawing on various other historical sources, it describes the geographical location of these estates (majętność) and names their former and current owners. It states that the Lukštas and Vyžuonėlės estates are in Ukmergė County (powiecie Wiłkomierskim), but notes that their location is not entirely clear from the primary documents: according to some sources, the settlement called Vyžuonos (Wiżuny) was by Lake Vyžuona (jeziora Wiżuny), one mile from Latgale (o mile od granicy Inflantskiej), while others place it beside Lake Vyžuona, between the village of Iciūnai (wsią Iciuny), the Ūdrupis stream (ruczajom Udrupis), and the Vyžuona River (rzeczką Wiżunką). It is further stated that there were probably two estates called Vyžuonos (Wiżuny): the first was beside Lake Skiauteriškis (koło jeziora Skiauteryski), approximately where the Ignalinas folwark (f. Ignalin) now stands; the second, Vyžuonos or Vyžuonėlės (Wiżuny^v Wiżunki), was by Lake Vyžuona (nad <...> jeziorem Wiżuńskiem) (ŽTz 265). The document also explains that the settlement by Lake Vyžuona grew in 1810 because its owner, the head of the guard, Ignacijus Tyzenhauzas (Ignacy Tyzenhauz), bought the Gineitiškės folwark (folwark Ginejtyszki) with the village of Šemeta (z siołem Szemety) from Justinas Saurimavičius¹ (od Justyna Sawrymawicza) and attached it to Vyžuonėlės or Ignalina (do Wizunek czyli Ignalina) (ŽTz 266).

Analysis of the source makes it possible to revise several points mentioned in the works of A. Vanagas and Algimantas Miškinis. First, the document uses the place-name form Ignalinas (Ignalin), not Ignalina. Second, the description of the settlements’ geographical location clearly shows that the Ignalinas mentioned here is not the same place as the one that preceded the town of Ignalina. Identification of the place-names leads to the conclusion that the Ignalinas folwark recorded in 1810 Ignalinas was in the territory of present-day Rokiškis District, near Juodupė, Rokiškis. The locality (or localities) Wiżuny, Wiżunki mentioned in the document most likely corresponds to present-day Vyžuonos village (Rokiškis Rural Eldership), near which there are also a lake and a river named Vyžuonà, also known by the variant names Vyžūnka (LUEV 199–200), as well as the village of Iciūnai and the stream Ūdrupis. The village of Šemeta mentioned in the source was recorded from spoken language in Kazimieras Būga’s card index of proper names: Šemetai, k. Rokiškio parapijoje (BgK); it, as an unrecognized

¹ Given that Lithuanian personal names were Slavicized in various ways in historical sources written in Slavic languages, the article uses their possible Lithuanian forms, indicating in parentheses the forms recorded in those sources.

276

Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXV

Ignalinos miesto ir jo vardo raida bei kilmė

village, still existing today in Juodupė Eldership, east of Lake Ignotiškis². The historical source states that the Ignalino manor farm was established by Lake Skiauteriškis. According to data from spoken language, this lake has three names Skiauteriškis, Tauteriškis, and Ignotiškis; it is therefore unquestionably identifiable with present-day Lake Ignotiškis, which is also near the villages of Ičiūnai and Vyžuona. A geographical reference book published in Poland in 1882 states that this manor farm (Ignalin), with a beautiful summer house, is in Zarasai County (pow. nowoaleksandrowski), in Rokiškis Parish, and belongs to the estates of Count Tyzenhauz’s Rokiškis manor (SG III 249). The list of settlements in Kaunas Governorate, published in 1892, likewise includes the Ignalino manor farm (Игналино) in Rokiškis Rural District (KnGGS 272). In addition, K. Būga’s card index records a manor farm named Ignotiškis in Rokiškis Parish in the first half of the twentieth century (BgK); a questionnaire on the place names of Ragučiai village in Rokiškis Rural District, Rokiškis County, compiled in 1935, lists a manor farm (the estate center) named Ignotiškis, which, according to the informant, was built by Ignas Tyzenhauzas (LŽVA); and in the registers (files) of Lithuanian inhabited places compiled by county and rural district around 1935 by the Surname and Place-Name Commission, active in the interwar period, a single homestead named Ignotiškis was entered under Rokiškis Rural District but crossed out during editing (VB IV 84). It is therefore quite possible that this is the same settlement that was called Ignalinu in 1810 and 1882. In locating the Ignalino manor farm, researchers may have been misled by the mention of the Gineitiškiai manor farm, since the village of Gineitiškis is indeed in Ignalina District; historical data, however, show that a settlement of this name also existed near Rokiškis: in 1784, a manor farm named Gineytyszki was recorded in Rokiškis Parish of the Kupiškis Deanery (VDV 146).

3. A detailed analysis of historical sources shows that the emergence and development of the settlement that grew into the town of Ignalina was connected with Vidiškės Manor and its landowning proprietors, the Kamenskis (Kaminskis) family³. According to the available data, this family appears in Daugėliškis Parish in the second half of the eighteenth century⁴. The 1783 visitation book of the Breslauja Deanery, in its description of Daugėliškis Parish, notes that Mr Kaminskis rented from Pliateris, the elder of Daugėliškis (w arędzie WIP Kaminskiego) the town of Janavas (miasteczko Janow), the villages of Antalgė (Antalgie), Nagėnai (Nagiany), Rudžiai (Rudzie), Tripuckai (Trypuckie), Girdžiūnai (Gierdziuny), Žibakiai (Zybakie), Vigutėnai (Wigutany), Vilkuočiai (Wilkocie), Bieniūnai (Bieniuny), and Romantiškiai (Romantyszki), as well as the isolated farmstead of Paraklis (Paraklis) (BrslVA 71). At that time Vidiškės Manor was owned by Mr Rahoza, the Breslauja gorodnychy (WImęPa Rohozy).

² For the geographical location of all the places mentioned here, see http://lkis.lki.lt/lietuvos-vietovardziu-geoinformacine-duomenu-baze.

³ In historical documents, the surname of this family was recorded in two forms: Kamenskiai and Kaminskiai; cf. Kamiński 1850.

⁴ Albertas Kojalavičius–Vijūkas researched the arrival of the Kamenskis family in Lithuania—see Narbutas 2010: 189–190.

Straipsniai / Articles

277

LAIMUTIS BILKIS

(BrslVA 72). An earlier 1775 list of taxable households (hearths) in Grodno County states that Vidiškės Manor was owned by the aforementioned Rahoza (J:P: Rohozy), while the settlements that Kaminskis rented in 1783, together with others, belonged to Kazimieras Pliateris, the elder of Daugėliškis (GrdnDT 43). Thus, in 1775 the Kaminskis (Kamenskis) did not yet own the places mentioned. Around the same time, the surname also appears in the baptismal register of Daugėliškis Parish: in 1784, Anna Kaminska and Ludovica Kaminska were recorded as assistants at the baptism of the son of Juozapas Grubnickis, a resident of Daugėliškis, and his wife Praksedija Kozlovska (DglšKr 65).

In the 1795 list of estates in Užneris County (Pow: Zawileyskiego), Simonas Rahoza (Symona Rahozy) and Juozapas Rahoza (Jósefa Rahozy) are listed as owners of the Vidiškės manor farm (Folwark Widziszki) (UDS₁ 12). The 1811 list of landowners in the same county shows that the estate had become the property of Countess Marija Pliaterienė (Графини Маріи Плятеровой); moreover, it was beginning to be called Pšijaznė (Пржіязна⁵ (UDSII 46). The change in landowners is also confirmed by the revision census of Daugėliškis Parish from the same year, which states that the hereditary Pšijaznė estate belonged to Countess Marija Pliaterienė (Maryi Hrabiny Platerowey) (DglšRS 28). Important information can be found in the 1816 register of estates in Užneris County, which lists Marija Pliaterienė’s estate of Pšijaznė, or Vidiškės (Пржіязнь или Видзишки Графини Маріи Платеровой), with an added note that, by a resolution of 1832, it was assigned to the landowners Jonas Kamenskis and his wife (Иваномъ и женою его Каменскими) (UDSIII 22). The circumstances under which the Kamenskis became owners of Vidiškės Manor are described in detail in the 1846 inventory of this place. It describes the Pšijaznė, or Vidiškės, estate (Имению Пржіязни, или Видзишкамъ) as an inheritable, transferable, and mortgageable property (вотчинничества) in Vilnius Governorate, Švenčionys County⁶, and the parishes of Daugėliškis and Palūšė, belonging to the landowners Jonas, son of Rapolas, and Brigita, daughter of Vikentijus, Kamenskiai (Ивана Рафаилова сына и Бригиды Викентьевой дочери изъ дома Каменскихъ Каменскихъ). This property belonged to them under a real estate purchase contract dated December 2, 1827 (изъ купчей крепости), executed in the Vilnius Civil Court Chamber. The Kamenskis purchased the estate from Countess Marija Pliaterienė, of the Brzostowski family (отъ Графини Маріи, изъ Графовъ Бржостовских, Плятеровой) (VdšI 10). The name Ignalina is also mentioned in this inventory: it states that the Pšijaznė, or Vidiškės, estate included two

⁵ From Polish przyjaźń ‘a cordial relationship with someone, friendship; goodwill, solicitude, a sincere disposition’ (SJP V 296).

⁶ Švenčionys County was formed through the reorganization of Užneris County.

278

Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXV

Ignalinos miesto ir jo vardo raida bei kilmė

The manors were Janapolis⁷ and Ignalinas (состоum из двух отдельных фольварков Янополя и Игналина) (VdŠl 2). At that time, the Vidiškės Manor comprised the villages of Balaveckiai, or Vėlūnai (Балавецкие, или Велуны), Rimšėnai, or Navikai (Римишанце, или Новики), Ažušilė (Заборце), and Poviliškė (Павилишки); the Janapolis manor comprised the villages of Gaveikėnai (Гавейкяны), Petravas⁸, or Kojazinas (Kojasino?) (Пютрово, или Кояжинь), and part of the village of Strigailiškis (Стригалишки); the Ignalinas manor comprised the village of Budriai (Будры) and part of the village of Strigailiškis (Стригалишки). At that time, two manor workers lived at the Ignalinas manor: the 41-year-old shepherd Laurynas Karneckis (Karneckas?) (Лаврентий Карнецкий) and the 15-year-old maid Petronėlė Bubinaitė (Петронелля Бубинувна). The data recorded in the inventory were confirmed by the manor owners Jonas Kamenskis (Іванъ Каменскій) and Br aspects?

However, the mention in 1846 of the Ignalina manor belonging to Vidiškės Manor is not the first. The baptismal register of the Palašė parish church for 1827–1841 records that on September 1, 1840, Mykolas (Michal), son of Fabijonas and Kristina, née Bernatavičius, of the Lukauskis family (Fabijana i Krystyny z Bernatowiczow Łukowskich), born at a manor farm called Ign aline k (w Folwar-ke Ign aline k), was baptized (PlŠKr₁ 90; Matkevičius 2014). The manor farm’s connection to Vidiškės Manor is evidenced by the fact that Fabijonas Lukauskis (Lukauskas?) had moved here to live from that manor. This is proven by an entry in the Palašė parish church marriage register for 1827–1857: when Fabijonas and Kristina’s marriage was registered in 1836, the husband lived in Pšijaznė (ze Dworu Przyjazni), and the wife in Budriai (PlŠJn₁ 25). It is quite possible that these were the first residents of the manor farm Ignalinek. Thus, according to the available data, the name Ignalina (Ignalinek) was first mentioned in historical documents in 1840, and then (Игналин) in 1846, in the inventory of Vidiškės Manor.

In 1848, the manor farm was recorded in the baptismal register of the Vidiškės branch church: on March 8, the same residents, Fabijonas and Kristina Lukauskis, baptized another son, Juozapas (Józef), whose place of birth was given as w Ignalinku (VdŠKr₁ 26). The baptismal register of the same church for 1848–1854 records that in 1853 the peasants Kristupas and Agota, née Juodagalvis, of the Karaliūnas family (Кржиштофа и Аготы изъ Юдегальвіовъ Каралюцевъ), baptized their daughter Kotryna (Катаржина), born at the Ignalina (Ignalinas?) farmstead (въ Мызѣ Игналинѣ) (VdŠKr₁₁ 76). A document of the same type from 1880 states that the son Juozapas (Іосифъ) of the landowners Vikentijus and Juzefa, née Petkevičius, of the Savickis family (Викентія и Юзефы урожденной Петкевичевны Савицких), was born at the Ignalina (Ignalinas?) manor farm (въ Фольваркѣ Игналинѣ), but in the adjacent entry

⁷ Janapolis is identifiable with the present-day village of Jonalaukis (Ignalina eldership).

⁸ Today this is the village of Petriškės (Ignalina eldership).

Straipsniai / Articles

279

LAIMUTIS BILKIS

a guardhouse, called Ignalinas (въ Караулктъ Игналино), is also mentioned; there, the peasants Simonas and Domicelė, née Rastenis, of the Semionkas family, baptized their son Juozapas (Iocufъ), who was born there (VdŠKr_v 23). They were from the Zablatiškė district (Заблотишской Волости) (Сымеона и Домицели изъ Растеневъ Семіонковъ). In 1886 the Ignalina manor farm was recorded (въ Фольваркѣ Игналино), where Marijona (Маріанна), daughter of the landowners Ignacijus and Veronika, née Minkevicius, of the Petkevičius family (Игнацеgo и Вероники изъ Минкевичовъ Пѣткевичовъ), was born; and the Ignalina railway station (въ Вогзале Игналино, на станціи Игналино, въ Игналинѣ Ста: Варшав: жел: дороги), where Kazimiera (Казимѣра), daughter of the soldier Antanas and Marijona, née Gudelis, of the Girdžiukas family (Антонеgo и Маріянны урожденной Гудельговны Гирдзюковъ), was born, as were Ričardas (Ришардъ), son of the landowners Jeronimas and Vladislava, née Giedraitis, of the Slobodinskis family (Гпроніма и Владиславы урожденной Гѣдройцѣв Слободинскихъ), and Albertina (Альбертina), daughter of Juozapas and Liudvika, née Tanajevskis, of the Podoleckis family (Iocufa и Людвики урожденной Танаевской Подолецкихъ) (VdŠKr_v 178, 180, 184). The 1866 list of settlements in the second administrative-police district (stan) of Švenčionys County, Vilnius Governorate, names the Ignalina manor farm (Игналинъ) belonging to a landowner and located by Lake Palaukinis (Пашаукунис⁹), as well as the Ignalina railway station (Игналинъ) (ŠvnčGVS 400). The manor farm was 23 versts from Švenčionys and 12 versts from the district center. It then had one homestead (farmyard) and 16 residents: 9 men and 7 women. The railway station was 22¼ versts from Švenčionys and 12¼ versts from the district center. This settlement had 6 farmyards, with 39 residents, including 17 Orthodox Russians, 13 Catholic Lithuanians, and 9 Jews; 21 men and 18 women. It was noted that both places lay along the Saint Petersburg–Warsaw railway. A Polish geographical gazetteer mentioned earlier, published in 1882, states that Ignalinas (Ignalin) comprised a manor farm and railway station in Švenčionys County. In 1866, these places had 42 Catholics, 9 Jews, and 34 Orthodox residents, and 7 houses. The distance from the manor farm to Švenčionys was 23 versts, from the station to Švenčionys 22¼ versts, and to Vilnius 95 versts (SG III 246). In addition, a szlachta manor farm of the same name, more than 23 versts from Švenčionys, is mentioned separately; in 1866 it had one homestead and 16 Catholic residents. The 1905 list of settlements in Vilnius Governorate names the Ignalina railway station, village, and manor farm, belonging to Daugėliškis district and located by Lake Gavys (Игналино). The station and village had 328 residents—144 men and 184 women—and the settlements had 19 dessiatinas of land. The manor farm was owned by Kamenskis (Каменскаго); it had 18 residents, 10 men and 8 women, and 69 dessiatinas of land, and was 0.5 versts from the railway station.

⁹ This form is most likely erroneous, having arisen from mishearing the name of the lake Palaukinis.

280

Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXV

Ignalinos miesto ir jo vardo raida bei kilmė

(VGGS 269). According to a plan drawn up in 1923 / 1924, the Ignalino manor farm was situated between Lakes Gavis, Palaukinis, and Gavaitis (VdšHKn). After Lithuania regained the Vilnius Region, the 1940 register of settlements in this territory listed the Ignalina (Ignalinà, -ìnos, le. Ignalino) railway station and town, and the village Ignotiškė (le. Ignalinka), belonging to the Ignalina rural district in Švenčionys County (later Švenčionėliai County) (VSV 1940 7; 1945 15). In 1949, Ignalina was the center of the rural district and local district of the same name (LATP 144), and in 1950 this settlement was reorganized, first into a county-level city and somewhat later into a city under district jurisdiction (LATS 8, 1025). In 1962, the name of a homestead near the city of Ignalina was recorded from spoken language as Ignalinka (VK¹⁰). This may be the last trace of the former Ignalina (Ignalino) manor farm.

4. Analysis of Ignalina’s historical development shows that, at the time the settlement arose, it belonged to the Vidiškės estate owner, Jonas Kamenskis, marshal of Švenčionys County, and his wife Brigita, who had acquired the Vidiškės estate in 1827. Therefore, in order to identify the personal name that was the source of the town’s name, it is necessary to review the subsequent history of this family (lineage).

Jonas and Brigita Kamenskiai, having reached the age of 80, died at the Ignalina estate (въ имѣніи Игналинѣ) in 1869: the wife (Констанція Бригида изъ Каменскихъ Каменская) on January 1 of pneumonia, and the husband (Іоаннъ Каменскій) on January 2 of senile consumption. Both were buried in Vidiškės cemetery on January 4 (VdšMrt₁ 30; MI). Their death records state that they left a son, Ignacijus Liudvikas (Игнатія Людовика), and a daughter, Konstancija (Констанцію¹¹). After Jonas Kamenskis’s death, his son Ignacijus inherited the estate. Information about his large family can also be found in the parish registers. On May 4, 1849, their daughter Marija Brigita Juozapa (Марія-Бригида-Іозефа), born to the spouses Ignacijus Liudvikas Kamenskis and Marija Piotuchaitė (Игнатія Людовика и Марии Піоттуховны Каменскихъ), was baptized at the Vidiškės filial church. The godparents were Ignacijus’s parents, Jonas and Brigita Kamenskiai (VdšKr₁₁ 15). On December 18, 1851, the baptism of Ignacijus and Marija Kamenskiai’s second daughter, Monika Justina Konstancija (Моника-Юстина-Констанція), took place in the same church; the godparents named were Count Sigizmundas Pliateris (Сигизмундъ Плятеръ) and Brigita, Jonas Kamenskis’s wife (VdšKr₁₁ 57). Their third daughter, Justina Malvina Kotryna (Юстина-Мальвина-Катаржина), was baptized on December 28, 1854, in the presence of the godparents—Justinas Piotuchas (Юстинъ Піоттухъ), a former judge of Ukmergė town, and Malvina, the wife of Kazimieras Kamenskis—as well as a large group of

¹⁰ Recorded by linguist Evalda Strazdaitė (Jakaitienė).

¹¹ The baptismal registers of Daugėliškis parish, to which the Vidiškės estate belonged at the time, contain no information about the births of Ignacijus and Konstancija. Perhaps they were baptized in the Vidiškės chapel or in another parish.

Straipsniai / Articles

281

LAIMUTIS BILKIS

witnesses (VdšKr_III 8). Justina’s father Ignacijus and his father Jonas Kamenskiai are here already identified as holding the positions of gubernatorial secretaries. On July 3, 1864, Konstancija Brigita Gabrie-lie (Констанция Бригода Габріеля), the fourth daughter of collegiate assessors Ignacijus and Marija Kamenskiai, was baptized at the Roman Catholic church in Švenčionys. Her godparents are recorded as Marshal Jonas Kamenskis and Stefanija, an unmarried young woman of the Piotuchų family (съ Стефаніею Піотмухъ дѣвицею) (VdšKr_IV 117). Two years later, on October 19, 1866, the baptism of the only son of court councillors (надворныхъ Совѣтниковъ) Ignacijus Liudvikas and Marija Kamenskiai, Jonas Marijonas Petras Liu-dvikas (Іоань-Маріянь-Петръ-Людовикъ), was baptized at the Vidiškės church; his godparents were Kazimieras Kamenskis and Elena, an unmarried young woman of the Piotuchų family (съ благородною Еленою Піотмухъ дѣвицею) (VdšKr_IV 168). The youngest daughter of Ignacijus and Marija, Konstancija, died at the Vidiškės estate of whooping cough at only four months old and was buried in the local cemetery (VdšMrt_I 9). In 1870, the eldest daughter Marija married 32-year-old Napoleon Žaba (Наполеона Жабы) at Vilnius Cathedral; he was from the parish of Saints Peter and Paul in Antakalnis, Vilnius (VdšIn_I 17). In 1872, Monika married the nobleman Henrikas Javlov-skis (Генрика Явловского) from Ignalina (изъ Игналина) at the Vidiškės church (VdšIn_I 23), while in 1874 Justina’s marriage to 46-year-old collegiate assessor Vikentijus Kvinta (Викентія Квинты) from the Bėčiūnai estate (изъ мызы Бѣчуновъ) was recorded at the Vidiškės church (VdšIn_I 32). On March 14, 1888, Ignacijus Kamenskis’s wife, landowner Marija Kamenskienė (Марія урожденная Піотмухъ Кампнска), died of heart disease at the Vidiškės estate at the age of 59, leaving her widower, court councillor Ignacijus, son of Jonas, Kamenskis (Игнатія Иванова Кампнскаго Надворнаго совѣтника), a son Jonas (Ивана), and daughters Marija Žabienė (Марію Жабу), Monika Javlovskienė (Монику Явловскую), and Justina Kvintienė (Юстыну Квинто) (VdšMrt_II 29). She was buried on March 17 in Rimšėnai (деревни Римшаны) cemetery. The owner of the Vidiškės (Pšijaz-nė) estate himself, court councillor Ignacijus Liudvikas Kamenskis (Игнатій-Людвик двухъименный Каменскій), died of pneumonia on March 12, 1900, at the age of 78. He left a son, Jonas Marijonas Petras Liudvikas, and daughters Marija, Monika, and Justina¹² (VdšMrt_III 3). He was buried on March 15 in Rimšėnai cemetery (на Римшанском кладбище). After Ignacijus Kamenskis’s death, his son Jonas inherited the estate and owned it until 1913.

The subsequent history of the estate can be traced through a collection of document extracts in its mortgage register. An extract from the 1913 register of purchase and sale agreements for Švenčionys County in the Vilnius Notarial Archive attests that on January 22, 1913, at the Vilnius notary’s office, Jonas Kamenskis, son of Ignacijus,

¹² His daughter Justina (Іустина Игнатьевна изъ Каменскихъ Квинто), by then a widow, died in Vilnius in 1906 and was also buried in Rimšėnai cemetery (VdšMrt_III 55).

282

Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXV

Ignalinos miesto ir jo vardo raida bei kilmė

The trustee, townsman Jurgis Jokūbas, son of Robert, Šafas (мѣщанинъ Георгъ-Якубъ Робертовичъ Шафовъ), residing at the Pšijaznė estate, and the hereditary citizen Aristarchas, son of Moisejus, Pimonovas (потомственный гражданинъ Аристархъ Моисеевичъ Пимоновъ), residing in Vilnius on Georgijaus Avenue, entered into a sale and purchase agreement. The landowner Jonas Kamenskis sold Aristarchas Pimonovas the Pšijaznė, or Vidiškės, estate, together with the Ignalinas manor farm and the Beržasalys and Beržynas plots (имение „Пржіязнь“ или Видзишки съ фольваркомъ Игналинъ и участками Бржесиоло и Лпзбржезъ) (VdšHKn, agreement, p. 1). It is further noted that the estate, which Jonas Kamenskis inherited after the death of his father, the landowner Ignacijus Kamenskis, was sold with all its property, the listing of which also mentions the town (мѣстечкомъ) (VdšHKn, agreement, p. 2). On 14 October 1913, the new owner of the Vidiškės estate and Ignalinas manor farm, Aristarchas Pimonovas, concluded an agreement with his sister Elena, daughter of Moisejus, Dorochova (Елена Моисеевна Дорохова), stating that Pimonovas had borrowed 156,000 roubles from Dorochova and was giving her as security the Pšijaznė, or Vidiškės, estate with the Ignalinas manor farm (съ фольваркомъ „Игналинъ“) and the aforementioned plots (VdšHKn). In a will drawn up on 3 March 1915, Aristarchas Pimonovas (Arystarch, syn Mojżesza, Pimonow) bequeathed the Pšijaznė estate, which he had bought from Jonas Kamenskis, to his sister Elena Dorochova (Helenie, córce Mojżesza, Dorochowej) (VdšHKn). Connections between the Kamenskis family and the Vidiškės estate can still be found nearly a decade after its sale. In 1921, a lawyer for Monika Javlovskienė (Moniki Jawłowskiej), daughter of Ignacijus Kamenskis and sister of Jonas Kamenskis, submitted an application to the Civil Division of the District (Okręgowego) Court seeking redemption of the family estate “Przyjaźń”, then owned by Elena Dorochova. The application explained that the Vidiškės estate had belonged to Monika’s father, Ignacijus Kamenskis (Ignacego Kamieńskiego), who died on 12 March 1900. After his death, the estate was inherited by his son, her brother, who sold it to Aristarchas Pimonovas in 1913 for 200,000 roubles. Pimonovas died on 5 March 1915, and under his will the estate passed to Elena Dorochova. In 1922, the Civil Division of the District Court recognized Monika Javlovskienė (Moniki z Kamieńskich Jawłowskiej) as having the right to redeem the estate; however, in 1923 the Court of Appeal in Vilnius overturned the District Court’s ruling because the three-year period within which such an application could be filed had expired (VdšHKn).

5. The history of the Kamenskis family shows that, when the Ignalinas manor farm was established (around 1840), the Vidiškės estate was owned by Jonas and Brigita Kamenskiai, who had a son, Ignacijus Liudvikas, and a daughter, Konstancija. Thus the name Ignalina is undoubtedly associated with the first name of the son of the first owners of the manor farm, Ignacijus (Russian Игнатий, Polish Ignacy). As already mentioned, Ignacijus died in 1900 at the age of 78, so he must have been born in 1821 or 1822; when the Ignalinas manor farm was established, he had not yet turned 20. The manor farm was apparently named by his parents in honour of their son, who would inherit the entire estate in the future.

Straipsniai / Articles

283

LAIMUTIS BILKIS

Other settlement names in Lithuania that arose in this way, from estates owned by landowners, are likely to exist as well. For example, it is claimed that the settlement of Alizava (Kupiškis District) was formerly called Pakape, and that in the late 18th century the landowner Antanas Koscialkovkis built a church there and named the developing church settlement Alizavà in honour of his son Aloyzas (VLE I 358).

The abundant historical data allow the following sequence to be reconstructed for the development of the Ignalina settlement and its name: manor farm Ignalinek (w Folwarke Ignalinek) (1840) → manor farm *Ignalinas (cocmoum uz двух отдельных фольварков Янополя и Игналина) (1846) → manor farm Ignalinek (w Ignalinku) (1848) → manor farm (single homestead) *Ignalinas (?*Ignalina) (въ Мызгъ Игналинъ) (1853) → manor farm, railway station *Ignalinas (Иганлинъ) (1866) → manor farm *Ignalinas (?*Ignalina) (въ имѣніи Игналинъ) (1869) → *Ignalinas (изъ Игналина) (1872) → manor farm, railway watchman’s hut *Ignalinas (?*Ignalina) (въ Фольваркѣ Игналинъ, въ Караулкѣ Игналино) (1880) → manor farm, railway station *Ignalinas (Ignalin) (1882) → manor farm, railway station *Ignalinas (?*Ignalina) (въ Фольваркѣ Игналино, въ Возгале Игналино, на станціи Игналино, въ Игналинѣ Ста: Варшава: жел: дороги) (1886) → railway station, village, possibly manor farm *Ignalinas (Игналино) (1905) → *Ignalinas (съ фольваркомъ Игналинъ) (1913) → railway station, town Ignalinà, -inos (Polish Ignalino), village Ignotiškė (Polish Ignalinka) (1940) → county and local administrative centre Ignalina (1949) → town Ignalinà (1950, 1959).

In the Lithuanian press of the first half of the 20th century, two variants of the settlement’s name (town, railway station) were used: Ignalina and Ignalinas. The feminine form was written more often. It is worth noting first of all that K. Būga used it in the 1907 publication Lietuvių tauta: netoli nuo Ignalinos (Būga RR I 141). This form is also more common in periodicals: Ignalina (LŽ 1912, no. 135, p. 3; Auš 1937, no. 9, p. 130; Trim 1939, no. 45, p. 1088; ŪP 1939, no. 52, p. 12; Amž 1939, no. 240, p. 8), Ignalina, Ignalinos (VR 1934, no. 44, p. 3; Aid 1938, no. 20, p. 3), Ignalina, Ignalin oj, Ignalinos miestely (VR 1933, no. 92, p. 3). The variant Ignalinas was used less frequently: miestelyje Ignaline, Ignalino, Ignalino stoties (VR 1930, no. 6, p. 4), Ignalinas (VR 1932, no. 33, p. 3). There were instances in which both forms of the name appeared in the same article: Ignalina, Ignalinon, Ignalinos, Ignalino turguose (VR 1937, no. 78, p. 3).

There are very few old records of the name as used in spoken language. We can rely only on the card recorded in the early 20th century by the linguist Antanas Vireliūnas: Ignalinas („Ignalino“) m. Vil. g. (BgK) (= a town in Vilnius Governorate). Other data are fairly late. As mentioned, in 1962 the homestead name Ignalinka was recorded; it is apparently connected with the first designation of the manor farm in historical sources, Ignalinek. A. Vanagas’s monograph states that, besides the form Ignalinà, local residents also

284

Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXV

Ignalinos miesto ir jo vardo raida bei kilmė

the forms Ignālina and Ignalinė are used. This is also asserted in local-history works (Martinkėnas 1979: 53). Dialect records from the beginning of the 21st century show that the long-established inhabitants of Ignalina and the neighboring areas of Palūšė, Vidiškės, and Ceikiniai use the form Ignalinà: *ignali.na.į (Ignalinoj) (Klimiškės village), *ignali.na.į, in_ *ignali.nu. (Ignalinoj, in Ignaliną) (Dindų village), *ignali.na.n (Ignalinon) (Sabališkės village), *ignali.na.į, prie_*ignali.nai (Ignalinoj, prie Ignalinai) (Lobinių village) (ŠRAV 70, 103, 86, 89, 51, 75, 197), ignalinà, *i.gnalinà, ignalinɔ.į, i.gnalinɔ.į, *i.gna.li.nā.į, *i.gnali.nā.s, i.gnali.nā.n (Ignalinà, Ignalinoj, Ignalinos, Ignalinon) (Ažušilės village), *ignali.na.n (Ignalinon) (Maksimonių village), *ignali.na.n, *ignali.na.i (Ignalinon, Ignalinoj) (Palaukiškės village), *ignali.nā.s, *ignali.nā.s (Ignalinos) (Šileikiškės village) (ŠRV, RAV 101, 94, 80, 102), *ignali.na.n, *ignali.na.i (Ignalinon, Ignalinoj) (Lepšių village) (TA RAV 19). Ignalinà is also said in villages somewhat farther away, in the vicinity of Mielagėnai, Daugėliškis, and Linkmenys: *ignali.na.n, *ignali.na.į, *ignali.nu. (Ignalinon, Ignalinoj, Ignaliną) (Molykų village), *ignali.na.n (Ignalinon) (Guntauninkų village), *ignali.nɔ.į (Ignalinoj) (Vingirių village), *ignali.na.į (Ignalinoj) (Grikiapelės village) (ŠRV, RAV 61, 27, 97, 129). On the other hand, an accentual variant, Ignālina: *ignā.lind.į (Ignālinoj), was recorded in Kalninė village, near Mielagėnai (ŠRV, RAV 67). The name is likewise accented in Stoniūnai village, Švenčionys district, which borders Ceikiniai eldership in Ignalina district: *ignā.lina.s (3 times), *ignā.linɔ.į (Ignālinos, Ignālinjoj), although the same speaker once also said *ignali.na.s (Ignalinos) (ŠRV, RAV 51). The suffix variant Ignalinė was noted only once: vaikūs nėnčijau /*ignali.ne.į (Ignalinėj) (Dindų village) (ŠRAV 95). However, the same dialect speaker uses *ignali.na.n̄ (Ignalinon) elsewhere in the same recording (ibid., 97), so the single occurrence of the form with –inè does not allow us to conclude that it had any wider currency¹³.

Historical sources written in languages other than Lithuanian record two forms of the settlement’s name: Ignalinek and Ignalin. As already mentioned, the spoken-language equivalent of the name Ignalinek is Ignalinką¹⁴, whereas the form Ignalinas was recorded from local speech at the beginning of the 20th century and was used in the periodical press during the first half of the 20th century. There seem to be no historical spellings from which a feminine variant could be reconstructed with certainty. On the other hand, the form Ignalinà was used by K. Būga and also in the press at least from the beginning of the 20th century; it was included by Lithuanian linguists between the wars in the 1940 reference work Vilniaus srities vietovardžiai and is widely used in everyday speech, so its authenticity is beyond doubt. Thus, based on historical sources and spoken-language evidence, three principal variants of the form used or formerly used in Lithuanian can be distinguished: Ignalinas, Ignalinką (of the manor farm, later

¹³ The authors of the dialect-records publication note that this is a phonetically irregular form.

¹⁴ In 1940, Vilniaus srities vietovardžiuose proposed the variant Ignotiškė (l. e. Ignalinką) for it, but this is not attested anywhere else and is therefore most likely an artificially Lithuanianized form.

Straipsniai / Articles

285

LAIMUTIS BILKIS

the name of the homestead) and Ignalinà (Ignãlina). There is not enough spoken-language evidence to substantiate the authenticity of the additional form Ignalinė. As already noted, the origin of the name Ignalina (or its variants) is associated with the name of Ignãcijus, son of Jonas Kamenskis, owner of the settlement (manor farm). Morphologically, the place names are derivatives of the suffixes -inas, -in-ka, -ina from the stem ignal- and therefore, undoubtedly, derive from another form of the canonical name Ignãcijus, one having the stem ignal-. Two interpretations are possible for the origin of the name stem ignal-: Polish and Lithuanian. Historical evidence shows that settlement names are of “landowner” origin; thus, the Kamenskis may have named the manor farm Ignalinek, Ignalin using Slavic (Polish) linguistic resources: adding the suffixes -in and -ek, characteristic of Polish word formation, to the Polish forms Ignacy of the name Ignacijus, Ignal, Ignala (cf. Gala 1985: 109). This possibility is supported by the analogous name Ignalin of a village in Poland that was formerly a manor farm, derived from the Polish personal name Ignal, itself derived from the name Ignacy (NMP III 521). The Polish personal names Ignal, Ignala apparently underlie the modern Polish surnames Ignal (Rospond 1973: 163), Ignal, Ignalewski, Ignalski, Ignalyk (SNP IV 206). An analogous form of the canonical name Ignacijus (Belarusian Ігнацій), Ігналя, is also used in Belarusian, in the Pastovy area (Biryla 1982: 70–71). In that case, the settlement names Ignalìnas, Ignalinà (Ignãlina), Ignalìnka should likewise be regarded as derived from Slavic forms of the name Ignãcijus. On the other hand, the Lithuanian dialectal diminutive form Ignãlis of the canonical name Ignãcijus may have served as the basis for the formation of place-name stem ignal-, having developed from the short form Ìgnas: Ignãcijus → Ìgnas → Ignãlis. Such a form could be explained by the hardening of consonant n before e, a phenomenon found in Eastern Aukštaitian dialects. This hardening is regular in the northeastern corner of the Vilnius Aukštaitian dialect area (Urbanavičiūtė 1978: 69), but the suffix –alis (–ė) after n is irregularly generalized over a much wider area: for example, in the vicinity of Ignalina one says kalnã:li.s (LTA III 132; map no. 117), and in Vidiškės¹⁵, vilnã.la. (Vilnėlė, river name) (ŠRV, RAV 149). Hardening of n after g is recorded in Rimeldiškė village (Didžiasalis eldership): iž *bugnã.lù. (from Bugnėliai¹⁶) (ŠRV, RAV 19). It is therefore highly likely that the local inhabitants called (or would call) the landowner Jonas Kamenskis’s son Ignacijus by the diminutive name Ignãlis. In that case, the accentual variant Ignãlina in spoken language may have retained the stress position and accent type of the base word¹⁷. Furthermore, it cannot be ruled out entirely,

¹⁵ The informant was born in Girminiai village, near Ignalina.

¹⁶ Būgnėliai is another name for Spijotiškė village.

¹⁷ V. Martinkėnas (1979: 53) tokį kirčiavimą laiko keistoku ir nevykusiu.

286

Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXV

Ignalinos miesto ir jo vardo raida bei kilmė

that Ignatius’s parents spoke Lithuanian and could themselves have called him by that form¹⁸. As indirect confirmation of such a dialectal form, one may cite the surname Ignaliūkas, found in the Southern Aukštaitian dialect area (Varėna), which may derive from the personal name Ignãlis, containing a dialectally hardened n (LPDB). From the same name may have arisen the nickname of a woman from the Panemunėlis area, Ignalýčia (her father was Ignas), as well as the nicknames Ignaliokas (Želva; his name was Ignas) and Ignãlius (Aristava, after his father’s name) (LPrK). A. Vanagas also derives the town’s name Ignalinà from the diminutive form Ignẽlis or *Ignalis. Since the second form is given here as reconstructed and is not described (Vanagas 1996: 77), its status is not entirely clear, but it most likely also refers to a dialectal form that arose through the possible hardening of n before e (–elis).

CONCLUSIONS

1. The settlement of Ignalina (the manor estate) was first mentioned in historical documents in 1840, whereas the Ignalinas mentioned in a source from 1810 is not the same place as the settlement that preceded the town of Ignalina.

2. The Ignalina manor estate was established by the owners of Vidiškės Manor, Jonas and Brigita Kamenskis. The origin of this place name is linked to the name of the landowners’ son, Ignatius Kamenskis. The settlement belonged to the Kamenskis family until 1913.

3. Historical sources and evidence from living speech suggest three principal forms of the place name used in Lithuanian: Ignalìnka (name of the manor estate and homestead), Ignalinas (name of the manor estate, railway station, railway keeper’s house, village, and town), Ignalinà (Ignãlina) (name of the railway station, town, and city).

4. The place names Ignalìnka, Ignalinas, Ignalinà (Ignãlina) should be considered derivatives formed with the suffixes -inas, -in-ka, -ina from a form of the canonical name Ignãcijus having the stem ignal-. This stem may derive either from the Polish variants Ignal, Ignala of the name Ignatius (Polish Ignacy), or from the Lithuanian dialectal form Ignãlis, which arose through the hardening of n before e, developing from the shortened form Ĩgnas: Ignãcijus → Ĩgnas → Ignãlis.

¹⁸ For example, in a dialect recording, an informant born in 1927 and living in the village of Ažušilė states that the owner of Vidiškės Manor, Kamińskas was a Lithuanian (RAV 101). The person meant here is Jonas, the son of Ignatius Kamenskis.

Straipsniai / Articles

287

LAIMUTIS BILKIS

REFERENCES AND SOURCES

BgK – K. Būga’s Nomina Propria index, held in the archive of the Centre for Baltic Languages and Onomastics Research at the Institute of the Lithuanian Language.

Biryla 1982: Бірыла Мікалай Васілевіч. Беларуская антрапанімія 3. Структура ўласных мужчынскіх імён. Мінск: Навука і тэхніка.

Būga RR I – Būga Kazimieras. Selected Writings 1. Vilnius: State Publishing House for Political and Scientific Literature, 1958.

Gala Sławomir 1985: Polskie nazwy osobowe z podstawowym -l-/-ł- w części sufiksalnej. – Acta Universitatis Lodziensis, Folia Linguistica 10, Łódź: Uniwersytet Łódzki.

IEŽ – Ignalinos krašto enciklopedinis žinynas. Vilnius: Žuvėdra, 2015.

Kamiński Julian Aleksander 1850: Przegląd do monografii i historyi rodzin Kamieńskich i Kamińskich, Lwów: Nakładem autora.

Kviklys Bronius 1964: Mūsų Lietuva 1. Boston: Lietuvių enciklopedijos leidykla.

LPDB – Lithuanian Surname Database. Available online at http://lk iis.lki.lt/pavardziu-duomenu-baze

LPrK – Lithuanian Nickname Index, held in the archive of the Centre for Baltic Languages and Onomastics Research at the Institute of the Lithuanian Language.

LTA – Atlas of Lithuanian Dialects 3. Morphology. Vilnius: Mokslas, 1991.

LTE – Aničas Jonas et al. (eds.). Lithuanian Soviet Encyclopedia 4. Vilnius: Mokslas, 1978.

LUEV – Gazetteer of Lithuanian SSR Rivers and Lakes. Vilnius: State Publishing House for Political and Scientific Literature, 1963.

LŽVA – Lithuanian Land Names Questionnaires, held in the archive of the Centre for Baltic Languages and Onomastics Research at the Institute of the Lithuanian Language.

Martinkėnas Vincas 1979: Apie Ignaliną. – Kraštotyra 9, 53–56.

Matkevičius (Matusa) Romutis 2014: Nauji Ignalinos istorijos štrichai. – Mūsų Ignalina, vasario 19 d. Prieiga internete http://www.mignalina.lt

MI – [Information from the newspaper “Mūsų Ignalina”]. – Mūsų Ignalina, January 4, 2014. Available online http://www.mignalina.lt

Miškinis Algimantas 2005: Lietuvos urbanistikos paveldas ir jo vertybės 2. Rytų Lietuvos miestai ir miesteliai 2. Vilnius: Savastis.

288

Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXV

Ignalinos miesto ir jo vardo raida bei kilmė

Narbutas Sigitas 2010: Alberto Kojalavičiaus Šventasis Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštijos bei jai priklausančių provincijų giminių ir herbų vardynas: pažintis su kilmingaisiais nuo Kačano iki Kvaso. – Senoji Lietuvos literatūra 29, 185–256. Prieiga internete http://www.llti.lt/failai/Publ_Kojalavicius.pdf.

NMP III – Nazwy miejscowe Polski 1. Kraków: Polska Akademia Nauk, Instytut Języka Polskiego, 1999.

Razmukaitė Marija 1998: Lietuvos priesaginiai oikonimai. Daktaro disertacija. Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, Vytauto Didžiojo universitetas.

Rospond Stanisław 1973: Słownik nazwisk śląskich 2. Wrocław-Warszawa-Kraków-Gdańsk: Zakład Norodowy im. Ossolińskich – Wydawnictwo.

SJP V – Słownik języka polskiego 5. Warszawa: Nakładem prenumeratorów i Kasy im. Mianowskiego, 1912.

SNP – Słownik nazwisk współcześnie w Polsce używanych 4. Kraków: Polska Akademia Nauk, Instytut Języka Polskiego, 1993.

ŠRAV – Kardelis Vytautas, Kardelytė-Grinevičienė Daiva, Navickaitė Agnė, Strungytė Inga. Šiaurės rytų aukštaičiai vilniškiai. Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas, 2006.

ŠRV – Corpus of the North-Eastern Aukštaitian Vilnius dialect. Available online http://www.baze.vilniskiai.eu/

TA – Database of the Dialect Archive of the Institute of the Lithuanian Language. Available online http://tarmes.lki.lt

Urbanavičiūtė Žaneta 1978: Priebalsių t, d, n ir b, p, m, v kietinimas lietuvių kalbos tarmėse. – Baltistica 29(1), 69–78.

Vanagas Aleksandras 1996: Lietuvos miestų vardai. Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla.

VK – Alphabetical index of place names collected from spoken language, held at the Center for Baltic Language and Onomastic Research of the Institute of the Lithuanian Language.

VLE – Razumas Valdemaras et al. (eds.). Universal Lithuanian Encyclopedia 7. Vilnius: Institute of Science and Encyclopaedia Publishing, 2005.

Straipsniai / Articles

289

LAIMUTIS BILKIS

HISTORICAL SOURCES

Aid – Aidas.

Cent. – 20th century.

Auš – Aušrelė.

BrslVA – Visits to the Entire Brasław Deanery by me, the Dean named below, with all the churches and parishes belonging to it, duly described in accordance with the will and disposition of His Most Reverend Highness Prince Ignacy Jakub Massalski. In the year 1784, LVIA F. 694, Apr. 1, B. 3505.

DglšKr – Księga Metryk Chrzestnych Kościoła Parafialnego Dawgieliskiego Od roku 1774. Januar~. 16^o Do roku 1790. Maia: 2^o. dnia. LVIA F. 1329, Ap. 1, B. 10. Prieiga internete http://www.epaveldas.lt

DglšRS – Census lists of Daugėliškis, Daugėliškis and other parishes of the Zavileika district [...] for 1811. LVIA F. 515, Apr. 15, B. 218.

GrdnDT – Tariff of smoke-taxed households in Grodno County, including the two attached gubernias of Bartniki and Olita, and the table estates of His Royal Majesty extending into the Trakai Voivodeship and belonging to His Royal Majesty’s Grodno Economy, with distinctions set out in the columns, drawn up in accordance with the provisions of the law and the inspection conducted under the constitution of the latest Sejm of 1775. R^u by us, appointed under that same constitution, and signed below for the Grodno Castle Chancellery, Grodno County, in 1775 R^u Prepared. LVIA F. SA, B. 18584.

KnGGS – List of inhabited places in Kaunas Governorate. Kaunas: At the Printing House of the Governorate Administration, 1892.

LATP – Administrative-territorial division of the Lithuanian SSR. Vilnius: Publication of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the Lithuanian SSR, 1949.

LATS – Administrative-territorial division of the Lithuanian SSR. Vilnius: State Publishing House for Political and Scientific Literature, 1959.

LŽ – Lithuanian News.

PlšJn₁ – Register of marriages of the Roman Catholic Parish Church called Polusze, from the year 1827. LVIA F. 1330, Ap. 1, B. 8. Available online http://www.epaveldas.lt

PlšKr₁ – Register of baptisms of the Roman Catholic Parish Church of Polusze, from the year 1827. LVIA F. 1330, Ap. 1, B. 7. Available online http://www.epaveldas.lt

SG – Sulimierski Filip, Chlebowski Bronisław, Walewski Władysław (eds.). Geographical Dictionary of the Kingdom of Poland and Other Slavic Countries 3. Warsaw: Published by Filip Sulimierski and Władysław Walewski, “Wiek” Printing House, Nowy-Świat, 1882.

290

Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXV

Ignalinos miesto ir jo vardo raida bei kilmė

ŠvnčGVS – List of settlements comprising the 2nd District of the Švenčionys County. Compiled in 1866. CVIA (ЦГИА) F. 1290, Apr. 4, B. 101. Available online http://www.prlib.ru

Trim – Trumpet.

_UDS – Summaryafz by Alphabet of the immovable properties of citizens of Zawilejski County. 1795. LVIA F. 515, Apr. 5, B. 4.

_UDS – [1811 list of landowners of Užneris County]. LVIA F. 515, Apr. 5, B. 15.

_UDS – Alphabet of Zawilejski County for 1816. LVIA F. 515, Apr. 5, B. 18.

ŪP – Farmer’s Adviser.

VB – Lists of residential localities in the Rokiškis, Seinai, and Šakiai counties compiled by the Commission for Surnames and Place Names (files) 4, held in the archive of the Center for Baltic Languages and Onomastic Research at the Institute of the Lithuanian Language.

VdšHKn – Hip. No. 607. Collection of documents of the land estate “Przyjaźń” or “Widziszki,” Święciany County, vol. I. CVA F. 130, Apr. 1, B. 20562.

VdšI – Statistical information concerning the estate of Prżjaźnia, or Vidziszki, the hereditary property of Pomytchik Ivan, son of Rafail, and Brigida, daughter of Wikenty, née Kamenski, Kamenski, in Vilnius Governorate, Švenčionys District, in the parishes of Daugėliškis and Palyšė, belonging to the 2^омъnd district, compiled on 18^ого December 1846. LVIA F. 394, Apr. 6, B. 80.

VdšĮn_I – Register book of the Roman Catholic Parish Church of Przyźno. Part Two. Marriages. From the 4th day of September 1866. LVIA F. 1331, Apr. 1, B. 10. Available online http://www.epaveldas.lt

VdšKr_I – REGISTER of Baptisms of the Przyjaźń Filial Church, from February 12, 1845. LVIA F. 1331, Apr. 1, B. 1. Available online http://www.epaveldas.lt

VdšKr_II – Register book of the Roman Catholic filial Church of Przyźno. Part One. Births. From the 1st^аго day of July 1848. LVIA F. 1331, Apr. 1, B. 4. Available online http://www.epaveldas.lt

VdšKr_III – Register book of the Roman Catholic filial Church of Przyźno. Part One. Births. From September 26, 1854. LVIA F. 1331, Apr. 1, B. 7. Available online http://www.epaveldas.lt

VdšKr_IV – Register book of the Roman Catholic church of Przyźno, births, from 1860. LVIA F. 1331, Apr. 1, B. 8. Available online http://www.epaveldas.lt

Straipsniai / Articles

291

LAIMUTIS BILKIS

VdšKr_v – Metric book of the Przyjazna Roman Catholic parish church. Part one. On those born. From January 20, 1879. LVIA F. 1331, Apr. 1, B. 13. Available online http://www.epaveldas.lt

VdšMrt_I – Metric book of the Przyjazna Roman Catholic parish church. Part three. On the deceased. From May 17, 1863. LVIA F. 1331, Apr. 1, B. 9. Available online http://www.epaveldas.lt

VdšMrt_II – Metric book of the Przyjazna Roman Catholic filial church. Part three. On the deceased. From February 19, 1882. LVIA F. 1331, Apr. 1, B. 14. Available online http://www.epaveldas.lt

VdšMrt_III – Register of burials of the Przyjazna Roman Catholic Church, 1900–1913. LVIA F. 1331, Apr. 1, B. 19. Available online http://www.epaveldas.lt

VDV – [Lists of localities in the deaneries of the Diocese of Vilnius. 1784.]. LVIA F. SA, B. 19253.

VGGS – Vilna Governorate. Complete list of populated places, with statistical data on each settlement, compiled from official information by I. I. Goshkevich. Vilna: Governorate Printing House, 1905.

VR – Vilnius of Tomorrow.

VSV: Place Names of the Vilnius Region. Vilnius, 1940 (typescript); 1945 (proof).

ŽTz – News about Łukszt, Wiżunki and Ignalina. VUBRS F. 5, B. 28–2334.

Development and Origin of Ignalina and Its Name

SUMMARY

Until now there were statements in scientific literature that the name of Ignalina was first mentioned in historical documents in 1810 and this place name can be traced to the name of Ignacy Tyzenhauz. In fact, the settlement (folwark) of Ignalina was first mentioned in historical documents in 1840. Meanwhile, Ignalinas mentioned in the source of 1810 is not equivalent to the settlement considered the predecessor of the city of Ignalina. The Ignalina folwark was established by the owners of Vidiškės manor – the Kamenskis family, Jonas and Brigita. The origin of the place name can be linked to the name of the noble family’s son, Ignacy Kamieński. The Kamenskis family owned the settlement until 1913.

292

Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXV

The development and origin of the city of Ignalina and its name

The data of historical sources and the living language entail three major forms of the place name used in the Lithuanian language: Ignalìnka (name of folwark, homestead), Ignalinas (name of folwark, railway station, watcher’s house, village, township), Ignalinà (Ig-nalìna) (name of railway station, township, city).

Place names Ignalìnka, Ignalinas, Ignalinà (Ignālina) are considered derivatives with the suffixes -inas, -in-ka, -ina from the form of the canonical name Ignãcijus with the stem ignal-, which could have originated from the variants of the Polish name Ignacy – Ignal, Ignala – or the Lithuanian dialectal form Ignãlis resulting from n hardening before e and deriving from the abbreviated form Ìgnas: Ignãcijus → Ìgnas → Ignãlis.

Received on May 15, 2016.

LAIMUTIS BILKIS

Institute of the Lithuanian Language

5 Petro Vileišio St., LT-10308 Vilnius, Lithuania

[email protected]

Straipsniai / Articles

293