243
DALIA SVIDERSKIENĖ
Ins i u e o Li huanian Language
Resea ch a eas: Onomas ics ( esea ch on he o igin,
c ea ion and mo i a ion o genuine wo ds).
Fo he pu poses o his Regula ion, he ollowing de ini ions shall apply:
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
The mo i a ion
Mo i a ion o Compound Helonyms o
Ma ijampolė Coun y
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
The a icle analyzes he mo i a ion o he Ma ijampolė dis ic 's o es, which we e w i en
in he ques ionnai es o he names o he Land, which we e made in e -mili a y in he o m o
a ea y. This sou ce is pa icula ly sui able o oponymic esea ch, as he ques ionnai es
con ain su i ing desc ip ions explaining he onomas ic si ua ion, commen s by place-name
p ac i ione s, allowing a look a he oponymic ma e ial h ough he p ism o he expe ience
and assessmen o ep esen a i es o he e hnic a ea. In o de o cla i y he a ionale o
he naming o we lands, he analysis o place names is based on he p inciples o he
nomina ion o opo-objec s based on landscape ea u es, locali ies, owne ship,
cul u al-his o ical ela ionships. A en ion is also paid o he decla a ion o he
ep esen a i e o he language communi y (na ion) in he language uni s. Also o he i s
ime Li huanian oponymy dis inguishes and discusses si ua ional helonima, when a ypical
si ua ion o e en ma ks a li le-known, li le-known objec . ESMINIAI WORDS: place names,
wa e names, Hellenic wo ds, su names, mo i a ion, si ua ion o he name, p inciples o nomina ion, pe iod be ween nomina ions.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
The a icle analyzes he mo i a ion o helonyms om Ma ijampolė Coun y o med by means
o compounding and eco ded in he Land Names ques ionnai es du ing he in e wa pe iod.
I is an excellen sou ce o he esea ch o oponymy because he ques ionnai es eco d
he desc ip ions explaining he onomas ic si ua ion and he commen s o in o man s
p o iding place names which enable us o ake a look a he
DALIA SVIDERSKIENĖ
Ac a Linguis ica Li uanica LXXV oponymic ma e ial h ough he p ism o expe ience and
e alua ions o ep esen a i es o he e hnic egion.
In o de o ind ou he endencies o naming swampy places, he analysis o place names is
based on he dis inc ion o he p inciples o oponymy acco ding o landscape peculia i ies,
local, owne ship- ela ed, cul u al-his o ical ela ionships. A en ion is also paid o he
decla a ion o sel by a membe o he linguis ic communi y (na ion) in linguis ic uni s. I is also
he i s ime ha si ua ional helonyms in which a ypical si ua ion o e en ma ks a
li le-known and poo ly- amilia objec a e dis inguished and discussed.
in Li huanian oponymy.
KEYWORDS: place names, hyd onyms, helonyms, compounds, mo i a ion, and so on
ming si ua ion, nomina ion p inciples, in e wa pe iod.
The ollowing able is inse ed in Annex I:
Analysis o he mo i a ional aspec o he c ea ion and o igin o he place names
o he Ma ijampolė egion in he ea ly in e wa pe iod is ca ied ou by combining
a ce ain a ea in he way o making he helonimų (place names)1 analysis. The
helonymy o se e al Li huanian a eas has been analyzed in egional oponymic
s udies (Mickienė 2001; Endzely ė 2005; Ba ku ė 2008) and in a sepa a e a icle
(Adamony ė 2013). Pa o he abs ac oponymy […] oikonimų and o onimų […] has
also a ac ed he a en ion o ou esea che s (Razmukai ė 2002; S ide skienė
2006; Kačinai ė 2008). Gi en he cu en si ua ion o esea ch on he names o
places and o he classes (classes), i should be no ed ha he analysis o he
mo i a ion o oponyms o one way o doing hings would no only complemen he
cu en and usual (wo k and o igin) aspec s o Li huanian oponymy esea ch
conduc ed so a , bu , aking in o accoun he da a o he linguis ic
consciousness o language use s, would help o e eal he mo i a ion o place
names o a ce ain a ea. As a sou ce, he In e puka io Land Names Anke os3 a e
pa icula ly sui able o nomina ion s udies, as hey con ain su i ing
desc ip ions explaining he onomas ic si ua ion, commen s by place-name
p ac i ione s, allowing a look a he oponymic ma e ial h ough he expe ience,
e alua ion p ism o ep esen a i es o he e hnic a ea. In addi ion o
unde s anding he mo i a ion in he language and as a ce ain selec ion mechanism, his s udy is pa icula ly suppo ed by he alue o P ano Ska džis's wo d choices.
1 Fo he e m c . Bilkis 1997: 35 o 57 yea s old
2 Fo mo e in o ma ion on he s a e o helon esea ch, see Bilkis 2008: 27
o 29 yea s old 3 Fo mo e in o ma ion on he subs ances used in he s udy, see also S ide skienė 2015: 170. This is he i s ime ha he Commission has ecei ed a eques o a decision on his ma e .
A icles and a icles 245
Sudu inių Ma ijampolės apsk i ies helonimų mo y acija
he main a gumen s: hey a e mainly sui able o mo e p ecise, condensed and
iche , mo e meaning ul ways o exp essing hei cha ac e . Because o his,
compound wo ds e y o en ha e mo e ich, iche and a he same ime mo e
special con en han sepa a e, ye un ecognized pa s o a g oup o wo ds.
[…]In his way, compound wo ds o m one o he main special exp essions […]
means, […] hey usually ha e some hing chosen[…] (Ska džius
1943: 396–397).
The local aspec o he in es iga ion is also impo an . The basis o he la e is
no he iden i ica ion o a eas o meaning o helonisms, bu he iden i ica ion o
mo i a ional ai s, he exp ession o hei hie a chy, because he epe i ion o
mo i a ional ai s e lec s ce ain na ional polynomials, a en ion o one o he
s e ai“ (Guda ičius 2007: 221). Dės omas nuos a as pa emia Aleksand o Vana-
o he ac exp essed in ela ion o he seman ic esea ch o he hid onyms,
which is also alid in he con ex o he s udy o helonis ic mo i a ion: I is
pa ys seman iniai enomenai“. „Juk s a biausios hid onimų eikšmės – iš p i-
possible o alk mainly only abou he quan i a i e (in a ce ain sense and
quali a i e) ela ionship o he a ious seman ic ca ego ies (Vanagas 1981: 124).
The pu pose o he a icle is o cla i y he easoning behind he c ea ion o a
ce ain a ea o land, o e eal he linguis ic peculia i y o he ca ego iza ion o
he ac ual agmen , o highligh he hie a chy o he easons o he
appea ance o he names o he places, o de e mine he naming polynxies.
The oponymic analysis me hod, he in e p e a ion me hod o he commen s o
he au ho s o he oponyms o he e hnic a ea, he componen analysis me hod,
he desc ip i e me hod wi h he elemen s o he compa a i e me hod a e applied
o he ma e ial unde s udy.
Fi s o all, he esea ch ma e ial was e alua ed by keeping A. Vanago's class o
hyd onyms o s udy he s uc u ed g amma ical classi ica ion ( o i s b oade
see Vanagas 1970: 2127), which, as he esea ch on Li huanian oponymy shows, is
easily adap ed o he analysis o o he classes (classes) o place names. In his
way, de e mina i e e bs we e dis inguished, he i s syllables o which we e
appella i e (nouns, adjec i es, e c.) and ad e bs (in ou case, only pe sonal nouns).
Since he place names unde in es iga ion a e w i en om a li ing language, he
apelia y ų, iš ku ių jie pada y i, eikšmių išaiškinimo šal iniu laiky i i iamõs
mos impo an a e he commen s o he place name p o ide s o he e hnic a ea,
which con ain he place names eco ded in he Land Name Anke es. Howe e , as
expe ience and commen s show, he e is no absolu e indica o . Language use s
o en y o in en a seman ic connec ion and apply i based on he mo i a ional
explana ions o place names. The e o e, he basic 4 due o he e m c . The U bans, 1789.
DALIA SVIDERSKIENĖ
246 The Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXV suppo ed he cla i ica ion o he
meanings o wo ds (appella i es) by eco ding cases o he use o one o he o he
wo d in o he sou ces […] ansla ional dic iona ies5, he Li huanian language
dic iona y (www.lkŽe). An impo an sou ce ha has suppo ed he s udy o he
mo i a ion o oponyms […] a di e en pe iods om he li ing language w i en
place names sankaupa (Vie o a džių ka o eka; he eina e […] VK) is s o ed in he
LKI Va dyno unds6. The main sou ces o pe sonal names […] Li huanian
an h oponymic dic iona y Li huanian su name dic iona y (LPŽ), dic iona y o
Li huanian su names o igin (LVKŽ) 7, he a chi e o his o ical pe sonal names, kep
in he Va dyno unds o he Ins i u e o Li huanian Language (IAK). The s udy
showed ha he sea ch o appella i es and pe sonal names o he base wo d
(e imony) is no based on Polish ocabula y8. The seconda y syllables -bal-, -pelk-,
-plyn-, - ais -, indica ing hei belonging o he chosen class o place names o he
ma shes, a e excluded. Pélkė means ‘a place wi h s ill wa e , a lion. As you can see,
mas iziog a inis e minas pélkė įeina į am ik ą seman inę pa adigmą – pelkė-
os ie os eiškia gimininę są oką i apima ki as ūšines są okas pa adinančius
in his sense, he uses physiog aphic e ms: a place o balà ‘clamp, usually wi h a
s anding in i in he wa e ; he pelk, he ais ; clan, alkaʼ, plynė ‘pelkė, ais asʼ,
as as ‘clumpy place, o e g own wi h bushes o ees, pelkė, hin. The esea ch
ma e ial also included he names o objec s wi h he second sound -kamp-, made om he appella i e lie. he hood
coun y, indica ing a pa o a ce ain a ea i s edge, coun y (in ou case a pa o he
plains, as his is e idenced by he objec i e e e ences b., s ., eco ded in he
ques ionnai es).
In he analysis o he ma e ial, he mo i a ional aspec is based no only on i s
onomas ic p ac ice, i.e. A. Vanago's seman ic classi ica ion o wa e names (see
Vanagas 1981: 4153), bu also examples o classi ica ion used in Russian oponymy
s udies ( o quali ica ion and classi ica ion see S ide skienė 2014). This a icle is
no limi ed o he exclusion o he easons o he appea ance o helonisms. The
sepa a ion o he p inciples o he nomina ion o op objec s p o ided an
addi ional seman ic c i e ion explaining he mo i a ion o place names. The names
o places in he a icle a e also di ided acco ding o he p inciples o nomina ion: 1)
acco ding o he cha ac e is ics o objec s, 2) acco ding o he ela ionship o
objec s wi h o he objec s, 3) acco ding o he ela ionship wi h a pe son. Such
classi ica ion o names is de e mined by he cha ac e is ics and cha ac e is ics
o he eali ies hemsel es. Du ing he s udy, a p oblem appea ed in he de e mina ion o he lexical s a us o he i s de ining syllable o he pa o he helonismos […] appella i e i o oniminis (mūsų)
5
Fo hem, see he lis o sou ces a he end o he a icle. 6 Fo mo e in o ma ion
on his ile, see Maciejauskienė 2002: 57; 2002a: 103[…]105; LVŽ I: XIII[…]XIX. This is he
i s ime in he his o y o he coun y ha his has happened. 7 These
abb e ia ions ha e been omi ed because o hei equency. 8 Fo hese, see he lis o sou ces a he end o he a icle.
A icles and a icles 247
Sudu inių Ma ijampolės apsk i ies helonimų mo y acija
[…] in he case o an h oponiminis). The e ha e also been cases o o he ypes
o explana o y mo i a ion ela ed o he polysemy and homonymy o he i s
appella e case. Un eco ded commen s in he polls o he names o he Ea h
only exace ba ed his p oblem. The me apho ical mo i o he mo i is known
o be based on a compa ison ha gi es an associa i e di ec ion on he one hand
and eedom o in e p e a ion on he o he . Thus, ha ing no addi ional da a
eco ded in he ques ionnai es, i was necessa y o specula e wi h a gumen s
which local cha ac e is ic inspi ed he appea ance o place names in a pe e ed sense.
Since he ma e ial is une en in e ms o cla i y and unce ain y, he a icle
dis inguishes be ween wo ca ego ies o syn he ically made helonimas: clea
mo i a ional helonimas (I) and wo-dimensional (kele iopai) explained, i.e. now
no en i ely clea mo i a ional helonimas (II).
1.O he mo i es
HELONIMAI
1.1. Acco ding o he cha ac e is ics o he objec s
1.1.1. Su gy ūnų pa adinimais susijusios mo y acijos helonimai – gau-
ep esen a i es o he names o he mos ecen ly analysed places: Añč-balė b. Ss9; Anč-plynė b.
KzR: lie. o a kind used in mo o ehicles A […]n-a- ais is b. Gdl: lie. This is he i s ime I' e seen
his. I is also known as he 'a ian pa inas'10; Ba sùk- ais is s . Gdl: lie. O he , o a hickness
Bùl-ia- ais is s . Wha a e you doing? B b: lie o me. The bully o he goa 's ail 11; Gaidž-iã- ais is
b. Ss: lie. wai ; The Gé -a-ball is s . Igl; and The GERV-A-RAISTS 9 nomina i e seman ic g oups a e
a anged acco ding o he numbe o ep esen a i es in each. G eek a icle chap e s a e usually
w i en in alphabe ical o de ; o he wise, i he speci ica ions o he subs ance o be analysed so
equi e. One sand is sepa a ed om he o he in he dungeons by a b ick wall. Place names ha
a e eliably c ossed ou in he ques ionnai es o he names o he Land a e c ossed ou . I ,
acco ding o he in e linea da a, he oponym is no c ossed ou o i s c ossing ou is unclea , i
is no c ossed ou in he a icle. I he e a e doub s, he base o he c ossbow is b oken. All place
names a e accompanied by e e ences o he named objec s and hei loca ions. I s and he lis s
o abb e ia ions o objec e e ences we e no compiled anew, elying on he Li huanian place name dic iona y (www.LVZ) ha had al eady been compiled. A lis o abb e ia ions used in he a icle is p o ided a he end o he a icle.
See also 10. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
11 See also LVŽ I 612[…]613, whe e he possibili y o an appella e o igin is s ill ecognized
alongside su names. The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in
acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion. Bulliukas b. Pkn he basis o he wo k, hough , unclea (see also Bilkis 2008: 48, 185).

DALIA SVIDERSKIENĖ
248 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXV
he s . B b: lie o me. whea ; The Ka lsbade 2 b. Kl . Ka os-ballė b. Kl : is
loca ed. The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in
acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed
ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion. Igl, M j12: lie. Igl, M j12: lie. Igl, M j12: lie.
Igl, M j12: lie. Igl, M j12: lie. Igl, Igl, Igl, Igl. Igl. Igl. Igl. Igl. Igl. Igl. Igl. Igl. Igl. Igl. Igl. Igl. Igl. Igl.
Igl. Igl. Igl. Igl. Igl. Igl. Igl. Igl. Igl. Igl. Igl. Igl. Igl. Igl. Igl. Igl. Igl. Igl. Igl. Igl. Igl. Igl. Igl. Igl. Igl. Igl.
Igl. Igl. Igl. Igl. Igl. Igl. Igl. Igl. Igl. Igl. Igl. Igl. Igl. Igl. Igl. Igl. Igl. Igl. Igl. Igl. Igl. Igl. Igl. Igl. Igl. Igl.
Igl. I was bo n Igl. I was bo n Igl. I was bo n Igl. I was bo n Igl. I was bo n Igl. I was bo n
Igl. I was bo n Igl. O he , no u he wo ked han ho - olled, in coils Kiel-a-balė b.
M j. This is he name o he own. Kel-ia-balė b. Ld n: lie. This is he i s ime I' e
hea d o his. O he , o ci cula c oss-sec ion: K ek-a-balė b. P n: lie. Wha a e you
alking abou ? O he , o a a con en , by weigh , in he d y ma e : Kumél-balė b.
Lb , Ss. He is a membe o he Eu opean Pa liamen . No less han € 5 Kumel-balė b.
B b: lie. Wha a e you alking abou ? A ho se ha 's g own up. he emale, he
emale, he emale, he emale, he emale, he emale, he emale, he emale, he
emale, he emale, he emale, he emale, he emale, he emale I 's no like I
don' know wha I'm doing. he shell ish; O-ja- ais is is a species o lowe ing plan in he daisy amily. P n, V : lie. Wha a e you doing? The name o he b eed is de i ed om he name o he b eed. B b: lie o me. o a kind used in mo o ehicles Pa[…]p-plynė ([…] *Pa[…]pl-plynė) also known as KzR: lie. pa plỹs ‘ku klysʼ14; Peld-balė b. Ss: lie. This is he i s ime I' e hea d o his. mush ooms; The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion. Sha k-a- ais is is s . This is a lie. Con aining by weigh mo e han 0,25% o ca bon Spock-a- ais is b. Ss: lie. Wha a e you doing? Spock's whi ing (S u nus ulga is) S n-a-plynė b. KzR: lie. This is he i s ime I' e seen his. he s e num; Va n-a-balė b. Kl . (also known as Va n-a-balė) Va n-a-balė b. Kl . (also known as Va n-a-balė) Vá n-a-plynė b. KzR. I is loca ed in he dis ic o Vá n-a-plynė. Va n-ã-plynė s . This is he i s ime I' e seen i . KzR; and Va n-a-plynė b. KzR: is loca ed. bi ds o he amily Va naceae, g ey-b own and black-c owned bi ds (Co us co one) and bi ds o he amily Va naceae, la ge black bi ds (Co us co ax), c anklys, black-c owned bi ds (Co us co ax); Vš -a-balė b. M j: lie. Wha a e you alking abou ? he chicken; I 's no like I don' know wha I'm doing. he yellow- h oa ed snake-like ep ile (Na ix); any animal o he se pen s; I 's a ace o beas s. B b: lie o me. The beas .
1.1.2. Se e al Helonimes a e insc ibed in he a ea, named acco ding o hei a ea
(gaba i us): Ddž-balė b. Igl, KzR, M j; he s . KzR; and Ddž-plynė b. KzR nea he
Ddžbalė balcony KzR Velniakalnio ca e ing su ey shows a high sco e in he
e e ence column o he objec . Based on his in o ma ion abou he
deno a ion, i can be assumed ha he . base wo d is lie. ddis, -ė (-, -, didžià)
means ‘ amous in i s scope, la ge.
The noun […]lgas wi hou he space semos also has he quan i y sem. Fo his e y eason, A. Vanagas
hesi a ed, quali ying and classi ying hyd onyms, made om he la e adjec i e: whe he o
conside hem as ep esen a i es o con igu a ional meaning (as long as hyd o-objec s) o o scope
(gaba i ic meaning)15. In he case o a opobjec , i can be classi ied as long independen ly o he
helonims (as well as he hyd onims), he i s o which in he a icle is classi ied as long by olume
nuo jo padė ies e d ėje, nes s a besni y a objek o dalių kiekybiniai san ykiai,
(gaba i us): Ìlg-a-balė b. KzR, Lb , P n; he s . Igl; and The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop
delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed
ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion. I 's called Ilg-a-plynė s . KzR; and I 's a ace. Gdl; and 12 In
he case o : In he pas , pigs used o g aze he e in ea ly sp ing. I is w i en in he Damb aukos k.
su ey. 13 Since he name o he w i e is w i en in he P ienų-Ašmin os newsle e , i does no
ule ou a connec ion wi h lie. I 's an oppo uni y o be s unned.
14 Fo mo e in o ma ion on he cons uc ion o he dam, see Bilkis 2008: 296. This is he i s ime ha he Commission has been able o do so. He e i is ega ded as p esc ip i e.
15 See also 1981 Vanag: 108. This is he i s ime I' e seen i .
A icles and a icles 249
Sudu inių Ma ijampolės apsk i ies helonimų mo y acija
The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion. 2nd loo . P n, s . Wha is i ? The ollowing able is inse ed in Annex I: Ilg-a-kampis b. KzR: is loca ed. […]lgas, - o […]as
ęsiasi į ilgumą, olį (e d ėje)ʼ.
O he ep esen a i es o he analyzed seman ic g oup […] wa e sca ci y
mo i a ions helonimai16: Saũs-balė s . Igl; and Sausage and meal KzR; 3 d loo .
KzR; and Saus-plynė 2nd dis ic KzR: lying down. "Wi hou mois u e, wi hou
wa e , wi hou d yness, wi hou d yness". Only one […]Gil-[…]-ballė b. Lb . has
been eco ded as a wa e dep h mo i a ion helonima. The noun gilùs (also
[…]lgas) wi hou he space semos (plg. gilia[…]) also has he quan i y sem. In his case, he la e is mos likely upda ed.
1.1.3. The abundance o mo i a ions ela ed o plan names has li le e ec on
animals: Alksn-io-balė b. P n: lie. he axis; Bé ž-balė b. Kl : is loca ed. he en ; I was
a ace. A plan ha g ows in ma shy a eas (DKŽ 39) lies. The g ass o he o es ,
simila o he g ass o he ield, lies. plan o he amily Chae e olium The ollowing
de ini ions shall apply: Gail-ia- ais is b. K sn: lie. Wha a e you doing? I is a s ongly
scen ed plan (Ledum palus e). Geguž-balė b. K sn: is loca ed. […] g ass ha g ows
in swamps; Y -ã- - ais is s . Shil […] may be associa ed wi h le. he species o he
genus "Salix cap ea" (LLKŽ 162); I 's no like I don' know wha I'm alking abou .
Cannabis sa i a is a cul i a ed plan whose s em p oduces ibe and whose seeds
a e p essed in o oil. Ka kl-a-balė b. M j: lie. Wha a e you doing? he class;
Nend […]n-balė b. M j: lie. Wha a e you doing? he ollowing de ini ions apply:
Plo -a-balė b. K sn: lie. Wha a e you doing? Plowing, plowing […]g ass g owing in he
wa e , mau ai[…]; Pùp-a-balė b. Igl. I is also known as Pùp-a-balė b. Pùp-a- ais is s .
Wha a e you doing?
B b: lie o me. I 's going o happen.
How many o he seman ics can be assigned o his subg oup? The lea has
been plucked ou , he b anch. Acco ding o a su ey by he Šunsk g oce y
s o e, he ball has g own black. Acco ding o he a icle, he name o he
žymis čia eiškiamas me onimiškai isumos i dalies san ykio pama u: augalo
nomencla u e o he plan is he same as he name o he whole plan .
The i s syllable o ano he helonymous […] om he place name o he objec being
ep esen ed by he cup18: Be žýn-balė b. K sn: lie. he o es o be žynas, he o es o
be žynas, he o es o be žynas; a place whe e a lo o be ies g ow (mo i e […] o me be y).
16 Fo such seman ic quali ica ion and classi ica ion o hyd onyms, see also 1981 by Vanagas: 108
[…] 110. 17 Speci ic cases o mo i a ion a e e e ed o as mo i a ion (see D o inas 1987: 33).
Acco ding o A. Vanago, hyd onyms, de i ed om plan names wi h a coppe y meaning, ha e a
meaning in a place whe e he e a e many o hese plan s. Bu ha place is no necessa ily he
wa e i sel , because we a e no alking abou aqua ic plan s. Howe e , he opobjec s o his species a e desc ibed by plan s […]...> (see also
Vanag, 1981: 90). This is he i s ime ha he Commission has been able o do so.
DALIA SVIDERSKIENĖ
250 o he Li huanian Language Ac LXXV
1.1.4. Physiog aphical mo i a ions o he helonis s. The o de o he names o hese swamps
man ika susijusi su dugno i pa i šiaus (dangos) iziog a inėmis cha ak e is i-
( o m, con igu a ion, e c.)19. 1.1.4.1. Two opog aphical ea u es ha e been eco ded, named a e
he cha ac e is ics o he bo om: G ind-a-balė 2 b. The ounda ion o he b idge ( oad,
embankmen ...) is he ounda ion (mo i e […] in an iqui y was he ounda ion o he ees). In
addi ion o hese, i seems ha o he names o he objec s o be analysed, acqui ed due o he
cha ac e is ics o he su ace, can also be discussed, since he su ace in he case o helonisms
is usually he bo om21. As can be seen below, he de ining sound o he pa s o he u e s can
be desc ibed as an une en bo om su ace (1) Kùps -a-balė b. V : lie. he easoning is exp essed
di ec ly; Pa k-a-balė b. Ss: lie. Wha a e you doing? The skin disease, i ching, sc a ches, 22
(mo i a ional signs p onounced me apho ically […] une en, p o uding like sc a ches) 23 and he
bo om quali y o he su ace (2) Shlyn-a- ais is s . B b: lie o me. slu y, slu y o slu y clay
wi h a mix u e o o ganic ma e ials […]. 1.1.4.2. Topobjec s o be named acco ding o he o m will
be discussed below. Many o hem ha e a me apho ical sign as hei mo i a ion. I was p obably
named Bõsia ais is and Plaũčiabalė because o i s conca e su ace and ma shy e ain. The
con ex, "swollen" su ace may ha e been caused by ege a ion o a laye o pea 24. Bs-ia- ais is
s . Wha a e you doing? This is a lie. bõsas ʻs a inė, bačkaʼ26 such a . mo i a ional explana ion
is gi en and in he a ea unde in es iga ion om he li ing language he sen ence is w i en: The
cow was ejec ed as bõsas Gs27. he in e nal name o he o gan (li e ally "b ea hing o gan"). This
is used in 19 Plg. A. Vanago's p o ision on hyd onym mo i a ion: al hough a hyd o-objec can be
Šioje g upėje minė ino balo a džio Plaũč-ia-balė K sn mo y acijos pama as –
desc ibed physiog aphically in a ious ways, one o he mos impo an cha ac e is ics o a
hyd o-objec is he con igu a ion and bo om quali y (see Vanago 1981: 67).
The ollowing is a lis o he illages o Nuo aglia and Pa englis: 22 Se ben iškių k. wi h he
21 S aipsnio au o ė už šį pas ebėjimą dėkoja slap ajam ecenzen ui.
es imony o he in o man . 23 In Vanago's s udy, hyd onyms desc ibing opobjec s by coas al
o e g ow h, by coas al desola ion, e c., a e gi en in he hyd onym pos ca ds o meanings
desc ibing he en i onmen (see Vanago 1981: 112[…]113).
24 Fo his a gumen , see also Ja ašius 2012: 60 yea s old
25
Acco ding o he su ey o Liepalo k., he e used o be many hick alks, o which he boss-s a ines
wo ked. This in o man 's es imony is an excellen example o in e media e mo i a ion, when he
mo i a ing a ibu e (sca e ed) is a ibu ed o ano he deno a ion (no o a opobjec , bu o
he g eed ha g ows in ha place) by ep esen a i es o he e hnic a ea.
26 See also LV I 541 is he name o he company.
27 The easoning o he main sen ence abb e ia ions as LKŽe. They a e no explained
sepa a ely.
A icles and a icles 251
Sudu inių Ma ijampolės apsk i ies helonimų mo y acija
suda an ie os a dą pe kel ine eikšme, egis, ne ik dėl asociacijos pagal
o m, bu also by unc ion.
The g oup is supplemen ed by se e al objec s o he a ea unde s udy, nomina ed
o hei con igu a ion in he space: K ỹž-balė b. P n: lie. he igu e o he lines o
he c osses (DŽe); Kuk-ia-balė b. P n: lie. Wha a e you alking abou ? The es o he
cable, you guys. The mo i a ional sign o one o he wo ds is exp essed by he
adjec i e: Ku-balė (< *Kup-balė) b. Lb : lie. I'm no su e wha you' e alking abou . I'm
no su e wha you' e alking abou . 1.1.5. Se e al o he objec s ecei ed names due
o he wa e colo o he su ace bo om. Since he e idence suppo ing he
eme gence o he name Raudón-plynė KzR has no been documen ed, he mo i a ion
is being ied o be unde s ood on he basis o he mo o o he p e ace w i en on
he a ea unde in es iga ion: he soil nex o he ball is pink and he ball is us y.
F om his i can be deduced ha ed, -a ( aus ù, -à) a e mos likely o be called
ma shy places wi h dissol ed i on o e and poo ma shy soil wi h pea impu i ies. As
in he case desc ibed, due o he su ace, which was mos likely g ayish-b own, he
opobjec ecei ed he name Palš-a- ais is s . B b: lie o me. pálšas, -à, pašas
ʻpilkš asʼ M j (pl. Šlýna ais is s . B b: lie. šlýnas ʻpilkš ai mels as o balkš as
gli us molis wi h o ganic compounds […]ʼ). This is he name o he plan . This g oup is
supplemen ed by place names wi h he i s syllable juod-: Júod-balė b. KzR; I 's
called he Jude-a- ais . B b; and Igl. The black-hai ed s . V ; and he s . Shu up.
The las wo local wo ds accompanying he commen s a e eco ded in he ques ionnai es: p iaugęs
alksnių, bu šlapias is w i en as Sk iaudžių k. (V ) in he ques ionnai e; Acco ding o ano he (Syl)
su ey, he land was pain ed black. As you know, he colo o he u nips is da k b own. Judas, -à
means ' he colo o he coal, he da k' (LKŽe). Howe e , his explana ion o mo i a ion is bes
suppo ed by he name o he w i e Júod ais is g e ybė Rùd ais is, w i en in he Mau učių k.
ques ionnai e […] Júod- ais is […] Rùd- ais is V . I is da k b own, bu also a ious shades o da k
iksuo os helonimų po os aiškėja, kad leksema júodas eiškia ne ik ʻanglies
colo s (in ou case da k b own). Thus, bo h single and o he objec s wi h de e mina i e sand could
be blackened due o he da k colou o he wa e o soil. 28 On he o he hand, i may be possible o
explain he mo i a ion o he ows on he basis o o he sou ces. A pu chase, in he sense o "wi h
exal a ion, cowa dice, inequali y". The la e had o be abandoned, since he a ea o illus a i e
sen ences s udied in he li ing language, he cha ac e is ic o he e b used in his sense, is no
w i en. The es imonies o in o man s a e also no eco ded in he ques ionnai e. 29 I. S.
P os i nina, ha ing s udied he peculia i y o Russian compound place names, no es ha he wa e
name Juoda upelė (Black Ri e ) was e minologized. The oponymic e m black i e (black i e )
means i e s wi h black wa e , lowing balny wa e s, i e s ha low in emo e places, as well as
sp ing- ed, non-sp inging i e s, i e s wi h sp ings. Acco ding o ano he Russian oponymic
esea che , E. M. Mu zae , he e a e many black i e s, bu no a single la ge i e (see also
P os i nina 2001: 47).
DALIA SVIDERSKIENĖ
Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXV, which was published in
2. DABAR NE VISAI AIŠKIOS MOTYVACIJOS
O he , o a a con en , by weigh
In keeping wi h he p o isions o a uni ied analysis se ou in he in oduc ion
o he a icle and applied o he ep esen a i es o he i s g oup, an
a emp is made o in e p e he mo i a ion o hese helonisms. In some
cases, due o he lack o addi ional in o ma ion suppo ing one o ano he
e sion o he explana ion o he mo i a ion, i is limi ed o he assessmen o he possibili y.
2.1. The lexical na u e o he cons uc ion o he i s wo d o he du s is no
en i ely clea , i s belonging o he class o appella i es o an oponimes:
Ba […]n-plynė s . KzR: lying down. The ba on is an a in, he ekisõ is a 62 a d. The
ba on, lie down. I is also known as he "My k-a-balė" (KzR: lie). I'm going o kill you.
I'm going o kill you. I 's called he Ragaiš-balė s . English: lie. agashis whea lou
o ba ley lou b ead, ka aishisʼ65 p d. The ho ned owl; The Rose and he Ball, by M.
R. J. 66: lie. clea 'wa e lily (Nymphaea)', due o seman ics plg. . wi h Rožynas b. Dg (VK), which seems o be ela ed o lie. I 's clea . p. 67 o he Code. Rose, please.
o which: The ose.
2.2. The o he g oup o possible double-mo i a ed place names is also excluded. This is a possible
explana ion o he mo i a ion o he helonisms based on bo h he meaning o one and he o he
basic wo d: Bais- ais is b. V : lie. sca y, - a ea ha ises, a wo ying, an emo ional e alua ion o
he meaning o helonimas68 lie. ea , - ‘ e y big mo i a ion acco ding o he pa ame e s o he
objec (size); This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s
publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. I 's called a ball. I 's called a ball. Since
bo h possibili ies o explaining mo i a ion a e plausible, hey a e p esen ed side by side by
sepa a ing one om he o he by a con ac ual sign, indica ing […] on he o he hand, a possible
mo i a ion om […]. This choice was made in o de o a oid he e y equen use o his wo d
combina ion in he a icle and he unnecessa y expansion o he a icle's scope.
See also 63. LVŽ I 379[…]380, whe e ano he e sion o he o igin […] om lie is specula ed. ba õnas
ʻbajo ų i le, lowe han he coun ; he pe son holding ha i le. 64 Acco ding o he LPA, he
a ea unde in es iga ion eco ded p d. Mo knas (see LPŽ II 271), oge he wi h he oponymic
localiza ion and Mo klis (see he same, 270). 65 In he case o he appellan 's o igin, he mo i a ing
ac o , acco ding o he Russian esea che N. V. O chia o (S e dlo skas), is ela ed o he
ishiness o he body o wa e (see O cha 1991: 62, 71). On he o he hand, i may be possible o
explain he mo i a ion o he spelling because o he possible ound shape o he opobjec . 66
Acco ding o he in o man , he o me a me Rožėnas. LPŽ da a con i ms his alongside he
localiza ion o he oponyms unde conside a ion, his su name is eco ded (see LPŽ II 625). 67
O he wise, L. Bilkio is associa ed wi h lie. he place whe e oses a e g own (see Bilkis 2008: 282). 68
Fo he meaning o emo ional e alua ion, see also hyd onyms. 1981 Vanag: 115 […] 116. This is he i s ime I' e seen i .

S aipsniai / A icles 259
Sudu inių Ma ijampolės apsk i ies helonimų mo y acija
because o he wa e quali y. The name o he place can be gi en o ano he eason:
bala wi hou ish71; Degùs-balė b. Kl : lie. d[…]gus o he like, plg. dèg i […]bū i ugnies
eikiamam, nyk i ugnyje, liepsno iʼ72 [Samaninės du pos well dẽga, only unbu ned Gs;
Balos dega, wha do you wan he moun ains no o bu n Dkš] (possible explana ion o
he mo i a ion […] bu n ball) lies in he wo d. I 's called "shining", "shining", "shining",
"shining". I 's al eady bu ning in he sunse egion o V. Myk-Pu . (possible explana ion
o mo i a ion […] due o he cha ac e is ics o he ball wa e ). Ta-plynė b., also known
as KzR: lie. I 's da k, i 's no ligh , i 's a coa . Based on he meaning o his basic wo d,
i can be assumed ha he Hellenes ecei ed hei names because o ce ain
cha ac e is ics o wa e , i.e. because o he lack o cla i y o wa e . Since he name
o he ball is w i en in he su ey o he Runkian c a s, i is possible ha ano he
e sion o he explana ion o he mo i a ion is […] due o he ligh ing o he
opoobjec o he lack o ligh ing. In his case, . could be combined wi h lie.
da kness, - in he sense o "ligh ly illumina ed o no illumina ed". 2.3. Due o he
uni o mi y o he exp essi e lexemes wi h di e en meanings (lie. kul, kùlė ʻmedinis
į ankis kal i oklėʼ lie. kul, kùlė ʻk epšys in he middle o he bea d in o which he
ish swim; ishe men's sam isʼ), he de e mina i e de i a i e Kùl-ia- ais is s . In
he i s sen ence, he e a e wo possible explana ions o his mo i a ion.
Di e en lexemes ha e di e en mo i a ional in e p e a ions: acco ding o o m
(con igu a ion) o acco ding o dep h. In he la e case, he basis o he
me apho ical spa ial designa ion would be he componen o e icali y, dis ance,
descen om he su ace, e.g. Púodžiaplynė b. KzR and Púodžia ais is b. KzR ( o
which see I. 1.1.8). Un o una ely, in he absence o mo e p ecise da a on he
deno a ion, on he geog aphical ea u es o he landscape and on he naming
si ua ion, i is impossible o de e mine exac ly which o he a o emen ioned ea u es inspi ed he o igin o he place name Kùlia ais is.
2.4. F om he poin o iew o sel -exp ession, he e a e wo mo e ballads Lašn-balė b. M j: lie. he a
laye unde he ca cass (pp . kiaulės); Tha 's unny. body a ; Sme on-ball b. P n: lie. Wha a e you
alking abou ? O he , o a a con en , by weigh I 's he g asshoppe . Because o hese nicknames,
seman ikos plg. S ies ãkalnis kln. Kl , S es inė p . Lb . Žodžio s es as eikš-
he "g ayish gaun le o solid a ", as he saying goes, w i en om a small olk ale o he Ea h
when i is deco a ed wi h a de ling, is well done. F om he meaning i can be seen ha he bu e , like
he aisins, he whea , is a , and he iebùs, - means ‘ha ing plen y o 69 Da plg. čys a: Čys a did no
make he hand K . 70 Da plg. The e's no animal, he e's no hing in he g ound. I 's ha d o a big
honeybee in he middle o a clean ield.
This is M s.
71 Fo an explana ion o he mo i a ion o such names in Russian oponymy, see also Janua y
1991: 62, 71. 72 . Manu ac u e and o igin see also This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he
wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. The 73-yea -old's name is no men ioned in he LKZ, bu i 's no men ioned in he LKZ's name a all.
DALIA SVIDERSKIENĖ
260 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXV ields ( om he w i ing), ‘sod us, a pus, ešlusʼ, which
mais o medžiagų augalams, ąšus, į ęš asʼ (apie žemę), plg. Riebūs kai Šakių
also gi es he name o he meadow Taukióji M j (lie. aukióji, plg. aukùs, - ‘ ešlus, a pusʼ). On
he o he hand, his in e p e a ion seems o be seman ically close o he nouns (see also
Lašinýnas d b. ž. Kl ). The mo i a ion o he place names should be explained by he app op ia e,
pe haps, ela ionships wi h he quali y o he wa e 74 o he densi y o he ish75 and pe haps
he quali y o he su ace bo om (as a laye ). The explana ion o he mo i a ion is
uncon i med, ob iously one: he me apho s o he sou ce o he a ea ( he names o ood
p oduc s) 76 he ans e able ea u es o he balo a dzhi Lašnbalė, Sme onbalė in he
cons uc ion s uc u e ( he inne o m) we e used in o de o emphasize he quali y o he
su ace bo om wa e . The eason o his is no en i ely clea , bu i is likely ha Skálk-a-balė
KzR, p obably associa ed wi h he glo i ied *skalka, plg. lie. a skele al jackal, bu ned o ligh o
se on i e, a balana. Due o seman ics, he name o he moun ain Skalkakalnis KzR, whose
mo i a ion is […] pe idu į pe sisky ęs, is w i en in he same su ey o Velniakalnio's he i age.
Thus, he la e place name, based on he es imony o he a o emen ioned pe son, can be
conside ed as a gi en name because o i s shape and is di e en om oponyms o
con igu a ional meaning. Since he eason o he name is no eco ded in he ques ionnai e, i
can only be assumed ha i may be ega ded as a opobjec o he ex ended o m, o conside ed
o o he easons o he eme gence o his nomina i e uni . The name Smal-ia- ais is was
w i en in he s uc u e o Shil, and he wo d smalà is eco ded in i s inne o m.77. A. Vanagas
conside s he names o hyd o-objec s whose cons uc ion is based on smalà o be hyd onyms o
he signi icance o wa e quali y (see Vanagas 1981: 102)78. The name o he i e is de i ed om
one o he aspec s o upg ading he quali y o wa e , he clamp, see he sen ence om he
Li huanian Na ional A chi es manusc ip : "You will ind a wide i e , a smoo h s eam Lš" (see
LKŽe o he meaning o his sen ence), also see he name o he i e , which may ha e been
upda ed by he consis ency o he smell, see 74g.
lie. klampùs, - ʻsunkiai ekan is, ąsus (apie skysčius)ʼ. Mūsų manymu, su ei-
75 Plg. o he The ci y o Meuse. The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion.
76 […]E hnog aphic s udies o ood sys ems show ha he meaning o ood ex ends o all human
a eas[…] (Min z Du Bois, quo ed om Čepai ienė 2013: 255). In addi ion, acco ding o he e hnologis ,
be e ood was ea en on es i e occasions, which, acco ding o he s a e's unde s anding, was
a e and mo e plen i ul: mo e a , c eam, bu e (see also ibid., 266). The 77 h Lie. The e m "small"
is used o e e o he de a, he wood, he de a (DKZ 129). Acco ding o LKŽ, in ano he pa o
Li huania, he appella ion smãlis, smalỹs ‘de ils, nelabasis (whispe ing) is used: Well, whe e is he li le
one aking you now? The Dl.
78 Da plg. i anden a džius su da ybos pama u de à; jie šio mokslininko seman iškai e inami
as well as […] as names o wa e s o wa e quali y signi icance (see also Vanagas 1981: 101).
A icles and a icles 261
Sudu inių Ma ijampolės apsk i ies helonimų mo y acija
y. clumpiness, bo h i s colou 79, i.e. da kness80. Thus, in addi ion o he
es imonies o in o man s eco ded in he Pajesio su ey, i is di icul o say
exac ly which o he deno a i e signs (o pe haps bo h) - physical
cha ac e is ics o colou - was aken in o accoun in he nomina ion p ocess.
Ano he case ha is no en i ely clea om he nomina ion poin o iew is he
name […] w i en Va g[…]n-balė KzR: lie. The lu e is a lu e-playing musical
ins umen . Since no in o man 's es imony has been eco ded, see he sen ence
w i en in he language o li e LKŽe: Mūs klebonas kap a gõnas gieda Vlk82, bu see
also plg. lie. And he said o hem, "Do no be a aid, o I am wi h you. Do no be
a aid, o I am wi h you". The o ganis s a e upse . clo hing clo hes Sn83. Thus, i
emains unclea whe he i was because o he sounds emi ed by he body o
wa e , o because o i s shape, o because o he shallow su ace o he bo om,
o o some o he (cu en ly unknown) easons, ha he opobjec was named
Va gõnbale om he musical ins umen 's name used in a pe e ed sense.
2.6. In o man es imonies would be equi ed o a well- easoned explana ion o he easons o he
dismissal. Un o una ely, he e a e no commen s, and he ac ha he bea 's child en a e being
ma ied is no eco ded in he ques ionnai es. Because, acco ding o Li huanian na u alis Tado
I anausko, he las bea in Li huania was sho in 1883. only he a gumen o he place names Mẽšk-a-balė
ka čiais užklys a iš ki u (plg. ci . iš Papau ėly ė-Klo ienė 2007: 91), pas a asis
b. M j; Mešk-ã-balė b. Kl . This is he name o he illage. I 's called he Misk-a-Rais . Gdl; and 2 plk.
K sn84; Mešk-a- ais is s . This is he i s ime I' e seen his. The links wi h he animal's habi a s seem
o be he leas eliable. Nominal uni s wi h 79 Assigning helonimus o he seman ic ype acco ding o he
colo , he head has due o he ype o su ace o he ea h, he colo o he wa e […] plg. I. 1.1.5
ep esen a i es. 81 In he same su ey o Pajiesis he i age, he name o he w i e Júod andenis Šil is
80 Da plg. lie. smalnis, -ė ‘p k. juodas, amsusʼ.
w i en. The ealm was so named because o he black wa e , which clea ly shows i s inne o m. 82 The
signi icance o wa e sounds in A. Vanagas's hyd onyms is eco ded o e 85 (see Vanagas 1981: 114[…]115).
In addi ion o he localiza ion o he illage o Čepkely, he "g o esques" men ioned in he poe ic wo k
"God's Coun y" by he singe Pe o Zalansko om Ma dasa, "balos bu beklės" [pa yškin a mano […] D.
S.] […] see mo e. This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he
O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. The esea che p epa ed an a icle based on he ead epo
Gi d he place and be hea d.
Kons an in A. Hein (Russia), who has s udied he oponyms o he Vologoda egion, no es ha he
compa isons o opobjec s wi h musical ins umen s may be inspi ed by he shape o he
opobjec i sel o he appea ance o he ea h's su ace, due o he way he ea h is wo ked.
Fo example, he opog aphical objec s o he hilly e ain and he sca e ed sho es a e called
A monika, A monikos (Ga moshki, Ga mon), he a ea o land in he o m o an une en apezoid can
be called Guslės (Gusli) [guslės […] s yginis usų liaudies ins umen , simila o kankles; hey a e called s ačiakampio, spa no and e c. […] D. S.] and so on.]
(See also Gein 2014: 73).
84 Išlandžių k. anke os duomenimis . meškos aikus edžioda ę.
DALIA SVIDERSKIENĖ
262 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXV mešk-, pe haps, o he cha ac e is ics o
his animal […] ela ed o la ge - han-usual olumes o eal objec s (in his case
heloobjek s) can be eco ded. I is di icul o say oday wha o he
mo i a ions could ha e inspi ed he o igin o he place name.
Rais a a dis Mẽšk-a-kampis KzR, due o un eco ded desc ip ions explaining he
mo i a ion, is also no excep ion. Acco ding o Alexande J. Ba ano , he place
name Med eji Ugol (seman ically "nea " ou Mškakampi) is qui e common in
Russian oponymy. Acco ding o he in es iga o s, he meaning o Med eji is
[…]nušalus, a kampus[…] (dea , dis an ), he camp (ygol) he e has been
ans o med in o he pe e ed meaning o […]čužkampis[…] (locali y, usually
dea ) (see also Ba ano a 2012). Ano he Russian linguis , I. S. P os i nina, no es
ha close seman ic connec ions be ween compound place names can de e mine
hei ph asing (P oz i nina 2001: 44)87. Based on wha has been said, and bea ing in
mind ha "equi alen wo ds in di e en languages can ha e di e en
associa ions" and " he lexical backg ound has a na ional speci ici y" (Guda ičius
2009: 101), he place name Mškakampis is s ill conside ed unclea om he poin o
iew o mo i a ion. One hing is clea he seman ics o bo h Li huanian place
names and Russian oponyms ha e a complex cha ac e .
This g oup seems o be supplemen ed by place names wi h he i s owel žyd.
Acco ding o he T empinių k. ques ionnai e, he ball Žỹd-balė Lb go i s name
because o he g ass o he sh ub [= poo […] D. S.] Fo simila easons, names
could be gi en o o he opobjec s eco ded in he in e im ques ionnai es. Since
he da a allowing o decide on he implici e alua i e mo i a ion in he
ques ionnai es is no eco ded, he e emains ano he possibili y o explaining
Lb , K sn, M j, Šil; s . KzR; Žyd-balė b. Kl ; Žyd-a- ais is b. K sn, už ašy i
he mo i a ion […] helonimai Žỹd-balė b. in he ques ionnai es o ea h names, could
be conside ed as possessi e meanings . whose e ymology o he i s syllable […]
lie. A Jew is a man o Jewish na ionali y. The las e sion suppo s he su eyed
a ea wi h he ollowing demog aphic da a: he su eyed e hnic a ea in he
in e wa pe iod is desc ibed as e hnically mixed, acco ding o he 1923 census, li ed in he dis ic o Ma ijampolė
6.42% o Jews 88.
85 Plg. o he a ea unde in es iga ion . I 's called Ku apkelis. Gdl: lie. O a hickness o less han
0,15 mm This is Rupužkelis kl. KzR: lying down. I 's a piece o cake. As hese nomina i e uni s indica e,
he li ing c ea u es ku apka and upuzha a e small, pe haps o his eason hei names we e
used in he naming p ocess o indica e a smalle han usual olume o opo-objec s ( oads) (see
S ide skienė 2015: 182). 86 Due o he mixed mush oom names wi h he meškmo y acijos Li huanian
miconimų nomina ion sys em, see Lubienė 2012: 111 […] 112. This is he i s ime ha his has happened.
87 This seems o be he case he e as well.
88 Dėl šių i ki ų demog a inių duomenų da ž . Subačius 2009: 228.
A icles o he T ea y
Sudu inių Ma ijampolės apsk i ies helonimų mo y acija
The Šùn-a-balė b. Kl dances a e also discussed in he g oup; I 's no like I don'
know wha I'm doing. This is a lis o people who ha e been awa ded he Nobel P ize
in Physiology o Medicine, so ed by he yea o hei dea h. o e 90 yea s o age
Al hough he e a e no eco ds o ques ionnai es allowing o decide on he implici
e alua ion mo i a ion, he obse ed pa o he place names is mos likely o ha e
i 91. Nega i e e alua ion o places, p obably due o poo soil quali y […] we lands, unsui able o ag icul u e, no one us ed he local ege a ion, e c.
3. Resul s o he examina ion
3.1.The la ges a ie y o nomina ions is cha ac e ised by he way in which
he composi ion is made acco ding o he cha ac e is ics o he objec s (192 64%).
The names o he animals inspi ed 38 (20%) o he names o he we lands. The
analyzed ma e ial showed ha he ea u es o implici mo i a ion
cha ac e is ic o "animal" oponyms a e conno a ion and size. As is known,
he es imony o in o man s helps o cla i y hese signs. Due o he po e y
o he la e , some o he signs may ha e emained undisclosed. And so he
numbe o ep esen a i es o he speaking subg oup is p obably no accu a e.
Fo he leng h o he line, he wid h o he line, he dep h o he line, he
wa e dep h o he line, he leng h o he line, he leng h o he line, he leng h
o he line, he leng h o he line, he leng h o he line, he leng h o he line, he leng h o he line, he leng h o he line. Especially o en he leng h is ixed.
Plan names inspi ed nomina ions o 14 (7%) o he places isi ed. Due o excep ional
physiog aphic cha ac e is ics (long su ace cha ac e is ics5, shape in he space o
he ou line5) 10 (5%) objec s ecei ed he name. The ollowing colou ca ego y
ep esen a i es a e eco ded in he names o he opobjec s made by he su ey
a ea in he o m o a con ac : black6, b own2, ed1, pale1 (ou o a o al o 10 (5%)).
The i s h ee a e plu al. I desc ibes he colo o he wa e a he bo om o he
su ace o we lands.
See also 89 Lis o bo anical names wi h hunmo i a ion in he Li huanian phy onomic nomencla u e.
G i ėnienė 2010: 163[…]181. This is he i s ime ha his has happened. Acco ding o Jū a ė Lubienė,
he mos ypical pa icula ly nega i e conno a ion in he sys em o nicknames in he Li huanian
language is he zoonym shū (see Lubienė 2012: 111). The name o he i e Volga has a pejo a i e
meaning, indica ing ha i s wa e is no sui able o d inking (see also Be eso ych 1991: 86).
Acco ding o Lubienė, he nega i e emo ional e alua ion o Russian phy onims and mikonims is
pa icula ly clea ly con eyed by he name o he wol , he poisonous plan s o mush ooms a e
called […] ilkiniai[…] (Lubienė 2012: 111). 91 This decision is suppo ed by he asse ions o Aloysius
Guda ičius "animals in speech a e usually ega ded nega i ely" (Guda ičius 2007: 87) and he
mo i a ional s udies o Li huanian phy onyms and nicknames (see mo e widely G i ėnienė 2006; 2010:
163 […] 181; Lubienė 2012: 99 […] 122). The numbe 92 indica es he numbe o ep esen a i es.

DALIA SVIDERSKIENĖ
264 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXV
In he case o he mos common place names, i is likely ha he speci ics o
he class (poklasio) o he place names hemsel es (93%) a e de e mined by he
su names associa ed wi h he lexemes de ils (7), pekla (4,1), aidyklė (1). In
addi ion o he wa e quali y o he we lands, 7 (4%) opog aphical objec s
we e nomina ed: o wa e iscosi y ( hickness) 1, liquidi y 1, anspa ency 1
and o he s (ou o a o al o 5). O he denomina ions ha e a isen o desc ibe
wa e in we lands acco ding o he names o subs ances, objec s, and hings
ha a e commonly ound in wa e . Th ee (1,5%) Hellenisms ha e been eco ded
indica ing a depa u e om space. One o hem means […] being high[…], he
o he […] being low[…]. One case shows ha he ma shy place was nomina ed due o he physical s a e o he wa e .
3.2.Flooded a eas a e nomina ed much less equen ly (23 13%) in ela ion o
o he objec s. O hese, he possessi eness and local mo i a ion o he
Hellenis s a e mo e e iden 15. and hey a e dominan (65%) in his espec . The
easoning behind he heliocen ici y and he heliocen ici y o he place
acco ding o wha is in i is less ixed.
3.3. mo e in ensi e nomina ion o he objec s o be analysed o
owne ship and cul u al-his o ical ela ions (43 23%). Absolu e majo i y […]
o owne ship.
3.4. The seman ic peculia i y dis inguishes he mic osys em Šiknãbalė and Uodeglė
eco ded in he ma e ial unde s udy, which a ose due o he loca ion o
in e ela ed objec s in space, and he si ua ional helonimas, which a ose due o he
lack o knowledge o objec s. The discussion o he esul s showed ha he s udy
cla i ied he di e si y o he mo i a ions o he Hellenis ic names made in he
Sandusky way, e ealed he linguis ic peculia i ies o he ca ego iza ion o he
ac ual agmen , highligh ed he hie a chy o he mo i es o he appea ance o he names o he places.
[…]In cases whe e he cul u al space is o a e i o ial na u e, i s own, closed, cul u al and
p o ec ed space is usually conside ed a human se lemen ha is opposed o wha is ou side i s
walls (miškui, […]...>) […] a o eign, open non-cul u al space[…] (J. Lo man, ci ed by 93 Masiuliony ė 2008:
gi, emian is su ink os medžiagos analize, galima da y i a sa gią iš adą: balos, pelkės, ais ai i
77). The we lands o Taiki o a e pe cei ed by he ep esen a i es o he people as a ansi ional
zone ha is di e en om he es o he coun y. Vi ginija Masiuliony ė, seeking o de e mine
whe he i is possible o speak o bounda y symbols in Li huanian cul u e ha ma k he ansi ion
om one space o ano he ( he au ho 's e ms shapus and anapus e e no only o he wo ld o
he li ing and he dead, hey a e also used o desc ibe hei own and o eign spaces), no es ha
bo h in his panak and in he ph aseology "people encoun e ep esen a i es o he o he wo ld
nea landscape objec s: o es s, swamps, w i ings and wa e ". Since he subjec and pu pose o
his a icle a e no di ec ly ela ed o wha has been said, i is limi ed o he obse a ion ha in
he u u e a b oade olklo ic and e hnological con ex would suppo and help he esea ch o spoken oponymy.
iksliau a skleis i mo y acijos ypa umus i dėsningumus.
A icles and a icles 265
Sudu inių Ma ijampolės apsk i ies helonimų mo y acija
4. Excluded
The analysis o place names is condi ioned by he linguis ic s uc u e o his class
sys em and he in e ela ionships o he his o ical, e hnic, and social
ex alinguis ic ac o s. Thei obse ance is a necessa y condi ion o jus i ying
he explana ions o he mo i es o place names. Analysis o he mo i a ions o he
Hellenis ic names made by he Sandusky me hod (see also Table o Resul s 3.)
helped o e eal he naming pa e ns o he we lands in a ce ain a ea. I was
ound ha 64% o he objec s we e nomina ed o hei own cha ac e is ics, 23%
o hei ela ionship wi h humans, and 13% o hei ela ionship wi h o he
objec s. The dominan s o each o hem epo he a en ion o he
ep esen a i es o he language communi y o one o ano he ealm. The p inciple
o nomina ion, linked o landscape ea u es, is ela ed o he speci ics o he
eali y i sel […] o he places isi ed. The choice o he names o he places o be
isi ed was de e mined by he isual ( egimen al) obse a ions. The
cha ac e is ics o objec s ha mos dis inguish hese objec s om bo h he
en i onmen and om a g oup o o he opobjec s a e exp essed di ec ly and
indi ec ly. Me apho ically, hey a e called mo e con incingly, p o oking addi ional
associa ions. The mos ypical o one o he o he cha ac e is ics o he
" e eale " (clea ness […] sil e , clumsiness, da kness […] g ay, e c.) is easily
unde s ood by he ep esen a i es o he language communi y. In his way, he wo ld iew o a na ion o med o e cen u ies is eco ded, ela ed o he ma e ial and spi i ual cul u e o he ep esen a i es o he e hnic egion (na ion).
The nomina ion uni s Pklia ais is, Vaidyk ais is, Vélniaplynė and o he s (4.5% o he
o al) show a s e eo ypical, emo ionally colou ed pe cep ion o he place and a
nega i e assessmen , wi hou d awing a en ion o he dis inc i e speci ic
cha ac e is ics o he nomina ed places. I has been obse ed ha mos o he
sande už ašy a gi ininkijų anke ose. Regis, okiu būdu kalbiniuose iene uo-
dungeons wi h hei i s se (in ou case, he place names) ix he bounda ies o
hei own and o eign spaces. Acco ding o hei physical and unc ional
cha ac e is ics, he opobjec s o be analyzed a e pe cei ed by he use s o he
language as ha ing an inne space (Vélniabliūdis: élnias, blidas ‘dubuo; he amoun
ha ex ends in o i ') and hemsel es as beings ha in e ac wi h he
en i onmen : (a) o he objec s (Be žynbalė, Da žabalė, Til abalė, e c.) and (b) a
pe son (Duidžiabalė, Jõnbalė, Kedžiabalė, Mic ais is, e c.). Du ing he s udy, a
phenomenon was obse ed whe e he lexema juodas, which de ines he sound o
he du ian, means no only colo ed, da k, bu also shades o da k colo s (in ou
case da k b own), he lexema ùdas yellow, da k, e c., is in e p e ed as polymo phism.
Analysis o he mo i a ional aspec s o nicknames helped o e eal he nomina i e
jo (kalbos a o ojo, am ik os e ninės s i ies kalbinės bend uomenės a s o o)
posi ion in ela ion o helo-objec s: objec i e […] acco ding o i s eal-li e
connec ions wi h nicknames (loca i e, possessi e, e c.), and subjec i e […] acco ding o
DALIA SVIDERSKIENĖ
Ac a Linguis ica LXXV, 266, exp esses i s ela ionship (mos ly aluable) wi h
one o ano he elemen o he landscape.
In he u u e, he ep esen a i e o he language communi y (na ion) should be
encou aged o ca y ou a ce ain classi ica ion o place names based on he
p inciples o he nomina ion o oponymic objec s and he dis inc ion o he
easons o hei occu ence, i.e. co ec ions, i.e. addi ions o co e he di e si y
o oponymy. In his classi ica ion o places in Li huanian oponymy o he i s
ime (as a as is known) si ua ional place names, mic o-sys ems o place names a e dis inguished and discussed.
Loca ion o he objec
O he abb e ia ions […] he meadow
b. […] he ball p d. su name d b. e. […]
wo king land s . The name o he
illage is he same as ha o he
illage. The name o he illage is he
same as ha o he illage.
A icles A icles 267 and
Sudu inių Ma ijampolės apsk i ies helonimų mo y acija
288 o he T ea y on he Func ioning o he Eu opean Union
Summa y
B b […] Balbie iškis (P […]enų) is loca ed in he sou he n pa o he coun y.
B […] Ba[…] ninkai (Vilka […]škio .) was bo n in he illage o B […] Ba[…] ninkai.
Dg […] Daũgai (also known as Aly aũs)
Dl – Dél u a (Ukme gs .)
Dmk […] Dome[…]ka a (Kauno dis ic ) is loca ed in he sou he n pa o he coun y.
O he , o a a con en , by weigh , in he d y ma e
This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Gdl […] Gudẽliai (Te i o y o he municipali y o Ma ijámpoles)
The Gi […] ininkai (Tau ag[…]s .) a e he only ones who ha e been able o do so.
G š […] G škabūdis (also known as Shaki)
Igl […] Iglišk[…]liai (Ma ijámpolės sa . e ) is loca ed in he dis ic o Ma ijámpoles.
O he , o a a con en , by weigh
I is also known as he "Kal a " o "Kal a " o "Kal a " o "Kal a " o "Kal a " o "Kal a " o "Kal a " o "Kal a " o "Kal a " o "Kal a " o "Kal a " o "Kal a " o "Kal a " o "Kal a " o "Kal a " o "Kal a " o "Kal a " o "Kal a " o "Kal a " o "Kal a " o "Kal a " o "Kal a ".
Kl […] Kal a ija (Te i o y o he municipali y o Ma ijámpoles)
K sn […] K osnà (also known as Lazd[…]jų)
K […] Ke ù alakiai (Vilka […]škio .) is loca ed in he dis ic o he same name.
KzR […] Kazl […] Rūdà (also known as Kazl […] Rūdà)
Lb […] Liubã as (Kal a […]jos sa . e .) was bo n in he illage o Lb […] Liubã as.
Ld n – Liud inã as (Ma ijámpolės sa . e .)
Lp – Léipalingis (D ùskininkų sa . e .)
M P esiden , ladies and gen lemen, I should like o begin by cong a ula ing he appo eu on his excellen epo .
Pd […] Pãdie y is (Ri e o he Silas)
The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion.
This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
P n […] F ench
[…] Sasna à (Ma ijámpoles sel -de e mined e i o y)
This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
O he , no u he wo ked han ho - olled, in coils
V […] Vei e ia[…] (p onounced […]en[…])
O he , o a a con en , by weigh , in he d y ma e :