S aipsniai / A icles 173
JORIS KAZLAUSKAS
The Uni e si y o Vy au as he G ea
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Mokslinių y imų k yp ys: i mika, socioling is ika.
DOI: doi.o g/10.35321/all84-08
D[…]L heal h hy hm
In he KIRČIO g oup
In Li huanian
On he Seconda y Rhy hmical S ess
in he S anda d Li huanian Language
ANOTATION This a icle p esen s he p elimina y esul s and insigh s o a s udy ha explains
whe he seconda y hy hmic c osses exis in he common Li huanian language. I is based on
he heo y o me ic phonology, acco ding o which he seconda y hy hmic in e sec ions in a
p ose wo d a e dis an om he seconda y in e sec ion o he main in e sec ion. Du ing he
s udy, he i s and second consonan s o he same quali y o he wo d we e compa ed wi h
each o he . The esea ch ma e ial consis s o wen y- wo sen ences ead h ee imes by en
dic iona ies. The P aa p og am measu ed he du a ion o he oices, he mean and maximum
o he main one and in ensi y (sepa a ely o men and women). In an audio expe imen ,
pa icipan s we e asked o lis en o 23 wo ds wi h he main syllable cu o and o ma k he
syllable ha hey hough was cu o . ESMINIAI WORDS: seconda y hy hmic ki is, common
Li huanian language, me inė phonology, opposi e oices, and opposi e oices.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
This a icle in oduces he ini ial esul s and obse a ions o he esea ch which aims o ind
ou whe he he seconda y hy hmic s ess exis s in he s anda d Li huanian language. The
esea ch is based on he heo y o me ic phonology, acco ding o which he seconda y hy hmic
s ess alls on e e y second syllable o he le and igh o he main s ess. The i s s ep o
his esea ch includes he compa ison o he i s and second p e-s essed owels, as well as
he i s and second pos -s essed owels o he same quali y. All o hem
JORIS KAZLAUSKAS
The ma e ial analysed in he esea ch is ob ained om sound eco dings: 10 speake s ead ou
22 sen ences h ee imes. P aa so wa e was used o analyze quan i y, he a e age and
maximum pi ch (o mens and womens oices sepa a ely), and he a e age and maximum in ensi y
o owels. The second s ep o he esea ch ea u es an audi o y expe imen , in ( hese syllables
we e cu o in he eco dings) and ma k ha syllable, which hey conside
which he esponden s we e asked o lis en o 23 wo ds wi hou p ima y s essed syllables
e ed o be s essed.
KEYWORDS: seconda y hy hmic s ess, s anda d Li huanian language, me ical
phonology, p e-s essed owels, pos -s essed owels.
The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion.
In he Wo ld Language S uc u es A las (Goedemans, Huls 2013) Li huanian
į a dy a kaip nenus a y o i mo. Tam, kad bū ų užpildy a ši sp aga, eikia iš-
siaiškin i, kokia y a lie u ių kalbos p ozodinė hie a chija žodžio lygmenyje, a
language is cha ac e ized by wo-syllable ee and, i cha ac e is ic, wha ype o
[…] jambo (unci cumcised and unci cumcised skiemuo) o ochėjo (unci cumcised
and unci cumcised skiemuo). The exis ence o bina y ee in a pa icula language is
based on seconda y hy hmic c osses, because, o cou se, he e a e no only
bilingual wo ds in languages, bu also mul ilingual wo ds in which one skiemuo ge s
he main ki , while he o he s can ge he seconda y ki . The la e will no be as
phone ically sha p as he main one, bu he hy hm is e y impo an . As Richa d
Hogg and C. B. McCullis (1987) a gue, in languages wi h la e al hy hmic
in e sec ions, he in e sec ions a e loca ed in he middle o he second syllable o
he p onoun: one o he in e sec ions is he main one, he o he s a e he […] sides.
Al hough he e ha e been a emp s in he gene al Li huanian language o look o
he mani es a ions o he la e al c oss (Vai ke ičiū ė 1969; Gi denis and Pupkis
1994; Laigonai ė 2002; Gi denis 2003; Kazlauskienė 2015), no de ailed esea ch on his
issue has ye been ca ied ou . Thus, he pu pose o he s udy p esen ed in his
a icle is o ind ou whe he he e is a seconda y hy hmic ki is in he common
Li huanian language. I should be emphasised ha his a icle p esen s only he
p elimina y esul s and conclusions o he s udy. The pu pose o he s udy
included he ollowing asks: 1) o p epa e he ma e ial o he eco dings; 2) o
selec he dic iona y and make he eco dings; 3) o use he sound analysis
p og am o de e mine he p edic ed cha ac e is ics; 4) o desc ibe he esul s; 5) o ca y ou an addi ional audi ion expe imen o ind ou how he use s o he language e alua e he unhea d skies.
Reikia paminė i, kad lie u ių a mių šalu inis ki is y a gana plačiai i as:
In he case o small a ms (Gi denis 1967), in he case o eas e n a ms
(Kosienė and Gi denis 1979), in he case o sou he n a ms (Kazlauskienė)
A icles o he 175 h
Dėl šalu inio i minio ki čio bend inėje lie u ių kalboje
2001), low-lying aces (A kočai y ė 2002), sou he n highlands (Leskauskai ė
2002), Li huanian highlands (Ga š a 2003) o he pa ish o La galo Ciskodo, Shaki
highlands (Bace ičiū ė 2004), eas e n highlands o Vilnius (U bana ičienė 2006),
eas e n no he n highlands o Pa a mė (Mu inienė 2007), wes e n highlands o Kaunas
(Ja osla ienė 2010) This is he i s ime ha he Eu opean Pa liamen has been consul ed on his ma e .
Tokyo hy hm esea ch is ca ied ou by ep esen a i es o he new phonological
di ec ion o me ic phonology ha eme ged in Wes e n language in he 1980s.
Me ic phonology is he analysis o he unc ions o p onoun uni s based on hei
hie a chy. One o he main goals o me ic phonology is o cla i y he in e sec ion,
as a nonlinea uni , he in e sec ion: whe he he in e sec ion is p edic ed by
ce ain hy hmic in e sec ions, wha ype o ee a e cha ac e is ic o he
language, whe he hey a e o ien ed o he igh o o he le , whe he he ee
b anch o he p osodic wo d b anches o he le o o he igh , whe he he
loca ion o he in e sec ion depends on he amoun o he skiemens (Libe man Selki k 1975; Ladd 1984; Nespo , Vogel 1986; Hogg, 1987; Goldsmi h 1990;
1995).
METHOD and medium o s udy
Acco ding o An anas Pake is (1982), he main phone ic cha ac e is ics o he Li huanian dialec a e
du a ion, main one and in ensi y. So i can be assumed ha no only he main, bu also he seconda y ski
cen e s will be dis inguished om ski cen e s wi hou any c ossing by he ollowing cha ac e is ics: he
du a ion o he c ossing ski cen e s will be longe , he main one […] highe , he in ensi y […] highe . In
addi ion o he abo e-men ioned easons, he Commission conside s ha he con es ed measu e
cons i u es S a e aid wi hin he meaning o A icle 107 (1) o he T ea y on he Func ioning o he
y imo e ape a liekan analizę pasi ink i žodžiai, ku ių i iamųjų p ieški inių
Eu opean Union, and ha he aid is compa ible wi h he in e nal ma ke wi hin he meaning o A icle 107
(1) o he T ea y. In addi ion, he oices o he i s skiemen we e compa ed in ou wo d pai s: okius
[ oːkjɔˈsjɛ] and okem [ oː1ˈkjɪms], gydyklà [gjiːdjiːˈkl] and gydkloms [gjiː2ˈdjiːkloːms], pūkeliùs
[puːɛˈljs] and pukkùs [puːkks], dėžės [djeːsjɛ] and dėžės [djeːjɛs]. These wo ds a e analyzed in pai s
because i is di icul o ind wo ds in which he long owels oː and uː o m he cen e s o bo h on al
skele ons. A o al o 22 pai s o balls we e compa ed: 12 in he opposi e posi ion and 10 in he opposi e
posi ion.
JORIS KAZLAUSKAS
176 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIV This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
The sen ences wi h he in es iga i e wo ds we e ead h ee imes by en
dic iona ies ( i e men and i e women; h ee unde 30, i e be ween 30 and 60, wo
o e 60; six g adua ed in Li huanian philology, one in Ge man philology, his o y, social
wo k and elec ical enginee ing; In addi ion, he du a ion o he es ed oices was
sionalūs dik o iai, ga sinan ys knygas Lie u os aklųjų biblio ekoje, likę – ne-
p o esionalūs, ačiau baigę humani a inių mokslų s udijas). Siekian sumažin i
in onacijos į aką y imo ezul a ams, analizuo i žodžiai bu o sakinių idu yje.
measu ed using he oice analysis p og am […]P aa […], he a e age and maximum
o he main one we e de e mined (male and emale pa icipan s ha e di e en
ones, so he s a is ical e alua ion o hei s udy pa ame e s was ob ained using
onas bu o analizuo as a ski ai) bei in ensy umo idu kis i maksimumas. Šių
he main p og am […]Mic oso Excel[…]. When p esen ing he esul s, he ables
indica e a summa y o he sho comings and
gųjų balsių duomenys.
In o de o ind ou whe he he e is a seconda y hy hmic ki is in language, i was
decided o base no only ins umen al esea ch, bu also o ca y ou an audi o y
ku io me u ik in a, a esponden ai okį ki į a pažįs a. Šis ekspe imen as a lik-
expe imen wi h 26 s uden s o he bachelo 's p og am in Scandina ian cul u es and
languages a Vy au as Magnus Uni e si y. The pa icipan s we e asked o name 23 wo ds
specialiai šiam ekspe imen ui pa eng ų ga so į ašų iški p ų žodžių. Pag indinį
ha con ained he wo d "c uci ixion" and each s uden was asked o ma k he wo d
"c uci ixion" ha he conside ed o be a c oss. In he expe imen , he pa icipan s we e
gi en ou wo ds wi h di e en amoun s o syllables: 1 (pé ) - syllable (j)
[skɪ jɛːnjiːˈjjː]; 12 ke u skiemenių ((pé )) di -bu-sia-jam [1ˈpjæː jdjɪ bsj)-jjɛm],
[1ˈpʲæˑ ʲsʲʊnʲˌ ʲeː], (pé -si)-siun- ė [1ˈpʲæˑ ʲsʲɪˌsʲʊnʲ ʲeː], lu-pi-(n-jo) [ˌlʊpʲɪ1ˈnʲeːjʲoː],
šo-ki-(n-ja) [ˌʃoːkʲɪ1ˈnʲeːjʲɛ]); 6 iskiemeniai ((pé )-mie-go-jo [1ˈpʲæː ʲmʲɪɛˌgoː-
jʲoː], (pé -si)-mie-go-jo [1ˈpʲæː ʲsʲɪˌmʲɪɛgoːˌjʲoː], (pé )-pie-š o-jo [1ˈpʲæː ʲpʲɪɛˌʃ oːjʲoː],
(pé -si)-pie-š o-jo [1ˈpʲæː ʲsʲɪˌpʲɪɛʃ oːˌjʲoː], a-ši-ny-(j) [ ɐˌʃʲɪnʲiːˈjʲɛ], skai- i-ny-
(pé -siɛdi -bu-sia-jam [1ˈpjæː jsjɪdjɪ bsjɛjjm], (pé -si) al-giu-sia-jam, which is he name
o he illage in which i is loca ed
[1ˈpʲæː ʲsʲɪˌʋɐlʲgʲʊˌsʲɛjʲɛm], (pã)-sa-ko- o-jas [2ˈpɑːsɐˌkoː oːˌjʲɛs], ( ái)-ky-da- ę-si
[*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*]
[*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*]
[ˌɐ ʲsʲɪˌpɐlɐiˑ1ˈdʊɔk], su-si-ga -ba-(nó-jus) [ˌsʊsʲɪˌgɐ bɐ1ˈnoːjʲʊs], pa-si- a-ži-(n-
[*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [] [*] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] []
[] [] [] []] [] [] []] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] []] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] []] [] [] [] [] [] []] [] [] [] [] [] []] [] [] [] [] [] []] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] []
[]] [] []] [] [] [] []] [] []] [] [] []] [] [] [] []] [] [] []] 1 The skele on in he claws was cu o be o e he audi ion
expe imen : esponden s hea d only skele ons no in he claws.
A icles by A icles 177
Dėl šalu inio i minio ki čio bend inėje lie u ių kalboje
Resul s o he s udy
The TRUKM. When measu ing he du a ion o he an i-clockwise o es, he
hypo hesis was aised ha he second an i-clockwise o e would be longe .
Howe e , no only did he hypo hesis no p o e o be ue, bu he esul s o he
sho o es sugges he exac opposi e (see able 1). 1 LEN EL ė. Du a ion and
s a is ical e alua ion o he i s and second ad e se eac ions2
The oices o n[…]
(ms)
s
(ms)
(%)
95 % pasikl.
in e . (ms) p >< α
The umpe -like oices
[C is o C]
[[…]C[…]] This is no he case.
2407 13,6
240 60,0
25,4 51,9
13,7 22,8
di ided by
58,3 ÷ 61,7
55,4 5,096
> 0,05 =
53,165
Long-ea ed ul u es
[C is o C]
[[…]C[…]] This is no he case.
1202 23,6
120 73,5
32,7 68,0 ÷
25,3 34,5
72,5 0,393
68,9 ÷ 78,0
< 0,05 =
1,970 This
is he same as he numbe o days in he p e ious mon h.
The sho es o es we e he longes in he i s p e-elec ion pe iod: he a e age
leng h was 1.12 imes longe . This di e ence is s a is ically signi ican ( he esul s
den o k i e ijaus eikšmė = 5,096 y a didesnė už k i inę eikšmę 1,965). Tokie
o he analysis o he du a ion o he sho - ange an i-skiemen con i m he
conclusion o Vale ia Vai ke ičiū ė (1960: 207) on he quan i y o o es and double
o es: […][j] in he unci cumcised skie a he om he ci cumcised, he sound i
p oduces is sho e , because he g ea es amoun o ene gy is in he ci cumcised
skie and hose s anding nea him[…]. The du a ion o he long owel sounds is
essen ially he same, bu he e is a endency o he sligh ly longe owel sounds
o be he i s owel sounds.
The si ua ion is comple ely di e en wi h he pos -mo em o es (see able 2). The wo-le e
abb e ia ion o "C" s ands o "c oss-sec ional," and "c oss-sec ional" s ands o
"c oss-sec ional," "c oss-sec ional," "c oss-sec ional," "c oss-sec ional," "c oss-sec ional,"
"c oss-sec ional," "c oss-sec ional," "c oss-sec ional," "c oss-sec ional," "c oss-sec ional,"
"c oss-sec ional," "c oss-sec ional," "c oss-sec ional," "c oss-sec ional," "c oss-sec ional,"
"c oss-sec ional," "c oss-sec ional," "c oss-sec ional," and "c oss-sec ional."

JORIS KAZLAUSKAS
178 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIV
2 LEN EL ė. Du a ion and s a is ical e alua ion o he i s and second pos -elec ion ballo s
The oices o n[…]
(ms)
s
(ms)
(%)
95 % pasikl.
in e . (ms) p >< α
The sho pos -mo em o es
[C] 210
[[…]C[…]C[-
42,8 13,9
…]] 210 55.8
32,4 40,9 ÷
21.9 39.3
44,7 7,232
52.8
> 0,05 =
di ided by
1,966 This
58.7
is he i s ime ha his has happened.
Ilgieji poki iniai balsiai
[–C—]
[[…]C[…]C[-
90
…]] 90 63,1
56,1
23,6 37,5
15,8
58,3
28,1
di ided by
52,8 ÷ 59,3
68,0
2,363 > 0,05 = 1,974
All seconda y owels a e longe han he i s a y owels o he same quali y. The
du a ion o sho o es di e s by 1.3 imes, he leng h by […] 1.12 imes. In bo h
cases, he di e ences a e s a is ically signi ican ( o sho o es = 7,232 >
1,966; o long = 2,363 > 1,974). Such esul s sugges ha seconda y ki is may
ha e been ealized in he pos -mo em s age. Such esul s, when he du a ion o
he on al skele ons is he same, o e en he i s on al skele ons a e
sligh ly longe , and he di e ences in he du a ion o he backal skele ons
p edic a possible inal hy hmic ki in he second backal skele on, allow o
conclude wi h cau ion ha Li huanian p isone s may ha e a s onge inclina ion
o he h ee-bea hy hmic ki . In addi ion, when explaining whe he he e is a
seconda y accen , i is necessa y o ake in o accoun o he phone ic signs o
he accen o he Li huanian language: he main one and in ensi y. The main one.
Usually, he main one o c ossed skie s is highe han ha o non-c ossed
skie s (Pake ys 1982: 117). Thus, i skie s ha e a la e al pi ch, hei main pi ch
could be highe . Howe e , he da a om his s udy show di e en and e en
con adic o y esul s (see Tables 3 and 4). Di e ences in he pi ch o he main
one ha e no been no iced in he mo e p onounced on al scales, which ha e
bo h sho and long oices in he men's p onuncia ion. The only end ha can be
seen is he endency o he i s p e on al co ex o be 1.01 imes highe han
( umpųjų pi mųjų p ieški inių balsių pag indinio ono idu kis bu o idu i-
he second, he longes […] 1.03 imes. In he emale eco dings, he a e age pi ch
o he long owels was also almos he same, bu he sho owels di e ed: he
a e age pi ch o he second consonan s was on a e age 1.04 imes highe han
he i s . In addi ion, he alue o his di e ence in he S uden c i e ion =
1,899 is close o he c i ical alue o 1,971,
galbū padidinus im į šis ski umas iš yškė ų.
A icles o he 179 h A icle
Dėl šalu inio i minio ki čio bend inėje lie u ių kalboje
3 LEN EL < ee>. Main one and s a is ical e alua ion o he i s and second
an i-clockwise axis3
The oices o n[…]
(Hz) (Hz)
s
(%)
be ween
95 % pasikl.
(Hz) p is less han α
PAGRINDINIO TONO VIDURKIS
The sho , dea ening oices o he dic iona y men
[C is o C]
[[…]C[…]] This is no he case.
109,9 20,1
101 111,5
18,3 106,1
25,4 22,8
di ided by
106,6 ÷
113,7 0,529
116,5
< 0,05 =
1,972
The sho , dea oices o emale dic iona ies
[C is o C]
[[…]C[…]] This is no he case.
113,1 29,6
112 201,5
14,1 204,6
37,4 18,6
di ided by
194,6 ÷
215,5 1,899
208,4
< 0,05 =
1,971
The long, sh ill oices o he dic iona y men
[C is o C]
[[…]C[…]] This is no he case.
58 105,6
58 109,1
20,6 19,5
26,5 24,3
100,3
102,2 ÷
di ided by
115,9
110,9 0,782
< 0,05 = 1,981
The long, sh ill oices o he emale dic iona ies
[C is o C]
[[…]C[…]] This is no he case.
563,5 43,4
59 213,2
20,3 202,2
45,5 21,3
di ided by
201,6 ÷
224,9 0,034
224,8
< 0,05 =
1,981
PAGRINDINIO TONO MAKSIMUMAS
The sho , dea ening oices o he dic iona y men
[C is o C]
[[…]C[…]] This is no he case.
109
103 119,3
117,0
27,6 23,2
22,9
114,0 ÷
19,6
124,6
112,7 ÷ 121,3
0,663 < 0,05 = 1,971
The sho , dea oices o emale dic iona ies
[C is o C]
[[…]C[…]] This is no he case.
113 219.8
112 211,7
30.7 14.0
34,9 16,5
214.1
205,2 ÷
di ided by
218,1
225.4 1.846
< 0.05 = 1.971
The long, sh ill oices o he dic iona y men
[C is o C]
[[…]C[…]] This is no he case.
58 113,7
58 118,7
24,2 21,3
31,4 26,4
107,5
110,6
di ided by
÷126,8
119,9 0,962
< 0,05 = 1,981
The long, sh ill oices o he emale dic iona ies
[C is o C]
[[…]C[…]] This is no he case.
564,2 45,1
59 221,7
20,1 212,4
49,0 22,1
di ided by
209,2 ÷
236,1 0,286
234,2
< 0,05 =
1,981
In ables 3 and 4, he sample size n some imes di e s om he cons an sample size in ables 1, 2, 5
and 6 when analyzing he du a ion and in ensi y o some wo ds in en dic iona ies eco ded h ee
imes. When measu ing he main one, he p og am […]P aa […] some imes did no p o ide da a o
his phone ic ea u e, his was usually wi h lowe oices, al hough he pa ame e s o displaying
he main one we e se acco ding o he ecommenda ions o he p og am's au ho s: 75[…]300 Hz
o male oices, 100[…]500 Hz o emale oices.
JORIS KAZLAUSKAS
180 The Li huanian Language Ac LXXXIV
Ve y simila esul s we e ob ained by analyzing he maximum pi ch o he opposi e
owels. In he men's eco ds, bo h long and sho owels, he highs o he main
one, as well as he lows, we e ounded. I is only no iceable ha he sligh ly highe
main- one maxima we e in he i s pos -seconda y skiemeny (in he case o sho
oices 1.02 imes, long ones 1.04 imes). In women's eco ds, he high-pi ched
high-pi ched high-pi ched high-pi ched high-pi ched high-pi ched high-pi ched
high-pi ched high-pi ched high-pi ched high-pi ched high-pi ched high-pi ched
high-pi ched high-pi ched high-pi ched high-pi ched high-pi ched high-pi ched
high-pi ched high-pi ched high-pi ched high-pi ched high-pi ched high-pi ched
high-pi ched high-pi ched high-pi ched high-pi ched high-pi ched high-pi ched
high-pi ched Howe e , he maxima o he main one o he sho e seconda y
owels, like he a e ages, di e ed mo e han […] by abou 1.04 imes om he
umpųjų skiemens cen ų a eju. Todėl galima da y i p ielaidą, kad pag indi-
i s a y owels. In he case o sho owels, he signi icance o he S uden
c i e ion was again close o he c i ical signi icance ( = 1.846 < 1.971), so i we
inc ease he numbe , he di e ence may be highligh ed, bu i would only be in he emale owels and no in he one, a leas no in he opposi e owels. The same ends we e also obse ed when analyzing he main one o he pos pa um skies (see able 4).
4 LEN EL ė. Main one and s a is ical e alua ion o he i s and second
pos -language owels
Balsiai n 
(Hz)
s
(Hz)
(%)
95 % pasikl.
in e . (Hz)
p >< α
PAGRINDINIO TONO VIDURKIS
The sho pos -mo em oices o he dic iona y men
[C] 95
[[…]C[…]C[-
112,3 22,5
…]] 97 108.4
20,0 107,8
19.8 18.3
di ided by
104.5
116,8 1,263
di ided by
< 0,05 =
112.4
1,973
Dik o ių mo e ų umpieji poki iniai balsiai
[C] 86
[[…]C[…]C[-
207,6 38,5
…]] 103
18,6 199,5
203,0 26,0
di ided by
12,8 197,9
215,8 0,986
di ided by
< 0,05 =
208,0
1,973
Dik o ių y ų ilgieji poki iniai balsiai
[C] 44
[[…]C[…]C[-
104,4 14,0
…]] 43 109,9
13,4 100,3
19,7 17,9
÷ 108,6
104,0
1,502 <
di ided by
0,05 =
115,8
1,988 This is he i s ime ha his has happened.
Dik o ių mo e ų ilgieji poki iniai balsiai
[C] 43
[CC] 43
198,1 14,3
197,2 20,0
7,2 193,8 ÷
10,1 191,2
202,3 0,229
di ided by
< 0,05 =
201,2
1,989 This
is he i s ime ha his has happened.
PAGRINDINIO TONO MAKSIMUMAS
The sho pos -mo em oices o he dic iona y men
[C] 95,7
[[…]C[…]C[-
119 26,4
…]] 97 113.7
22,1 114,3
22.7 20.0
÷ 125,0
109.1
1,685 <
di ided by
0,05 =
118.2
1,973 The Commission conside s ha he aid is compa ible wi h he in e nal ma ke wi hin he meaning o A icle 107 (3) (c) o he T ea y.
A icles o he T ea y
Dėl šalu inio i minio ki čio bend inėje lie u ių kalboje
Balsiai n 
(Hz)
s
(Hz)
(%)
95 % pasikl.
in e . (Hz)
p >< α
Dik o ių mo e ų umpieji poki iniai balsiai
[C] 86
[[…]C[…]C[-
214,4 41,0
…]] 103
19,1 205,8
210.7 26.6
di ided by
12.6 205.6
223,1 0,752
di ided by
< 0,05 =
215.9
1,973
Dik o ių y ų ilgieji poki iniai balsiai
[C] 44
[[…]C[…]C[-
111,2 17,8
…]] 43 117.6
16,0 105,9
21.7 18.4
÷ 116,4
111.1
1,507 <
di ided by
0,05 =
124.0
1,988 This is he i s ime ha his has happened.
Dik o ių mo e ų ilgieji poki iniai balsiai
[C] 43
[CC] 43
204,5 14,9
201.7 22,4
7,3 200,0 ÷
11,1 195.0
208,9 0,673
di ided by
< 0,05 =
208,4
1,989 This
is he i s ime ha his has happened.
As wi h mos o he p e- and pos -sc ip u al oices, he meanings o he main
one we e e y simila . Pe haps only he a e age o he main one o he sho e
pos u al owels, bo h o men and women, was highe in he i s pos u al
skiemenyje (skai an y ams 1,04 ka o didesnis, skai an mo e ims 1,02 ka o).
skiemens. The a e age o he main one was sligh ly highe in he case o he
longe owels and only in he men's en ies, bu he di e ence was only 1.05 imes.
In women's eco ds, he a e age pi ch is only sligh ly highe in he i s sub le
scale, bu he di e ences a e also s a is ically insigni ican . The maximum o he
main one also does no show a clea di e ence be ween he pos u al skiemen.
The maxima o he main one o he i s and second pos -seconda y skiemen
we e almos he same. A sligh ly highe pi ch o he sho main owels The e is
ono maksimumas iksuo as aip pa pi muosiuose poki iniuose skiemenyse
( y ų į ašuose maksimumų idu kiai sky ėsi 1,05 ka o, mo e ų – 1,02 ka o).
also a no iceable endency o he long owels o ha e a highe pi ch o he main
one in he i s pos -seconda y syllables when hey a e played by women ( he
a e age o he maximum a ies by 1.01 imes). When played by men, he longes
oices had a highe maximum o he main one in he an h oposophical a ia ions:
he a e age o he maximum was 1.06 imes highe . Howe e , hese di e ences
a e small and s a is ically insigni ican . Thus, he main one o he uncu scales is
almos indis inguishable om he cen e , so i canno be an indica o o la e al
hy hmic c ossing. The in ensi y. The a e age and maximum we e also measu ed
when analyzing he in ensi y. As A. Pake ys (1982: 117) ound du ing audi ion
expe imen s, o all he phone ic ea u es o he Li huanian language, in ensi y is
he bes way o ecognize he sound. The in ensi y o he c ossed skis is usually
highe , so i is likely ha he skis wi h he la e al c ossing a e also said o be mo e in ense.
JORIS KAZLAUSKAS
188 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIV This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Laigonai ė Adelė 2002: Li huanian accen ology o he language, Vilnius: A wo d o he
pas . Leskauskai ė As a 2002: The slopes o he sou he n highlands. […] Bal is ica 37(1),
87–100.
Libe man Ma k Yo e 1975: The in ona ional sys em o English: doc o al disse a ion,
Camb idge: Massachuse s Ins i u e o Technology. This is he i s ime ha he
English language has been used in his way. Mu inienė Lina 2007: The phonology o he
eas e n no he n lands: ocalism and p ose, Vilnius: Li huanian Language Ins i u e.
This is a lis o he municipali ies o he p o ince o No h Rhine-Wes phalia by popula ion: P osodic phonology, Do d ech : Fo is
The publica ion.
In his book "The P ophecy o he Li huanian Common Language" (Vilnius: Mokslas, 1982),
Pake ys An anas w i es: Elizabe h Selki k 1984: Phonology and Syn ax: The
ela ionship be ween sound and s uc u e, Camb idge: MIT P ess.
In he ea ly 1990's, I was in oduced o he impo ance o eas e n high-al i ude
illages as a means o anspo a ion. This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Vale ija Vai ke ičiū ė 1960: Leng h o Li huanian language owels and
consonan s, o quan i y. […] Ques ions on he Li huanian language 3, 207[…]207.
Vale ie Wi gens ein's 1969 no el, "Twinkle and Tinkle" is one o my a o i es.
[…] G amma s udies o he Li huanian language 11, 231[…]242.
On he Seconda y Rhy hmical S ess
in he S anda d Li huanian Language
Summa y
The e a e some in es iga ions ha show ha a a he s uc u ed sys em o he
seconda y s ess (Gi denis 1967; Kazlauskienė 2001; A kočai y ė 2002; Bace ičiū ė 2004;
Mu inienė 2007) exis s in Li huanian dialec s. Howe e , e y ew in es iga ions dealing wi h
he seconda y s ess in s anda d Li huanian ha e been conduc ed so a , e en hough i is
e y impo an o explo e he seconda y hy hmic s ess in e e y language, as i can help o
ind ou wha ypes o me ical ee exis in a pa icula language, and wha is he p osodic
hie a chy o language a he wo d le el.
The aim o his esea ch is o ind ou whe he he seconda y hy hmic s ess exis s in he
s anda d Li huanian language. Quan i y, pi ch and in ensi y a e he phone ic cha ac e is ics

S aipsniai / A icles 189
Dėl šalu inio i minio ki čio bend inėje lie u ių kalboje
In he case o he s ess in he Li huanian language (Pake is 1982), i can be assumed ha syllables
wi h he seconda y s ess may be longe . They may ha e a highe pi ch and a y hy hmic s ess and
a highe in ensi y han uns essed syllables. The e o e, he idea o he i s s ep o his e-
sea ch is o compa e hese pa ame e s be ween he syllables which may ha e he second-
he syllables which canno ha e i a all. The esea ch includes he analysis o he quan i y, pi ch, and
in ensi y o uns essed owels ( hose which do no ha e he p ima y s ess) in 26 wo ds using he
P aa so wa e. The su ey asked 10 esponden s o bo h gende s ( i e men and i e women) o
alysed in 16 wo ds (e.g. pas a e [ˌpɐs ɐ' ʲɛ] (‘a building’ sg. loc.)) ( he analysed owels a e
unde lined) and in 10 pos -s essed (e.g. pasaka [2'pɑːsɐˌkɐ] (‘a ale’)) ones. To each his
di e en ages ( h ee younge han 30, i e be ween 30 and 60 yea s old, and wo olde han 60 yea s)
and wi h di e en eco ding expe ience ( h ee p o essional and se en non-p o essional speake s) o
eco d he sen ences wi h hese wo ds. Each esponden eco ded he sen ences h ee imes. The
a e age and maximum pi ch ( he oices o men and women sepa a ely) and he a e age and maximum
in ensi y o he unde lined owels in each analysed wo d (e.g. bo h owels a in he wo d pas e ) we e
measu ed and compa ed. The second s ep o his esea ch was an audi o y expe imen dedica ed o
inding ou whe he he esponden s can hea he seconda y hy hmic s ess. Twen y- i e s uden s
we e asked o lis en o wen y- h ee eco ded Li huanian wo ds wi hou p ima y s essed syllables
( hese syllables we e cu o , o example, in he wo d (pã) -sa-ko- o-jas [ˈpɑːskoː oːjjs]) he i s
syllable was cu o and he esponden s hea d only he incomple e wo d sa-ko- o-jas) and ma k ha
syllable which hey conside ed o be s essed.
The esul s ha e shown ha he quan i y a io o uns essed owels was s a is ically
signi ican in pos -s essed syllables only. The e was no s a is ical signi icance o he a e age
and maximum pi ch: nei he in p e-s essed no in pos -s essed syllables. The in ensi y was
s a is ically signi ican ly highe in he pos -s essed posi ions o sho owels. The a e age and
maximum in ensi y a io o hese owels was highe in he second pos -s essed syllable. The
esul s o he audi o y expe imen ha e shown ha he esponden s ma ked he syllables which
canno ha e he seconda y hy hmic s ess mo e o en han hose which ha e he seconda y
may ha e his ype o s ess. The e o e, i can be s a ed ha he esponden s do no hea he
hy hmic s ess.
Acco ding o he esul s o quan i y and in ensi y, an assump ion can be made ha he
seconda y hy hmic ochaic s ess does exis in e e y second pos -s essed syllable.
Howe e , mo e ex ensi e in es iga ions a e needed o p o e (o deny) his hypo hesis.
Deli e ed on 27 Ap il 2021
JORIS KAZLAUSKAS
Vy au as Magnus Uni e si y, Facul y o Humani ies
Vlado Pu inskio g. 23, Kaunas, Lie u a
I'm no su e wha you' e alking abou .