Plant names in Lithuanian and Latvian in the Environmental Protection Dictionary EnDic2004

SOLVITA LABANAUSKIENĖ

Institute of the Lithuanian Language

INTRODUCTORY REMARKS

In 2004, the Finnish Environment Institute published the nine-language Environmental Protection Dictionary EnDic2004 (hereafter, the EnDic2004 dictionary) in Finnish, Estonian, English, French, German, Swedish, Lithuanian, Latvian, and Russian (with Latin as a tenth language for nomenclatural entries). It contains 6,039 terms from various fields of environmental protection, such as biology, botany, chemistry, ecology, physics, geography, geology, medicine, meteorology, maritime affairs, zoology, and others.

The Lithuanian terms in the EnDic2004 dictionary were provided by Albina Auksoriūtė and Angelė Kaulakienė (Institute of the Lithuanian Language); Karolis Jankevičius (Institute of Botany), Algimantas Paulauskas (Vytautas Magnus University), Vytautas Raškauskas (Vilnius University), and Petras Zajančkauskas (Institute of Ecology). The Latvian terms were provided by Ilas Dreijers (Ilo Dreyer) (Riga Technical University) and Andris Spricis (University of Latvia). They were reviewed and supplemented by Edgaras Vimba (Edgars Vimba), assisted by Ansis Zyvertas (Ansis Zīverts) (Latvian University of Agriculture).

Most of the spore-bearing and flowering plant names of the Baltic Sea region are included in the dictionary. This article examines the botanical nomenclature of one genetically related language group—the Baltic languages: more than 300 Lithuanian and Latvian plant genera and over 430 species names, considered from the perspectives of their origin and formation. By comparing Lithuanian and Latvian plant names, the article seeks to identify similarities and differences between the botanical nomenclatures of the two languages.

In 1735, the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus (Carolus Linnaeus), in his work System of Nature (Systema naturae), published the system of the world’s plants that he had devised. He was the first to establish binomial nomenclature and to define the concepts of species, genus, and some higher taxonomic categories, as well as plant names

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sudarymo principus (žr. Kutorga 1997: 15). Šveicarų botanika Alfonsas de Kandolis (Alphonse de Candolle) pirmasis pasiūlė nomenklatūros taisyklių rinkinį, kuris 1867 m. patvirtintas Tarptautiniame botanikų kongrese Paryžiuje. Minėtos nomenklatūros taisyklės sudarė Tarptautinio botanikos nomenklatūros kodekso pagrindą (plačiau žr. Genelytė 2001). Lietuvių ir latvių kalbų augalų vardų nomenklatūra nėra įteisinta oficialiu kodeksu, tačiau sudarant augalų vardus remiamasi tam tikrais Tarptautinio botanikos nomenklatūros kodekso principais.

Before examining the plant names in the EnDic2004 dictionary, it is important to discuss certain terms, namely: taxon, taxonomic rank, nomenclature.

Botanikos terminų žodyne (1965) terminas taksonas (gr. taxis – sudėstymas, sutvarkymas) apibrėžiamas taip: sistematikos vienetas (rūšis, gentis, šeima, eilė, tipas) (BTŽ 1965: 438). Taksonų rangas – apibrėžtos hierarchijos pakopa (БЭС 1986).

The concept of nomenclature is understood in different ways in scholarly literature. Russian linguist Olga Achmanova describes nomenclature as follows in Dictionary of Linguistic Terms (Словарь лингвистических терминов): it is the set of special terms (names) used in a field of science, the names of typical objects in that field (in this respect, nomenclature differs from terminology, which encompasses the names of abstract concepts and categories) (Ахманова 2005: 270). Tatjana Kandelaki recognizes that the concept of nomenclature includes not only the names of specific objects, but also other categories, for example, the names of methods and techniques, as well as technical actions and operations, and the abbreviations associated with them—indices, types, models, etc. (Канделаки 1973: 64–65). Latvian terminologist Valentina Skujinia (Valentīna Skujiņa) identifies the principal difference between terminology and nomenclature: a term is intended to name an object according to its essential characteristics, whereas a nomenclature item names it only according to an external (symbolic) characteristic (Skujiņa 2002: 44).

The names of plant genera are examined synchronically in this article and are divided into morphologically unanalyzable names and derived forms.

LITHUANIAN AND LATVIAN NAMES OF PLANT GENERA

Of the seven principal taxonomic ranks, only two—genus and species—are represented in the EnDic2004 dictionary. A genus name is expressed by a single Latin word. A Lithuanian genus name consists of one word, given in the nominative singular. In Latvian, the names of plant genera, in accordance with the norms of that language

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’s terminology, are likewise single-word, but are used in the plural (see Stalažs 2004: 22), e.g.¹:

L116 Lat. Larix – Lith. maumedis – Latv. lapegles;

M448 Lat. Pinus – Lith. pušis – Latv. priedes;

P058 Lat. Salix – Lith. gluosnis, karklas – Latv. vītoli un kārkli;

P408 Lat. Alchemilla – Lith. rasakila – Latv. rasakrēsliņi²;

P610 Lat. Fagus – Lith. bukas – Latv. dižskābarži;

S133 Lat. Pleurozium – Lith. šilsamanė – Latv. rūsaines.

The genus names in Lithuanian and Latvian form part of species names; thus, the article discusses both genus names presented separately and those incorporated into species names. In all, about 300 plant genus names were found in the EnDic2004 dictionary, of which only 8% are genus names listed separately.

Morphologically unanalyzable plant genus names. By origin, morphologically unanalyzable plant genus names in Lithuanian and Latvian belong to inherited vocabulary, that is, to the lexicon characteristic of the ancient Indo-European, common Baltic and Slavic, and specifically Baltic languages. The oldest stratum of vocabulary is considered to be Indo-European, examples of which (about 3% of all genus names) can be found in the dictionary under study³:

H265 Lat. Avena fatua – Lith. tuščioji aviža – Latv. vēja auza (Latv. vējš “wind” LLKŽ 766: auza “oat” LLKŽ 99), cf. Rus. овсюг, овёс пустой. An Old Indo-European word preserved in a large proportion of Indo-European languages (see Sabaliauskas 1990: 38; Karulis 2001: 93);

K488 Latin Dryopteris filix-mas – Lithuanian male fern – Latvian melnā vīrp aparde (Latvian vīrs ‘man’ LLKŽ 781; paparde ‘fern’ LLKŽ 506), cf. German gemeiner Wurmfarn m. Correspondences can be found not only in Germanic but also in Slavic languages, cf. Old High German farn, Russian папороть, Polish paproć, Bulgarian папрам (see Sabaliauskas 1990: 42; Karulis 2001: 652);

K530 Latin Betula – Lithuanian beržas – Latvian bērzi; compare Russian берёза, German Birke f., English birch. It belongs to the ancient Indo-European lexical stratum; compare Polish brzoza, Bulgarian бреза (see Sabaliauskas 1990: 39; Karulis 2001: 122);

K581 Latin Pinus contorta – Lithuanian suktaspyglė pušis, compare Latvian klinškalnu

¹ In the examples, the capital letter and number indicate the number of the terminological entry in the EnDic2004 dictionary; this is followed by the Latin, Lithuanian, and Latvian plant names. In cases of comparison, Russian, German, English, or plant names in other languages are given.

² Turi būti rasaskrēsliņi (LAN 2003: 311).

³ For clarity, the Lithuanian and Latvian plant genus names and the specific elements of the names of the plant species under discussion are spaced out.

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appendix⁴. Lithuanian Pušis is related to Prussian peuse (see Sabaliauskas 1990: 42). According to various linguists, the word priede, of rather unclear origin, is used in Latvian (Karulis 2001: 714);

K778 Latin Ulmus laevis – Lithuanian vinkšna – Latvian parastā vīksna; compare Russian вяз, Polish wiąẑ (see Sabaliauskas 1990: 44; Karulis 2001: 1162);

L149 Latin Alnus – Lithuanian alksnis – Latvian alksņi; compare Russian ольха, German Erle, Polish olcha, Bulgarian елха (see Sabaliauskas 1990: 38; Karulis 2001: 66);

M289 Latin Malus sylvestris – Lithuanian miškinė obelis – Latvian mežābele (Latvian mežs “forest, woodland” LIKŽ 412, ābele “apple tree” LLKŽ 16); compare Russian лесная яблоня. A word from the ancient Indo-European lexicon; compare Polish jabłoń, Bulgarian аблан (see Sabaliauskas 1990: 41; Karulis 2001: 53);

S007 Latin Fraxinus – Lithuanian uosís – Latvian oši; compare Russian ясень, German Esche f, English ash. Unlike words in other Indo-European languages, the Baltic word has retained an almost unchanged form; compare Polish jasień, Bulgarian ясен (see Sabaliauskas 1990: 44; Karulis 2001: 636);

T277 Latin Padus avium, Prunus padus, Prunus racemosa – Lithuanian paprastoji ieva – Latvian parastā ieva; compare Russian ива, Polish iwa, Bulgarian ива (see Sabaliauskas 1990: 39; Karulis 2001: 338);

V002 Latin Acer – Lithuanian klevas – Latvian kļavas; compare Russian клён, Polish klon, Bulgarian клен (see Sabaliauskas 1990: 40; Karulis 2001: 408).

A few plant names should be mentioned that are associated with the ancient Indo-European lexicon, although formally they can be morphologically segmented, for example:

J013 Latin Chenopodium album – Lithuanian baltoji balanda – Latvian baltā balanda⁵; compare Russian белая марь, German weißer Gänsefuß m, English goosefoot. According to A. Sabaliauskas, this is a name characteristic only of these two languages, related to Lithuanian baltas, Latvian balts (Sabaliauskas 1990: 155; Karulis 2001: 99);

M406 Latin Vaccinium myrtillus – Lithuanian mėlynė – Latvian mellene. Related to Lithuanian mėlas, mėlynas, Latvian melns “black” (see Sabaliauskas 1990: 160; Karulis 2001: 580–581);

V019 Latin Rubus idaeus – Lithuanian avietė – Latvian meža avene; compare Russian обыкновенная малина, German Himbeere f, English raspberry. The name is related to Lithuanian avis (Sabaliauskas 1990: 154; Karulis 93).

A few shared plant names in the lexicons of the Baltic and Slavic languages (approximately 1% of all genus names) can also be found in the EnDic 2004 dictionary, for example:

⁴ In cases where the Lithuanian or Latvian plant name does not correspond to the statement under consideration, cf. is indicated.

⁵ See Edelman 1978.

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K474 Latin Picea – Lithuanian egle – Latvian egle. Cf. Russian ель, Polish jodła, Bulgarian ела, Czech jedle (Sabaliauskas 1990: 120; Karulis 2001: 261);

K129 Latin Calluna vulgaris – Lithuanian š blues – Latvian parastais virsis. Cf. Russian вереск, Polish wrzos, Czech vřes (Sabaliauskas 1990: 122; Karulis 2001: 1174);

L112 Latin Tilia – Lithuanian liepa – Latvian liepa. Cf. Russian луна, Polish lipa, Bulgarian луна (Sabaliauskas 1990: 121; Karulis 2001: 525–526);

P200 Latin Sorbus aucuparia – Lithuanian paprastasis šermukšnis – Latvian parastais pīlādzis. A. Sabaliauskas regards the Lithuanian plant name as a lexical cognate shared by Baltic and Slavic languages (see Sabaliauskas 1990: 121). The Latvian plant name pīlādzis is a loanword from Livonian pīlag (Karulis 2001: 682).

The dictionary contains shared Lithuanian and Latvian plant names for genera (about 4%), characteristic only of the Baltic languages, for example:

H275 Latin Humulus lupulus – Lithuanian paprastasis apynys – Latvian parastais apinis, cf. Russian обыкновенный хмель, German Hopfen m, English hop. Characteristic only of Lithuanian and Latvian (Sabaliauskas 1990: 154; Karulis 2001: 71);

J085 Latin Phragmites communis, Phragmites australis – Lithuanian paprastoji nendrė – Latvian parastā niedre, cf. Russian обыкновенный тростник, German gemeines Schilfrohr n, English common reed. Lithuanian nendrė and Latvian niedre have been tentatively linked to Sanskrit nadāh, but this connection is highly doubtful (Sabaliauskas 1990: 157; Karulis 2001: 626);

M442 Latin Trifolium montanum – Lithuanian kalninis dobilas – Latvian kalnu āboliņš, cf. Russian горный клевер, German Bergklee m, English mountain clover. This is probably a name characteristic only of the Baltic languages (Sabaliauskas 1990: 155; Karulis 2001: 54);

P529 Latin Vaccinium vitis-idaea – Lithuanian bruknė – Latvian brūklene, cf. Russian брусника, German Preiselbeere f, English cowberry, lingonberry. A. Sabaliauskas connects this name with Lithuanian braukti and Latvian braukt (see Sabaliauskas 1990: 155), whereas in K. Karulis's view, the word in question is related to the Slavic languages, cf. Russian брусника, Ukrainian брусниця, Bulgarian брусница (see Karulis 2001: 147–148);

T031 Latin Quercus robur – Lithuanian paprastasis ąžuolas – Latvian parastais ozols, cf. Russian обыкновенный (черешчатый) дуб, German Stieleiche f, English common oak. These are plant names of uncertain origin, characteristic only of the Baltic languages (see Sabaliauskas 1990: 155; Karulis 2001: 638);

T202 Latin Salix cinerea – Lithuanian pilkasis karklas – Latvian pelēkais kārklas, cf. Russian пепельная ива, German Grauweide f, English grey willow. The word has no cognates in other Indo-European languages (Sabaliauskas 1990: 156);

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V067 lat. Carpinus betulus – Lithuanian paprastasis skroblas – Latvian parastais skābardis, cf. Russian обыкновенный граб, German Weißbuche f, English hornbeam, white beech. Such plant names are assigned to a lexical stratum characteristic only of the Baltic languages (see Sabaliauskas 1990: 158), but they may also be related to ancient Indo-European vocabulary (see Karulis 2001: 824);

V449 lat. Aegopodium podagraria – Lithuanian paprastoji garšva – Latvian podagras gārsa, cf. Russian обыкновенная сныть, German Geißfuß m, English ground elder, [common] goatweed. These are shared Baltic-language forms (Karulis 2001: 290–291).

A small proportion of the names of plant genera in Lithuanian and Latvian in the EnDic2004 dictionary under study consists of borrowed vocabulary. Borrowings are generally divided into old and new borrowings. Old borrowings (about 3% of all genus names) were adopted from Finnic (a), Slavic (b), and Germanic (c) languages, for example:

a) K240 lat. Juniperus – Lithuanian kadagys – Latvian kadiki. The words in both languages may be considered borrowings from Finnic languages (Sabaliauskas 1990: 226; Karulis 2001: 366);

K600 lat. Equisetum – Lithuanian asiūklis – Latvian kosas. Many scholars of Finnic languages regard Lithuanian asiūklį as being of Finnic origin (Sabaliauskas 1990: 226); Latvian kosas may be a word of Latvian origin (Karulis 2001: 415);

b) H213 lat. Dianthus arenarius – Lithuanian smiltyninis gvazdikas – Latvian smiltāju neļķe. In Slavic languages, gvazdikas was formed on the model of the German flower name; cf. High German Näglein ‘carnation’: Nagel ‘nail’ – Russian гвоздика: Russian гвоздь ‘nail’ (Sabaliauskas 1990: 239). Latvian neļķe is probably a Germanism; cf. German Nelke f;

J165 lat. Heracleum – Lithuanian barštis, cf. Latvian latvīnis, Russian борщевик. The Lithuanian plant genus name is a word of Slavic origin (see Sabaliauskas 1990: 237); the Latvian plant name is a derivative;

K106 lat. Acorus calamus – Lithuanian balinis ajeras – Latvian smaržīga kalme. Lithuanian ajeras is considered a Lithuanian Slavicism; cf. Polish ajer, Belarusian азавок, Polish gwoździk (see Sabaliauskas 1990: 237). Latvian kalme is a borrowing from German Kalmus m (Karulis 2001: 371);

K697 lat. Carum carvi – Lithuanian paprastasis kmynas – Latvian parastā ķimene, cf. Russian обыкновенный тмин, German Kümmel m. The Lithuanian plant genus name is a Slavicism. The name kmynas entered the Slavic languages from German and Greek, or perhaps even from Latin (see Sabaliauskas 1990: 239–240). The Latvian plant name came from German (Karulis 2001: 473);

V279 lat. Mentha aquatica – Lithuanian vandeninė mėta – Latvian ūdens mētra, cf. Russian водная мята. The Lithuanian and Latvian plant genus names came from Slavic languages (see Sabaliauskas 1990: 241, Karulis 2001: 585);

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c) H217 Lat. Papaver dubium – Lith. dirvinė aguona – Latv. lauku magone, cf. Ger. Hügelmohn m, Rus. сомнительный мак. The plant genus names in both languages were borrowed from Germanic languages (Sabaliauskas 1990: 261, Karulis 2001: 557);

H230 Lat. Vicia sepium – Lith. patvorinis vikis – Latv. žogu vīķis, cf. Ger. Zaunwicke f, Rus. заборный горошек. The genus name in both languages derives from German (see Sabaliauskas 1990: 262, Karulis 2001: 1163).

In the EnDic2004 dictionary, the recent borrowings, i.e. plant genus names in Lithuanian and Latvian, are taken from Latin nomenclature. They account for about 6% of all genus names in Lithuanian (a), and almost 12% in Latvian (b), for example:

a) L135 Lat. Polemonium caeruleum – Lith. mėlynasis palemonas, cf. Latv. zilā kāpnīte, Rus. голубая синюха, French polémoine f bleue;

N102 Lat. Lobelia dortmanna – Lith. ežerinė lobelija – Latv. ūdeņu lobēlija, cf. Rus. лобелия Дортмана, Ger. Wasserlobelie, Eng. water lobelia;

R268 Lat. Ramalina – Lith. ramalina – Latv. ramalīnas, cf. Rus. рамалина;

V098 Lat. Linnaea borealis – Lith. šiaurinė linėja – Latv. ziemeļu linneja, cf. Rus. северная линнея;

b) H240 Lat. Cetraria – Latv. cetrārijas, cf. Lith. kerpėna, Rus. цетрария, Eng. cetraria lichen;

I135 Lat. Spirodela polyrrhiza – Latv. parastā spirodela, cf. Lith. daugiašaknė maurė, Rus. обыкновенный многокоренник;

K195 Lat. Parmelia – Latv. parmēlijas, cf. Lith. keržas, Rus. пармелия;

K305 Lat. Xanthoria – Latv. ksantorijas, cf. Lith. geltonkerpė, Rus. ксантория;

K404 Lat. Lobaria – Latv. lobārijas, cf. Lith. platužė, Rus. лобария;

L170 Lat. Scheuchzeria palustris – Latv. purva šeihcērija, cf. Lith. pelkinė liūnsargė, Rus. болотная шейхцерия;

L420 Lat. Bryoria – Latv. briorijas, cf. Lith. laumagaurė;

P055 Lat. Hypogymnia – Latv. hipogimnijas, cf. Lith. plunkėžis, Rus. гипогимния, Ger. Hypogymnia;

R023 Lat. Sphagnum – Latv. sfagni, cf. Lith. kiminas, Rus. торфяной мох, сфагнум, Eng. sphagnum moss;

T183 Latin Cladonia – Latvian kladonijas, cf. Lithuanian šiurė.

Derivatives. The prominent Lithuanian terminologist Kazimieras Gaivenis, in the article Names of Lithuanian plant genera and species (see Gaivenis 1985), analyzed 724 Lithuanian plant genus names and 2,153 plant species names, ex-

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teiktus šešiuose Lietuvos TSR floros (1959–1980) tomuose. Pasak jo, apie 69% lietuviškų genčių vardų turi darybinių požymių. EnDic2004 žodyne lietuviškų darinių rasta 83%, o latviškų⁶ – 77%.

In botanical nomenclature, as in the terminology of other sciences, suffix-derived words predominate⁷—about 42% in Lithuanian and about 32% in Latvian. Plant names in both Baltic languages are mostly derivatives formed with the suffixes Lithuanian -enis, -enė (a), and Latvian -enis, -ene (b), respectively, e.g.:

a) K307 Latin Lotus corniculatus – Lithuanian paprastasis gargždenis, cf. Latvian raganais vainagndziņš:

L336 Latin Cardamine pratensis – Lithuanian pievinė kartენė, cf. Latvian pļavas ķērsa;

M377 Latin Hedera helix – Lithuanian paprastoji gebenė, cf. Latvian parastā efeja, Baltic efeja;

N004 Latin Usnea – Lithuanian kedenė, cf. Latvian usnejas:

S189 Latin Loiseleuria procumbens – Lithuanian šliaužiantysis bruknenis, cf. Latvian guloša lozēlerija;

S292 Latin Sium latifolium – Lithuanian plačialapė drėgmenė, cf. Latvian platlapu cemere;

b) M272 Latin Geranium sylvaticum – Latvian meža gandrene, cf. Lithuanian miškinis snaputis;

M385 Latin Ribes nigrum – Latvian melnā upene, cf. Lithuanian juodasis serbentas;

N104 Latin Centaurea phrygia – Latvian bārkšu dzelzene, cf. Lithuanian juodagalvė bajorė;

P140 Latin Convolvulus arvensis – Latvian tīruma tītenis, cf. Lithuanian dirvinis vijoklis;

R271 Latin Knautia arvensis – Latvian tīruma pēterene, cf. Lithuanian dirvinė buožainė;

U011 Latin Potamogeton natans – Latvian peldošā glīvene, cf. Lithuanian plūduriuojančioji plūdė.

Among productive suffixes are diminutive suffixes: Lithuanian -ytė, -utis, -utė and -ėlis, -ėlė (a), and Latvian -ītis, -īte and -iņš, -iņa (b), e.g.:

a) -ytė: P139 Latin Barbarea vulgaris – Lithuanian paprastoji barborytė (common yellow rocket), cf. Latvian parastā zvērene;

⁶ In examining the formation of Latvian plant names, reference was made to Inese Ēdelmane’s (Inese Ēdelmane) article Augu nosaukumu darināšanas veidi latviešu valodā (1978).

⁷ Terminologist Stasys Keinys has conducted extensive research and written about the formation of Lithuanian terms. In his view, most derived nouns used in terminology are formed with suffixes (Keinys 2005: 21).

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T275 Latin Anthoxanthum odoratum – Lithuanian kvapioji gardūnytė (sweet-scented vernal grass), cf. Latvian parastā smaržzāle;

I132 Latin Rhinanthus angustifolius, Rhinanthus serotinus – Lithuanian didysis barškutis (great yellow-rattle), cf. Latvian lielais zvagulis;

K119 Latin Matricaria recutita – Lithuanian vaistinė ramunėlė, ramunėlis (German chamomile, ramunėlis), cf. Latvian ārstniecības kumelīte;

K396 Latin Cerastium arvense – Lithuanian dirvinė glažutė (field mouse-ear), cf. Latvian tīruma radzene;

M444 Latin Origanum vulgare – Lithuanian paprastasis raudonėlis (common oregano), cf. Latvian parastā raudene;

O067 Latin Maianthemum bifolium – Lithuanian dvilapė medutė (two-leaved mayflower), cf. Latvian divlapu žagatiņa;

P152 Latin Thlaspi arvense – Lithuanian dirvinė čiužutė (field pennycress), cf. Latvian tīruma naudulis;

U019 Latin Campanula latifolia – Lithuanian plačialapis katilėlis (broad-leaved bellflower), cf. Latvian platlapu pulkstenīte;

b) J076 Latin Trifolium arvense – Latvian matainais āboliņš (hare’s-foot clover), cf. Lithuanian dirvinis dobilas;

K308 Latin Sedum acre – Latvian kodīgais laimiņš (biting stonecrop), cf. Lithuanian aitrusis šilokas;

K402 Latin Viola tricolor – Latvian trejkrāsu atraitnīte (three-coloured violet), cf. Lithuanian trispalvė našlaitė;

M212 Latin Lathyrus maritimus – Latvian jūrmalas dedestiņa (sea pea), cf. Lithuanian pajūrinis pelėžirnis;

N018 Latin Echium vulgare – Latvian parastais daglītis (common viper’s-bugloss), cf. paprastasis ežeinis (common viper’s-bugloss);

P593 Latin Corydalis solida – Latvian Hallera cīrulītis, cf. Lithuanian paprastasis rūtenis;

V063 Latin Melilotus albus – Latvian baltais amoliņš, cf. Lithuanian baltaziedis barkūnas.

Fewer derivatives formed with other Lithuanian (a) and Latvian (b) suffixes were found in the EnDic2004 dictionary, e.g.:

a) -ėinis: R047 Latin Fucus vesiculosus – Lithuanian pūslėtasis guveinis, cf. Latvian pūšļu fuks;

V042 Latin Chamaedaphne calyculata – Lithuanian durpyninis bereinis, cf. Latvian ārkausa kasandra;

-ynas: N046 Latin Ranunculus acris (acer) – Lithuanian aitrusis vėdrynas, cf. Latvian kodīgā gundega;

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P622 Latin Corylus avellana – Lithuanian paprastasis lazdynas, cf. Latvian parastā lazda;

-ingė: S327 Latin Lysimachia nummularia – Lithuanian šliau žiančioji šilingė, cf. Latvian pļavas zelt ene;

T282 Latin Trichophorum cespitosum – Lithuanian kupstinė būlingė, cf. Latvian ciņu mazmeldrs;

-ūnė: R008 Latin Littorella uniflora, Plantago uniflora – Lithuanian ežerinė kraštūnė, cf. Latvian vienzieda krastene;

-uonė: V262 Latin Hippuris vulgaris – Lithuanian paprastoji uodeguonė, cf. Latvian parastā skujene;

b) -ainė: L182 Latin Rhytidiadelphus – Latvian spuraines, cf. Lithuanian kerėža;

S422 Latin Senecio paludosus – Latvian krasmalas krustaine, cf. Lithuanian aukštojižilė;

-elė: K142 Latin Linaria vulgaris – Latvian parastā vīrcele, cf. Lithuanian paprastoji linažolė;

R252 Latin Berberis vulgaris – Latvian parastā bārbele, cf. Lithuanian paprastasis raugerškis;

-ulis: A235 Latin Anemone sylvestris – Latvian meža virbulis, cf. Lithuanian lieknoji plukė.

It should be emphasized that Latvian plant genus names are often formed with two suffixes: -en- + -ītė or -el + -ītė (diminutive), e.g.:

Y140 Lat. Goodyera repens – Latv. ložņu saulenīte, cf. Lith. šliaužiančioji sidabriukė;

K252 Lat. Polygala amarella – Latv. rūgtā zīpenīte, cf. Lith. karčioji putokšlė;

K397 Lat. Gentianella campestris – Latv. lauka drudzenīte, cf. Lith. ganyklinė gencijonėlė;

R149 Lat. Sagina procumbens – Latv. gulošā gaurenīte, cf. Lith. gulsčioji žemenė;

-el + -ītė: K401 Lat. Dianthus deltoides – Latv. dzirkstelīte, cf. Lith. šilinis gvazdikas;

M192 Lat. Aster tripolium, Tripolium vulgare – Latv. jūrmalas miķelīte, cf. Lith. trispalvis astras;

P197 Lat. Matricaria discoidea – Latv. maura kumelīte, cf. Lith. bev ainikė ramunė.

In the flora of the Lithuanian SSR, compound Lithuanian plant genus names, in terms of frequency (about 33% of all formations), are second only to suffixal derivatives (Gaivenis 1985: 167). The tendency to form compounds is also characteristic of Latvian

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augalų vardams (Ėdelmane 1968: 105). Tai matyti ir iš EnDic2004 žodyne pateiktų sudurtinių augalų genčių vardų: lietuviškų rasta 29%, latviškų gerokai daugiau – 37% visų genčių vardų, pvz.:

I151 Latin Arctium lappa – Lithuanian great burdock – Latvian lielais diždadzis (Latvian dižs “great, splendid” LLKŽ 161, dadızis “burdock” LLKŽ 142);

K394 Latin Potentilla anserina – Lithuanian silverweed, cf. Latvian maura retejs (Latvian retēt “to become sparse” LLKŽ 605);

K406 Latin Primula veris – Lithuanian cowslip – Latvian gailbiksīte (Latvian gailis “rooster” LLKŽ 204, biksītes “trousers” LLKŽ 116);

K782 Latin Oxalis acetosella – Lithuanian common wood-sorrel – Latvian meža zaķskābene (Latvian zaķis “hare” LLKŽ 787, skābene “sorrel” LLKŽ 667), cf. Russian обыкновенная кислица, заячья капуста;

K594 Latin Scirpus sylvaticus – Lithuanian wood club-rush, cf. Latvian meža meldrs (Latvian meldrs “reed” LLKŽ 407);

K765 Latin Pulsatilla patens, Anemone patens – Lithuanian eastern pasqueflower – Latvian meža silpurene (Latvian sils “pine forest” LLKŽ 664, purene “buttercup” LLKŽ 590);

M262 Latin Gymnocarpium dryopteris – Lithuanian common oak fern – Latvian ozolu kailpaparde (Latvian ozols “oak” LLKŽ 489, kails “bare” LLKŽ 315, paparde “fern” LLKŽ 506);

P094 Latin Saxifraga granulata – Lithuanian meadow saxifrage – Latvian pļavas akmeņlauzīte (Latvian akmens “stone” LLKŽ 35, lauzt “to break” LLKŽ 374);

P231 Latin Gagea minima – Lithuanian small star-of-Bethlehem – Latvian mazā zeltstarīte (Latvian zelts “gold” LLKŽ 789, starot “to radiate; to shine” LLKŽ 690);

P508 Latin Solanum dulcamara – Lithuanian bittersweet – Latvian bebrukārkliņš (Latvian bebrs “beaver” LLKŽ 108, kārkls “willow” LLKŽ 323);

V377 Latin Euphorbia helioscopia – Lithuanian sun spurge – Latvian saules dievkrēsliņš (Latvian Dievs “God” LLKŽ 163, krēsls “chair, armchair” LLKŽ 352);

K722 Latin Comarum palustre, Potentilla palustris – Latvian purva vārnkāja (Latvian vārna “crow” LLKŽ 762, kāja “leg” LLKŽ 316), cf. Lithuanian marsh cinquefoil;

M221 Latin Ranunculus baudotii – Latvian jūras ūdensgundega (Latvian ūdens “water” LLKŽ 737, gundega “buttercup” LLKŽ 225), cf. Lithuanian sea buttercup;

V212 Latin Calla palustris – Latvian purva cūkausis (Latvian cūka “pig” LLKŽ 143, auss “ear” LLKŽ 97), cf. Lithuanian bog arum;

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V300 Lat. Trapa natans – Latv. peldošais ezerrieksts (Latv. ezers “lake” LLKŽ 196, rieksts “nut” LLKŽ 607), cf. Lith. plūduriuojantis agaras.

Suffix-derived forms used to name Lithuanian (a) and Latvian (b) plant genera are rare, but they are more common than prefix-derived forms (c, d), e.g.:

a) -a: N099 Lat. Orthilia secunda – Lith. vienašalė užgina, cf. Latv. laimes palēcīte;

-ē: K470 Lat. Galeopsis speciosa – Lith. geltonžiedė aklė, cf. Latv. raibais aklis;

L334 Lat. Pedicularis palustris – Lith. pelkinė glindė, cf. Latv. purva jāreglīte;

P154 Lat. Senecio vulgaris – Lith. paprastoji žilė, cf. Latv. parastā krustaine;

R214 Lat. Symphytum officinale – Lith. vaistinė taukė, cf. Latv. ārstniecības tauksakne;

-is: E149 Lat. Petasites hybridus – Lith. plačialapis šaukštis, cf. Latv. bastarda tūsklape;

K400 Lat. Artemisia campestris – Lith. dirvoninis kietis, cf. Latv. lauka vībotne;

S405 Lat. Ledum palustre – Lith. pelkinis gailis, cf. Latv. purva vaivariņš;

b) -a: J013 Lat. Chenopodium album – Latv. baltā balanda, cf. Lith. baltoji balanda;

-e: H003 Lat. Populus tremula – Latv. parastā apse, cf. Lith. drebulė, epušė;

-is: K158 Lat. Galeopsis tetrahit – Latv. parastais aklis, cf. Lith. dirvinė aklė;

c) Lithuanian prefix-derived forms:

R165 Lat. Lycopodium annotinum – Lith. miškinis pataisas, cf. Latv. gada staipēknis;

T107 Lat. Lysimachia thyrsiflora – Lith. puokštinė poraitė, cf. Latv. dzeltēna ķekarzeltene;

d) Latvian prefix derivatives:

S398 lat. Lathraea squamaria – Latv. sārtā bezlape, cf. Lith. gegužinė žvynšaknė;

V066 lat. Lamium album – Latv. baltā panātre, cf. Lith. baltažiedė notrelė.

In the EnDic2004 dictionary, plant genus names are formed mainly with the following

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suffixes: Lith. -enis, -ene, and correspondingly Latv. -enis, -ene, and Lith. -ytis, -ytė, Latv. -ītis, -īte; however, it has been observed that the principal method of forming plant names in Latvian is compounding rather than suffixation.

PLANT SPECIES NAMES IN LITHUANIAN AND LATVIAN

As required by the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature, plant species are named with two Latin words. These binomial formations consist of a genus name and a specific epithet (Genelytė 2001: 134). The structure of plant species names in Lithuanian and Latvian differs from that of Latin names: the main (second) element denotes the genus, while the secondary (first) element denotes the species (see Gaivenis 1985: 174).

Plant species names in both languages are formed in several ways. Lithuanian uses an adjective with the suffix -inis, a definite adjective or a compound adjective, as well as the genitive of a noun when species-level elements are personal names. In Latvian, species-level elements are expressed by the genitive of a noun, which is often also a compound, or by definite adjectives.

In Lithuanian, the species-level element of a plant name is often expressed by an adjective with the suffix -inis—38%, e.g.:

H123 lat. Campanula patula – Lith. pievinis katilėlis, cf. Latv. pļavas pulkstenīte (Latv. pļava “meadow” LLKŽ 574);

K192 lat. Fragaria viridis – Lith. šlaitinė žemuogė, cf. Latv. spradzenė;

M368 lat. Ranunculus ficaria, Ficaria verna – Lith. pavasarinis švitriešis, cf. Latv. pavasara mazpurenīte (“spring” LLKŽ 536);

P146 lat. Viola arvensis – Lith. dirvinė našlaitė, cf. Latv. tīruma atraitnīte (Latv. tīrums “field, arable land” LLKŽ 726);

R102 lat. Alisma plantago-aquatica – Lith. gyslotinis dumblialaiškis, cf. Latv. parastā cirvene (“common” LLKŽ 511);

S401 lat. Myrica gale – Lith. pajūrinis sotvaras, cf. Latv. parastā purvmirte, balzamkārkls (“common” LLKŽ 511).

In Lithuanian and Latvian botanical nomenclature, a large proportion of species-level elements are expressed by definite adjectives—38% and 43%, respectively, e.g.:

K689 Latin Solidago virgaurea – Lithuanian common goldenrod – Latvian dzeltenā zeltgalvīte (“yellow” LLKŽ 181);

L132 Latin Viola mirabilis – Lithuanian showy violet – Latvian brīnumainā vizbulīte (“wonderful” LLKŽ 124);

P236 Latin Lemna minor – Lithuanian lesser duckweed – Latvian mazais ūdenszieds (“small” LLKŽ 404);

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T284 Latin Polygala comosa – Lithuanian crested milkwort – Latvian cekulainā ziepenīte (Latvian cekulains “crested” LLKŽ 132);

U034 Latin Nuphar lutea – Lithuanian yellow water-lily – Latvian dzeltenā lēpe (“yellow” LLKŽ 180).

Almost 24% of the Lithuanian plant-specific epithets in the records are compound adjectives, for example:

H294 Latin Hieracium pilosella, Pilosella officinarum – Lithuanian one-headed hawkweed; cf. Latvian matainā pamau­raga (Latvian matains, -a “hairy” LLKŽ 401);

H295 Latin Cirsium heterophyllum – Lithuanian variable-leaved thistle – Latvian dažādla-pu dadzis (Latvian dažāds, -a “various” LLKŽ 180, lapa “leaf” LLKŽ 371);

P198 Latin Polygonum aviculare – Lithuanian uneven-leaved knotweed – Latvian dažādla-pu sūrene (Latvian dažāds, -a “various” LLKŽ 180, lapa “leaf” LLKŽ 371);

R177 Latin Impatiens parviflora – Lithuanian small-flowered touch-me-not – Latvian sīkziedu sprigane (“small-flowered” LLKŽ 664);

S511 Latin Hypericum maculatum – Lithuanian four-angled St John’s-wort – Latvian četr-škaustņu asinszāle (“four-angled” LLKŽ 146);

T337 Latin Rumex obtusifolius – Lithuanian blunt-leaved dock – Latvian struplapu skābene (cf. Latvian strups, -a “blunt, short, cut off” LLKŽ 695; lapa “leaf” LLKŽ 371).

38% of Latvian plant-specifying modifiers are expressed by the genitive case of a noun (a); 19% of them are compound nouns (b), for example:

a) A177 Latin Pinus mugo – Latvian kalnu priede (“mountain” LLKŽ 318); cf. Lithuanian mountain pine;

H209 Latin Betula pubescens – Latvian purva bērzs (“marsh” LLKŽ 591); cf. Lithuanian downy birch;

J164 Latin Impatiens glandulifera – Latvian puķu sprigane, milzu sprigane (“flower”, “giant” LLKŽ 588; 416); cf. Lithuanian glandular touch-me-not;

L051 Latin Festuca ovina – Latvian aitu auzene (“sheep” LLKŽ 20), cf. Lithuanian avinis eraicinas;

M259 Latin Trifolium medium – Latvian zirgu āboliņš (“horse” LLKŽ 795), cf. Lithuanian šilinis dobilas;

b) I146 Latin Centaurium littorale – Latvian jūrmalas augstiņš (“seaside” LLKŽ 312), cf. Lithuanian pajūrinė širdažolė;

L123 Latin Moehringia trinervia – Latvian trejdzīslu mēringija (Latvian trīs “three” LLKŽ 731, dzīsla “vein” LLKŽ 185) – Lithuanian trigyslė smiltgraibė;

S248 Latin Medicago falcata – Latvian sirpjveida lucerna (“sickle-shaped” LLKŽ 666), cf. Lithuanian geltonžiedė liucerna;

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S276 Latin Orchis militaris – Latvian bruncepuru dzegužpuķe (Latvian bruncepure “helmet” LLKŽ 126), cf. Lithuanian šalmuotoji gegužraibė.

In the EnDic2004 dictionary, there are instances where the plant species names in the two Baltic languages discussed in the article have one-word names. These traditional plant names, used since long ago, should be regarded as exceptions (Gudžinskas, Rašomavičius 2004: 3; Stalažs 2004: 22), e.g.:

H061 Latin Salix pentandra – Latvian šķetra, cf. Lithuanian virbinis gluosnis;

I070 Latin Cerasus avium, Prunus avium – Lithuanian trešnė, cf. Latvian saldais ķirsis;

J052 Latin Vaccinium uliginosum – Lithuanian vaivoras – Latvian zilene;

K160 Latin Allium ursinum – Latvian lāksis, cf. Lithuanian meškinis česnakas;

K586 Latin Salix viminalis – Lithuanian žilvitis, cf. Latvian klūdziņu kārkls;

L045 Latin Rubus chamaemorus – Lithuanian tekšė – Latvian lāčene;

M126 Latin Artemisia absinthium – Lithuanian kartusis kietis, pelynas – Latvian vērmеле;

R028 Latin Salix caprea – Lithuanian blindė – Latvian pūpolvītols, blīgzna;

S241 Latin Rubus caesius – Latvian kazene, cf. Lithuanian paprastoji gervuogė.

Among Lithuanian plant species names, appositional names were found in which the species element is expressed by a noun in the nominative, e.g.:

J012 Lat. Primula farinosa – Lith. raktažolė pelenėlė, cf. Latv. bezdelīg-actiņa (Latv. bezdelīga “swallow” LLKŽ 112, actiņa “little eye” LLKŽ 17);

K574 Lat. Polygonum bistorta – Lith. rūgtis gyvatžolė, cf. Latv. zaļkšu sūrene (“of snakes” LLKŽ 788);

M445 Lat. Lychnis viscaria, Viscaria vulgaris – Lith. gaisrena smaliukė, cf. Latv. parastā sveķene (“common” LLKŽ 511).

Plant species names in Lithuanian and Latvian indicate:

1) a characteristic distinguishing feature of the plant, an anatomical or morphological property.

In Lithuanian, the species element of a plant name may be expressed by an adjective with the suffix -inis (a), a definite adjective (b), or a compound adjective (c). Latvian plant species names are expressed correspondingly by a definite adjective (d) or a noun in the genitive (e), which may be compound (f), e.g.:

a) K166 Lat. Rosa acicularis – Lith. adatиниs erškėtis, cf. Latv. adataiņā roze (“thorny, needle-like” LLKŽ 18), Russ. иглистая роза, Ger. Nadelrose, Eng. prickly rose;

S102 Lat. Hieracium umbellatum – Lith. skėtinė vanagė, cf. Latv. čemuru mauraga (Latv. čemurs “cluster; inflorescence, umbrella” LLKŽ 145), Russ. зонтичная ястребинка;

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b) L337 Latin Carex vesicaria – Lithuanian pūslėtoji viksva, cf. Latvian pūslīšu grīslis (“of little bladders,” LLKŽ 592), Russian пузырчатая осока;

T355 Latin Veronica spicata – Lithuanian varpotoji veronika, cf. Latvian vārpu veronika (“of spikes,” LLKŽ 762), Russian колосистая вероника;

V401 Latin Salix aurita – Lithuanian ausytasis karklas – Latvian ausainais kārkls (Latvian ausains “eared,” LLKŽ 97), cf. Russian ивистая ива, German Ohrweide, English eared willow;

c) J089 Latin Ranunculus peltatus – Lithuanian sky dalapis vėdrynas – Latvian trejlapiu ūdensgundega (cf. Latvian trīs “three”; lapa “leaf,” LLKŽ 731; 371), cf. German Schild-Wasserhahnenfuß;

K476 Latin Campanula rotundifolia – Lithuanian apskritalapis katilėlis – Latvian apaļlapu pulkstenīte (Latvian apaļš “round,” LLKŽ 42; lapa “leaf,” LLKŽ 371), cf. Russian круглолистный колокольчик, German rundblättrige Glockenblume;

L163 Latin Typha latifolia – Lithuanian plačialapis švendras – Latvian platlapu vilkvālīte (“broad-leaved,” LLKŽ 569), cf. Russian широколистный рогоз, German breitblättriger Rohrkolben;

T356 Latin Moneses uniflora, Pyrola uniflora – Lithuanian vienažiedė žemoklė – Latvian vienzieda sūnactina (Latvian viens “one,” zieds “flower,” LLKŽ 777; 792), cf. Russian одноцветковая одноцветка, German einblütiges Wintergrün, Moosauge;

d) E160 Latin Betula humilis – Latvian zemais bērzs (Latvian zems, -a “low,” LLKŽ 721), cf. Lithuanian liekninis beržas, Russian низкая берёза;

E161 Latin Fagus sylvatica – Latvian parastais dižskābardis (“common,” LLKŽ 471), cf. Lithuanian paprastasis bukas, English common beech;

e) H257 Latin Potentilla argentea – Latvian sudraba retējs (“silvery,” LLKŽ 639), cf. Lithuanian tikroji sidabrožolė, Russian серебристая лапчатка, German Silber-Fingerkraut, English silvery cinquefoil;

H276 Latin Cuscuta europaea – Latvian Eiropas vija (Latvian Eiropa “Europe,” LLKŽ 736), cf. Lithuanian parazitasis brantas, Russian европейская повилика;

f) M108 Latin Epilobium angustifolium, Chamaenerion angustifolium – Latvian šaurlapu ugunspuķe (“narrow-leaved,” LLKŽ 704) – Lithuanian siauralapis gaurometis, cf. Russian хаменериум узколистный, German schmalblättriges Weidenröschen;

T259 Latin Bidens tripartita – Latvian trejdaiļu sunītis (Latvian trīs “three,” daiva “lobe,” LLKŽ 731; daiva LLKŽ 149) – Lithuanian triskiautis lakišius, cf. Russian трёхраздельная череда, German dreiteiliger Zweizahn;

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2) the plant’s colour or size – the Lithuanian specific element is usually expressed by a compound or pronominal adjective, while the Latvian one is expressed by the genitive of a compound noun or by a pronominal adjective, e.g.:

I144 Lat. Prunella grandiflora – Lith. didžiažiedė juodagalvė – Latv. lielziedu brūngalvīte, lielā brūngalvīte (Latv. liels ‘large’ LLKŽ 381, zieds ‘flower’ LLKŽ 792), cf. Russ. крупноцветковая черноголовка;

K408 Lat. Ranunculus auricomus – Lith. auksakuodis vedrynas – Latv. zeltaīnā gundega (‘golden, golden-coloured’ LLKŽ 789), cf. Russ. золотистый лютик, Ger. Gold[schopf]-Hahnenfuß;

L419 Lat. Sesleria caerulea – Lith. melsvasis mėlikas – Latv. zilganā seslērija (‘bluish’ LLKŽ 793), cf. Russ. голубая seslerija;

M383 Lat. Trifolium spadiceum – Lith. rusvasis dobilas – Latv. brūnais āboliņš (‘brown’ LLKŽ 126), cf. Ger. brauner Moorklee;

P233 Lat. Rhinanthus minor – Lith. mažasis barškutis – Latv. mazais zvagulis (‘small’ LLKŽ 404), cf. Russ. малый погремок, Ger. kleiner Klappertopf;

P502 Lat. Ribes rubrum – Lith. raudonasis serbentas, paprastasis serbentas – Latv. sarkanā jāņoga (‘red’ LLKŽ 641), cf. Russ. красная смородина, Ger. rote Johannisbeere, Eng. red currant;

V117 Lat. Empetrum nigrum – Lith. juodoji varnauogė – Latv. melnā vistene (‘black’ LLKŽ 407), cf. Russ. чёрная водяника (вороника), Ger. schwarze Krähenbeere;

3) the plant’s place of origin – the Lithuanian specific element is usually expressed by an adjective with the suffix -inis, while the Latvian one is expressed by a noun in the genitive, e.g.:

E146 Lat. Arnica montana – Lith. kalninė arnika – Latv. kalnu arnika (‘of the mountains’ LLKŽ 318), cf. Russ. горная арника;

L129 Lat. Ranunculus cassubicus – Lith. kašubinis vedrynas – Latv. Kašūbijas gundega (‘of Kashubia’), cf. Ger. Kassuber-Hahnenfuß, Russ. кашубский лютик;

M236 Lat. Rubus arcticus – Lith. šiaurinė katuogė – Latv. ziemeļu kaulene (‘Siberian’ LLKŽ 792), cf. Russ. арктическая костяника, Ger. arktische Himbeere;

M297 lot. Trientalis europaea – latv. Eiropas septiņstarīte („Europos“ LLKŽ 811), plg. liet. miškinė septynikė, rus. европейский седмичник;

O076 Lat. Rosa vosagiaca – Latv. Vogēzu roze, cf. Lith. melsvalapis erškėtis, French rosier des Vosges;

P135 Lat. Potentilla norvegica – Latv. Norvēģijas retējs (‘Norwegian’

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LLKŽ 816), cf. Lithuanian šiaurinė sidabražolė, Russian норвежская лапчатка, German norwegisches Fingerkrauti, English Norwegian cinquefoil;

P349 Latin Salix lapponum – Lithuanian laplandinis karklas – Latvian Lapzemes kārkls (“Lapland” LLKŽ 814), cf. Russian лапландская ива, German Lapplandweide, Lappländische Weide;

R240 Latin Chamaepericlymenum suecicum – Lithuanian švedinė sedulaitė – Latvian Zviedrijas pundurgrimonis (“Swedish” LLKŽ 820), cf. Russian шведский дёрен, German schwedische Hartriegel;

S245 Latin Larix sibirica – Lithuanian sibīrinis maumedis – Latvian Sibīrijas lapegle (“Siberian” LLKŽ 818), cf. Russian сибирская лиственница, German sibirische Lärche, English Siberian larch;

U020 Latin Bunias orientalis – Lithuanian rytinė engra – Latvian austruma dižpērkone (“eastern” LLKŽ 98), cf. Russian восточная свербига;

V073 Latin Pinguicula alpina – Lithuanian alpinė tuklė – Latvian Alpu kreimule (“Alpine” LLKŽ 809), cf. Russian альпийская жирянка, German Alpen-Fettkraut;

V309 Latin Elodea canadensis – Lithuanian kanadinė elodėja – Latvian Kanādas elodeja (“Canadian” LLKŽ 813), cf. Russian канадская элодея;

4) flowering time – the Lithuanian species epithet is usually expressed by an adjective with the suffix -inis, while the Latvian one is expressed by a noun in the genitive, e.g.:

K138 Latin Pulsatilla vernalis – Lithuanian pavasarinė šilagėlė – Latvian pavasara silpurene (“spring” LLKŽ 536), cf. Russian весенний прострел, German Frühlings-Küchenschelle;

M292 Latin Rosa majalis – Lithuanian miškinis erškėtis – Latvian maija roze (“May” LLKŽ 393), cf. Russian майская роза, коричная роза, German Mairose;

S484 Latin Leontodon autumnalis – Lithuanian rudeninė snaudalė – Latvian rudens vēlpiene (“autumn” LLKŽ 611), cf. Russian осенняя кульбаба, German Herbst-Löwenzahn, English autumn hawkbit;

5) the discoverer or describer of a species – in Latvian plant species names, a personal-name epithet is used, expressed by a noun in the genitive. In Lithuanian species names, a personal-name epithet expressed by a noun in the genitive is used much less often; usually the species is named according to some characteristic and expressed by an adjective, e.g.:

K099 Latin Dactylorhiza fuchsii – Latvian Fuksa dzegužpirksīte, cf. Lithuanian aukštoji gegūnė, Russian пальцекорник Фукса, German Fuchs-Fingerknabenkraut;

M290 Latin Viola riviniana – Lithuanian Rivinijaus našlaitė – Latvian Rivina vijolīte, cf. Russian фиалка Ривинуса, German Rivinus-Veilchen;

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S393 Latin Juncus gerardii – Latvian Žerāra donis, cf. Lithuanian druskinis vikšris, Russian ситник Жерара;

6) the plant’s growth site – Lithuanian nomenclature uses an adjective, Latvian a noun in the genitive, e.g.:

I122 Latin Viola [canina] montana – Lithuanian šialaininė našlaitė – Latvian kalnu vijolīte (“of the mountain,” LLKŽ 318), cf. Russian горная фиалка, German Berg-Hundsveilchen;

J081 Latin Schoenoplectus lacustris, Scirpus lacustris – Lithuanian ežerinis meldas – Latvian ezera lielmelds (“of the lake,” LLKŽ 196), cf. Russian озёрный камыш;

R150 Latin Caltha palustris – Lithuanian pelkinė puriena – Latvian purva purene (“of the marsh, bog,” LLKŽ 591), cf. Russian болотная калужница;

7) the relationship to other species – Lithuanian and Latvian use a definite adjective, e.g.:

K309 Latin Galium verum – Lithuanian tikrasis lipikas – Latvian īstā madara (“true,” LLKŽ 269), cf. Russian настоящий подмаренник, German echtes Labkraut;

M423 Latin Cicuta virosa – Lithuanian nuodingoji nuokana – Latvian indīgais velnarutks (“poisonous,” LLKŽ 264), cf. Russian ядовитый вех;

P478 Latin Artemisia vulgaris – Lithuanian paprastasis kietis – Latvian parastā vībotne (“common,” LLKŽ 511), cf. Russian обыкновенная полынь, German gemeiner Beifuß;

P485 Latin Dianthus superbus – Lithuanian puošnusis gvazdikas – Latvian krāšņā neļķe (“splendid,” LLKŽ 350), cf. Russian пышная гвоздика, German PrachtneIke.

CONCLUSIONS

The plant genus names in Lithuanian and Latvian presented in the EnDic2004 dictionary are one-word names, but their forms differ. Lithuanian plant genus names comply with the requirements of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature: they are expressed in the singular nominative case, whereas in Latvian plant genera are named in the plural nominative case.

A small proportion of morphologically unanalyzable genus names are shared by Lithuanian and Latvian, as these names derive from vocabulary inherited from Old Indo-European, common Baltic and Slavic, or specifically Baltic languages. Another, somewhat smaller, group of plant genus names consists of old loanwords adopted from Finnic, Slavic, and Germanic languages. The two languages have borrowed considerably more genus names from Latin nomenclature. It should be noted that approximately 6% of Latin loanwords were found in Lithuanian, while Latvian has twice as many—12%.

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Most plant genus names in both Lithuanian and Latvian presented in the EnDic2004 dictionary are derived forms. Suffixation is the most productive method of forming Lithuanian plant genus names, while compounding is the most productive in Latvian. Most plant genus names are formed with the suffixes Lithuanian -enis, -enė and Latvian -enis, -ene; both languages also have many derivatives formed with diminutive suffixes (Lithuanian -ytė, -utis, -utė, -ėlis, -ėlė; Latvian -ītis, -īte, -iņš, -iņa). A characteristic feature of suffixation in Latvian plant genus names is that they are often formed with two suffixes: -en- + -īte.

The expression of specific epithets in plant species names in Lithuanian and Latvian has similarities and differences. In both languages, specific epithets are most often expressed by adjectives. In Lithuanian, specific epithets are expressed by definite adjectives, adjectives with the suffix -inis, and compound adjectives. In Latvian plant species names, specific epithets are expressed by definite adjectives and the genitive case of nouns. The genitive case of nouns is used relatively rarely in Lithuanian plant species names—only when the specific epithet is derived from a personal name.

ŠALTINIAI

EnDic2004 – Aplinkos apsaugos žodynas EnDic2004 6039 terminai: suomių, estų, anglų, prancūzų, vokiečių, švedų, lietuvių, latvių, rusų, lotynų k. / vyr. redaktorius A. Maastik. Helsinki–Tartu: Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE). LLKŽ – Latvių-lietuvių kalbų žodynas. Sudarė doc. dr. Alvydas Butkus. Kaunas. 2003. БЭС – Биологический энциклопедический словарь. Гл. ред. М.С. Гиляров. Москва. 1986. Interneto prieiga: <http://slovari.yandex.ru/dict/bse/article/00077/30900.htm>.

LITERATŪRA

BTŽ 1965: Botanikos terminų žodynas. Sudarė Botanikos žodyno komisija. Redagavo prof. dr. J. Dagys (vyr. redaktorius), biol. m. k. A. Lekavičius ir V. Mališauskienė, Vilnius. Edelmane 1968: Ārstniecības augu terminoloģija. – Latviešu valodas kultūras jautājumi 4, 103–107. Edelmane 1978: Augu nosaukumu darināšanas veidi latviešu valodā. – Latviešu valodas kultūras jautājumi 14, 97–103. Galvenis K. 1985: Lietuvos augalų genčių ir rūšių pavadinimai. – Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai: Mokslo kalbos kultūros ir terminologijos problemos 24, 165–178. Genelytė A. 2001: Tarptautinis botanikos nomenklatūros kodeksas ir lietuvių terminologija. – Terminologija 8, 130–137. Gudžinskas Z., Rašomavičienė V. 2004: Kolis lietuviškus pavadinimus turinčių augalų genčių nomenklatūra ir jos norminimo principai. – Botanica Lithuanica 6, 3–18. Karulis K. 2001: Latviešu etimoloģijas vārdnīca, Rīga. Keinys St. 2005: Dabartinė lietuvių terminologija, Vilnius. Kutorga E. 1997: Botanikos ir mikologijos nomenklatūra, Vilnius. LAN 2003 – Edelmanė I., Ozola Ā. Latviešu valodas augu nosaukumi, Rīga. Sabaliauskas A. 1990: Lietuvių kalbos leksika, Vilnius. Skujiņa V. 2002: Latviešu terminoloģijas izstrādes principi, Rīga.

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Stalažs A. 2004: Botānikas terminoloģijas apakškomisijā apstiprinātie botānikas terminu veidošanas principi. – Terminoloģijas Jaunumi 10, Rīga, 22–24.

Ахманова О. 2005: Словарь лингвистических терминов. Москва.

Канделаки Т. 1973: К вопросу о номенклатурных наименованиях. – Вопросы разработки научно-технической терминологии, Рига, 60–70.

LITHUANIAN AND LATVIAN PLANT NAMES IN THE ENVIRONMENTAL DICTIONARY ENDIC2004

The article deals with botanical nomenclature of the Baltic languages. It analyses more than 300 Lithuanian and Latvian names of plant genera and over 430 names of species taken from the Environmental Dictionary EnDic2004 in nine languages which was published in 2004 by the Finnish Environment Institute. Plant names are analysed in respect of origin and word-formation. An attempt is made to establish similarities and differences of the Lithuanian and Latvian names of plant genera and species.

Lithuanian and Latvian names of plant genera from EnDic2004 are one-word names, but they have different expression. Lithuanian names of plant genera meet the requirements of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN) – they are presented in nominative case in singular. Latvian genera of plants are presented in the nominative case in plural.

Lithuanian and Latvian names of plant genera were divided into two groups: names irresolvable in respect of derivation and word-formations.

Some names irresolvable in respect of derivation were inherited from Indo-European (Lith. beržas – Latv. bērzi (birch)), Baltic-Slavic (Lith. liepa – Latv. liepa (lime)) or purely Baltic (Lith. apynys – Latv. apinis (hop)) vocabulary and they are common for both Lithuanian and Latvian languages. Another rather small group is comprised of old borrowings taken from Finnic (Lith. kadagys – Latv. kadiķi (juniper)), Slavic (Lith. mēta – Latv. mētra (mint)) and Germanic languages (Lith. vikis – Latv. vīķis (vetch)). Both languages have also borrowed may more names from Latin (Lith. lobelija – Latv. lobēlija (lobelia)). There are more such borrowings in Latvian than in Lithuanian.

The majority of Lithuanian and Latvian names of plant genera presented in EnDic2004 are derivates or compounds. The most productive way of name creation is suffixation in Lithuanian and compounding in Latvian. The most productive suffixes are -enis (bruknenis (azalea)), -enė (gebenė (ivy)) in Lithuanian and -enis (tītenis (bindweed)), -ene (gandrēne (crane’s-bill)) in Latvian. In both languages diminutive suffixes are popular: -ytė (barborytė (wintercress)), -utis (barškutis (yellow-rattle)), -utė (medutė (may lily)), -ėlis (katilėlis (bellflower)) and -ėlė (ramunėlė (camomile)) in Lithuanian; -iņš (āboliņš (clover)), -iņa (žagariņa (may lily)), -iņš (ciņulis (corydalis)) and -īte (atraitiņte (pansy)) in Latvian. A specific characteristic of Latvian suffixation is the usage of two suffixes -en- + -īte (ziepenīte (milkwort)). In both languages compounds are frequent, but prefixation is rare.

Lithuanian and Latvian names of species have similarities and differences. Most frequently a specific component of the name of species in both languages is an adjective. Specific components of Lithuanian names of species are expressed in definite adjectives (paprastoji rykštenė (goldenrod)), adjectives with the suffix -inis (piev inis

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katilėlis (spreading bellflower)) and compound adjectives (įvairialapė usnis (heterophyllous thistle)). Specific components of Latvian names of species are expressed in definite adjectives (mazais ūdenszieds (common duckweed)) and in the genitive of a noun (kalnu priede). In Lithuanian the genitive of a noun is used rarely – only when the specific component of the name of species is a personal name.

Gauta 2009-12-04

Solvita Labanauskienė Lietuvių kalbos institutas P. Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius E. paštas: [email protected]

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