Lietuvių ir latvių kalbų augalų vardai „Aplinkos apsaugos žodyne EnDic2004“

SOLVITA LABANAUSKIENĖ Lithuanian Language Institute INTRODUCTION In 2004, the Finnish Environmental Protection Institute published the Environmental Protection Dictionary EnDic2004 (hereinafter referred to as the EnDic2004 Dictionary) in nine languages: Finnish, Estonian, English, French, German, Swedish, Lithuanian, Latvian and Russian (the tenth — Latin — is added to the nomenclature units). It contains 6039 terms from various fields of environmental protection, such as biology, botany, chemistry, ecology, physics, geography, geology, medicine, meteorology, marine science, zoology, etc. The Lithuanian language terms in EnDic2004 dictionary were provided by Albina Auksoriūtė and Angelė Kaulakienė (Institute of Lithuanian Language), Karolis Jankevičius (Institute of Botany), Algimantas Paulauskas (Vytautas Magnus University), Vytautas Raškauskas (Vilnius University) and Petras Zajančkauskas (Institute of Ecology). Latvian language terms were provided by Ilo Dreyer (Riga Technical University) and Andris Spricis (University of Latvia). They were revised and supplemented by Edgars Vimba, assisted by Ansis Ziverts (Latvian University of Agriculture- ). The dictionary includes most of the names of spore and flowering plants of the Baltic Sea region. This article examines the botanical nomenclature of one of the genetically related language groups — the Baltic languages: more than 300 Lithuanian and Latvian plant genera and over 430 species names, which are examined in terms of origin and production. The article compares Lithuanian and Latvian plant names and attempts to identify similarities and differences in the botanical nomenclature of both languages. In 1735, the Swedish naturalist Carolus Linnaeus published his system of the world's plants in Systema Naturae. He was the first to establish binary nomenclature, define the concepts of species, genus and some higher taxonomic categories, and the principles of the formation of plant names. The Swiss botanist Alphonse de Candolle was ir the first to propose a set of rules for nomenclature, which was approved at the International Botanical Congress in Paris in 1867. These rules of nomenclature formed the basis of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (see Genelytė 2001). The nomenclature of plant names in Lithuanian and Latvian is not legalized by an official code, but the design of plant names is based on certain principles of the Internation- al Code of Botanical Nomenclature. Before examining EnDic2004 plant names, it is important to discuss some terms, i.e.: taxon, rank of taxa, nomenclature. In the Dictionary of Botanical Terms (1965) the term taxon (Greek taxis —arrangement, arrangement) is defined as: a systematic unit (species, genus, family, order, type) (BTZ 1965:438). Taksony rank — a level in a defined hierarchy (BC, 1986). Nomenclature is widely understood in scientific literature. The Russian linguist Olga Akhmanova in the Dictionary of Terms of the Kalbotyros (Ciroeapv Jrune6eLuCcmuueCcKUX mepmunoes) describes nomenclature as follows: it is a set of special terms (names) used in the field of science, the names of typical objects of that field (in this nomenclature differs from terminology, which includes the names of abstract concepts and categories) (Axmanosa 2005: 270). Tatjana Kandelaki acknowledges that the concept of nomenclature includes not only the names of specific objects, but also other categories, for example, the names of methods, methods, as well as technical actions, operations and related abbreviations — indices, types, models, etc. (Kannenaku 1973: 64-65). The Latvian terminologist Valentina Skujina points out the main difference between terminology and nomenclature: the purpose of a term is to name an object according to its essential characteristics, while the purpose of a nomenclatural unit is only to name it according to its external (symbolic) characteristics (Skujina 2002: 44). The names of plant genera are discussed synchronously in the article, they are divided into adjectively indivisible names and derivatives. LITHUANIAN AND LAVIAN PLANT TRIBES NAME Of the seven main taxonomic ranks, only two are given in the EnDic2004 dictionary: genus and species. The name of the genus is expressed by a single Latin word, the Lithuanian name of the genus is composed of one word, presented in the singular noun. 94 Solvita Lababnauskienė | Plant names in Lithuanian and Latvian according to the name of the language- ... The norms of terminology are also singulars, but in the plural form (see Stalazs 2004: 22), e.g.! : L116 lot. Larix — lilac. laumedis —latv. larch; M448 lot. Pinus — light. pine — latv. Appendix: P058 lot. Salix — leaves. willow, willowwood —latv. whistles and whistles; P408 Lot. "Alchemilla". rasakila — latv. rasakrėslini’; P610 Lot. Fagus — lilac. bukas —latv. anchovies; S133 lot. Pleurozium — lit. šilsamanė —latv. rust. Genus names in Lithuanian and Latvian languages are included in the composition of the species name, so the article discusses both the names of the genera and the names of the genera that are included in the composition of the species names. In total, the EnDic2004 dictionary contains about 300 names of plant genera, of which only 8% are individually presented. There are no formal names for the plant. The names of plant genera in Lithuanian and Latvian languages, which are not subdivided into verbs, are assigned to veldics, i.e. to the old Indo-European, common to the Baltic and Slavic languages, and only to the Baltic languages. The oldest lexical layer is considered to be the Indo-European lexicon, examples of which (about 3% of all tribal names) can be found in the dictionary under consideration*: H265 lot. Avena fatua — lit. tuscioji ožja —latv. vējauza (Latvian vejš "wind" LLKŽ 766: auza "oats" LLKŽ 99), cf. Russian oscroe, oséc nycmoil. A word of the old Indo-European lexicon, which has been preserved in most Indo-European languages (see Sabaliauskas 1990: 38; Karulis 2001: 93); K488 lot. "Dryopteris filix-mas- ". stem fern —latv. melnd virpaparde (Lat. virs "man" LLKŽ 781; Fern "fern" LLKŽ 506), cf. german. The same word can be found not only in Germanic, but also in Slavic languages, cf. Old German. height. Farn, rus. nanopombo, lenk. paproc. bulg. nanpam, (see Sabaliauskas 1990: 42; Karulis 2001: 652); K530 lot. Betula — lit. birch —latv. berzi, plg. rus. 6epėsa, vok. Birke f. angl. birch. It belongs to the old Indo-European lexical layer, pgl. birch, bulg. 6pe3a (see Sabaliauskas 1990: 39; Karulis 2001: 122); K581 lot. Pinus contorta —lit. 2001. "Latvijas Vēstnesis". latv.lv. klinškalnu The capital letter and number in the examples indicate the number of the term article in EnDic 2004 dictionary, below — the Latin, Lithuanian and Latvian name of the plant. In case of similarity, Russian, German, English or other language names of plants are given. = Must be rasskrēslini (LAN 2003: 311). For the sake of clarity, the Lithuanian and Latvian names of plant genera and the specific features of the names of the described plant species are diluted, Terminologija | 2009 | 16 95 appendix- ”*. Liet. Pušis is associated with pr. peuse (see Sabaliau- skas 1990: 42) According to various linguists, in Latvian language is used a word of rather unclear origin apde (Karulis 2001: 714); K778 lot. Ulmus laevis — rain. vinkšna —latv. best folding, p.g. rus. 6x3, left. wiąz (see Sabaliauskas 1990: 44; Karulis 2001: 1162); L149 lot. Alnus —liet. alksnis —latv. 1978. pp. 7. Willard, W., ed. Erle, left. olcha, bulg. enxa (see Sabaliauskas 1990: 38; Karulis 2001: 66); M289 lot. Malus sylvestris (Lindl.) forest apple —latv. mezabele (Latvian mežs "forest, meadow" LLKŽ 412, abele "apple" LLKŽ 16), cf. Russian recnas xaO7iona. "Old Indo-European word, plg. polk". jabfon, bulg. ab7an (see Sabaliauskas 1990: 41; Karulis 2001: 53); S007 lot. Fraxinus — lilac. uosis —latv. oši, plg. rus. xacen», vok. Esche f, angl. ash. Unlike other Indo-European languages, the Baltic word has retained its almost unchanged form, cf. jasien, bulg. ‘cen (see Sabaliauskas 1990: 44; Karulis 2001: 636); T277 lot. Prunus avium, Prunus padus, Prunus racemosa —lit. paprastoji ieva —latv. Parastaieva, plg. rus. usa, polk. iwa, bulg. usa (see Sabaliauskas 1990: 39; Karulis 2001: 338); V002 lot. Acer — little. maple — latv. klavas, plg. rus. kién, lenk. clone, bulg. x7ren (see Sabaliauskas 1990: 40; Karulis 2001: 408). There are a number of plant names that are related to the ancient Indo-European vocabulary, but formally they can be divided into adjectives, e.g. : J013 lot. Chenopodium album —lit. white eagle —latv. balta balanda’. 6, pp. 6. "V.I.P.". weifer Ginsefufš m, angl. goosefoot. According to A. Sabaliauskas, this is a name typical only for these two languages, related to Lithuanian baltas, Latvian balts. white (Sabaliauskas 1990: 155; Karulis 2001:99); M406 lot. Vaccinium myrtillus — little. mėlynė —latv. The breasts. Sietina su liet. mėlas, mėlynas, latv. black ‘black’ (see Sabaliauskas 1990: 160; Karulis 2001: 580-581); VO19 lot. "Rubus idaeus". raspberry —latv. meža avene, plg. rus. o6biKKo8enKnas MaJiuna, vok. Raspberry f, angl. raspberry. The name is associated with Lithuanian sheep (Sabaliauskas 1990: 154; Karulis 93). Several similarities in the lexicon of plant names in Baltic and Slavic languages (about 196 names of all genera) can also be found in the EnDic2004 dictionary, e.g.: * In cases where the Lithuanian or Latvian name of the plant does not correspond to the statement under consideration, cf. 5 See Edelmane 1978. 96 Solvita Lababnauskienė | Lithuanian and Latvian names of plants... K474 lot. Spruce — lit. Spruce —latv. eagle. Plg. Russian. ex, left. jodla, bulg. One, check. fir (Sabaliauskas 1990: 120; Karulis 2001: 261); K129 lot. Calluna vulgaris —light. lateral stirrup —latv. ordinary virsis. Plg. rus. eepecx, left. wrzos, check. wres (Sabaliauskas 1990: 122; Karulis 2001: 1174); L112 lot. Tilia — leaves. July —latv. July. Plg. Russian. 7th ed., pg. Lipa, bulg. una (Sabaliauskas 1990: 121; Karulis 2001: 525-526); P200 lot. Sorbus aucuparia —lit. Common woodpecker —latv. Common pillarfish. Sabaliauskas considers the Lithuanian name of the plant to be a Baltic and Slavic lexical commonality (see Sabaliauskas 1990: 121), the Latvian name of the plant piladzis is a loan from the Livonian language pilag (Karulis 2001: 682). The dictionary found similarities in Lithuanian and Latvian plant names (about 4%), which are characteristic only of Baltic languages, e.g. : H275 lot. Humulus lupulus — light. Common monkey —latv. 0o6GbixHo6ennbiū x Mejib Hopfen m, angl. hop. Characteristic only of Lithuanian and Latvian (Sabaliauskas 1990: 154; Karulis 2001: 71); JO85 lot. Phragmites communis, Phragmites australis. paprastoji nendré —latv. Parastaniedre, plg. rus. obvikHO8eHHbIU MpocmHuk, vok. gemeines Schilfrohr n. angl. common reed. With lit. nendrė, latv. reed is attempted to associate with Sanskrit nadah, but the association is highly doubtful (Sabaliauskas 1990: 157; Karulis 2001: 626); M442 lot. "Trifolium montanum". mountain clover —latv. Mountain abolishment, cf. Russian eopnboirū kesep, German Mountain clover m, angl. mountain clover. It is probably a name typical of the Baltic languages (Sabaliauskas 1990: 155; Karulis 2001: 54); P529 lot. Vaccinium vitis-idaea. brūklenes —latv. 6Gpycnuxa, vok. Preiselbeere f, angl. cowberry, lingonberry. A. Sabaliauskas associates this name with lit. braukti, lat. braukt (see Sabaliauskas 1990: 155), and in the opinion of K. Karulis, the mentioned word is related to Slavic languages, cf. rus. bpycuuka, ukr. 6, bulg. 6pycnuya (see Karulis 2001: 147-148); TO31 lot. Quercus robur — lilac. Common oak —latv. Common oak, cf. rus. 06vixKo6eHnbiū (uepemuambiū) Ayo, vok. Steeleiche f, angl. common oak. These are names of plants of unclear origin, typical only of Baltic languages (see Sabaliauskas 1990: 155; Karulis 2001: 638); T202 lot. Salix cinerea —lit. Grey-tailed carp —latv. pelėkais karkls, plg. rus. nenemvnas usa, vok. Grey willow f, angl. grey willow. In other Indo-European languages the word has no equivalents (Sabaliauskas 1990: 156); Terminology | 2009 | 16 97 V067 lot. Carpinus betulus. Common skrobl —latv. 2009-06-06. pp. 2. "Oxford English Dictionary, 5th ed., 2009, pp. 256". Weifbuche f, angl. hornbeam, white beech. Such plant names are attributed to the lexical layer characteristic of the Baltic languages (see Sabaliauskas 1990: 158), but can also be linked to the old Indo-European lexicon (see Karulis 2001: 824); V449 lot. Aegopodium podagraria — lit. Common garshva —latv. 2008. "Sounds of the North, Vol.1, Ch. GeiBfufi m, angl. ground elder, [common] goatweed. These are the Baltic language communities (Karulis 2001: 290—291). A small part of the Lithuanian and Latvian plant genus names in the EnDic2004 dictionary is made up of borrowed vocabulary. Debtors are usually divided into old debtors and new debtors. Old borrowings (about 3% of all tribal names) are derived from Finnish (a), Slavic (b) and Germanic (c) languages, e.g. : (a) K240 lot. Juniperus — lilac. juniper —latv. kadiki. The words in both languages can be considered as borrowed from Finnish languages (Sabaliauskas 1990: 226; Karulis 1990: 227). 2001: 366); K600 lot. "Egiisetum - lie". asiūlklis —latv. cabbage. Many scholars of Finnish languages consider the Lithuanian asiūlelis to be of Finnish origin (Sabaliauskas 1990: 226). kosas —may be a word of Latvian origin (Karulis 2001: 415); (b) H213 lot. "Dianthus arenarius". carnation —latv. sand clove. In Slavic languages, carnation is derived from the German name of the flower, pgl. height. "Nagel "vinis"". nagel.ru (in Russian). 26030uka: Rus. 26030b „vinis“ (Sabaliauskas 1990: 239). Latv. nelke is probably Germanic, cf. german. Nelke f, J165 lot. "Heracleum". Borščs, plg. latv. latvinis. rus. 6opwesux. The Lithuanian name of the plant genus is a word of Slavic origin (see Sabaliauskas 1990: 237), the Latvian name of the plant is a derivative; K106 lot. Acorus calamus —light. balinis ajeras —latv. a smelly grave. The Lithuanian language is considered to be the glory of Lithuania. Plg. lenk. ajer, baltar. 26a30ux, left. gwozdzik (see Sabaliauskas 1990:237). The name of the village is borrowed from the Welsh. Kalmus m (Karulis 2001: 371): K697 lot. Carum carvi — lit. Common cumin —latv. Parasta kimene, cf. rus. 065:xxKo6ennbiū mmun, vok. The name of the Lithuanian plant genus is Slavia. The name cumin came into the Slavic languages from German and Greek, and perhaps even from Latin (see Sabaliauskas 1990: 239-240). The Latvian name of the plant came from German (Karulis 2001: 473); V279 lot. Mentha aquatica —leaf. water mint —latv. water meter, plg. rus. 6800Kax mama. The Lithuanian and Latvian name of the plant genus comes from the Slavic languages (see Sabaliauskas 1990: 241, Karulis 2001: 585); 98 Solvita Lababnauskienė | Lithuanian and Latvian names of plants... (c) H217 lot. Papaver dubium — lilac. wild poppy — latv. Field poppy 1998. pp. 10. "Commonwealth of Nations". The names of plant genera in both languages are borrowed from Germanic languages (Sabaliauskas 1990:261, Karulis 1990:262). 2001: 557); H230 lot. Vicia sepium — lit. patvorinis vikis —latv. Birds of the World, Vol. Zaunwicke f, rus. 3a60puviū zopowmiex. The name of the genus in both languages comes from the German language (see Sabaliauskas 1990: 262, Karulis 2001: 1163). In the EnDic2004 dictionary, the new borrowings, i.e. Lithuanian and Latvian names of plant genera, are taken from the Latin nomenclature — in Lithuanian they are found in about 6% (a), in Latvian — almost 12% of all genus names (b), e.g. : (a) L135 lot. "Polemonium caeruleum". blue palemon, cf. latv. zila kapnite, rus. eonybas cuniroxa, fr. polémoine f bleue; N102 lot. Lobelia dortmanna — light. Lake Lobelia —latv. 1986. pp. 6. "J. J. Thomson, Jr.". Water lobelia; R268 lot. Ramalina — lit. ramalina —latv. ramalinas, plg. rus. pamaJtuna; V098 lot. Linnaea borealis. northern line —latv. zimelu linneja, cf. rus. ceeepkas Jrunnes; (b) H240 lot. Cetraria —latv. Cetraria lichen: 1135 lots. Spirodela polyrhiza. Spirodela vulgaris, plg. lit. daugiaSakné mauré, rus. 0ObIKHOBEHHbILI MHO20KOPEHH UK; K195 lot. Parmelia — latv. parmelias, cf. lit. kežas, rus. napmenus; K305 lot. Xanthoria - latv. ksantorijas, plg. liet. geltonkerpé, rus. KCAaHMOPUST, K404 lot. "Lobaria - latv. lobarijas, cf. lit. platuzé, rus. 106apust; L170 lot. Scheuchzeria palustris - Latvia. Mud Seihceéria, cf. lit. swamp liunsargé, rus. boromuas wetixyepus, L420 lot. Bryoria — latv. laumagaureé; P055 lot. Hypogymnia - latv. Hypogymnis, cf. lit. plynkezis, rus. zunoeumnus, german. Hypogymnia; R023 lot. Sphagnum — latv. sphagnum moss; T183 lot. Cladonia - latv. Cladonia, cf. lit. Sure. Derivatives. The famous Lithuanian terminologist Kazimieras Gaivenis in his article Lietuvos augalų genčių ir rūšių pavadinimai (see Gaivenis 1985) has examined the names of 724 Lithuanian plant genera and 2153 plant species, presented in the six volumes of the Flora of the Lithuanian SSR (1959-1980) in Terminologija | 2009 | 16 99. According to him, about 69% of Lithuanian tribal names have adjective features. In the EnDic2004 dictionary, Lithuanian derivatives were found in 83%, and Latvian in 77%. In the nomenclature of botany, as in the terminology of other sciences, prepositional words predominate" —Lithuanian about 42%. Latvian about 32%. The names of plants in both Baltic languages are mostly suffixes -enis, -enė (a), respectively in Latvian. -enis, -ene (b) derivatives. e.g. : (a) K307 lot. "Lotus corniculatus". Common chard, plg. latv. horned crown: 1.336 lot. Cardamine pratensis - leaf. mežviné kartenė, plg. latv. blue cherry: M377 lot. Hedera helix. Common chard, pig. the best ivy. Baltic ivy; NOO4 lot. Usnea — lit. kedené, plg. latv. usnejas: S189 lot. "Loiseleuria procumbens". SliZing cranberry, plg. latv. greedy loazeria; S292 lot. "Sium latifolium". Platialapė drégmené, plg. latv. broad-leaved cemere; (b) M272 lot. "Geranium sylvaticum". meza gandrene, cf. lit. miskinis snaputis; M385 lot. Ribes nigrum — latv. black river, cf. lit. blackcurrant; N104 lot. Centaurea phrygia — latv. barksu dzelzene, cf. lit. black-headed noblewoman; P140 lot. Convolvulus arvensis. tiruma titenis, cf. lit. animal snake; R271 lot. "Knautia arvensis- ". tiruma pėterene, cf. lit. dirvinė buožainė; UO11 lot. "Potamogeton natans". floating float, cf. lit. floating float. The productive adverbs include the deminutive adverbs lit. -ytė, -utis, -utė and -ėlis, -ėlė (a) and lat. -Itis, -ite and -inš, -ina (b), e.g. : (a) -ytė: P139 lot. Barbarea vulgaris —lit. common barberry, cf. latv. ordinary wild animals; * When examining Latvian plant names, references were used. Inese Edelmane's article Augu nosaukumu darindšanas veidi latviešu valodā (1978). 7 The terminologist Stasys Keinvs has studied and written extensively about the terminology of the Hetuviy language. In his opinion, most of the derivative nouns used in terminology are derived with prefixes (Keinvs 2005: 21). 100 Solvita Lababnauskienė | Lithuanian and Latvian Plant Names... T275 lot. "Anthoxanthum odoratum". the fragrant delicacy. plg. latv. parasta smarzzale; I132 lot. Rhinanthus angustifolius, Rhinanthus serotinus —liet. Great Barbet, plg. latv. the large clover; K119 lot. Matricaria recutita —lit. medicinal chamomile, chamomile, plg. latv. medicinal chamomile; K396 lot. Cerastium arvense — lit. dirvinė glažutė, plg. latv. thyroid cornea; M444 lot. Origanum vulgare —light. oregano, cf. latv. the best red; O067 lot. "Maianthemum bifolium". dvilapė meduté, cf. latv. two-leaved sawdust; P152 lot. Thlaspi arvense — lilac. dirvinė ciuzuté, cf. latv. tiruma moneyl; U019 lot. Campanula latifolia - lit. broad-leaved cauliflower, plg. latv. broad-leaved bell pepper; (b) J076 lot. "Trifolium arvense- ". with hairs abolinš, cf. lit. dirvinis clover; K308 lot. Sedum acre — latv. with a sweet taste, cf. lit. aitrusis šilokas; K402 lot. Viola tricolor —latv. trejkrasu atvynite, cf. lit. tricolored orphan; M212 lot. "Lathyrus maritimus". jūrmalas dedestina, cf. lit. coastal pea; NO18 lot. Echium vulgare —latv. common daylilies, cf. common edges; P593 lot. "Corydalis solida". Hallera cirulitis, cf. lit. common ruthenium; V063 lot. Melilotus albus. white amolin, cf. lit. baltaziedis barkūnas. The derivatives of other Lithuanian (a) and Latvian (b) suffixes were found in the EnDic2004 dictionary less, e.g. : (a) -einis: R047 lot. Fucus vesiculosus. Blistered guvein, cf. latv. bladder fuks; V042 lot. "Chamaedaphne calyculata". Peat bear, cf. latv. arkausa kasandra: -ynas: N046 lot. Ranunculus acris (acer) —lit. Atrusis vėdrynas, plg. latv. kodiga gundega; Terminology | 2009 | 16 101 (b) L337 lot. Carex vesicaria —lit. Bubble-winged willow, plg. latv. blistered grizzle (‘blistered’ LLKŽ 592), nysbipuamas ocoka; T355 lot. Veronica spicata —lit. varpotoji veronika, plg. latv. 762) and Veronica (LlkŽ 762). I'm not sure what you mean. V401 lot. Salix aurita — lit. eared cork —latv. ausainais kūkls (latv. ausains „ausytas“ LLKŽ 97), cf. rus. vmuacmas usa, german. Earwig, angl. eared willow; (c) JO89 lot. Ranunculus peltatus —lit. skylap vėdrynas —latv. three-leaf waterfowl (cf. latvian tris „trys”, leaf „lapas” LLKŽ 731: 371), cf. german. Shield tap fup; K476 lot. Campanula rotundifolia - lit. round-leaved cauldron —latv. apallapu pulkstenite (Latvian apalš "circle" LLKŽ 42, sheet "sheets" LLKŽ 371), cf. Russian kKpyz/toJiucmnoti KoJIroKOJIbuuK, German. round-leaved bellflower; L163 lot. "Typha latifolia". broad-leaved swallowtail —latv. broad-leaved wolfberry (‘platialapė’ LLKZ 569), Russian mupokoxrucmubiti pozo3, German wide-bladed tubular piston,; T356 lot. Moneses uniflora, Pyrola uniflora —little. single-flowered chard — latv. vienzieda sūnactina (latv. viens „one”, zieds „flower” LLKŽ 777; 792), cf. rus. odnoysemxosus odnoysemka. vok. single-leaved winter green, moss eye; (d) E160 lot. "Betula humilis". low friction (latv. zems, -a "low" LLKZ 721), cf. lit. liekninis biržas, rus. nuskas 6epésa; E161 lot. Fagus sylvatica. common beech (‘.paprastasis’ LLKZ 471), cf. lit. paprastasis bukas, angl. common beech; (e) H257 lot. Potentilla argentea — latv. silver reddish (‘sidabrinis’ LLKZ 639). plg. liet. tikroji sidabrazolé, rus. cepebpucmast nanuamxa, vok. silvery cinquefoil; H276 lot. Cuscuta europaea — Latv. European vija (latv. Europe "Europa" LLKZ 736), cf. Lithuanian Common Brant, Russian Sponeic Noswnruka; (f) M108 lot. Epilobium angustifolium, Chamaenerion angustifolium. 704) and the 704th Light Infantry Regiment (L.I.R. 704). 1998. "S.I.S.E.R- .S.E.R.S.- E.R.S.E.R- .S.E.R.S.- E.R.S.E.R- .S.E.R.S.- E.R.S.E.R- .S.E.R.S.". narrow-- eyed willow rose; T259 lot. "Bidens tripartita". 1931) 1997 – Trisha Yearwood, American singer (b. triskiautis lakisius, plg. rus. mpéxpasdenvras uepeda, vok. dreiteiliger Zweizahn, 108 Solvita Lababnauskien¢ | Plant names in Lithuanian and Latvian... 2) the colour or size of the plant — in Lithuanian, a species spot is usually indicated by a compound or adjective adjective, in Latvian — by a compound noun or adjective adjective, e.g.: 1144 lot. Prunella grandiflora — lit. Large-flowered Blackhead--latv. large-flowered brownhead, large brownhead (lat. liels „didelis” LLKŽ 381, flower „ziedas LLKŽ 792), cf. Russian kpynnoysemxkosas 4epHO20JI06KQ; K408 lot. Ranunculus auricomus. golden-tailed bream —latv. zeltaina gundega (,.auksinis, auksaspalvis“ LLKZ 789), plg. rus. sonomucmuotii mnomuk, vok. Gold[schopf- ]-Cock hooves; L419 lot. Sesleria caerulea —lit. Blue-winged Mellisuga helenae —latv. Blue-winged sea bream (‘melsvoji’ LLKZ 793), cony6as cecrepus, M383 lot. "Trifolium spadiceum". brown clover —latv. 126), cf. German. brown mud clover: P233 lot. "Rhinanthus minor". small barb —latv. The small clover („mažasis“ LLKZ 404), cf. mMairbiū nozpemok, dt. small rattle pot. P502 Lot. Ribes rubrum — little. red currant. redcurrant —latv. Red-tailed shark (‘red’ LLKZ 641), cf. Russian xpacnas cmopoduna, German rote Johannisbeere, angl. red currant, V117 lot. Empetrum nigrum — lilac. black crow —latv. melna vistene (‘black’ LLKZ 407), cf. rus. ùpras sodsanuka (6oponuka), dt. schwarze Krdhenbeerei, 3) the place of origin of the plant —Lithuanian species mark is usually indicated by the suffix -inis adjective, Latvian —noun genitive, e.g. : E146 lot. Arnica montana —lit. mountain arnica —latv. Arnica montana („kalnų“ LLKŽ 318) cf. Russian zopkas apnuka; L129 lot. Ranunculus cassubicus. kašubinis vėdrynas —latv. "Kashubias gundega" (in Polish). kashubias.pl. Kassuber-Hahnenfuf3, rus. kawy6bcxuii TIFOIM UK; M236 lot. Rubus arcticus — leaf. northern katuogé —latv. North American ridgeback 792) 792 – Aethelred, king of Wessex (d. Arctic raspberry; M297 lot. "Trientalis europaea- ". European seven-star (‘Europos’ LLKZ 811). plg. lit. miškinė septyniké, rus. esponetickuii ceDMuunux; 0076 lot. Rosa vosagiaca —latv. Vosges pink. rose of the Vosges; P135 lot. Potentilla norvegica — latv. Norway retéjs (,,NorvegijosTM Terminologija | 2009 | 16 109 816) (p. let. Northern silvergrass, rus. Nopeexcckas Jranuamxa, vok. Norwegian fingergrass, angl. Norwegian cinquefoil, P349 lot. Salix lapponum —little. Lapland hornbill —latv. Lapland hark (,,LaplandijosTM LLKŽ 814), pg. Russian. strandandekas usa, vok. Lapland meadow, Lapland meadow; R240 lot. Chamaepericlymenum suecicum — lit. "Swediné sedulaité —latv. "Sveriges 820" (in Swedish). sveriges820.se. Russian. wesedckuii depen, vok. Swedish hard bar, S245 lot. Larix sibirica — lit. Siberian larch —latv. Siberian larch (P. 818) "Siberia- ". Russian. "Jruce McCoy, Jr.". Siberian Lūrche, Angl. Siberian larch; U020 lot. Bunias orientalis — lit. eastern engra —latv. eastern large-tailed bass (‘eastern’ LLKZ 98), cf. Russian socmoun ceepOuea; V073 lot. Pinguicula alpina —lit. Alpine tuck —latv. Alpine creeper 809) (in Russian) (in Russian) (in Russian) (in Russian) (in Russian) (in Russian) (in Russian) (in Russian) Alpine grass: V309 lot. Elodea canadensis — lit. Canadian elodéja —latv. "Canadian 813" (PDF). plg. rus. xanadckas 371006; 4) flowering time —Lithuanian species mark is usually expressed by the suffix -inis adjective, Latvian —noun pronoun, e.g. : K138 lot. Pulsatilla vernalis —lit. Spring violet —latv. pavasara silpurene (‘spring’ LLKZ 536), cf. Russian eecennuii npocmpen. vok. Spring goose clamp; M292 lot. Rosa majalis — lilac. forest thorn —latv. May rose 1939) 1939 – Michael Madsen, Norwegian ice hockey player (b. Mairose; S484 lot. "Leontodon autumnalis". rudeniné snaudalé —latv. rudens vélpiene (‘rudens’ LLKZ 611), according to the Russian classification known as kymwbaba. vok. Dandelion, angl. autumn hawkbit; 5) the discovery or description of a species — the personal specific mark used in the names of plant species in Latvian, expressed by the noun pronoun. In Lithuanian species names, the personal accent, expressed by the noun's prefix, is used much less often; usually the species is named by some attribute and expressed by an adjective, e.g. : K099 lot. "Dactylorhiza fuchsii". 1999. "Spider-Man: Far From Home". "Spider-Man: Far From Home". "Spider-Man: Far From Home". "Spider-Man: Far From Home". "Spider-Man: Far From Home". "Spider-Man: Far From Home". "Spider-Man: Far From Home". "Spider-Man: Far From Home". "Spider-Man: Far From Home". "Spider-Man: Far From Home". "Spider-Man: Far From Home". "Spider-Man: Far From Home". "Spider-Man: Far From Home". "Spider-Man: Far From Home". "Spider-Man: Far From Home". "Spider-Man: Far From Home". "Spider-Man: Far From Home". "Spider-Man: Far From Home". "Spider-Man: Far From Home". "Spider-Man: Far From Home". "Spider-Man: Far From Home". "Spider-Man: Far From Home". "Spider-Man: Far From Home". "Spider-Man: Far From Home". "Spider-Man: Far From Home". fox fingerwort; M290 lot. Viola riviniana —lit. The Orphan of Rivinius. "Rivina violetite, plg. rus. duanrxa Pusunuyca, vok. Rivinus violet; 110 Solvita Lababnauskienė | Lithuanian and Latvian plant names S393 lot. "Juncus gerardii- ". "Gerarara donis, plg. lit. salkinis kačiukas, rsu. cumnuk XKepapa, 6) the place of growth of the plant —adjective used in Lithuanian nomenclature, Latvian —origin of a noun, e.g.: [122 lot. Viola [canina] montana —lit. shelter orphan —latv. 318) "Mountain Violet" („kalnų“ LLKZ 318), cf. Russian zopnas ¢puanxa, German. Mountain dog violet; JO81 lot. Schoenoplectus lacustris, Scirpus lacustris —lit. Lake Meld —latv. lake holm (‘lake’ LLKZ 196), cf. osėpubtū KaMbimi; R150 lot. Caltha palustris — leaf. marshy porridge —latv. purva purene („peat, bog“ LLKŽ 591), cf. Russian 6oxxomnas kaxyxruya, 7) relationship with other species —a noun adjective used in Lithuanian and Latvian, e.g. : K309 lot. Galium verum — thing. true lipicans —latv. 269 (1969) "The Real Thing" (feat. "Hacmoswuti nodmapennux". real lab herb; M423 lot. Cicuta virosa —lit. poisonous smell —latv. Indian devil’s claw (‘poisonous’ LLKZ 264), cf. Russian a006umnmiū sex; P478 lot. Artemisia vulgaris. common solid —latv. parasta vibotne (‘ordinary’ LLKŽ 511), cf. o6bikHosennas noJtbinob, dt. common beifuf, P485 lot. "Dianthus superbus- ". Carnation —latv. 1999. pp. 300. "NBC 26030uxa" (in German). Beautiful carnation. CONCLUSIONS The names of plant genera in Lithuanian and Latvian languages, presented in the EnDic2004 dictionary, are mononyms, but their expression differs. The names of plant genera in Lithuanian comply with the requirements of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature — they are expressed in the singular noun, while in Latvian they are expressed in the plural noun. A small part of the names of tribes that are not functionalally divided are common to both Lithuanian and Latvian, because these names have come from the old Indo-European, common to the Baltic and Slavic languages, or only to the Baltic language lexicon. Another, slightly smaller group of plant genus names are old borrowings from Finnish, Slavic and Germanic languages. Both languages borrow many names from the Latin nomenclature. It should be noted that in Lithuanian about 6% of Latin borrowings were found, and in Latvian twice as many — 12%. Terminology | 2009 | 16 111 Most of the names of plant genera in the Lithuanian and Latvian dictionary EnDic2004 are derivatives. The most productive method of creating plant genus names in Lithuanian is the marriage of suffixes, in Latvian — the creation. Most of the names of plant genera are composed with suffixes -enis, -enė and -ė. -enis, -ene, in both languages there are many derivatives of deminutive adverbs (Lithuanian -ytė, -utis, -utė, -ėlis, -ėlė; Latvian -itis, -Ite, -inš, -ina). A characteristic feature of the Latvian language is the marriage of suffixes of plant genera — the names of the genera are often formed with two suffixes: -en-+ -ite. The expression of the specific elements of the Lithuanian and Latvian plant species names has similarities and differences. In both languages, adjectives are usually used to indicate species. In Lithuanian, the species elements are expressed by nouns, suffixes -inis and enriched adjectives. Species elements of plant species names in Latvian are expressed by nominative adjectives and the noun pronoun. The noun origin is used in Lithuanian plant species names rather rarely — only when a personal noun is given. ŠALTINIAI EnDic2004 — Aplinkos apsaugos žodynas EnDic2004 [6039 terminai: suomių, estų. anglų, prancūzų, vokiečių, švedų, lietuvių, latvių, rusų. lotynų k.|/vyr. redaktorius A. Maastik, Helsinki-Tartu: Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE). LLKŽ — Latvių-lietuvių kalbų žodynas. Sudarė doc. dr. Alvydas Butkus, Kaunas. 2003. BIC, — Buonozuueckui shyuxroneduveckuū crosape In. peg. M.C. Tunspos, Mocksa. 1986. Interneto prieiga: <http://slovari.yandex.ru/dict/bse/article/00077/30900.htm >. LITTERACY 1965: Dictionary of Botanical Terms. The Botanical Dictionary. Edited by Prof. Dr. J. Dagys (vir. redaktorius), biol. m. k. A. Lekavičius and V. Mališauskienė, Vilnius. Edelmane 1968: Terminology of medicinal plants. —Latvian language culture issues 4. 103-107. Edelmane 1978: Methods of making plant names in Latvian language. -Latviešu valodus kultūras jautajumi 14, 97-103. Gaivenis K. 1985: The names of Lithuanian plant genera and species. —Problems of Lithuanian Linguistics: Problems of the Culture and Terminology of the Scientific Language 24, 165—-178. 2001: International Code of Botanical Nomenclature and Lithuanian Terminology. —Terminology 8 130-137. GudZinskas Z., Rašomavičius V. 2004: Nomenclature of several Lithuanian-named plant genera and its , standardization principles. ~ Botanica Lithuanica 6, 3—18. Karulis K. 2001: Latvian etymology wordbook, Riga. Keinys St. 2005: Contemporary Lithuanian Terminology. Vilnius. Kutorga E. 1997: Nomenclature of botany and mycology, Vilnius. LAN 2003 —Edelmane I., Ozola A. Plant names in Latvian. Riga. Sabaliauskas A. 1990: Lithuanian Language Lexicon, Vilnius. Skujina V. 2002: Principles of Latvian terminology development. Riga. 112 Solvita Lababnauskienė | Lithuanian and Latvian Plant Names... Stalažs A. 2004: The principles of botany terminology approved by the botany terminology subcommittee. — Terminoloģijas Jaunumi 10, Riga, 22-24, Axsanora O. 2005: Crosape Tunzsucmunieckux mepmusos, Mockaa, Kanjjenaku T. 1973: K sonpocy 0 HOMEHKIATYPHBIX HaHMenOBaHHAZx, —Bonpocw paspabomku nayunomexnuutueckot mepmunarocu, Para, 60-70. LITHUANIAN AND LATVIAN PLANT NAMES IN THE ENVIRONMENTAL DICTIONARY ENDIC2004 The article deals with botanical nomenclature of the Baltic languages. It analyses more than 300 Lithuanian and Latvian names of plant genera and over 430 names of species taken from the Environmental Dictionary EnDic2004 in nine languages which was published in 2004 by the Finnish Environment Institute. Plant names are analysed in respect of origin and word-formation. An attempt is made to establish similarities and differences of the Lithuanian and Latvian names of plant genera and species. Lithuanian and Latvian names of plant genera from EnDic2004 are one-word names, but they have different expression. Lithuanian names of plant genera meet the requirements of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN) —they are presented in nominative case in singular. Latvian genera of plants are presented in the nominative case in plural. Lithuanian and Latvian names of plant genera were divided into two groups: names irresolvable in respect of derivation and word-formations. Some names irresolvable in respect of derivation were inherited from Indo-European (Lith. birch —Latv. berzi (birch)). Baltic-Slavic (Lith. July —Latv. liepa (lime)) or purely Baltic (Lith. monkey —Latv. apinis (hop)) vocabulary and they are common for both Lithuanian and Latvian languages. Another rather small group is comprised of old borrowings taken from Finnic (Lith. Juniper —Latv. kadiki (juniper)), Slavic (Lith. mint —Latv. métra (mint)) and Germanic languages (Lith. vikis —Latv. vikis (vetch)). Both languages have also borrowed may more names from Latin (Lith. lobelija — Lat. lobelia). There are more such borrowings in Latvian than in Lithuanian. The majority of Lithuanian and Latvian names of plant genera presented in EnDic2004 are derivates or compounds. The most productive way of name creation is suffixation in Lithuanian and compounding in Latvian. The most productive suffixes are -enis (bruknenis (azalea)), -ené (gebenė (ivy)) in Lithuanian and -enis (titenis (bindweed)- ), -ene (gandrene (crane’s-bill)} in Latvian. In both languages diminutive suffixes are popular: -yté (barboryté (wintercress)), -utis (barskutis (yellow-rattle)), ~uté (medutė (may lily)). -élis (katilėlis (belltflower)) and -élé (ramunėlė (camomile)) in Lithuanian: -inš (abolins (clover)), -ina (Zagatina (may lily)), -itis (cirulitis (corydalis)) and -ite (atraitnite {pansy)) in Latvian. A specific characteristic of Latvian suffixation is the usage of two suffixes -en-+ -ite (ziepenite (milkwort)- ). In both languages compounds are frequent. but prefixation is rare. Lithuanian and Latvian names of species have similarities and differences. Most frequently a specific component of the name of species in both languages is an adjective. Specific components of Lithuanian names of species are expressed in definite adjectives (paprastoji rykstené (goldenrod- )), adjectives with the suffix -inis (pievinis Terminologija | 2009 | 16 113 katilėlis (spreading bellflower- )) and compound adjectives (įvairialapė usnis (heterophyllous thistle)). Specific components of Latvian names of species are expressed in definite adjectives (mazais ūdenszieds (common duckweed)) and in the genitive of a noun (kalnu priede (dwarf mountain pine)). In Lithuanian the genitive of a noun is used rarely —only when the specific component of the name of species is a personal name. Received 2009-12-04 Solvita Labanauskiené Lithuanian Language Institute P. Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius E-mail: [email protected] 114 Solvita Lababnauskiene | Lithuanian and Latvian plant names...