Lithuanian and Latvian synonymous and variant plant names in Mykolas Miežinis’s Lietuviszkai–latviszkai–lenkiszkai–rusiszko žodyno

SOLVITA LABANAUSKIENĖ

Institute of the Lithuanian Language

KEYWORDS: plant names, Lithuanian, Latvian, synonyms, variants, dictionaries

INTRODUCTORY NOTES

The tradition of Lithuanian and Latvian bilingual and multilingual dictionaries dates back to the 17th century. The earliest contact between the Lithuanian and Latvian languages in lexicography is considered to be the comparative dictionary of Latvian and Lithuanian compiled by the German-born lexicographer Christian Friedrich Temler (Christian Friedrich Temler, 1717–1780), who lived mainly in Denmark, Glossarium Letticum cum harmonia et differentia Dialecti Lithu anicae (1772). It also provides equivalents in Latin, German, Prussian, Greek, Polish, Serbian, English, Danish, Spanish, Finnish, and other languages. Another dictionary compiled by K. F. Temler should also be mentioned: Glossarium Illyricum, in which some Serbian and other Slavic words are compared with Latvian and Lithuanian ones. The manuscripts of both dictionaries are held at the Royal Danish Library in Copenhagen. The German diplomat K. F. Temler traveled widely and collected material from various languages. Information about these little-known dictionaries has been provided by the philologist Kārlis Draviņš¹. The Library of the Latvian Academy of Sciences has acquired microfilms of these dictionaries (for further details, see Zemzare 1961: 153–157).

Lithuanian and Latvian words are found in the 18th century in the two-volume comparative dictionary of 200 European and Asian languages compiled by the German zoologist and botanist Peter Simon Pallas (Peter Simon Pallas) (1787 and 1789). It is described in greater detail by Latvian linguist Daina Zemzare (1961).

¹ Kārlis Draviņš. “Dr. jur. Christian Friedrich Temler un sein vergleichendes Wörterbuch der lettischen Sprache” (published in one of the annual publications of the Institute of Slavic Studies at Lund University, Sweden). Lithuanian linguist Jonas Kruopas wrote about this dictionary in the article “The Oldest Comparative Dictionary of the Latvian and Lithuanian Languages,” in the journal Literatūra ir kalba 2 (1957).

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išleistoje monografijoje Latviešu vārdnīcas (līdz 1900. g.) (žr. Zemzare 1961: 164–174). Vėliau P. S. Pallaso žodyno medžiaga pasinaudojo rašytojas, kalbų žinovas Aleksandras Šiškovas ir 1838 m. išleido savo lyginamąjį žodyną Vergleichendes Wörterbuch in zweihundert Sprachen vom Admiral Alexander Schischkoff, Präsidenten der Kaiserlicher russischen Akademie. Jame lyginami 200 kalbų, tarp jų lietuvių ir latvių, 168 žodžiai.

The number of translation dictionaries involving Lithuanian and Latvian increased in the 19th century, although some were never printed. D. Zemzare mentions two 19th-century comparative dictionary manuscripts held in the collection of the German linguist Friedrich von Adelung (1768–1843) in the Manuscripts Department of the Russian National Library (RNB, formerly the State Public Saltykov-Shchedrin Library): a Latvian–Lithuanian–Polish dictionary Wocabular der Lettischen, Lithauischen und Polnischen Sprache (1816), and a Russian–Lithuanian–Latvian comparative dictionary Словарь. Русско–литовско–латышский (1816) (Zemzare 1961: 192–196).

Lithuanians and Latvians themselves took up lexicographic work in the 19th century. The Latvian public figure, linguist, and writer Andrejs Dīriķis (1853–1888) was deeply interested in the Lithuanian language and studied it from books and newspapers. In 1872 he compiled a Latvian–Lithuanian dictionary whose manuscript was kept in the library of the Riga Latvian Society until the Second World War, but has not survived to this day. According to D. Zemzare, the dictionary contained about 10,000 words: not all Lithuanian words had been translated into Latvian; in some places a German translation had been given, while elsewhere a question mark had been entered (see Zemzare 1961: 351). The only article on A. Dīriķis’s dictionary, by the Lithuanian linguist Petras Jonikas, was published in 1935².

The Lithuanian linguist, folklorist, and ethnographer, priest Antanas Juška (1819–1880), was a close associate of A. Dīriķis. A two-part (A–O; P–Z) manuscript of a Latvian–Lithuanian–Polish dictionary compiled by Juška has survived (circa 1875, unpublished); the original is held at the Institute of Lithuanian Literature and Folklore. A. Juška served as a priest in many Lithuanian cities and towns (Zarasai, Obeliai, Antazavė, Ukmergė, Pušalotas, Lyduvėnai, Vilkija, Veliuona, Alsėdžiai). While living in Alsėdžiai, A. Juška began learning Latvian. Indeed, the kinship between Latvians and Lithuanians was of interest to many Lithuanians at that time (Tolutienė 1961: 136).

² P. Jonikas’s article “Par Andreja Dīriķa leišu latviešu valodas vārdnīcas rokrakstu” was published in the journal Ceļi 6 (1935), issued in Latvia.

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Nearly 25 years later, in 1894, the four-language dictionary Lietuviszkai–latviszkai–lenkiszkai–rusiszkas žodynas, compiled by the Lithuanian linguist and priest Mykolas Miežinis (1827–1888), was published.

STRUCTURE OF M. MIEŽINIS’S DICTIONARY

In the 1870s, the Catholic priest and public figure M. Miežinis finished writing Lietuviszkai–latviszkai–lenkiszkai–rusiszką žodyną at the Raseiniai monastery. To have it published, the author approached Pompey Batyushkov, curator of the Vilnius Educational District. The historian Rimantas Vėbra reports that, when returning the manuscript, P. Batyushkov stated that he saw no obstacle to publishing the dictionary, but that the Polish words should first be removed as entirely unnecessary, and the Lithuanian and Latvian words printed in Cyrillic (Vėbra 1977: 146). The Department of Ecclesiastical Affairs of Foreign Confessions, which was to publish the dictionary using funds from its Roman Catholic section, did not agree to these revisions. Publication was stalled for a couple of decades. It was only in 1894, in Tilsit³, at the initiative of M. Miežinis’s nephew Mato Miežinis, that the dictionary was published in a print run of 2,000 copies.

Lietuviszkai–latviszkai–lenkiszkai–rusiszkas žodynas is one of the few printed dictionaries of Lithuania Major from the 19th century. According to Vincas Urbutis, “in its time, Miežinis’s dictionary helped considerably to broaden and supplement the picture of Lithuanian vocabulary that had hitherto been painted by the much richer lexicography of Lithuania Minor, which primarily recorded the words of that region” (Urbutis 2009: 271). Jonas Jablonskis wrote of this dictionary: “Father Miežinis collected little material from other people’s works; he probably knew nothing at all of Kuršaitis’s and Nesselmann’s dictionaries, since the many genuinely Lithuanian words that we find in those linguists’ dictionaries were not included in Father Miežinis’s work” (Jablonskis 1935: 44). The dictionary may also have included words used in M. Miežinis’s native area (Vaitiekūnai, Radviliškis district), places of study (he attended schools in Grinkiškis and Dotnuva, Kėdainiai Progymnasium, and Varniai seminary), and places where he served as a parish priest (Šėta, Klykoliai, Didkiemis, Smalvos, and others).

In D. Zemzare’s view, some Latvian equivalents in M. Miežinis’s dictionary correspond to those in Kreewu–latweeshu–wahzu wardnize (Russian–Latvian–German), published in 1872 under the direction of Krišjāns Valdemārs (

³ Lietuviszkai–latviszkai–lenkiszkai–rusiszkas žodynas could not be published in M. Miežinis’s native region because of the press ban.

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a dictionary of languages) and the Latweeschu–kreewu–wahzu wardnize⁴ (Latvian–Russian–German dictionary), published in 1879 (Zemzare 1961: 346). M. Miežinis may have become more closely acquainted with or learned Latvian while serving as a priest in Latvia from 1854 to 1866, in the parish village of Brunava (Bauska District) and in Šimbarķis (in the Skaistkalne area) (see Vaižgantas 2007: 129).

In this dictionary of approximately 15,000 words, nearly 200 Lithuanian and Latvian plant names were found in each language, referred to by the author himself as plants. They are most often marked bot. A Latin name is included for some plant names. Unlike A. Juška, the author chooses a Lithuanian word as the headword, followed by Latvian, Polish, and Russian equivalents⁵, for example:

asiuklis. m. traušls. bot. broom, lousewort, гнидникъ

bitkrėsl̇ys m bitkreslis. bot, garden balm. пчелиная трава

black cumin. (nigalla sativa). tšernuška. czarnuszka

dagis, ilis m dadzis, piktdadzis. bot., thistle, oset. волчецъ, осеть

dahlias. jeorgine. georginia. георгиния

judra. f. idras. bot, valerian, common valerian. зоря, растение

garszva f. gárses. bot, angelica. дягиль

garstyczia. f. sinape. bot, mustard. горчица

kasztonas (tree). kastańú (tree). chestnut (tree), каштанъ (дерево)

lavender. lavanda. lewanda. лаванда (lavadula vera).

The aim of this article is to identify which plant names appear in M. Miežinis’s dictionary, determine the dialects or written sources in which the plant names are recorded, and examine the synonym and variant series of Lithuanian and Latvian plant names in terms of their origins.

Lietuviški duomenys lyginami su Lietuvišku botanikos žodynu (LBŽ, 1938), Lietuvių kalbos žodynu (LKŽe) ir jo papildymų kartoteka (LKŽK), prireikus naudotasi išleistais tarmių ir šnektų žodynais, latviški – su Inesės Ēdelmanės (Inese Ēdelmane) ir Arijos Uozuolos (Ārija Ozola) knyga Latviešu valodas augu nosaukumi (Latvių kalbos augalų vardai) (LVAN, 2003), Karlio Miūlenbacho (Kārlis Mīlenbahs) Latviešu valodas vārdnīca 1–4 (Latvių kalbos žodynas 1–4) (ME I–IV, 1923–1932). Taip pat remtasi Baltų kalbų atlasu. Leksika 1. Flora (CD) (BKA, 2012), kuriame pateikta ir lietuviškų, ir latviškų augalų vardų.

⁴ Dictionary titles are given in modern spelling.

⁵ These examples of plant names are written as they appear in M. Miežinis’s dictionary.

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Synonyms

M. Miežinis’s dictionary is interesting because it also gives synonyms for plant names. According to Stasys Keinys, “synonyms arise because terminology has not been standardized, because, owing to a lack of knowledge of terms used by other authors or dissatisfaction with them, people create their own terms. For example, almost the entire substantial legacy of Lithuanian botany from the nineteenth century has remained in manuscripts. It is therefore unsurprising that botanical terms of that period varied greatly” (Keinys 1980: 98). Often the same plant is called by different names not only in different dialects—even in separate villages—because language users focus on different distinguishing features of plants; that is, the perspective or parameter that becomes important in a particular situation when an object or phenomenon is identified varies during the process of cognition (Gritėnienė 2006: 13).

Most of the rows of synonyms for Lithuanian and Latvian plant names found in M. Miežinis’s dictionary (forty in total) consist of one-word names, e.g.:

Lith. barszcziai (~ barščiai⁶, batvinis, Latv. batvini (~ batviņi). Among Lithuanian plant names, one more row of synonyms merits mention and discussion: sviklas, cviklis, barsztis (~ barštis), which M. Miežinis lists separately (without a Latvian equivalent) and identifies as the name of the present-day beet genus (Beta). As stated in LKŽe, barščiu denotes “red beet (Beta rubra:)”. Barštis is a name borrowed from Slavic languages (Belarusian борщш, Polish borszcz), known among Western Aukštaitian Kaunas dialect speakers (Bd, Gs) (LKŽe) and widespread in the southern Samogitian Raseiniai area (Erž, Nmk, Btg – LKŽK). The loanword batvinis (batviņi) (Belarusian бауінне, Polish boćwina) (Beta vulgaris) is attested in written sources (OZ8, S.Dauk, M.Valanč, JD683, JV734) and in Aukštaitian (Pls, Sv) and Samogitian dialects (Akm, Gršl, Rt). According to LKŽe, the Slavic loanword svikla, a synonym of barštis, is used by Western Aukštaitians (SmIn, Rg, Sk) and Western Samogitians (Krg), and is also found in written sources (Q421, SD33, P, MŽ, Sut, K.Donel, LC1883,1, FrII502, K, J, M, L, LVIII1157, NdŽ, LBŽ, KŽ, LKAI163). The Slavic loanword cviklis is attested in Vilkaviškis and Marijampolė counties (LKŽe). Sviklas and cviklis should be considered phonetic and spelling variants. It should be noted that LBŽ lists all the aforementioned synonyms among others under the genus name (Beta) (runkelis (Mr, Šk, V), barkštis (Al, Šl), batvinis (K, Ak, Ž, St, B, Pn), burokas (N, Iv, K), sviklius (P)). In Latgale (Balvuo

⁶ The forms of Lithuanian and Latvian plant names in parentheses are the author’s transcriptions. Lithuanian and Latvian data were checked against the sources mentioned above; V. Urbutis’s study “Lexemes in M. Miežinis’s Dictionary” (2009: 271–303) was also consulted.

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se) and in written sources is attested a synonym of the common beet, Latv. batvene (LVAN 46), which is probably a variant of the name batvini given by M. Miežinis;

Lith. gailios, atgirios. LKŽe states that the plant name gailios, meaning “white hellebore, atgirios (Veratrum album),” was used only in M. Miežinis’s dictionary. The singular form of the plant name atgiria, also recorded only in this dictionary, is widespread in the Šiauliai (Krš) and Zarasai (Ds) districts (LKŽe). No Latvian plant name is given in the dictionary;

Lith. kalavijai, Prussian dalgios, vylkdalgis (~ vilkdalgis), Latv. vilku kalmji. According to LBŽ, the masculine singular form kalavijas is widespread in Alytus, Seinai and Šiauliai counties and in written sources (F, M, BŽ212, LBŽ – LKŽe), while the feminine singular form kalavija occurs in the Klaipėda, Panevėžys and Zarasai districts and was found in the material collected by the writer Gabrielė Petkevičaitė-Bitė for the Botanikos žodynui medžiagoje. According to LKŽe, it is attested in Dusetos, Grūžiai and Pelesa, as well as in written sources (J, LBŽ, NdŽ). The synonym dalgios for vilkdalgis is used in the Samogitian dialect (Mž, Rs – LKŽe). Vilkdalgis (Iris), as LKŽe indicates, is used by southern and northern Samogitians (Lkv, Kv, Krž, Yl, Šts) and Western Aukštaitians (Vdžg), and is also found in written sources (R322, MŽ, MŽ 431, D.Poš, N, I, KBII72, KI304, K, J, LL255, L, L370, Rtr, LBŽ, BŽ197,498, DŽ, NdŽ, KŽ, LFII555, LKT167, LTEXII251, A.Vaičiul). According to LVAN, vilku kalmji (Iris) is a plant name used only in written sources (LVAN 127);

Lith. nūtrinė (~ nuotrynė), gudnoterė (~ gudnotere), dilgelė (~ dilgelė), Latv. nātra (~ nātra). In the western part of Samogitia—in Western Samogitian and Northern Samogitian Kretinga subdialects, and in the nearby Telšiai and Varniai subdialects—the suffixal derivative nõtrynė and its variants nótrynė, notrýnė, formed with the suffix -ynė, is used (BKA 2012: 220). Compound names are widespread in the Samogitian dialect; their second component is the Samogitian name for nettle, notrė, and its various morphophonological variants (Gritėnienė 2006: 43). One of these is gudnoterė (Mit134 – LKŽe). Latvians name nettle with the same root—nātre, nātra (Urtica)—which is widespread in many Latvian dialects and attested in written sources (LVAN 238). The name is shared by many Indo-European languages (Gritėnienė 2006: 43);

Lith. pelynas, metelė (~ metelė), Latv. vērmeles (~ vērmeles). LKŽe notes that the loanword pelynas (Belarusian пальін) (Artemisia absinthium) is used in Western (Gdl, Dkš), Southern (Rud, Sn) and Eastern Aukštaitian (Aps, Kp) subdialects, as well as in written sources (J, Mt, LBŽ, V.Krėv, J.Balt). Metelė was used

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M. Miežinis’s contemporaries Frydrichas Kuršaitis and A. Juška. According to LKŽe, this plant name is characteristic of the southern (Sn) and western (VIkv, Skr, Gs) Aukštaitian dialects and the southern Samogitian dialects (Užž), and is also recorded in written sources (K, J, R, LBŽ, KlvK, L3). In contemporary Lithuanian botanical nomenclature, the name metelės is not used; instead, the species name kartusis kietis is used. The Latvian plant name vērmeles is a borrowing from Middle Low German (Karulis 2001: 1143), widespread throughout Latvia (LVAN 418);

Lithuanian pienė (~ pienė), kiaulpienė (~ kiaulpienė), Latvian pienis. According to current botanical nomenclature, Lithuanian kiaulpienė (Taraxacum) and pienė (Sonchus) belong to the same family, Asteraceae. Pienė is a plant name shared by Lithuanian and Latvian (see Sabaliauskas 1990: 157). In Lithuania it is used in almost all Aukštaitian dialects (Dkš, Ukm, Vl, Trgn – LKŽe, BKA 226). In Latvian, according to LVAN, pienis is a variant of pienės, used in written sources (LVAN 225). The feminine plant name pienė is recorded only in some dialects of Vidzeme, Latgale, and Zemgale—in Aknīste, Kaunata, and Senuole (see BKA 226);

Lithuanian pijonka, žibuklė (~ žibuoklė), Latvian vijolite (~ vijolīte). Another set of variants given by M. Miežinis is also worth noting: žydūklė (~ žyduoklė), žybuklė (~ žybuoklė), for which no Latvian equivalent plant name is given. Pijonka is a borrowing from Slavic languages. LKŽe gives examples of pijonka from the Eastern Aukštaitian Panevėžys subdialect (Nj), the Western Aukštaitian Šiauliai subdialect (Pc), and written sources (NS967, LBŽ, NdŽ). The name žibuoklė for the field and garden pansy (Viola), a member of the violet family, is used in the Jurbarkas (Stk) and Zarasai (LTR(Ant)) districts and in written sources (Q623, KII285, Rtr, ŠT326, Š, LBŽ, NdŽ, KŽ, K.Bink, S.Nėr), as the LKŽe material shows. Žyduoklė occurs only in written sources (M, NdŽ, KŽ). The name žybuoklė is a variant of the previously mentioned žibuklė, not recorded in either LBŽ or LKŽe. In Latvian, the name for the pansy is a borrowing from Middle Low German (Karulis 2001: 1162), which entered some Latvian dialects (Brukna, Burtnieki, Garsene, Krape, Krimulda, Limbaži, Lūode, Nīca, Patkule, Ranki, Skaistkalne, Tūja) and is recorded in written sources (LVAN 424);

Lithuanian roputė (~ roputė), bulvė (~ bulvė), Latvian rācini (~ rācini), kartupeli (~ kartupeli). LKŽe indicates that the synonym roputė (Solanom tuberosum) of bulvė, a name borrowed from Slavic languages and established in standard Lithuanian, is widespread in Samogitia (Šlu, Krg, Bt, Pgr, NmŽ, Rsn, Grdm, Žv, Erž, Jdr, Trg, Pln, Krtn, Kv, Ktč), in Western Aukštaitija (Skr, Grdž, Vdžg, Jrb), and is used in written sources (BzF165(Šlu, Krg), P, M.Valanč,

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N(Rg, Tlž), TP1880,40, K, KII13, KII51, I, M, LBŽ, LKGI570, KŽ, I.Simon). Latvian rācini is recorded in the southeast of southern Latvia (in Sēlija)—in Aknīste (LVAN 144; ME III 494)—while kartupeli is used in all Latvian dialects (see BKA 293);

Lithuanian saulėgr anža (~ saulėgrąža), saulėkrislis (~ saulėkrislis), Latvian saulgrieze (Helianthus annuus). The motivation of the classical calques Lithuanian saulėgrąža and Latvian saulgrieze lies in the plant’s flower turning toward the sun (see Gritėnienė 2006: 150, 151). LBŽ data show that saulėgrąža is widespread in both Aukštaitian (Al, Kn) and Samogitian (Rs, Trg, Tl) dialects; the name is also recorded in written sources (M, K.Būg(Kv), Mt, LBŽ, J.Krišč, ŽŪŽ133, ŽŪŽ70 – LKŽe). Only M. Miežinis used the name Saulėkrislio for the common sunflower (LKŽe). Latvian saulgrieze is recorded in written sources (LVAN 335);

Lithuanian serbentos, vašūklei (~ vašūokliai), Latvian jānūga (~ jāņoga), zustrene. The singular form serbenta, according to LKŽe, is widespread in Lithuanian dialects (Nm, Lbv, Jz, Als, Slnt, Bgs, Srj, Krp), and is also recorded in written sources (SD278, R, MŽ288, K, J.Jabl, Rrt, NdŽ, LKAI169(Pkl, Vgr), LKAI169(Skrd, Prn, Alv, Mtl), LKAI169(Drs, Jz, Brb, Rdš), LKAI169(Ms, Yl), etc.). The Samogitian form vašuoklio given by M. Miežinis is probably a variant of vašoklio (Ribes), which, according to LKŽe, is more widespread in the Samogitian dialect (Kv, Slnt, Ktč, Sd, Plt, Kl, Žr, Ms, Grg, Klm, NmŽ, Skdv, Žgč, Erž, Vlkš, Vkš, Pj, Vn, Pln) than in Aukštaitian (Šmk, Jrb), and is also used in written sources (Jn, K.Būg, Š, NdŽ, KŽ, LKI169, DŽ², Sr, D.Pošk, Sut, LBŽ, ŠT98, Vaižg). The Latvian plant name jāņoga is recorded in Latgale and Vidzeme as well as in written sources, while the synonym for currant zustrene occurs only in written sources (LVAN 132);

Lithuanian soras, laisžiai (~ laišiai), lēca (~ lēca), lēcas (~ lēcas). In Algirdas Sabaliauskas’s view, the masculine plant name soras (Panicum) may be an old Baltic word (LKEŽe). It is recorded in Western Aukštaitian dialects (KzR II 259) and, according to LKŽe, was used in written sources (Q468, Cl952, N, M, KŽ), whereas laišiai in the sense of ‘millet’ is found only in M. Miežinis. Latvian lēca (-as) is used mainly in Western Latvian dialects, but in the sense of ‘vetch’ (Vicia) (LVAN 430). It is a Germanism which, according to A. Sabaliauskas, entered many European languages from German (see Sabaliauskas 1990: 262);

Lithuanian strebulė (~ strebulė), gurgždis (gurgždis), Latvian saute, striebule. The synonym strebulė for wild angelica (Angelica silvestris) may have been adopted from Latvian (see Urbutis 2009: 287). As indicated in LKŽe, it is used—

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is attested only in written sources (M, L, Rtr, BŽ134, LBŽ, KŽ), while gurgždis is found not only in written sources (CI98, R, Ak, P, K.Būg), but also in the Samogitian dialect (Lkv). According to LVAN data, Latv. saute is recorded in Dobele (Semigallia), while the masculine form striebulis (–ļi) is found in Limbaži (Vidzeme) and in written sources (LVAN 471);

Lith. svogūnas, ėlis (~ svogūnas, –ėlis), cibulis, Latv. sīpūls (~ sīpols). Among all Indo-European languages, svogūnas is found only in Lithuanian. In A. Sabaliauskas’s view, it is most likely a borrowing from some Turkic-Tatar language. The Lithuanians apparently acquired it directly, rather than through intermediaries (e.g. from Tatars and Karaims who had settled in Lithuania) (LKEŽe). Alongside the plant name used throughout Lithuania, M. Miežinis also gives a diminutive form as a synonym. The form cibulis (Old Lith. cybula) (Allium) is widely known in Aukštaitija (Ūd, Al, Vlkv, Dkš, Šln, Trgn) and Samogitia (Krp). According to A. Sabaliauskas, this name for the onion may have entered Lithuanian from Polish or Belarusian (LKEŽe). The Latvian plant name sīpols is used in all Latvian dialects (LVAN 351). It is a borrowing from Middle Dutch (Karulis 2001: 818);

Lith. tymas, czepronėlis (~ čep ro nėlis), Latv. timijans. Tymas (Thymus) is a name borrowed from Latin, used only in written sources (Mt, KŽ – LKŽe), whereas čep ronėlis, which is also probably a borrowing, appears in the writings of Jurgis Ambraziejus Pabrėža and is also used in everyday speech in the Samogitian dialect (Žr, Sd, Yl – LKŽK). The Latvian equivalent for thyme, timijans, is attested in written sources (LVAN 210);

Lith. trauszlei (~ traušliai), asiukai, Latv. meldra aški. According to LKŽe, the plural form traušliai was used by M. Miežinis and August Leskien, while the masculine variants traušlis ir traušlys (singular forms) are found in written sources (Ndž, KŽ). As stated in LKŽe, the synonym for horsetail, asiūkas, is used in Trakai District (Auk). Asiūklis is considered an ancient borrowing from Finnic (see Sabaliauskas 1990: 226). The Latvian plant name given by M. Miežinis is not recorded in LVAN or ME. Without a modifier, the Latvian plant name aškis (–i) (Equisetum) is common to many Indo-European languages (Karulis 2001: 81) and all Latvian dialects (LVAN 153);

Lith. vītolis (~ vytolis), žilvitis, Latv. vītūls (~ vītols), kārklis (~ kārklis). The plant name vytolis, borrowed from Latvian (Urbutis 2009: 296), is recorded in LBŽ for Biržai County. The second meaning of Žilvičio is “a shrub of the willow family, basket willow (Salix viminalis)” (LKŽe). The name is recorded both in Aukštaitija (Pš, Rdš, Šlv, Rz, Er, Žml, Nm, Lt, LTR(Auk), DrskŽ) and Samogitia (Štk, End, LTR(Brs), DūnŽ), as well as in written sources (D.Pošk,

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P, KII339, K, M.Valanč, Sut, I, N, M, LMD, LBŽ, DŽ, NdŽ, KŽ). Latv. kārklis is found in various Latvian dialects (LVAN 44). This plant name has no equivalents in other Indo-European languages. Its origin is rather unclear (Sabaliauskas 1990: 156).

As can be seen, synonym lists most often give not just one, but also two or three synonyms.

The Lietuviszkai-latviszkai-lenkiszkai-rusiszkame žodyne includes several two-word Latvian plant names⁷, for example:

Latv. oliva, eļļas kūks (~ eļļas koks), Lith. alyva. The Latvian plant names cited by M. Miežinis are not recorded in sources of Old Latvian lexicon. In current Latvian botanical nomenclature, the hybrid derivative olīvokoks is used. The name alyva, borrowed from Slavic languages (Belarusian олива, Polish oliwa) (Olea europaea), is found in Lithuanian written sources (BBSir50,11, SD225, DP1, R, K, J);

Latv. cedveres, cērmų zāles (~ cērmų zāles), Lith. citvaras. The Latvian plant name used for the worm medicine, cedveres ‘cērmjuzāles’, is a borrowing from German (Ozols 1968: 44). The synonym cērmų zāles (Tanacetum vulgare) is widespread in Vidzeme (Jaunlaicene, Rūjiena) and Semigallia (Vecumnieki), and is also mentioned in written sources (LVAN 48). To designate the Lithuanian plant name, M. Miežinis gives another name for a plant in the same family, Asteraceae: citvaras (Artemisia cina), used by J. A. Pabrėža and widespread in the area of the eastern Aukštaitian Panevėžys subdialect (Ėr) (LKŽe), which in current usage is called citvariniu kiečiu;

Latv. sunu stiebri, vilnaratki, Lith. durnaropė (~ durnaropė). The Latvian plant names given by M. Miežinis, sunu stiebri and velna rutks, designate a genus in the celery family (Conium) (now mauda) (LVAN 380), whereas the Lithuanian name denotes a different plant—a genus in the nightshade family (Datura). According to LKŽe, durnaropė is used in eastern (Slm, Ėr, Mžš) and southern Aukštaitian (Lp) dialects, and, as the LKŽK material shows, also in southern (Btg) and northern (Yl) Samogitian subdialects;

Latv. tūku zāle (~ tūku zāle), zemes apiņi (~ zemes apiņi), dūleji (~ dūleji), Lith. veronika. M. Miežinis gave three Latvian plant names for veronica. These are words from written sources (LVAN 412). Lith. veronika (Veronica) comes from Latin. This name (LKŽe) is recorded in eastern Aukštaitija (Sb, Tvr) and in written sources (M, L, Rtr, LBŽ, NdŽ, DŽ¹, KŽ, DS137, LFV440, MedŽ, LTEXII176, LEXXXIII439).

⁷ These two-word plant names are highlighted by the article’s author.

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As the examples presented show, these two-word Latvian plant names also form synonym sets. The dictionary contains no multiword Lithuanian plant names arranged in synonym sets.

One synonym set was found in M. Miežinis’s dictionary in which the Latvian plant name has a modifier:

Latv. aklā nātre (~ akla nātre), aklais, Lith. aklis. Both Latvian plant names are attested in written sources (LVAN 257, 259). Aklis was used only in M. Miežinis with the meaning ‘white dead-nettle’ (Lamium album) (LKŽe).

In his dictionary, M. Miežinis lists some Lithuanian synonym sets separately, repeating plant names already mentioned:

aspen (~ aspen), apusis (~ apušis). According to LBŽ, the name aspen (Populus tremula) is used in the Southern, Western and Eastern Aukštaitian dialects (Al, Mr, Vln) and the Southern Samogitian dialects (Rs), as well as in written sources (R, Ml, N, K, Juš). The name derives from to tremble; for the semantics, compare German Zitteresche, Zitterpappel: zittern ‘to tremble’, Bulgarian трепетлика, Serbo-Croatian трепетљика, Slovenian trepelljika: Old Church Slavonic trepetati ‘to tremble’ (LKEŽe). LKŽe states that apušis is used in the Šiauliai subdialect of Western Aukštaitian (Krtv) and the Vilnius subdialect of Eastern Aukštaitian (Lz), as well as in written sources (N, [K], J). This name is shared by many Indo-European languages (see Sabaliauskas 1990: 39);

peat moss, moss. This name for peat moss (Sphagnum) was used only in written sources (N, MitIII139, M – LKŽe). The origin of the word moss is unclear. Attempts have been made to connect it with Latv. sūnas ‘moss’, Slav. *čbmelb, and Lith. bumblebee (Sabaliauskas 1990: 202);

Lith. kolis, sietiniai. Alongside these synonyms, M. Miežinis gives two more synonym sets: Lith. kruczkai (~ kručkai), sėtiniai (~ sėtiniai), and Lith. sietiniai, gručkai (~ gručkai), Latv. kālis (~ kālis). The Lithuanian plant name sietiniai given by M. Miežinis is most likely a variant of the plant name sėtinys (Brassica napus) (K, J, Š, Rtr, DŽ, LKAI163), sėtinis (KŽ, LKAI269(Prk. Plik, Plt, Kl), and sėtinis, a variant (P, N, Sut, F, I, M, LBŽ, LKAI163). According to LKŽe, sėtinys is widespread in Samogitian dialects (Rsn, Vlkš, Erž, Bt, Žg, Grg, Brs, Als, Šl, Kln, Šll, Krg, Mžk, Kv, Krp, Pvn, Ms, Slnt, Šts, Lkv, Krž, NmŽ, Trš, Skd, DūnŽ) and in written sources (K, J, Š, Rtr, DŽ, LKAI163), but is also characteristic of the Šiauliai subdialect of Western Aukštaitian (Žg). According to A. Sabaliauskas, this is a plant name for rapeseed specific to Lithuanian and inseparable from the verb to sow (LKEŽe). The Slavic loanword gručkas (Belarusian бручка), according to LKŽe, is found in the Marijampolė district (Lbv, KzRI258) and in written sources (R, Mt). The Germanic loanword kolis (German Kohl), in addition to M. Miežinis, was also used by A. Juška; it is also recorded from the Panevėžys (Lnkv, Krč, Lg, Grž) and Šiauliai districts

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(Jnš, Pkr). As LKŽe shows, krūčkai (Belarusian кручка) is more commonly used in Aukštaitian dialects (Lš, Rm, Mrp, Brš, Mrk, Bsg) and in written sources (J, BS98, JV796, JD941). Gručkiai and kručkai should be regarded as phonetic and orthographic variants. Latv. kālis is a loanword, widespread throughout Latvia and attested in written sources (LVAN 144);

Lith. paeglis, kadugys. Also worth mentioning is another variant set: Lith. kadagys, kadugys, Latv. paegle. In V. Urbutis’s view, Lith. paeglis ‘juniper’ is just one of many of M. Miežinis’s Latvianisms (Latv. paegle) (LKEŽe). Besides M. Miežinis, the botanist Juozapas Fedoravičius also used this word form. According to LKŽe, the variant kadugys is used in Aukštaitian dialects (Brt, Skr, Nm, Vl), and according to LKŽK and LBŽ, also in Samogitian dialects (End, Akm, Mžk, Rs), as well as in written sources (J, JV248, JV844, JD681, M, J.Jabl, LBŽ – LKŽe). Many scholars of Finno-Ugric languages consider kadagys and kadugys to be of Finnic origin, though others maintain that the Finns adopted this name from the Balts. Lith. kadagys occurs in the seventeenth-century manuscript dictionary Lexicon Lithuanicum (Sabaliauskas 1990: 226, 227). The Latvian name paegle is widespread in Latgale (Agluona, Aulėja, Baltinava, Varaklianai, Vilianai, Zvirgzdene, etc.) and attested in written sources (LVAN 254).

Variants

From a synchronic perspective, some of the Lithuanian plant names identified are to be regarded as variants (19 lines in total). In some works by Lithuanian terminologists, variants and synonyms are not strictly distinguished (e.g., see Umbrasas 2010: 169–187). In this article, variants of terms are considered to be different forms of the same term (Mitkevičienė 2004: 124).

Among the plant names found in M. Miežinis’s dictionary, phonetic and spelling variants (a) and morphological variants⁸ (b) can be distinguished:

a) Lith. apynys, apvynys, Latv. apiņi. The word apynys (Humulus lupulus) occurs in the works of Frydrichas Kuršaitis, A. Juška, and Simonas Daukantas, and in Aukštaitian dialects (Pn, Grž, Rm). As LKŽe shows, the second form of the word was used in written sources (SD204, B, R, R¹⁷³, KII63, JV591, J, NS60, NS472), and is also characteristic of Aukštaitians (Ktk, Trgn). Lith. apynys, Latv. apiņis are names found only in the Baltic languages. Derived from ap(ie) + vyti. This is also reflected in the forms Lith. apvynys, Latv. apvīnis (Sabaliauskas 1990: 154). Latv. apiņi was used in Latvian dialects (LVAN 20);

⁸ The division of plant names into phonetic and spelling variants, on the one hand, and morphological variants, on the other, follows Asta Mitkevičienė’s classification (Mitkevičienė 2004: 125–136).

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Lith. dievmedis, dienmedis, Latv. dievkūciņš (~ dievokociņš) (Ginghko biloba, bot.). In current Lithuanian botanical nomenclature, Ginkgo biloba is ginkmedis; M. Miežinis may therefore have been mistaken, since the two names given are synonyms for diemedis (Artemisia abrotanum). According to LKŽe data, dievmedis is a plant name used mainly in written sources (Š, SD18, N52), and was also recorded in Joniškis (LTR(Jnš)). The variant dienmedis is listed neither in LBŽ nor in LKŽe. The Latvian plant name is widespread throughout Latvia and is also used in written sources (LVAN 419);

Lith. katpėdios (~ katpėdios), katpėdžios (~ katpėdžios). As LKŽe shows, the variant katpėdžios is recorded only in M. Miežinis’s dictionary, while the form katpėdios is not listed in LBŽ or LKŽe. These are probably variants of katpėdė (Antennaria), the name established in current nomenclature;

Lith. kninas (~ knynas), koinas (~ kvynas), kmynas, Latv. k’imenes (~ ḳimenes). Lith. knynas was used only by M. Miežinis and was recorded in Žeimelis. The variant kvynas (LKŽe) is more common in Samogitian dialects (Brs, Krš, Ll, Pgr, Slnt, Vl, Užv – LKŽe) and in written sources ([K], NdŽ, IM1861,24, D.Pošk, OZ29, LBŽ, P, J). Kmynas (Carum) entered Lithuanian from Belarusian or Polish. This name occurs in written sources from the 16th–17th centuries (see Sabaliauskas 1990: 239, 240). Latv. ḳimenes is a loanword from German (Karulis 2001: 473), used in all Latvian dialects (LVAN 173);

Lith. lendrė (~ lendrė), nendrė (~ nendrė). The name lendrė is listed in LKŽe as used both in Samogitian (Krkl, Plt) and Aukštaitian (Sk, Pgg, LTR(Rdd), Prl) speech, as well as in written sources (Brz, J, JD602, KV989, BsPIII66). Nendrė belongs to vocabulary specific to the Baltic languages and is used in 16th–17th-century written sources (see Sabaliauskas 1990: 157);

Lith. medlepė (~ medlepė), medžlepis, Latv. baltais kl’aus (~ baltais kḷaus). According to LKŽe data, medlepė was used only by M. Miežinis. The masculine form medžliepis, used to name the maple, is characteristic only of Aukštaitians (B), as LBŽ shows, and is also found in written sources (Kos). The Latvian plant name with the modifier baltais is not listed in LVAN or ME;

Lith. panavija, pinavija. As LKŽe shows, panavija (Paeonia) is more characteristic of Samogitians (Mžk, Kv, Vkš, Prk, Lky); among Aukštaitian locations, it is recorded in Kupiškis and Biržai districts. It is used in written sources (NdŽ, P, D.Pošk, Sut, A.Strazd, J, J.Bil, BM422, LFIII360). The second synonym for peony, pinavija (l. pinawja), was recorded in the Joniškis (Sk) and Panevėžys (Nj) districts and also occurs in written sources (J, JV40, Vnž, LBŽ);

Lith. rukštynė (~ rūḳštynė), ruszkynė (~ rūšḳynė), cf. Latv. skābenes (~ skābenes). Lith. rūšḳynė (rūšḳynė), according to LKŽe data, is used only

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in the Aukštaitian dialect (Mrj, Plv, Btr, Nč, Zt, Dv, Klvr, Dbč, Rdš, Lp), and also in written sources (SD¹⁵⁷, LBŽ, DŽ, LFIII153). Lithuanian rūgštynė (also the form rūškynė) is found in the first edition of Konstantinas Sirvydas’s dictionary (Sabaliauskas 1990: 241). The Latvian plant name skābenes is widespread throughout Latvia (LVAN 355);

Lithuanian žemvūgė (~ žemvuogė), žemūgė (~ žemuogė), Latvian zemene. The first strawberry variant given by M. Miežinis is included neither in LBŽ nor in LKŽe. The name Žemuogės is widespread in various Lithuanian dialects (Tv, Brs, Vkš, Gd, Erž, Plšk, Krš, Vdk, Klp, Šts, End, Pln, Sd, Grd, Žd, Tlž, Dkš, Smln, Aln, Kvr, Všk, LTR(Šr), Rdn, Mžš, Skp, Al, Šmn, Pv, LMD(Žg), Brž), and is also recorded in written sources (SD¹³⁸, SD287, R, R123, MŽ, MŽ161, D.Poš k, Sut, Kos137, P, KBII98, F, N, K, M, J, JV654, MitIII138, L, LL176, K.Būg(Kv), Š, Sln, ŠT54, LBŽ, B.Sruog, NdŽ, DŽ, KŽ, ŽŪŽ44, J.Sav, M.Katil). The Latvian plant name is widespread in all Latvian dialects and written sources (LVAN 460);

b) Lithuanian krapas, krapis. Alongside the plant name krapas, which most likely entered Lithuanian from Polish (LKEŽe), M. Miežinis’s dictionary includes the variant with the ending –is, krapis, which is not recorded in LBŽ or LKŽe;

Lithuanian melenios (~ mėlenios), mėlynės (~ mėlynės), Latvian melenes. As LKŽe data show, mėlenė is more often found in Žemaitija (Vkš, Als, Ms, Pj, Up, Rs, Vž, Krš, Trk, KlvrŽ) and in written sources (J, Žem). The name Lithuanian mėlynės and Latvian mellenes is widespread throughout Lithuania and Latvia;

Lithuanian ryžius, ryzai (~ ryžai). Ryžius is recorded only in written sources (R, N, [K], BŽ489, NdŽ – LKŽe), while the second form occurs in M. Miežinis’s dictionary and in the Žemaitian dialect (Vkš, Kal). These are Slavic borrowings from Polish ryż (see Sabaliauskas 1990: 241);

Lithuanian rūktis (~ rūktis), ruktys (~ rūkt ys), Latvian skābenes (~ skābenes) (zirga). The variants of Lithuanian plant names given by M. Miežinis most likely belong to the genus Polygonum (Polygonum) of the buckwheat family. According to LKŽK data, rūktis is used both in Aukštaitija (Švnč, Vdžg) and in Žemaitija (Erž). The Latvian plant name zirga skābenes belongs to the same family, but to a different genus, that of docks (Rumex). This name is familiar in many Latvian dialects and is used in written sources (LVAN 357);

Lithuanian salotai, salotos. Salotai is a Slavic borrowing and a masculine form synonymous with ‘lettuce’, the leafy vegetable; according to LKŽK material, it is recorded in the Radviliškis (Sdb, Grnk) and Pakruojis districts, and is also found in written sources

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(BB2Moz12,8, S.Dauk, M, LD214(Ukm, Klm) – LKŽe). Lithuanian salota (and the form salotas) occurs in 16th–17th-century written sources (Sabaliauskas 1990: 241); Lithuanian taboka, tabakas, Latvian tabaka, Tabaka (Nicotiana), according to LBŽ data, is used by Aukštaitians (B, Pn, Kėd, Mrj, Uk); this form also occurs in dialects of Tauragė district and in written sources (Šr, M, Mln). The form tabakas may have arisen from Russian табак. The name for tobacco must have entered the Lithuanian of East Prussia directly from German; cf. German Tabak (Sabaliauskas 1990: 242). Latvian tabaka is a loanword that entered the language from Swedish tobak or Low German toback (Karulis 2001: 1003). This plant name is used in Vidzeme (in Ērģeme and Krimulda), and also in written sources (LVAN 386). As the examples found show, they differ through changes in root vowels or consonants and vary in their endings.

Only one example of Latvian variant plant names was found in the four-language dictionary under study: Latvian vāveraji (~ vāverāji), vāverīni (~ vāveriņi), vaivariņi (~ vaivariņi), Lithuanian vaivoras. The Latvian plant names given by M. Miežinis denote the genus Ledum (Ledum) of the heath family. They are used in Latvian dialects and written sources (LVAN 401). Lithuanian vaivoras belongs to the same plant family, but to a different genus, bog bilberry (Vaccinium uliginosum). In Jānis Endzelīns’s opinion, both Lithuanian vaivoras and Latvian vaivariņi, vāveriņi and vāverāji, meaning ‘bot. wild rosemary’ (these plants can cause dizziness), are probably related to Czech vrávorati ‘to stagger, to sway’ (see LKEŽe).

CONCLUSIONS

1. M. Miežinis’s dictionary contains a vast treasure trove of words from the living vernacular, preserving many words no longer used in contemporary speech. It also includes plant names in Lithuanian, Latvian, Polish, and Russian.

2. The four-language dictionary contains nearly 200 folk plant names in each of Lithuanian and Latvian, characterized by synonymy and variation.

3. It was possible to determine which plants are named in M. Miežinis’s dictionary. Very few Latin plant names are provided, so it is not always easy to identify which plant is designated by a given name in the dictionary. An unclear Lithuanian plant name could sometimes be identified on the basis of its Latvian counterpart. In some instances, M. Miežinis listed the names of different plants as synonyms, perhaps because these plants are not distinguished and are called by the same name in the living vernacular. The opposite cases also occur, in which different plants are named identically in the dictionary.

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4. The Lithuanian plant names identified are widespread in both Aukštaitian and Samogitian dialects, so M. Miežinis apparently collected plant names from the living vernacular while working in various parts of Lithuania. The plant names listed in this dictionary are also found in the writings of Pilypas Ruigys, Ferdinandas Neselmanas, F. Kuršaitis, and A. Juška.

5. The vast majority of plant names in both languages listed in the dictionary are loanwords: Lithuanian names are borrowed from Slavic, German, Latvian, Latin, or Turkic languages, while Latvian names are borrowed from Slavic and Germanic languages (Swedish or Dutch).

6. Twenty Lithuanian and 20 Latvian plant-name synonym sets were identified. M. Miežinis uses two or three synonyms for a single plant, and these are used in the living vernacular and in written sources. Some of the Lithuanian and Latvian plant names listed are not recorded in either LBŽ and LKŽe or LVAN and ME.

7. Some of the plant names identified in both languages are regarded synchronically as variants. Phonetic and spelling variants predominate among the 19 sets of Lithuanian plant-name variants. Only one set of Latvian plant-name variants was found, consisting of morphological variants.

LITERATURE AND SOURCES

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Būga K. 1959: Rinktiniai raštai 2, Vilnius: Valstybinė politinės ir mokslinės literatūros leidykla.

Gritėnienė A. 2006: Augalų pavadinimų motyvacija šiaurės panevėžiškių patarmėje, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas.

Jablonskis J. 1935: Kunigo Mykolo Miežinio žodynas. – Raštai 4, Kaunas: „Ryto“ spaustuvė, 43–46.

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Karulis K. 2001: Latviešu etimoloģijas vārdnīca, Rīga: Avots.

Keinys St. 1980: Terminologijos abėcėlė, Vilnius: Mokslas.

Kruopas J. 1957: Seniausias lyginamasis latvių ir lietuvių kalbų žodynas. – Literatūra ir kalba 2, 467–470.

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LBŽ 1938: Lietuviškas botanikos žodynas. Red. J. Dagys, Kaunas: A/B „Varpas“ spaustuvė.

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LVAN 2003: Edel̇mane I., Ozola Ā. Latviešu valodas augu nosaukumi, Rīga: izdevumu sagatavojs un izplata SIA „Augsburgas institūts“.

LVG 2013: Latviešu valodas gramatika, Rīga: LU Latviešu valodas institūts.

ME I–IV – K[ār]la Mülenbacha Latviešu valodas vārdnīca 1–4. Edited, supplemented, and continued by J. Endzelīns, Riga: Ministry of Education, 1923–1932.

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Urbutis V. 2009: M. Miežinio žodyno leticizmai. – Baltų etimologijos etudai 2, 271–303.

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Zemzare D. 1961: Latviešu vārdnīcas (līdz 1900. gadam), Rīga: Latvijas PSR Zinātņu akademijas izdevniecība.

LITHUANIAN AND LATVIAN SYNONYMOUS AND VARIANT NAMES OF PLANTS

IN THE LITHUANIAN–LATVIAN–POLISH–RUSSIAN DICTIONARY BY MYKOLAS MIEŽINIS

Lietuviszkai–latviszkai–lenkiszkai-rusiszkas žodynas (1894) by Mykolas Miežinis is one of the very few printed dictionaries from Lithuania proper in the 19^th century. It contains a huge number of words from folk language which subsequently fell out of usage. Among other such words this dictionary presents names of plants in Lithuanian, Latvian, Polish and Russian. The article deals with Lithuanian and Latvian terms which have synonyms and variants.

The attempt to establish what plants were named by words found in Miežinis’ dictionary was successful. There are very few names of plants in Latin in this dictionary; therefore it was not always easy to identify the plant under a particular name. In some cases Latvian names were helpful. In some cases Miežinis presented names of different plants as synonyms probably because these plants were not distinguished in the folk language and were named by similar names. There also are opposite cases when the same name was used for different plants.

The names found were used in both Žemaitija (Lowland) and Aukštaitija (Highland) dialects. This suggests the likelihood that Miežinis collected these names working in different parts of Lithuania and Latvia. Names of plants from Miežinis’ dictionary can also be found in works of Phillip Ruhig (Pilypas Ruigys), Ferdinand Nesselmann, Friedrich Kurschat (Frydrichas Kuršaitis) and Antanas Juška. The majority of names of plants presented in the dictionary are borrowings: Lithuanian names were borrowed from German, Latvian, Latin, Slavic or Turkic languages and Latvian names – from Germanic or Slavic languages.

There were 20 lines of synonyms found for both Lithuanian and Latvian. Miežinis used two or three synonymous names for a plant which were used in the folk language and in written sources. Among 19 lines of variants of Lithuanian names phonetic and orthographic variants prevail. There was only one case of morphological variants of Latvian names noted.

Received 2014-11-17

Solvita Labanauskienė Institute of the Lithuanian Language 5 P. Vileišio St., LT–10308 Vilnius Email: [email protected]

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