Mykolo Miežinio „Lietuviszkai–latviszkai–lenkiszkai–rusiszko“ žodyno lietuviški ir latviški sinoniminiai bei variantiniai augalų vardai

143Terminologija | 2014 | 21 Mykolo Miežinio Lietuviszkai–latviszkai– lenkiszkai–rusiszko žodyno lietuviški and Latvian synonyms and variant names of plants Solvita labanauSkienė Lietuvių kalbos institutas KEY WORDS: plant names, Lithuanian language, Latvian language, synonyms, variants, dictionaries INTRODUCTION The oldest contact between Lithuanian and Latvian in lexicography is considered to be the comparative dictionary of Latvian and Lithuanian Glossarium Letticum cum harmonia et differentia Dialecti Lithuanicae (1772) by Christian Friedrich Temler (1717–1780), a lexicographer of German origin who lived mainly in Denmark. It also contains Latin, German, Prussian, Greek, Polish, Serbian, English, Danish, Spanish, Finnish and other language equivalents. Another dictionary prepared by K. F. Temler, Glossarium Illyricum, is worth mentioning, in which some words in Serbian and other Slavic languages are compared with Latvian and Lithuanian. The manuscripts of both dictionaries are kept in the Royal Danish Library in Copenhagen. The German diplomat K. F. Temler travelled extensively and collected material in various languages. Information about these little-known dictionaries has been provided by the philologist Karlis Draviņš1. The library of the Latvian Academy of Sciences has acquired microfilms of these dictionaries (see Zemzare 1961: 153–157). Lithuanian and Latvian words from the 18th century can be found in the two-volume comparative dictionary of 200 European and Asian languages prepared by the German zoologist and botanist Peter Simon Pallas (1787 and 1789). It was first described by the Latvian linguist Daina Zemzare in 1961. ‘Dr. I swear. Christian Friedrich Temler un sein vergleichendes Wörterbuch der lettischen Sprache" (printed in one of the Annals of the Institute of Slavic Studies of the University of Lund, Sweden). The Lithuanian linguist Jonas Kruopas wrote about this dictionary in the journal Literatūra ir kalba 2 (1957) in the article "The oldest comparative dictionary of Latvian and Lithuanian languages". 144 Solvita Labanauskienė in Mykolas Miežinis’ monograph rusiszko žodyno lietuviški ir latviški sinoniminiai bei variantiniai augalų vardai Lietuviszkai–latviszkai–lenkiszkai– published in Latvian Dictionary (up to 1900) (see Zemzare 1961: 164–174). Later, the writer and linguist Aleksandras Šiškovas took advantage of the material of P. S. Pallas’s dictionary and published his comparative dictionary in two hundred languages by Admiráls 1838. The number ral Alexander Schischkoff, Präsidenten der Kaiserlicher russischen Akademie. Jame lyginami 200 kalbų, tarp jų lietuvių ir latvių, 168 žodžiai. of translation dictionaries, including Lithuanian and Latvian, increased in the 19th century, and some of them were never printed. Zemzare mentions two 19th-century manuscripts of comparative dictionaries kept in the Manuscripts Department of the Russian National Library (RNB, formerly the State Public Saltykov-Shchedrin Library) by the German linguist Friedrich von Adelung (1768–1843): the Latvian–Lithuanian–Polish dictionary Wocabular der Lettischen, Lithauischen und Polnischen Sprache (1816) and the Russian–Lithuanian–Latvian comparative dictionary Словарь. Russian–Lithuanian–Latvian Skij (1816) (Zemzare 1961: 192–196). In the 19th century, the Lithuanians and Latvians themselves took up the work of lexicography. Latvian public figure, linguist and writer Andrējs Dīriķis (1853–1888) was very interested in the Lithuanian language and learned it from books and newspapers. In 1872 he prepared a Latvian-Lithuanian dictionary, the manuscript of which was kept in the Latvian Community Library in Riga until World War II, but has not survived to this day. According to D. Zemzare, the dictionary consisted of about 10,000 words: not all Lithuanian words were translated into Latvian, in some cases there was a translation into German, in others – a question mark was written (see Zemzare 1961: 351). In 1935, the only article published by Lithuanian linguist Petro Jonikis2 was about A. Dyrikis’s dictionary. Antanas Juška (1819–1880), a Lithuanian linguist, folklorist and ethnographer, was closely associated with A. Dyrikas. A manuscript of his Latvian–Lithuanian–Polish dictionary in two parts (A–O; P–Z) has survived (about 1875, unprinted), the original is kept in the Lithuanian Institute of Literature and Folklore. Juška ruled in many Lithuanian cities and towns (Zarasai, Obeliai, Antazavė, Ukmergė, Pušalote, Lyduvėnai, Vilkija, Veliuona, Alsėdžiai). While living in Alsėdžiai, A. Juška began to learn Latvian. By the way, the relationship of Latvians with Lithuanians was of interest to many Lithuanians at the time (Tolutienė 1961: 136). 2 P. Jonikos article „Par Andreja Dīriķa leišu latviešu valodas vārdnīcas manuscript“ was published in In the Latvian magazine Ceļi 6 (1935). 145Terminologija | 2014 | 21 Almost 25 years later, in 1894, the Lithuanian linguist priest Mykolas Miežinis (1827–1888) prepared a four-language dictionary Lietuviszkai–latviszkai– lenkiszkai–rusiszkas. M. THE SECRET OF THE IRON DICTIONARY In the 1860s, a Catholic priest and public figure M. Miežinis finished writing Lietuviszkai-latviszkainu Raseinių monastery. It is reported that P. lenkiszkairusiszką žodyną. Norėdamas jį išleisti, autorius kreipėsi į Vilniaus mokslo apygardos globėją Pompėjų Batiuškovą. Istorikas Rimantas Vėbra Batiuškovas, returning the manuscript, reported that he saw no obstacles to publishing the dictionary, but before that Polish words should be discarded as unnecessary at all, and Lithuanian and Latvian words should be printed in Cyrillic (Vėbra 1977: 146). The Department of Spiritual Affairs of Foreign Faiths, which was to publish the dictionary at the expense of the Roman Catholic section, did not agree with such amendments. The publication was stuck for a couple of decades. And only in 1894, at the initiative of M. Miežinis’ brother’s son, Mato Miežinis, the dictionary was published in Tilžė3 in a 2,000-exemplare edition. The Lithuanian-Latvian-Polish-Russian Dictionary is one of the few printed dictionaries of Greater Lithuania from the 19th century. According to Vincas Urbutis, “in its time, Miežinio dictionary helped considerably to expand and supplement the picture of the Lithuanian language lexicon, which until then had been painted by the much richer lexicography of Lesser Lithuania, which had first of all recorded the words of that region” (Urbutis 2009: 271). John Bunyan wrote about this: "... The barley gathered little fruit from the work of others; He probably did not know Kuršaitis and Nesselmann’s dictionaries at all, at least many genuinely Lithuanian words, which we find in those linguists’ dictionaries, did not find a place in Father Miežinis’ work” (Jablonskis 1935: 44). Words used in his native place (Vaitiekūnai, Radviliškis district), in his educational places (Grinkiškis, Dotnuva schools, Kėdainiai elementary school, Varniai priests’ seminary) and in his clergy (Šėta, Klykoliai, Didkiemis, Smalvos, etc.) could also have entered into M. Miežinis’ dictionary. According to Zemzare, some of the Latvian equivalents of Miežinis’ dictionary correspond to the Kreewu–latweeshu–wahzu wardnize (Russian–Latvian–German 3 Lietuviszkaiellatviszkaiellenkiszkaierrusiszkas dictionary, published in 1872 under the direction of Krišjāns Valdemārs. 146 Solvita Labanauskienė Mykolas Miežinis’s Lietuviszkai–latviszkai–lenkiszkai– rusiszko žodyno lietuviški ir latviški sinoniminiai bei variantiniai augalų vardai languages dictionary) and Latweeschu–kreewu–wahzu wardnize4 (Latvian–Russian–German language dictionary) published in 1879 (Zemzare 1961: 346). M. Miežinis was able to get to know the Latvian language more closely or learn it while serving as a priest in Latvia from 1854 to 1866 in Brunava church village (Bauskes district), Šimbarke (in the vicinity of Skaistkalne) (see Vaižgantas 2007: 129). In this dictionary of about 15 000 words, almost 200 Lithuanian and Latvian names of plants were found, which the author himself called plants. They are usually presented with the label bot. The Latin names of some plants are added to the names. Unlike A. Juška, the author chooses the Lithuanian word as the main word, followed by Latvian, Polish and Russian equivalents5, e.g.: asiuklis. m. frail. bot. przybus, gnidosz, gnидникъ bitkrėslys m bitkreslis. bot, lemon balm. Bee grass czarnuszka. (nigalla sativa). Chernushka. czarnuszka dagis, ilis m dadzis, piktdadzis. bot., thistle, oset. Wolverine, see George. George. Georgia. Georgina Judra. f. fluids. bot, cognac, common lumberjack. 2000: Growing Up with Garth Brooks. bot, buck. Diaghilev garstyczia. f. mustard. Bot, mustard. mustard chestnut (wood). chestnut. chestnut (tree), каштанъ (дерево) lavender. lavender. Lewanda. Lavender (lavadula vera). The aim of this article is to identify which plant names are presented in M. Miežinis’ dictionary, to determine which dialects or scripts are used for plant names, and to examine the synonyms and variants of Lithuanian and Latvian plant names with regard to their origin. The Lithuanian data are compared with the Lithuanian Botanical Dictionary (LBŽ, 1938), the Lithuanian Language Dictionary (LKŽe) and its supplements (LKŽK), where necessary, published dialect and dialect dictionaries were used, Latvian – with the book of Inese Ēdelmane (Inese Ēdelmane) and Ārija Uozuola (Ārija Ozola) Latviešu valodas augu nosaukumi (Latvian plant names) (LVAN, 2003), Karlis Mīlenbahs (Kārlis Mīlenbahs) Latviešu valodas vārdnīca 1–4 (Latvian language dictionary 1–4) (ME I–IV, 1923–1932). It is also used in the Baltic languages. The lexicon 1. Flora (CD) (BKA, 2012), which contains both Lithuanian and Latvian plant names. 4 Dictionaries names are given in current characters. 5 These examples of plant names are spelled as they are presented in the dictionary of M. Miežinis. 147Terminologija | 2014 | 21 Synonyms M. Miežinis's dictionary is interesting in that it gives synonyms for the names of plants. According to Stasys Keinis, "synonyms arise because terminology is not unified, because of ignorance of terms used by other authors, their unbelief, their own terms are drawn up. For example, almost all the rich legacy of Lithuanian botany of the 19th century has remained in manuscripts. Therefore, it is not surprising that the botany terms of that time varied greatly" (Keinys 1980: 98). Often the same plant is not only called differently in different dialects, but even in different villages, because the users of the language pay attention to the different distinctive features of plants, i.e. in the cognitive process the angle of view differs, a parameter that becomes important when fixing an object or phenomenon in a certain situation (Gritėnienė 2006: 13). names, e.g. lietuv. barszcziai (~ barščiai)6, batvinis, latv. batvini (~ batviņi). In addition to the Lithuanian plant names, one should mention and discuss another line of synonyms sviklas, cviklis, barsztis (~ barszt), which M. Miežinis presents separately (without the Latvian equivalent) and names the current beet (Beta) genus. As Didžiąją dalį M. Miežinio žodyne rastų (iš viso – keturios dešimtys) lietuviškų ir latviškų augalų vardų sinonimų eilučių sudaro vienažodžiai stated in the LKŽ, borscht is called "red beetroot (Beta rubra)". Borscht is a name borrowed from the Slavic languages (Brus. боршщ, L. borszcz), known to the western Highlanders of Kaunas (Bd, Gs) (LKŽe) and spread in the southern Žemaites Raseiniai area (Erž, Nmk, Btg – LKŽK). The loanword batvinis (batviņi) (Brus. бацвiнне, L. boćwina) (Beta vulgaris) is found in written sources (OZ8, S.Dauk, M.Valanč, JD683, JV734) and in Altay (Pls, Sv) and Zemgale dialects (Akm, Gršl, Rt). According to LKŽe, the synonym of baršči slavybę sviklą is used by the western Highlanders (Smln, Rg, Sk) and the western Zemgallen (Krg), and is also found in written sources (Q421, SD33, P, MŽ, Sut, K.Donel, LC1883,1, FrII502, K, J, M, L, LVIII1157, NdŽ, LBŽ, KŽ, LKAI163). Slavybė cviklis is recorded in Vilkaviškis and Marijampolė counties (LKŽe). Whistle and cviklis are considered phonetic and spelling variants. It should be emphasized that in the LBŽ all the aforementioned synonyms are included in the name of the genus (Beta), among others (rumpel (Mr, Šk, V), barkštis (Al, Šl), batvinis (K, Ak, Ž, St, B, Pn), burokas (N, Iv, K), sviklius (P)). In parentheses the author has transposed Lithuanian and Latvian forms of plant names. Lithuanian and Latvian data were checked according to the above-mentioned sources, also based on the research of V. Urbutis (2009: 271–303) ‘M. "Lexicographical Dictionary". 148 Solvita Labanauskienė Mykolas Miežinis Lietuviszkai–latviszkai–lenkiszkai– rusiszko žodyno lietuviški ir latviški sinoniminiai bei variantiniai augalų vardai se) and in written sources the common beet is recorded as a synonym of latv. batvene (LVAN 46), which is probably the name given by M. Miežinis, čemerys, batviņi variantas; liet. gailios, atgirios. LKŽe nurodyta, jog augalo vardas gailios „baltasis atgirios (Veratrum album)“ was used only in M. Miežinis’ dictionary. Also only in this dictionary the singular form of the fixed plant name is found in Šiauliai (Krš) and Zarasai (Ds) districts (LKŽe). The Latvian name of the plant is not mentioned in the dictionary; lit. swords, os. dalgys, wylkdalgis (~ wolf-tailed), latv. wolf calves. According to the LBŽ data, the masculine singular form kalavijas is common in Alytus, Seinų and Šiauliai counties and in writings (F, M, BŽ212, LBŽ – LKŽe), and the feminine singular form kalavija – in Klaipėda, Panevėžys and Zarasai districts and found in the material collected for the Botanical Dictionary by the writer Gabrielė Petkevičaitė-Bitė. According to LKŽe, recorded in Dusetos, Grūžiai and Pelesa and in writings (J, LBŽ, NdŽ). The synonym of vilkdalgis dalgys is used in the Žemaičių dialektas (Mž, Rs – LKŽe). Vilkdalgis (Iris), as stated in LKŽe, is used in southern and northern Žemaičių (Lkv, Kv, Krž, Yl, Šts) and western Highlands (Vdžg) and in writings (R322, MŽ, MŽ 431, D.Pošk, N, I, KBII72, KI304, K, J, LL255, L, L370, Rtr, LBŽ, BŽ197,498, DŽ, NdŽ, KŽ, LFII555, LKT167, LTEXII251, A.Vaičiul). According to LVAN, vilku kalmji (Iris) is a plant name used only in written sources (LVAN 127); lit. nůtrinē (~ nuotrynė), gudnoterē (~ gudnoterė), dilgēlē (~ nettle), latv. nettle (~ nettle). In the western part of Žemaitija – in the dialects of the West Žemaitija and Northern Žemaitija Kretingiškiai, and closer to them in the dialects of the Telšiai and Varniai – the -ynė suffix derived nõtrynė and its variants nótrynė, notrỹnė are used (BKA 2012: 220). In the Žemaitijos dialect, compound names are widely used, with the Žemaitijos nettle name notrė and its various morphological variants in the second place (Gritėnienė 2006: 43). One of them is the gutter (MitI34 – LKŽe). The Latvians name the nettle with the same root – nātre, nātra (Urtica), which is common in many Latvian dialects and is fixed in lit. wormwood, metēlē (~ nettle), latv. wormwood (~ wormwood). The LKŽ indicates that the borrowed wormwood (brus. палын) (Artemisia absinthium) is raštuose (LVAN 238). Vardas bendras daugeliui ide. kalbų (Gritėnienė 2006: 43); used in the western (Gdl, Dkš), southern (Rud, Sn) and eastern Altays (Aps, Kp) dialects, as well as in writings (J, Mt, LBŽ, V.Krėv, J.Balt). Metėlė was used in das, which according to LKŽe is typical of southern (Sn), western (Vlkv, Skr, Gs) Highlanders and southern Žemaites (Užv), and is also recorded in writings (K, J, 149Terminologija | 2014 | 21 M. Miežinio amžininkų Frydricho Kuršaičio ir A. Juškos. Šis augalo varR, LBŽ, KlvK, L3). In modern botanical nomenclature, it is not the name of the genus but the name of the species. The Latvian name of the plant vērmeles is borrowed from the Middle German Samogitian (Karulis 2001: 1143), spread throughout the territory of Latvia (LVAN 418); lit. pienē (~ pienė), kiaulpienē (~ kiaulpienė), latv. milk. According to current botanical nomenclature, dandelion (Taraxacum) and sonchus (Sonchus) belong to the same family Asteraceae. Pienė is the common Lithuanian and Latvian name of this plant (see Sabaliauskas 1990: 157). In Lithuania it is used in almost all Altai dialects (Dkš, Ukm, Vl, Trgn – LKŽe, BKA 226). In Latvian, according to LVAN, piens is a variant of piens used in writings (LVAN 225). The name of the female genus plant in milk is recorded only in some dialects of Vidzemes, Latgale and Zemgale – Aknysta, Kaunata, Senule (see BKA 226); lit. pijonka, žibůklē (~ žibuoklė), latv. violet (~ violet). Another line of variants provided by M. Miežinis is worth mentioning: žydůklē, žybůklē, for which the Latvian equivalent of the plant name is not given. Pionka is a loan from Slavic languages. The examples of the pionka in the LKŽ are given from the eastern Altays of Panevėžys (Nj) and the western Altays of Šiauliai (Pc) in the oral and written sources (NS967, LBŽ, NdŽ). The name žibuoklė of the orphaned family fields and nursery flower orphan (Viola), as shown by LKŽe material, is used in Jurbarkas (Stk), Zarasai (LTR(Ant)) districts and in writings (Q623, KII285, Rtr, ŠT326, Š, LBŽ, NdŽ, KŽ, K.Bink, S.Nėr). The indicator is found only in written sources (M, NdŽ, KŽ). The name žybuoklė is a variant of the already mentioned žybuoklė, which is not recorded in neither LBŽ nor LKŽe. In Latvian, the name of an orphan is a loan from the Middle German Samogitian (Karulis 2001: 1162), which has entered into some Latvian dialects (Brukna, Burtniekai, Garsenė, Krapė, Krimulda, Limbažiai, Luodė, Nyca, Patkulė, Rankiai, Skaistkalne, Tūja) and is recorded in writings (LVAN 424); lit. roputē (~ roputė), bulvē (~ bulvė), latv. rácińi (~ rāciņi), kartupeļi (~ kartupeļi). The LKŽ indicates that the synonym roputė (Solanom tuberosum) of the name pomidorė, borrowed from the Slavic languages and established in the Lithuanian common language, is widely used in Žemaitija (Šlu, Krg, Bt, Pgr, NmŽ, Rsn, Grdm, Žv, Erž, Jdr, Trg, Pln, Krtn, Kv, Ktč), western Aukštaitija (Skr, Grdž, Vdžg, Jrb) and in writings (BzF165(Šlu, Krg), P, M. Valanč, 150 Solvita Labanauskienė Mykolo Miežinio Lietuviszkai–latviszkai–lenkiszkai– rusiszko žodyno lietuviški ir latviški sinoniminiai bei variantiniai augalų vardai N(Rg, Tlž), TP1880,40, K, KII13, KII51, I, M, LBŽ, LKGI570, KŽ, I.Simon). Latv. rāciņi is recorded in the southern southeast of Latvia (Sēlija) – Aknysta (LVAN 144; ME III 494), while kartupeļi is used in all Latvian dialects (see BKA 293); lit. sunflower (~ sunflower), saulēkrislis (~ sunflower), latv. sunflower (Helianthus annuus). The classical sequences of lit. sunflower and lat. in sunflower, the motivation is determined by the flower’s ability to turn towards the sun (see Gritėnienė 2006: 150, 151). As LBŽ data shows, sunflower is widespread in both Altay (Al, Kn) and Zemgale (Rs, Trg, Tl) dialects, the name is also recorded in written sources (M, K. Būg(Kv), Mt, LBŽ, J. Krišč, ŽŪŽ133, ŽŪŽ70 – LKŽe). The name "Sunflower" was used only by M. Miežinis (LKŽe) for the common sunflower. Latv. saulgrieze recorded in written sources (LVAN 335); lit. curbentos, vaszůklei (~ vašuokliai), latv. jánůga (~ currant), sister. According to LKŽe, the singular form serbenta is widely used in Lithuanian colloquial language (Nm, Lbv, Jz, Als, Slnt, Bgs, Srj, Krp), and is also recorded in written sources (SD278, R, MŽ288, K, J. Jabl, Rrt, NdŽ, LKAI169(Pkl, Vgr), LKAI169(Skrd, Prn, Alv, Mtl), LKAI169(Drs, Jz, Brb, Rdš), LKAI169(Ms, Yl) and others). M. Miežinis’s Zemgalish form of the waxing form is probably a variant of the waxing form (Ribes), which, as indicated in LKŽe, is more common in the Zemgalish dialect (Kv, Slnt, Ktč, Sd, Plt, Kl, Žr, Ms, Grg, Klm, NmŽ, Skdv, Žgč, Erž, Vlkš, Vkš, Pj, Vn, Pln) than in the Altay dialect (Šmk, Jrb), and is also used in writings (Jn, K.Būg, Š, NdŽ, KŽ, LKI169, DŽ2, Sr, D.Pošk, Sut, LBŽ, ŠT98, Vaižg). The Latvian name of the plant jāņoga is recorded in Latgale and Vidzeme and in writings, and the synonym of currant zustrene – only in written sources (LVAN 132); lit. laisvai (~ freely), latv. léca (~ lens), lécas (~ lens). The name of the plant of the male genus soras (Panicum), Algirdas Sabaliauskas from- (Q468, CI952, N, M, KŽ), and the laishly meaning of "soras" - only M. Miežinis. Latv. lēca (-as) is mainly used in Western Latvian dialects, but with the meaning of “wiki” (Vicia) (LVAN 430). This is a Germanism that, mone, gali būti senas baltiškas žodis (LKEŽe). Jis fiksuotas vakarų aukštaičių šnektose (KzR II 259) ir, LKŽe duomenimis, vartotas raštuose according to A. Sabaliauskas, has entered many European languages from German (see. "Strebulē (~ strebulė), gurgždis (gurgždis), latv. saute, striebule. The synonym for the wild angelica (Angelica silvestris) strebulė could be taken from the Latvian language (see Urbutis 2009: 287). As stated in 1990: 262); the LKŽe, it uses 151Terminology | 2014 | 21 jamas only in written sources (M, L, Rtr, BŽ134, LBŽ, KŽ), and gurgždis – not only in writings (CI98, R, Ak, P, K.Būg), but also in the Žemaičių dialektas (Lkv). According to LVAN, latv. saute is recorded in Duobele (Žiemgala), and the masculine form striebulis (-ļi) in Limbaži (Vidzeme) and in writings (LVAN 471); lit. onion, ēlis (~ onion, -elis), onion, latv. sípůls (~ onion). Of all ide. language onion is found only in Lithuanian. In the opinion of A. Sabaliauskas, this is probably a loan from some Turko-Tatar language. The Lithuanians received it, apparently, directly, and not through some intermediaries (e.g., from Tatars and Karaites settled in Lithuania) (LKEŽe). In addition to the name of the plant used throughout the territory of Lithuania, M. Miežinis synonymously presents the deminutive form. Onion (Allium) is widely known in Upper Lithuania (Ūd, Al, Vlkv, Dkš, Šln, Trgn) and Lower Lithuania (Krp). According to A. Sabaliauskas, the name of this onion could have entered into Lithuanian from Polish or Belarusian languages (LKEŽe). The Latvian plant name sīpols is used in all Latvian dialects (LVAN 351). This is a loan from Middle Dutch (Karulis 2001: 818); lit. tymas, czepronēlis (~ czepronel), latv. thyme. Thymus is a name borrowed from the Latin language, which is used only in writings (Mt, KŽ – LKŽe), while čepronėlis, which is probably also a loan, is used in the writings of Jurgis Ambraziejus Pabrėžos, and is also used in the Žemaičių dialektas (Žr, Sd, Yl – LKŽK). The Latvian equivalent of thyme, timijans, is found in written sources (LVAN 210); liet. trauszlei (~ frail), donkeys, latv. mellow grey. According to LKŽ, the plural form traušliai was used by M. Miežinis and Augusto Leskynas, and the masculine variants traũšlis and traušlỹs (singular form) are found in written sources (NdŽ, KŽ). As indicated in the LKŽ, the synonym of the asiūklis asiukas is used in the district of Trakai (Auk). The offer should be regarded as an old loan from the Finns (see Sabaliauskas 1990: 226). The Latvian name of the plant specified by M. Miežinis is not recorded in LVAN and ME. In addition to the mark, the Latvian plant name ašķis (-i) (Equisetum) is common to many ide. languages (Karulis 2001: 81) and all Latvian dialects (LVAN 153); lit. vitālis (~ vitālis), žilvitis, latv. vítůls (~ willow), kárklis (~ harrow). The Latvian name of the plant vytolis (Urbutis 2009: 296) is mentioned in LBŽ from Biržai district. The second meaning of Žilvitis is "a shrub of the willow family, willow (Salix viminalis)" (LKŽe). The name is recorded both in Aukštaitija (Pš, Rdš, Šlv, Rz, Ėr, Žml, Nm, Lt, LTR(Auk), DrskŽ), and in Žemaitija (Štk, End, LTR(Brs), DūnŽ), as well as in written sources (D. Pošk, 158 Solvita Labanauskienė Mykolo Miežinio Lietuviszkai–latviszkai–lenkiszkai– rusiszko žodyno lietuviški ir latviški sinoniminiai bei variantiniai augalų vardai 4. found Lithuanian plant names are common in both Altay and Zemgale dialects, so, apparently, M. Miežinis collected plant names from the living language, working in various areas of Lithuania. Plant names presented in this dictionary can also be found in the writings of Pilypas Ruigis, Ferdinandas Neselmanas, F. Kuršaitis, A. Juška. 5.The vast majority of plant names in the dictionary in both languages are borrowed: Lithuanian names are borrowed from Slavic, German, Latvian, Latin or Turkish languages, Latvian – from Slavic, Germanic (Swedish or Dutch). 6. Found 20 lines of synonyms of Lithuanian and Latvian plant names. For one plant, M. Miežinis uses two or three synonyms, which are used in the living language and in written sources. Some of the presented Lithuanian and Latvian plant names are not recorded neither in LBŽ and LKŽe, nor in LVAN and ME. 7. Part of the plant names found in both languages are considered synchronous variants. Among the 19 lines of variants of Lithuanian plant names, phonetic and spelling variants predominate. Only one line of variants of the Latvian plant name was found, which contains morphological variants. LITTERACY AND SOURCES Ambrazas S. 2000: The development of noun construction 2, Vilnius: Institute of Science and Encyclopedia Publishing. BKA 2012: Atlas of Baltic languages. The lexicon 1. Flora (CD), Vilnius: Lithuanian Language Institute. 1959: Selected Writings 2, Vilnius: State Publication of Political and Scientific Literature. Gritėnienė A. 2006: Motivation of plant names in northern Panevėžys district, Vilnius: Lithuanian Language Institute. 1935. "Dictionary of the Holy Roman Empire". – Raštai 4, Kaunas: „Ryto“ spaustuvė, 43–46. Jonikas P. 1935: On the manuscript of Andreja Dīriķa Lezgian-Latvian dictionary. – Ceļi 6, 203–208. Karulis K. 2001: Dictionary of Latvian Etymology, Riga: Avots. Keinys St. 1980: Terminology alphabet, Vilnius: Mokslas. 1957: The oldest comparative dictionary of Latvian and Lithuanian languages. – Literatūra un valoda 2, 467–470. KzR II – Kazlų Rūdos šnektos žodynas 2. Red. A. Pupkis, Vilnius: Lithuanian Language Institute, 2008. 1938: A Dictionary of the English Language. Red. J. Dagys, Kaunas: A/B „Varpas“ spaustuvė. LKEŽe – Lithuanian Etymological Dictionary database. Access via the Internet: http://etimologija.baltnexus.lt/. LKŽe – Lithuanian Language Dictionary (I–XX, 1941–2002), electronic version, Vilnius: Lithuanian Language Institute, 2005. – www.lkz.lt. LKŽK – Lithuanian Language Dictionary Catalog, Vilnius: Lithuanian Language Institute. LVAN 2003: Ēdelmane I., Ozola Ā. Latvian Plant Names, Riga: LVAN, 2003. Augsburg Institute Ltd. LVG 2013: Grammar of the Latvian Language, Riga: LU Institute of Latvian Language. ME I–IV – K[ārļa] Mūlenbacha Latvian Language Dictionary 1–4. Edited, supplemented, continued by J. Endzelīns, Riga: Ministry of Education, 1923–1932. 1894: Lithuanian-Latvian-Polish-Russian Dictionary, Tilžė. Mitkevičienė A. 2004: Variants of terms in V. Dubo universal literature textbook. – Terminologija 11, Ozols A. 1968: The vocabulary of the borrowed Old Latvian written language and the modern Latvian language. – Development 119–144. of Latvian Lexicon, 11–49. 159Terminologija | 2014 | 21 Sabaliauskas A. 1990: Lietuvių kalbos leksika, Vilnius: Mokslas. TB – Lietuvos Respublikos terminų bankas. Prieiga per internetą: http://terminai.vlkk.lt/pls/tb/tb.search. 1961. pp. 61. "Lexicography". – Literature and Language 5, 87–377. Umbrasas A. 2010: Terminology of Lithuanian Law 1918-1940. Terms of basic codes, Vilnius: Lithuanian kalbos institutas. Urbutis V. 2009: M. Miežinio žodyno leticizmai. – Baltų etimologijos etiudai 2, 271–303. Vaižgantas 2007: Raštai 18, Vilnius: Institute of Lithuanian Literature and Folklore. 1977: Mykolas Miežinis. – People and Language, 146–150. Zemzare D. 1961: Latvian dictionaries (up to 1900), Riga: Latvian PSR Academy of Sciences. LITHUANIAN AND LATVIAN SYNONYMOUS AND VARIANT NAMES OF PLANTS IN LIETUVISZKAI–LATVISZKAI–LENKISZKAI–RUSISZKAS ŽODYNAS BY MYKOLAS MIEŽINIS Lietuviszkailatviszkaiellenkiszkaiarrusiszkas žodynas (1894) by Mykolas Miežinis is one of the very few printed dictionaries from Lithuania proper in the 19th century. It contains a huge number of words from folk language which subsequently fell out of usage. Among other such words this dictionary presents names of plants in Lithuanian, Latvian, Polish and Russian. The article deals with Lithuanian and Latvian terms which have synonyms and variants. The attempt to establish what plants were named by words found in Miežinis' dictionary was successful. There are very few names of plants in Latin in this dictionary; therefore it was not always easy to identify the plant under a particular name. In some cases Latvian names were helpful. In some cases Miežinis presented names of different plants as synonyms, probably because these plants were not distinguished in the folk language and were named by similar names. There also are opposite cases when the same name was used for different plants. The names found were used in both Žemaitija (Lowland) and Aukštaitija (Highland) dialects. This suggests the likelihood that Miežinis collected these names working in different parts of Lithuania and Latvia. Names of plants from Miežinis' dictionary can also be found in works by Phillip Ruhig, Ferdinand Nesselmann, Friedrich Kurschat and Antanas Juška. The majority of names of plants presented in the dictionary are borrowings: Lithuanian names were borrowed from German, Latvian, Latin, Slavic or Turkic languages and Latvian names – from Germanic or Slavic languages. There were 20 lines of synonyms found for both Lithuanian and Latvian. Miežinis used two or three synonymous names for a plant which were used in the folk language and in written sources. Among 19 lines of variants of Lithuanian names phonetic and orthographic variants prevail. There was only one case of morphological variants of Latvian names noted. Retrieved 2014-11-17. Solvita Labanauskienė Lietuvių kalbos institutas P. Vileišio g. 5, LT–10308 Vilnius, Lithuania Email: [email protected]