LIETUVIU
KALBOTYROS
KLAUSIMAI
XXVII
(1988)
LIETUVIU
KALBA
IR
BILINGVIZMAS
SAKOBAC
TPH®OHOBAC
JLHHAMHKA
ASbIKOBbIX
MIPOWECCOB
HA
PA3HOA3SBINHOA
TEPPHTOPHH
Bsenenne.
OObeKTHBHEIC
YCNOBHA
pa3BUTHA
MHOTOHaUHOHAbHOTO
Tocy-
MapcTBa
BbINBHTAalOT
3aKOHOMepHYy!O
ToTpe6HOCTh
BO
BCeMepHOM
y ay6neHHn
MpoleccoR
MHTepHANHOHATH3anHH.
D o
ompesensde cs
yBeIMYeHHEM
YHCIeHHOCTH
KOpeHHBIX
HalMOHasbHOcTeli
IIpH
OMHOBpeMeHHOM
YCHJIeHHH
MHO OHAaHOHAIIb-
HOCTH
HaceyleHHa,
H3MeHeHHeM
9THOJeMO padH4eckHxX
CIpyKTyp
Ha
done
MuxT-
PAalHOHHEIX
Mpoueccos,
4TO
o6ycnoBmuBaeT
MOcTOAHHEI
pocT
MaciTa6oB
He lo-
cpeyc BeHHo o
MaccoBo o
oGmeHua
pesc aBHTes ei
pasHEx
HaljHoHabHOCTe;,
HeBO3MOXHbI
6e3
asbHelimMe o
pasBuTHA
H
pacliMpeHHA
COMMAJIbHBIX
oynxkunii
pyccKO O
#3bIKa
Kak
CpesCTBa
MexKHALMOHABHOTO
o6uleHHs
H
HHTepHalHOHaJIb-
Ho o
ci o eHHs.
Pycckuii
a3bIK
CMO
IIpHHATh
Ha
ce6a
YHKUMIO
MexHANHOHAIbHOTO
CpeA-
c Ba
OOUIeHHA
B
HOBbIX
COUMAJIbHBIX
YCIOBHAX
6na omapa
HCTOpHuecKH
CJIO-
xuBUleiica
MHHaMHUHOH
cTpyKType,
KoTOpas
B
CHIy
cBoei
OTKPBITOCTH
,,110-
cTosHHo
O6o aulaeTca
H
MpeoOpasyeTcs
B
CBASH
C
BKIHOeHHEM
B
OpOHTY
ee
Aeii-
CTBHA
BCe
HOBLIX
COMMAJIbHEIX
H
HallHOH@JIbHBIX
KOJWIEKTHBOB,
B
pe3yIbTaTe
We O
M3MeHAIOTCA
COMHAIbHbIc
HW
HallHOHAJIbHbIC
cdheppi
e o
yo Tpe6seHHs,
e o
yHKnMOHATbHBIe
CBASH
C
UpyTHMH
s3bIKaMH
Hi
B3AaHMHbIe
OTHOWEHHA
MexDY
pasIMYHbIMH
YPOBHAMHM
A3bIKa
(Jiwamuxa
cTpykTypbl
COBpeMeHHO O
pyCcKOTO
s3pika,
1982,
c.
10).
OnHHM
13
KOHKpeTHEIX
MposBseHHii
TAakKO O
U3MeHeHHT
sBHIIOCL
Mepepacipe-
nenen e
¢yHKYHOHaIbHOH
CTPyKTYPbI
ASbIKa,
TipHBe iee
K
H3MeHCHHIO
yHK-
wai
qManex a,
KOTOpsIli,
H3MeHAACh
TOR
aBeH eM
JIMHTBHCTHYCCKH
o6mmnx
H
commono myeckH
Gosee
IpeCTHKHBIX
TeHeHUMH,
MOCcTeleHHO
mpH6mnxKae Tcsa
K
pa3 oBopHOii
peqH.
Oco6siii
HHTepec
B
9TOM
Mane
MpeACTaBIAIOT
aHasexKTHBIe
CHCTeMbI,
CYIecTBYIOWIHe
B
YCHOBHAX
HHOASEIMHOTO
OKpyxKeHH#,
KOTOPOe
OKAa3bi-
BaeT
KOHCepBHpy oulee
BOSselicTBHe
Ha
pasBHTHe
WHayiexTHOH
CHCTeMbI
H
TeM
caMBIM
Onpe lesseT
ee
CTAOHJIHOCTS.
Visysen e
(byHKUMOHMpOBaHHS
TAaKHX
CHC-
‘Tem
Mpesc apsisxeT
GonbUIOi
MHTepec
KAK
KOHKPeTHOS
TIposBleHHe
WMaseKTHYeCKO-
TO
XapaKTepa
A3bIKOBBIX
TpolleccoB
—
AHAeKTHKH
S3bIKa
KaK
CHCTEMBI
H
A3bIKa
kak
yHKUMH
B
HX
peaybHOM
HelicTBHH.
--Taxoii
xapakTep
s3bIKOBOTO
pa3BHTHA:
OT-MYaCT
OCTpOBHbIe
TOBOpbI
Pyc-
CKOFO
S3bIKa,
B
YACTHOCTH
PYCCKHe
CTAPOXHIbYECKHe
TOBOPbI
JIu ssi,
06pa30BaB-
miHecs
B
pesyJIbTATe
NepeceseHHA
PYCCKAX
cTapoo6psamyes,
KOTOpbie
ciacaslHcb
107
OT
peuH HO3HBIX
TOHeHHH
HocHe
MpoBeseHua
B
PoccHH
HUKOHHAHCKOM
LepKOBHOH
pe bopme
1667
.
(HemuenKo,
1963
a,
c.
65—67;
Ka ali inas,
1983,
c.
23).
O6sexToM
HacTosme o
HeceyOBaHHA
H36paH
OAMH
H3
TakHx
oBopos,
O6pa-
30BaBIIHiicH
B
peSyIbTaTe
TabHeliWle o
MpOABHKeHHA
PyCCKOTO
HaceJIeHHA
B
Hayas e
XX
B.
c
MecT
MepBOHayabHO O
3aceseHHA
(coBpeM.
3apacaiicKni ,
Vonas-
cxni ,
[anesexckHii
p-HbI)
B
CeBepO-3a la
THOM
HallpaBJIeHHA
H
CIMAHHA
HECKOJIBKAX
pycckHx
c apoxwmbueckux
osopos
JIuTBs
(PCTJI)
Ha
nopoii
TeppH opHa
—
B
WeHTpanbHow
yacTH
HbHeHe o
Mlaynsiicko o
p-Ha
H
N09TOMy
MMeHYyeMbIi
o-
BOpOM
pycckux
c apoxu0B
Mlaynsiicko o
p-Ha
(PCI).
B
pesynb a e
HemMHO-
TOYHCHeEHHOCTH
e o
HOCHTeyei
H
ChelMhHKH
paccelleHH
Ha
HOBOM
TeppHTOpHH
(mpumepHo
300
yemoBeK
NOYTH
OTHOBpeMeHHO
OGpa30BasIH
TpH
pyCcKHe
epeBHA,
pac ionoxeHHbIe
Ha
pacc osHuH
S—T7
KM
Apy
OT
Apy a
B
OKpyxKeHHH
WIM
He oc-
PeMCTBEHHOM
cOcezCTBe
Cc
KOPeHHBIM
JIMTOBCKHM
HaceneHHem:
B
1908
.
—
a.
Cmuse sii,
8
1909
—
Amansii,
B
1910
.
—
Tunai asii)
eu e
Sonpu e
ycunuica
OcTpoBHOii
XapakTep
oBopa,
BbIPasHBUIMMca
BeTO
TBOMHOM
H30NANMH:
He
TOKO
OT
MaTepHKOBBIX
TOBOPOB
pyCcKO O
#3bIKa,
HO
HM
OT
OcHOBHOTO
apeana
PCTJI
(Hen oxynusiii,
1964,
c.
7—8,
14—15).
Ilo
Bpemenu
uw
XapakTepy
3aceneHHa
TaHHbIM
TOBOp
cileayeT
OTHECTH
K
MO30HHM
MepecesleH¥ecKHM
TOBOpaM,
XapakTepH3y10-
UIMMcs
OJHOBpeMeHHOCTbIO
H
MaCCOBOCTHIO
MepecesleHHa
H
BbICOKOM
CTeIeHbIO
w30nMposanHoc #
(Bapannnkosa,
1975,
c.
22—31).
:
Iles
naHHOl
c aTbH
—
W3y4eHHe
OTIeENbHEIX
OCcObeHHOCTeli
byHKUHOHMpOBa-
HHS
WaHHOM
AWaNeKTHOM
CHcTeMbI
Ha
HHOASEITHOM
TeppHTOpHH
B
yCHOBUAX
OHTHH-
TBH3Ma
H
JIMTJIOCCHH.
B
cOUMONMHYBHCTHYeCKOM
HccieqoBaHHH
mpobseMpl
hyHKUMOHMpOBAaHHA
#
B3aMMOReHCTBHA
A3bIKOB
HEOOXOZHMO
OMpeseNHTb
YHCTO
A3bIKOBbIe
MapaMeT-
pl
PyHKUHOHANBHOTO
pa3BHTHA
C
TOYKH
3peHHA
HCHOb30BaHHA
PasHBIX
POpM
CYII€CTBOBaHHA
A3bIKa,
Pa3HBIX
eFO
MOJCHCTeM
B
pa3IHYHBIX
chhepax
OOulec -
BeHHOH
H
KYJbTYPHOW
DexTeNbHOCTH
JOMel,
c
TOYKM
3peHHA
pesyIbTATOB
auiH-
TebHOTO
MpWMeHeHHA
s3bIKa
B
TOM
HH
Apy ou
dyHkuwH
(MuxampyexKo,
1984,
c.
8).
Camo
xe
byHKUHOHabHOe
pa3BHTHe
#3bIKa
BCe ya
O6ycOBIeHO
COBO-
KYMHOCTBIO
COMMANIbHBIX
H
AZbIKOBLIX
bakTOpos,
B
HaHGouee
OOmIeM
Bue
Mpen-
CTaBJICHHLIX
A3bIKOBOM
MONHTHKOH,
C
OMHOM
CTOPOHEI,
H
A3bIKOBbIM
COCTOAHHEM,
TIOHHMaeMbIM
KaK
COBOKYMHOCTb
BCeX
BHJOB
BAapHATHBHOCTH
#3bIKa,
Kak
byHKULMO-
HaJIbHO
Ha pyXeHHbIX,
Tak
MH
He
HMeIOWIMX
ACHO
BLIPaxKeHHO!
dbyHKUHOHATBHOK
Ha py3kH,
c
Apy oi
(C enanos,
1976,
c.
30).
B
Hac os uei
c a e
o paHH4HMcsa
aHaIH30M
OHeTHYeCKOi
BapHaTHBHOCTH
H
caMoli
O6uleli
XapakTepHCTHKOH
Ba-
PHaTHBHOCTH
Ha
JIekcH4¥ecKOM
yposue.
TlocneqHaA
HanGonee
OTYeTIMBO
O6yci0B-
JleHa
B
COMMOMOTHYECKOM
ac exkTe.
1,
CouHONMHIBHCTHYecKkad
xXapakTepHcTHKa
dyHKWHOHHpOBaHAS
oune useckow
cuc emp
T
PCI.
Hecmo ps
na
uckmioyn enbuy
yc oii-
4HBOCTb
JaHHOTO
YPOBHS
AZbIKOBOM
CHCTeMBI,
POHETHYeCKHH,
Kak
H
[py e
ypOBHA,
HCHBITbIBaeT
OlpesleeHHbIe
H3MeHeHHA,
OGycOBIMBaeMBIe
Npexye
BCe O
BHYT-
PeHHUMH
3aKOHOMepHOCTAMH
A3bIKOBOTO
pa3BHTHA.
Ho
9TO
He
MCKHOYAeT
H
BIMA-
HWA
BHEWIHHX
cbakTOpOB,
KOTOPbIe,
KaK
H3BECTHO,
BbIMONHAIOT
OOLIYHO
POJIb
CBOe-
108
o6pasHo o
KaTanu3aTopa,
YCKOpsAIOUle O
HJM
3aMe IAIOUe O
BHYTPeHHHe
Mpo-
weccs
OHeTH¥ecKO O
pa3BUTHA,
MpoTeKaloulMe
B
TeCHOM
B3aHMOelCTBHH
C
MposBieH eM
TeHeHUMii
OOmMe o
paMMaTHYecKo o
pa3BuTHa.
Ma epuan
uccmenyemo o
opopa
NOosTBepxKAAcT
TeopeTH4eckoe
MONOKeHHE
©
TOM,
4TO
MIpHMapHBIe
Mpu3sHakM
AMaseKTa,
mpescTaBiAoumMe
co6oii
,.HaH6onee
3HAYMTeNbHBIe
CTO
OTKMOHEHUA
OT
HOPM
JMTepaTypHOTO
A3bIKa
MIM
OT
apy ax
qMayeKTOB
B
YCNOBHAX
CMeleHHA
HM
TlOSTOMy
CilyxKALIIe
,lipenaTcTBHeM
UIA
@3piKOBO O
OOUIeHus
c
uHaKo oBopsINMMH“,
He
OOpasy!oT
kakoii-nu60
HeIO -
BWKHOH,
CTaTHYeCKH
3AaMKHYTOM
TpyMi bl
ASLIKOBbIX
spneHni
(KupmyxHckuii,
1976,
c.
389-390).
Tak,
Hanp.,
ecuM
Aya
Hocu enei
[PCI
c apme o
moxoneHHa
B
kKa ecTBe
TaKO O
IipHMapHO O
IIpu3HaKa
BBICTyIaeT
yCedeHHe
TMMHELS
okoH4aHHi,
ocoGeHHO
B
CHCTeMe
Fula ona,
TO
AJA
MONOAOTO
NOKONeHHA
—
CMIbHOE
AKAHbE
M
TBep ocTh
adppuka .
Pe3sybTaTOM
TAaKO O
pa3ssIM4HOTO
opxoga
&
BbLABIeHHIO
HawOomee
,,OCTpEIX“
MHasleKTHEIX
OcobeHHOCTeH
sABuAeTCH
pasiM4Had
cTelleHb
NpHONMKeHUA
WHAaNeKTHO
pei
K
qMTepa TypHol
HOpMe.
Viccnenopan e
cboeTwueckoii
BapHaTHBHOCTH
AaHHO TO
ToBopa
mlocTpoeHo
Ha
OCHOBe
BBIABIeHHA
AManas0Ha
BapHauHi
(Va ia ionsb ei e)
(Fleische ,
1961)
TakUX
BaxHelilMMx
OcOGeHHOcTeii
e o
(OHETHKH,
Kak
CHJIbHOE
sakaHbe,
W3eKaHbe
M
ekaube,
Me lana ammsauua
addpuKa ,
a
Takxe
HEKOTOPPIX
Upy ux
oueTHuec-
KHX
sBNeHHii.
C
Apy oii
cTOpOHBI,
H3yyeHHe
(boHeTH4ecKOli
BapHaTHBHOCTH
B
YHKNMOHAaSIbHOM
Mane
Tpe6yeT
Kak
CHHXPOHHOYO,
Tak
HM
AHaXpOHHOTO
mogxona,
yTO
Ipenmosa aeT
HEOOXOAMMOCTb
yieTa
ocoGeHHOc eli
CTaHOBIeHHA
HM
pasBHTHA
uecnemyemo o
oBopa.
Tax
kak
HicculenyembIii
opop
O6pasz0Balica
B
pesyIbTATe
CHMAHHA
pala
OCTPOB-
HBIX
CTAPOXKUMbYECKHX
TOBOPOB
JIMTBbI,
OCHOBHEIC
YepTHI
e o
dbOHETH4eCKON
CHC-
TeMbl
CBHJeTeNBCTBYIOT
O
e o
OOu HOCTH
c
HHMH.
B
KayecTBe
TaKHX
oOumx
yepT
BBIeMAIOTCH:
B
CHCTeMe
BOKAaJIM3Ma
—
HeMCCHMMNATHBHOS
AKAHbe,
CHIbHOe
skaHbe,
BOKAIM3M
MepBo o
MpexyAapHo o
cuo a
noche
mimnsuHx
u
/1/,
sBIeHHT
BTOpo o
MOsHO NacHs,
XapakTep
MpOHuSHOMIeHHA
Ha asIbHEIX
MH
KOHEHBIX
Gesy-
HapHbIx
TaCHbIX
HeBepXHEFO
ToAbeMa
H
Ap.;
B
cucTeMe
KOHCOHAHTH3Ma
—
W3eKaHbe
WM
WeKalbe,
HeyCTOHYMBOCTb
MpOHSHOMIeCHHs
co macuo o
/p/,
TBepqOCcTb
TYOHEIX
COPMACHEIX
B
KOHIe
CIOBa,
MATKOCTb
3y6xo o
/c/
B
cydduKce
-ck-,
ioTa-
HM
Ha asbHBIX
TACHBIX
B
MeCTOHMeHHAX,
yI{polleHHe
cO eTaHHii
CO acHBix
B
Ha4yaye
HU
CepeyHHe
CIOBa
HM
Ap.
(nonpoGuee
cm.:
Tpudoxosac,
19786,
c.
90-93).
Omnaxo
8
opope
pycckux
c apoxusios
Ilnynsiicko o
p-Ha
3a
cpaBHHTeIbHO
HeOONbUION
MepHo
e o
OFocobNeHHOFO
cyllecTBOBAHMA
BbIABHIMCh
HCKOTOPbIe
ocobeHHOcTH
(boHeTH¥eCKOH
CHCTeMbI,
OTIHdaIoumMe
aHHEIi
TOBOp
OT
Apy Hx
pycckux
opopos
JIMTBBI.
Han6onee
spKo
9TO
OTMHUHE
BhIPAxKeHO
B
TBepAOCTH
addpuka s
/4/
m
co e anmii
/u a/
u
jkixx/
B
COOTBeTCTBUM
C
JOJTHMH
MATKHMH
/u ’|,
|>x’/
B
aMTepaTypHOM
s3bIKe:
4dc,
Yopm,
yoicma,
4acHbili,
cuydc,
HUYd6O,
yolaeek,
NUAAUHII,
ude
iid,
wuyKa,
pduuom,
uuaNnkd,
Waka,
uueimay’;
600KC02KbI,
daaicdo1eb1,
Npuiiancdocaiiym,
npu iescdncel
MT.
TL.
(sHech
M
Jaslee
WMasIeKTHbIe
Ci10-
Ba
UW
TEKCTHI
MpHBOAATCA
B
ypOIeHHO!
Tpauckpuman).
B
TO
Ke
BpeMs
B
TOBOpe
109
KOHOMePHOCTAM
SA3bIKOBBIX
MpOleccoB,
MpHBeALIMM
K
CMATHCHHIO
adbdpuka
8
pe3ymb Ta e
sce
Gonee
ycumMBa olle oca
BO3 elicTBUA
HOpMasIH30BaHHOTO
THA
sapika
(Opsopa,
1959,
c.
64).
Mccnemyembili
xe
ToBOp,
o6pa30BaBLMiica
B
pesysib-
Ta e
Manbuelime o
MpowBHxKeHMA
PyccKOTO
HaCeeHHA
B
CeBepO-3allanHy!0
4acTb
JIn Bp ,
B
TOM
“CIE
Ha
TeppHTOPHIO
COBpeMeHHOTO
Isaynsiicko o
p-Ha,
oka3ascz
Ha
TepH epHH
A3bIKOBOTO
apeasia
OCTPOBHBIX
TOBOPOB
pyccKo o
s3bIka.
STO
a
ompesenuno
e o
ocoGoe
pasBHTHe
M0
cpaBHeHHIo
C
6pIIbIM
O4AFOM
HIM
UeHTPOM
apeasia,
BEIpa3HBIlleecsd
B
COXPAHEHHH
HepT,
YTPAYeHHBIX
B
Oa e
WIM
WeHTpe
A3bI-
xoso o
apeas a
(Huxonos,
1977,
c.
212-215).
S omy
c ioco6c TsoBasla
ABOHHAaZ
H30NANMA
HccHemyeMo o
oBOpa,
YCHIMBINax
H30NMpy ollee
BOS elicTBHe
HHOX-
3bIMHOTO
OKPyXKeHHA
Ha
pa3sBHTHe
BHYTPeHHeH
CTPyKTypbI
oBopa,
4TO
H
o peze-
M10
KOHCepBalHio
e o
HaHOOsee
apXAHAHbIX
YepT.
Tipwesiexae T
BHUMaHHe
TOT
bax ,
4TO
B
OTJeNbHBIX
HCTOWHMKAX
OMHCHIBACTCH
aHaslO HyHoe
pa3BuTHe
oHe-
THKH
OCTPOBHBIX
PYCCKHX
TOBOPOB
B
YCIOBHAX
HHOAIKIMHOFO
okpyxKeHHua
—
Hal p.,
coxpaHeHue
OTBepseBIIHX
CoueTaHHi
/u a/,
/>kopk/
B
OHOM
43
IledOpCKHX
T oBopos
(JIncenxona,
1964,
c.
7—9,
15).
O6u mme
3aKoHOMepHOCTH
MposBneHHsA
conHaTbHOl
o6ycnoBneHHocTH
oHe-
THYeCKHX
BapHaHTOB
MaseKTHOM
ped
oMmpesemAHOTCA:
1)
KOMMYyHHKaTHBHOH
ue ecoo6pasHOCTbIO,
npeqycma puBa olel
Tako
BbIOOP
ONTHMAJIBHBIX
A3bIKO-
BBIX
CpeACTB,
KOTOPbIe
MoAXOTMM
ObI
11k
pasHEIX
BAAOB
peyenoi
MeaTembHOCTH
Jleon es,
1974,
c.
237);
2)
panau el
HaceneHu
—
HOCHTeNA
pyccKo oO
A3bika
—
B
3ABHCHMOCTH
OT
COOTHOMIeHHA
B
eTO
ped
WHaseKTHBIX
OcobeHHOcTeii
(Tapacos,
1974,
c.
62);
3)
MoKanM3auMeli
MONYNMANeKTHBIX
A3bIKOBEIX
CTPYKTyP
H
Ap.
Tax,
Ha ip.,
B
ceMei HO-S iToBOH
chepe
HaOMIOAaeTCA
3HAMHTEILHO
6oubulas
YACTOTHOCTS
peamH3alHH
OCHOBHEIX
YepT
BOKASH3Ma
H
KOHCOHAHTH3MA
HccsIeqyeMo o
ToBopa,
YeM
B
OHUMAIBHO-TeNOBOM
OGIeHHH,
a
TOKANHIALMA
HOCHTeseH
TOBOpa
B
Ceb-
cKO
MH
TOposcKOli
MecTHOCTH
OMpeneaxeT
YCTOHYHBOCTh
OTJeNbHBIX
POHETH-
4eCKHX
‘epT.
Baxneiimmmu
counanbHBIMH
JeTepMHHaHTaMH,
B
epBy!o
O4epenb
Obycm0B~
NHBAIOIWWMMH
POHETHYECKYIO
BAPHATHBHOCTh,
ABIALOTCH
BOSpacTHOH
WH
MoOOBOK
npu3Hakn
(BapauHuxosa,
1972,
c.
9—11).
Be Gopouns i
aamus
wu
cTaTHcTH4ecKad
o6pa6oTka
A3bIKOBOTO
MaTepHasa
MOKa3bIBaIOT,
ITO
HaHOombula
YaCTOTHOCTS
peamM3anuM
TAKHX
OCObeHHOCTeli
BOKAsIM3Ma
HCCHIeMyeMOTO
TOBOpA,
KaK
CHJIbHOe
skaHbe,
BOKAIM3M
MepBo o
MpesywapHo o
cio a
nocie
WiMAX
H
/U/,
oxBTeHHe
IIpOTeTH4eCKHX
3BYKOB
B
Hayaye
HAH
CepeaHHe
C1OBa,
XApakTepHa
WIA
HOCHTeseH
TPCUI
c apme o
noxonenms.
Tak,
ec H
YacTOTHOCTS
peamH3ayMH
caMoli
apKoi
YepTI
BOKAJIH3Ma
—
CHIBHOTO
AKAHbA
—
Y
HHPOPMAHTOB
9TOTO
MOKOJCHHA
KoyleGueTCa
OUCH
HE3HAYHTeIBHO,
B
Mpeenax
Bce o
sub
5%
(cM.
Taba.
1),
TO
y
HOcHTeNeii
opopa
MONOMOTO
NOKONeHHA
3TO
KONeOaHMe
HMeeT
O4CHS
OONB-
wylo
ammnu yay
—
oT
20
no
95%.
Uac oTHoc s
peasm3anMH
TBepAOCTH
adbopu-
kaT
Y
MYXYHH
cTapUle o
NOKONeHHA
Takxe
KOeOMeTCA
OT
94
Bo
100
%
u
BoBC
OTCyTCTByIOT
KoseGaHHa
Y
%KeHUIHH,
B
TO
BPeMs
KaK
Y
HHOPpMaHTOB
MOsTOZ0 O
noxonenua
—
oT
20
no
83
%
y
MyKanH
HoT
10
00
97
%
y
2keHUIHH,
lil

Hapamy
c
Bpileyka3aHHEIMH
(bakTOpaMu
boneTHYecKas
BAPHATHBHOCTb
B
He-
Mano
cTeneHH
3aBHcHT
uw
OT
dakTopa
MOOMsbHOCTH
Hocu Teeli
opopa.
Tak,
ecnw
y
HeMOOHILHLIX
MpesicTaBuTenel
cTapu e o
noxowenus
KOue6aHua
YaCTOT-
HOCTH
peasIN3auMM
BCeX
TpeX
OCHOBHBIX
(pOHETHHECKHX
YepT
TOBOPa
HI
BOBCE
o cy c sy oT
(B
pyni e
MajIO paMOTHEIX),
WIM
ABIIAIOTCA
He3HaYHTeIbHBIMH
(coc apus oT
2—3
%),
TO
y
MOOHIBHEIX
mpe c apuTesel
OHM
OCTHTawT
6-12%,
TipH4eM
MOGHMbHOCTh
XapakTepH3yeT
B
OCHOBHOM
MYX'HH,
4TO
ABULACTCH
CHeACT-
BHeM
HX
Gombuei;conmambHOli
AKTHBHOCTH.
3uauenue
sTo o
cbaxTopa
eile
Gombue
nposBas e cs
y
mpeyc aBuTeseli
MonOAOTO
M
cpesHE O
MOKOTCHHA,
ie
koneOanua
yacTOTHOCTH
peamH3anMM
TBepwOocTH
adppuKaT,
W3eKAHbA
M
MeKaHbs
cOCTaBJIAIOT
Gos ee
40
%
y
myxunn
u
7—10
%
y
%KeHUIHH
IIpH
OAMHAKOBOM
YPOBHE
o6pa30BaHHA.
B
To
>ke
BpeMa
pa3HHla
B
BaPHATHBHOCTH
CHIbHOTO
AKAHbsA
MCHCE
3Ha4HTeJIbHa
B
3aBHCHMOCTH
H
OT
10a,
H
OT
MOOMBHOCTH
MHOpManTOB,
YTO
oOObaAcHAeTCH,
Ha
Hall
B3 a,
6dmbWeH
61H30CTHIO
AaHHOK
boueTH4eckoli
YepTbI
TOBOpa
K
HOPMH-
POBaHHOMY
IIPOH3HOMIeHHIO
10
CpaBHeHHIO
C
ABYMA
APYTHMH.
Boxee
BbICOKHii
ypOBEHb
YACTOTHOCTH
peaH3allHH
OT/CJIbHBIX
(boHeTHYecKuX
yepT
opopa
y
mpesc apu eneli
Mouoyo o
HM
cpemHe o
TMOKONeHMA,
MMe OUIAX
cpegqHee
uM
BuIcIee
OOpa30BaHHe,
OMpe euAeTCA
B
6onbuleli
cTeneHH
MpHuHHaMH.
cyOsekTHBHO O
WIM
YaCTHO O
xapakTepa,
HO
B
OCHOBHOM
H
B
9TOu
pynne
mposxB-
JideTcs
Ta
Ke
OOpaTHad
3AaBHCHMOCTD:
YeM
BbIllie
yYPOBCHb
o6pa3s0BaHus
H
MOOWIb-
HOCTh,
TPM
HNKe
YACTOTHOCTh
PeaJHsaljMH
OCHOBHBIX
oco6enHoc eli
cboHeETHKH
opopa.
A
ypoBeHb
OOpa30BaHua
y
MHOPMAHTOB
MOJOMOTO
MOKOCHHA,
HECOM-
HEHHO,
3HaYHTebHO
MpeBbilliaeT
yPOBCHb
o6paz0BaHua
MHOpMaHTOB
CTapilie-
TO
WoKoneHus:
67
%
HepBbIX
HMeIOT
He3aKOHYeHHOe
CpeaHce,
25
—
cpequee
H
8
%
—
Bsicmee
o6pa3z0BanHe,
B
TO
Bpemsa
Kak
73
%
wHOpMaHTOB
cTapule o
0-
KONe€HH
HMeIOT
JIMIIb
HayasbHOe
OGpasoBaHHe,
OKoN0
20
%
YMcloT
YHTATh
H
MHcaTb
HW
OkONO
7
%
He paMOTHBI
—
3TO
TiaBHEIM
06pa30M
2KeHIMHbI
IpeKJIOH-
Ho o
Bo3pac a
(10
aHHbIM
Tlepc eKTHBHOTO
MlaHa
comManbHO O
pa3BHuTHa
KONIXO30B,
B
COCTaB
KOTOPbIX
BXOJAT
o6c eqoBaHHBIe
aepepuu,
Ha
1975—1980
.).
Visonmpy ou ee
BOsielic BHe
MHOASbIMHOTO
OxpyxKeHHA
Ha
MOHETHYECKyIO
Ba-
PHATHBHOCTR
uccmemyemo o
TOBOpa
OCObEeHHO
HaTJAAHO
MpOsABUIAeTCA
IpH
co-
TOcTaBNeHHH
aHanH3a
OOpaslOB
WMaseKTHBIX
TEKCTOB
PYCCKHUX
FOBOPOB
WeHTPaib-
How
YacTH
JIMTBEI,
B
YaCTHOCTH
Vouapcxo o
p-Ha,
C
Bbiilleyka3aHHbIMH
Xapak-
TepHcTHkamM
uccueyyemo o
opopa.
Bo
Bcex
AHaJIeKTHbIX
TekcTax
pyccko o
cTapoxHsIbuecKo o
T oBopa
VYouascxo o
paiiona
He
3adHKcHpoBaHO
HM
OHO O
cnyyad
TBepgocTH
adpppuKaTb
/4/
HI
coue anui
/u4/,
/aKypx/,
B
TO
Ke
BpeMa
Apy ue
apxaw4eckMe
4epTbi
POHeTHKH
Ha6sIOMaIoTcA
UpHMepHO
Ha
TaKOM
xe
YpOBHe
4aCTOTHOCTH,
Kak
HB
HccueyeMOM
oBope
(Hemuenxo,
19636,
c.
97—110).
B
o6pa3yjax
Texc os
pyccko o
opopa
Vi nanuucxo o
p-na
(Cupunkene,
1963,
c.
111-113),
B
30He
mHTOBCKO-OeopyccKO O
MlO paHHbs,
YAaCTOTHOCTh
peaslH-
alu
TRepsAOcTH
adpbpukaT
UpHOMMKAeTCA
K
ypOBHIO,
XapakTepH3yIOUleMy
wceyie-
ayeMbili
opop,
Kone6sach
B
Mpenenax
70—80
%.
B
o6oux
clyyasx
OOpasiibl
TeK-
cT oB
mpesc apasio
co6oli
samucu
JMasleKTHOM
pew
HOcHTeNeli
oBopa
cTapule-
TO
MOKONeHHA,
MasO paMOTHBIX
WIM
HeTpaMOTHBIX,
0
YeM
MOXHO
CYAMTb
0
112
cojlep»KaHHIO TeKCTa
WIM
yKa3aHMsM
COCTAaBHTeNel,
MOITOMY
YaCTOTHOCTh
PealTH-
3anuu
WByX
Mpy ux
YepT
oHeTHKH
TOBOPOB
Mpe ebHO
BbICOKAa
(cm.
Ta6x.
2).
Anasiw3
KOHKpeTHOTO
A3bIKOBO O
MaTepHasia
B
CHHXPOHHOM
ILlaHe
B
PATE
cnyyaes
BbIABHNI
pe3skHe
pasMGNA
B
OHeTHYeCKOH
BAapHaTHBHOCTH,
XapaKkTepH-
3ylolleli
OTMeNbHEIX
HOCHTeeli
TOBOpa,
MpwHa exalux
K
onHOom
Hw
TOM
%*e
Bo3pacTHoli
pynie.
V3ysenme
MHIMBHAyaNbHEIX
COUMAJIbHO-MHTBHCTHICCKUX
O o pabui
WaHHBIX
KHAMBHAYyMOB
CNOCOGCTBOBANO
BHIABJICHHIO
CIOXKHOTO
H
pasHooOpa3Ho o
B3aMMOJelicTBHA
BHEIIHHX
H
BHYTPeHHUX
cbaxTopos
B
Mmpouecce
dyHKuMOHMpOBaHHA
BCeli
AHaNeKTHOH
CHCTeMbI
TOROpa
H
B
pasBuTHM
doueTu-
YeckOii
BapHaTHBHOCTH,
B
YaCTHOCTH
(nompo6uee
06
9ToM
cm.:
Tpu oxosac,
1978
a,
c.
89-90).
Visyyen e
mpoueccos
(oneTH4ecKoii
BapHaTHBHOCTH
B
peyeBol
mMpakTHKe
HOCHTeuel
HecneAyeMo o
TOBOpa
NO3BONKET
CieaTb
BLIBOA
0
TOM,
¥TO
COBpeMeH-
HOe
COCTOSHHe
BHYTpeHHeli
CTpyKTypbI
AaHHOTO
OCTpoBHOTO
pyccko o
cTAapo-
2xubYecKO O
oBopa
JIuTBEI
MpepcTaBasxeT
Cobol
pesynbTaT
auddy3Ho o
xapak-
Tepa
B3aMMOelicTBHA
COCyIIeCTBYIOWIMX
B
paHHMax
MccIeAyeMo o
OBOpa
A3bI-
KOBBIX
CHCTeM
H
MOACKCTeM,
O6ycHOBeHHOTO
Kak
BHYTpeHAMMH
OcoGeHHOCTAMH
J@HHBIX
CHCTeM,
Tak
M
BHeMIHHMH
cbakTOpaMH.
2.
Couwomuu BucTHYeckad
xapakTepwCTHKa
COUMaIbHO-akTya~
HH3MpOBaHHOM
MManeKTHOH
meKcuKH.
Com ONMHTBHCTHYECKOe
HCCIeHO-
BaNHe
AHONeKTHON
WekcHkKK
MpeqnMona aeT
RBITRTPHHE
*PYHKIHOHAMBHOH
3akpen-
JICHHOCTH
Tex
HIM
HHBIX
ee
IIACTOB,
BbIJeAeMbIX
Ha
OCHOBe
BHYTPHCTpyKTypHO O
HIM
MeXBA3BIKOBOTO
aHasIM3a,
3a
Ol peeeHHbIMM
BOSPaCTHBIMH,
COMMA@JIbHBIMH,
mpodeccHOHaIbHEIMM
WIM
HHbIMM
pynnaMi
HOCHTeeH
WaHHOTO
A3bIKa
HJIM
o-
Bopa,
4TO
ABIeTCH
YACTHBIM
TIpOmBJeHHeM
CONMAIbHO!
TubhepenwHalAn
A3bIKa,
Hepa3pbIBHO
CBA3aHHOH
C
COLHabHON
auddbepenumanne
obulecTBa
(Useiinep,
1983,
c.
6).
Heo6xogumoii
npezMocsINKOK
yc lenmHo o
aHasiH3a
mpo6siembi
commasb-
HOW
pMbbepenuMalMH
A3bIKa
B
WeOM
M
OTJeNbHOFO
eFO
YPOBHA
—
J1CKCHKH
—
BiAeTCH
MCCHeqOBAaHHeE
COMMaNbHOH
BapHaTHBHOCTH
A3bikKa
HM
ped,
KOTOpa
Tipeyc aeT
B
ABYX
BHaXx:
B
CTpaTHuKalMOHHOH
M
CHTYaTHBHOIi
BapHaTHBHOCTH
(Ieeiinep,
1976,
c.
73—79).
Packppi u o
cyliHocTH
colmambHol
nHddbepenuua-
HM
ManeKTHOM
neKcHKH
B
Gombulel
Mepe
c oco6c ayeT
c paTHdukalmoHHaA
BapHaTHBHOCTb,
HeMOcpeACTBeHHO
CBxASaHHAaA
C
couHanbHoli
cTpyK ypoi
o6-
mecTBa.
,
TipHMeHu TembHO
K
Weu M
MccHeqOBaHHA
JWaneKTHOH
NeKcHkH
cTpaTHuKa-
WHOHHad:
BapHATHBHOCTh
MOXeT
ObITb
MipeAcTaBseHa
B
6onee
y3KOM
NOHATHH
CONMAIBHOH
akTyaM3alWH
WMaseKTHO
JeKCHKH,
mpeac assomel
coboli
yac -
HEI
ca yyaii
cTpaTHpHKaNHOHHOM
BapHaTHBHOCTH.
Ona
o6ycnoBamBae cs
BIIMA-
HHeM
O HOTO
cOmMaMbHOTO
dakTOpa
—
powa
SaHATHH
HM
BHAA
Aesx TebHOCTH
cy6bexTOB,
4TO,
Kak
H3BECTHO,
BCe a
HaXOWHTCH
B
TecHOH
B3aHMOCBS3H
C
BO3-
nelic BHeM
Weno o
psaya
APy Hx
couMabHbIX
dakTOpos.
Ha
ocHone
oOmenpH3HaHHOli
H
WIMpOKOHCHOsb3yeMoi
TeMaTHYecKOli
KNaccH-
(PHKANHH
AHAeKTHOH
JeKcHKH
MpeACTAaBIACTCA
BOSMOXKHBIM
BbIICIHTb
B
JCKCHKE
8,
1880
113
HCHONB3YIOTCH
BCEMH
HOCHTeIAMH
MCCHeMyeMo o
TOBOpa,
He34BHCHMO
OT
po-
Ha
WX
JeATeNbHOCTH
HM
Apy x
cCOMMasIbHEIX
JeTepMMHaHTOB.
Bo
BIOpH4HOM
'
WIM
epeHOCHOM
3Ha4eHHM
9TH
%e
cnoBa,
byny4H
BCe yja
O paHH4eHHbIMH
B
BO3-
MOXKHOCTAX
HX
yOTpeONeHA,
B
TAHHOH
pe eBol
OGUIHOCTH
HCHOMb3YIOTCA
JIMUIb
B
Y3KOCHeWHaNbHOM
3HaYeHHM,
XapakTepH3yscb
CTpO O
O paHHYeHHbIM
CeMaH-
THYeCKHM
pa3 paHHeHHeM,
T.
€.
ABNIAIOTCA
COMHANbHO
aKTyaJIM3HPOBAaHHBIMH,
Hamp.:
2amb,
cmagumb,
Kpymumb
KM
MX
MpucTaBOYHbIe
POpMEI
sbi2zHame,
npoe-
Hamb,
nocmasumb,
ébiKpymumb,
npoKpymumb
B
HccHeyeMOM
T OBOpe
MO yT
Hc-
MONb30BAaTECA
a)
B
TOM
Xe
3HAYeHHH,
KaK
H
B
JMTepaTyPHOM
A3biKe,
—
B
9TOM
3HaYeHHH
OHH
ynOTpeOMAIOTCA
BCeEMH
HOCHTeJIAMH
oBopa;
6)
B
CielHaJIbHOM
3Ha-
4eHHM
Kak
Ha3BaHHA
OMpeseseHHbIX
CTPOHTeJbHBIX
MPOLWeCCOB
—
TOJIbKO
B
ASBIKE
CeNBCKHX
cTpouTeneli,
MpH4eM
B
OCHOBHOM
cTaplie o
moKoeHHA
(mo”pobHee
om.:
TpxHdouosac,
19786,
c.
152—154).
3.
BHyTpHcTpyKTypHOe
B3aMMOeCTBHE
KOHTAKTHPYWILAX
A3bI-
KOBBIX
CHCTeM
H
NOACHCTeM.
Hecmo ps
Ha
BBICOKy10
CTelleHb
YCTOM4HBOCTH
OHETHKH,
HMeIOUIMiica
A3bIKOBOH
MaTepHasl
CBUeTeIbCTByeT
O
HasIM4HM
ONpe e-
JeHHBIX
(bakTOB
BHYTPHCTpyKTYPHOTO
B3aHMOJeHCTBHA
KOHTAKTUPY!OUlHX
AZbIKO-
BBIX
CHCTeM
Ha
3TOM
YPOBHe.
Vi B
poguoii,
4
B
HTOBCKOM
ped
PyCCKHX
CTapOxXHIOB
CTapille O
NOKOeHHA
WHO a
HaGsmOgae cH
DAPTOHTH3aUHA
OTMENbHBIX
yapHBIX
PaCHBIX,
Halip.,
Mpo-
W3HOMeHHe
AHpTOHTOH
OB
“0,
“e
Ha
MecTe
yapHbIX
aCHbIx
HeBepXHe o
MOAbeMa
Jo],
je/
x
B
pomHol
pes
(H020,
3epab%omona,
Cmaa encka,
2y6“epHuily
—
“MHO-
o’,
“sapa6o ano’,
‘CMomencka’,
‘ ySepHu o’),
HB
MHTOBCKO:i
( “oki,
sen“o éj,
kal'é-
jimas
—
“ axwe’,
“B
c apuny’,
‘TioppMa’).
Hanwune
nogo6upx
gub ou ouzos
B
JMTOBCKOM
ped
pycCKHX
CTapOxH0B
axe
Ha
Mec e
Ge3yqapHo o
JHTOBCKO O
KOHe4HO O
/é/
HH
B
Apy ux
Ge3syZapHbIX
MOSHIMAX
CBHJeTeIBCTBYeT
O
BIMAHHH
ocoGeHHOCTei
(POHETHKH
MeCTHBIX
FOBOPOB
JIMTOBCKOFO
A3bIKA,
B
KOTOPbIX
MpOH3-
HoWeHHe
on ux
nacupx
/o/,
/é/
KoneOmeTcx
oT
wmpoKHx
/a:/,
/e-/
no
Y3KHX
HanpsxeHHBIX
/o-/,
/e-/
HIM
QupTOHTOB
wu
AMpTOHTOHDOB
/uo,
“o/,
Jie,
‘e/
(Zinke igius
1966,
p.
68,
74)
(cp.:
Papu a,
1983,
c.
159).
B
TO
xe
BpeMs
B
JaHHOM
Ciy4ae
MOXHO
FOBOPHT
O
cOXpaHeHuH
cyOc pa a
MaTePpHHCKHX
TOBOPOB,
Tak
KaK
JIJI
HEKOTOPbIX
MATeEPHKOBBIX
FOBOPOB
pyccKo o
s3bIka,
TpaBda,
B
HaACTOAMee
BpeMs
He
YacTO,
XapakTepHO
UucTOHTH4ecKOe
MpOH3HOWeHHe
3BYKOB
B
COOTBeTCTBHH
C
(boHeMamH
/0/,
/e/,
BEICTyMa OIee
OOEIT-
HO
Hapsay
c
HeaMToH uueckum
(Pyccka
AuanexTono us,
1964,
c.
33).
Tlogyepxusa ollMM
BIMAHHeM
3By4aHHA
THTOBCKOTO
macHo o
/e/
B
TepBOM
Mpexy4apHOM
co e
MOxHO
OObACHHTh
OTHOCHTeJIBHO
BbICOKY!O
CTe leHb
COxpa-
HeHMA
CHJILHOTO
AKaHbA
B
PCY
PYCCKHX
CTAPOXMIOB
CpeqHe O
H
MOIOMOTO
MOKO-
JleHHa,
KOTOpbIe
C
JHTOBCKHM
MpOH3HOWIeHHeM
aHHOTO
3ByKa
CTaJIKMBaKOTCH
Topa3qO
Yale,
4eM
C
HOPMHpOBaHHLIM
PyYCCKHM
MpOM3HOUIeHHeM
(cp.
pyccKoe
WasleKTHOe
H
JMTOBCKOe
JHTepa ypHoOe
MpoHsHOWeHHe:
6’a2y
“Ge y’
—
degu,
eddy
“Beny’
—
edu,
¢’a3y’
“Besy’
—
ezu,
n’acy
“Hecy’
—
neSu,
c’acmpd
“cec pa’
—
sesuo),
Re
115