LIETUVIŲ KALBOTYROS KLAUSIMAI, XXX (1993)

PERIFERINĖS LIETUVIŲ KALBOS TARMĖS

Laima GRUMADIENĖ

ANTHROPONYMY OF THE BENEKAINIAI AREA

Aim of the study. This article sets out to take a look at a remote corner of eastern Lithuania, now largely situated in Belarus—the parish of Benekainis—from the following perspective: how local people's surnames reflect the population's ethnicity, whether there has been substantial migration, and whether the ethnic composition has changed markedly. An opportunity unexpectedly arose to discuss in greater depth the surnames of the inhabitants of almost every village in the parish over the past hundred years, since three lists of surnames compiled at different times are available.

Lithuanian identity in the parish of Benekainis. As reported in issue 115 of “Viltis” in 1908, about half of the approximately 4,850 Catholics in the parish of Benekainis at that time were Lithuanians. This is also confirmed by issue 109 of “Viltis” (1908) and issue 1 (1909), which recount that the parish priest of Benekainis at the time, Sacharka, did not speak Lithuanian but, being a good Pole and an upright Catholic, asked the ecclesiastical authorities to transfer him elsewhere because he did not know Lithuanian and there were supposedly many Lithuanians in the parish of Benekainis. The same account notes that even Father Jankevčius, the previous parish priest of Benekainis, although much more favorable to Poles than to Lithuanians, nevertheless acknowledged that about half the parishioners there were Lithuanians.

During the period of Polish rule, several Lithuanian “Ryto” Society schools and branches of the St. Casimir Society operated in the parish, although Lithuanians were fined or imprisoned for teaching children in Lithuanian; a Lithuanian primary school and progymnasium also operated in Benekainis during the war with the Germans (Kviklys, 1989, 312-313).

Unfortunately, today only a dozen or so local people living in the parish of Benekainis who speak Lithuanian have been found, mostly elderly. The ethnic composition of the inhabitants of the Benekainis area seems to have changed considerably over the past hundred years. But that is only at first glance. In reality, circumstances of life are changing. People from the same family or kin group become people of different ethnicities: the elderly are Lithuanians, their children are Poles who already speak Belarusian, and the latter's children are Poles who speak Russian. At present, the most widespread language in the Benekainis area is Belarusian, and in more official settings, Russian. But the inhabitants here are fairly settled, since in the same villages

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the variety of surnames changes very little: for decades, perhaps even centuries, descendants of the same families and kin groups have lived there.

It is difficult to say anything definite about the ethnic composition of the inhabitants of the Benekainis area, because the surnames remain the same, slightly “adapted,” while the people are already of different ethnicities.

There are three sources for the study. The first is a handwritten register book, compiled between 1884 and 1902, which the author discovered during a 1985 expedition to the Voronovo district, in the Benekainis area, together with Vilnius University student Teresė Vaišnytė, who was from those parts (the village of Ramaškoniai, Armoniškės parish). In the village of Padeguciai (Pādžeguciai), 4 km northeast of Benekainis and 8 km southeast of Šalčininkai, local resident Aleksandras Mozolis (born 1913), who spoke only Belarusian and considered himself a Pole, kindly allowed the author to copy his grandfather's register (“Lista Rejestracyjna. Gmina Bieniakonie. Powiat Lida. Województwo Nowogrodzki. 1884-1902”), written in Polish. The book lists the names of surrounding villages and the surnames of many of their inhabitants: those who were drafted into the army, bought or sold something substantial, went somewhere or came from somewhere, and so on. In one way or another, at least one representative of each family living in a village found their way into it. This source is about a hundred years old.

The second source consists of surnames recorded from local residents during the expeditions organized every summer from 1984 to 1988 by the Institute of the Lithuanian Language and Literature and Vilnius University. These were the surnames of people considered local, whose parents and grandparents were known to their neighbors. In the villages, people remember well who came from where to live with whom as a son-in-law, and how much land each person owned. The villages around Benekainis are usually small; there are rarely more than 15 households, and quite a few hamlets had only 2–3 farms. A small number of surnames were also recorded whose bearers, according to long-time village residents, had once been their neighbors, but had since died out or moved away. Many villages around Benekainis are disappearing and growing old; only one or two (Juodkiškės, Dainava) are expanding, usually due to arrivals from Ukraine and the interior of Belarus. These people do not determine the ethnic composition of the population of the Benekainis area, since they are often temporary residents. Although their surnames are not studied here, they will soon have to be taken more seriously, because they are the ones taking the places of local young people who have moved to the cities.

This second source is the most accurate, having been checked with long-established families; surnames are written as local people pronounce them: most often in Belarusian, very rarely in Lithuanian; older people who have been somewhat Polonized or served in the army also “translate” them into Polish, while younger people usually render them in Russian, as they are recorded in passports.

The third source consists of lists of all inhabitants, in Russian, compiled by local councils (1985).

Research methodology. Surnames from the same villages that recur in all three sources were selected. Some villages have disappeared; some inhabitants moved to separate homesteads in the 1930s and 1940s; others left for Poland or Vilnius. Therefore, as many as 65% of the surnames recurring in all three sources are

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quite a lot. In total, surnames of inhabitants of 47 villages are analyzed here. Mozolio’s book mentions about 200 surnames; 131 surnames are examined here. All the surnames are compared with the “Dictionary of Lithuanian Surnames” (Vol. 1 — 1985, Vol. 2 — 1989), and compared with the surnames presented in Z. Zinkevičius’s book “Lithuanian Anthroponymy: Personal Names of Lithuanians in Vilnius at the Beginning of the 17th Century” (1977), and where possible, also with M. B. Біпула. “Беларуская антрапанімія” (1982).

Order of presentation of surnames. The first personal name given is an excerpt from the aforementioned Mozolio book; if spelling varies there, the variants are given after a slash (/), while after a double slash (//) the same surname is given in Russian spelling as found in contemporary local council registers, but only if the spelling or pronunciation of any sound varies, e.g., Pilipaj//Душилевич. The village name is then given in parentheses, written as in Mozolio’s book; after a slash (/), when first mentioned, the village’s Lithuanian name is given (as recorded during field expeditions). Incidentally, a few villages from neighboring parishes have also been included. The abbreviations denote: LPŽ I, II — Volumes I and II of the “Dictionary of Lithuanian Surnames”; LA — Z. Zinkevičius’s “Lithuanian Anthroponymy: (...)”; Біп — M. B. Бірула. “Беларуская антрапанімія”; the numbers indicate the pages where the same surname is mentioned or its origin explained (except in LPŽ). Surnames which have lost their endings in the sources consulted are compared with LPŽ by provisionally “restoring” their endings, although it was not possible to hear all of them pronounced with endings during the expeditions. In each personal name, one of the underlined syllables indicates the syllable on which the person’s present-day neighbors stress the surname.

Surnames were also examined in terms of their origin and formation. It emerged that about half of the surnames are of baptismal-name origin—some with Lithuanian suffixes, others with Slavic ones. Some surnames derive from common nouns, most often Lithuanian ones and occasionally Slavic ones. The latter are sometimes calques, although this is generally difficult to prove. It should be noted that as surnames became Slavicized, they changed: sometimes Slavic equivalents were chosen for Lithuanian suffixes, and sometimes Slavic suffixes were added to Lithuanian ones.

I. SURNAMES OF BAPTISMAL-NAME ORIGIN

1. With Lithuanian suffixes

One fifth, i.e., 18%, consists of surnames whose stem coincides with the stem of a baptismal name and whose suffixes are Lithuanian: diminutive -elis, -ulis, -ukas (cf. LA 70), and patronymic -aitis, -onis, -ūnas. LA 75 expresses doubt as to whether -aitis is characteristic of Eastern Lithuania, but we found as many as seven such surnames. In the Dzūkian dialect area, t before i becomes c, giving rise to -aicis. The formative -šta (Jakšzta) may also be of Lithuanian origin (cf. Біп 239).

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Only a few people still know Lithuanian in the vicinity of Benekainis. Interestingly, these people may call the very same person right there Mikulski, Mikulis, or Mikulka (Varenavas): they generally attach little importance to variation in forms. Sometimes it is even difficult to tell whether it is a surname or a nickname. When asked, they explain that they simply call these people whatever each person wishes. But they note: “the family name Mikulski is written in the passport” (and they do not add an ending).

Twenty-four surnames of baptismal-name origin with Lithuanian suffixes were found. Only three have retained their endings to the present day: Adamonis, Czepulonis, Jakszta.

Several surnames even have two Lithuanian suffixes: -ul- and -on- — Czepulonis, -ėl- and -ūn- — Pieckelun, -uk- and -ait- — Basiukajc, Masiukajc, -ut- and -ait- — Jakutaic.

In six cases, Slavic suffixes were later added to Lithuanian suffixes: -ėl- and -owicz — Juralowicz, -ul- and -skij — Mikulskij, -ėl- and -ewicz — Urbiełewicz, -uk- and -ewicz — Walukiewicz, Wasiukiewicz, Wojtukiewicz.

The forms of baptismal names from which the surnames in this group derive are as follows: 1) shared by Lithuanians and Slavs, e.g., Adam-, Jak-, Mac-, Pec-, Urb-, Val-; 2) Lithuanian: Bal- (the Slavic form would have o), Kris-, Mik-, Pil- (the Slavic form would have F-); 3) Belarusian and Polish forms coincide in several cases: Bas-, Jas-, Vas-; 4) Belarusian: Демен-, Пецк-; 5) Polish: Szczep-, Maš-. Thus, forms of baptismal names shared by Lithuanians and Slavs predominate.

ADAMONIS (also stressed ADAMONIS) (Woronowo/Varenāvas/Balatnā), LPŽ I (: Adomas) + -on-;

ADOMAJC /АДАМОВИЧ /АДОМАЙЦ (Degutka/Dzegūčiai; Ławcy/ Lauciai), LPŽ I (: Adomas) + -ait-;

BALINAJC/BALENAJC/БАЛИНАИЦ (Lubarty/Liubertai), cf.: LPŽ I

BALYNAS (: Balys ⇐ Boleslavas) + -yn- or -ėn-, cf. also: LA 123

BALINAS: Bal- (: bálti?); there is a place name Balėnai;

BASIUKAJC (Koniuchy/Kaniūkai), LPŽ I (: Belarusian Басюк, Бас) or LA 68 (: Polish Bas ⇐ Sebastijan) + -uk-, + -ait-;

CZEPOLONIS/CZEPULONIS (also accented CZEPULONIS) /ЧЕПУЛОНИС (Koniuchy), LPŽ I (: Polish Szczepan ⇐ Stefan) + -ul-, + -on-;

DZIEMIENČZUK/ZIEMIENČZUK /ЗЕМЕНЧУК (Stanisze/Stanisiiai), LPŽ I

DZIMENČIUKAS (: Belarusian Дементий) + -uk-; the form with dz is primary;

JAKSZTA (Braželce/Bražėliai), LPŽ I, LA 68 (: German Jaxt ⇐ Jacobus), but Belarusian Якой ⇒ Якуша, also Belarusian -шта: Lithuanian -ait-, -ut- (see bıp 239);

JAKUL (Stasino/?), LPŽ I (Jakas ⇐ Jokūbas) + -ul-;

JAKUTAIC (Mikontany/Mikantónys), LPŽ I (Jakas ⇐ Jokūbas) + -ut-, + -ait-;

JASIUKAIC (Degutka; Podzegucie/Pādeguciai; Zabłocie/Žūbalis/Āžūbalis), LPŽ I (: Belarusian, Polish Jas ⇐ Jan) + -ait-;

JASKUL/JASZKUL/ЯСКУЛЬ (Podwaryszki/Pādvariškės; Zabłocie), LA 78 (: Polish Jaś, Jaska, Jaszka ⇐ Jan) + -ul-; LPŽ I has JASKULEVIČIUS, JAŠKULIS;

JURALOWICZ (Smolina), LPŽ I (: Lithuanian Jurelė ⇐ Juras, Belarusian Юрась ⇐ Юрий,

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Pol. Juras) + -el-, later + Slavic -owicz; in the stem, r is only hard, therefore -el- becomes -al-;

KRYSENEL/KRISIÓNĖLIS (Woronowo), (?: Krisius ⇐ Kristupas, Pol. Krzys ⇐ Krzysztof) + -el-; LA 113 Krisnelis; LPŽ I KRISNICKAS;

LAZUK (Kodzie/Kúodžiai), LA 164 LAZIS (: Pol. Lazarz) + -uk; LPŽ II has Laziuka (: Bel., Ukr. Лазука);

MACIUKAJC (Lubarty), LPŽ II MACIUKAS, MATUKAITIS (in the stem, r becomes c because of dzukavimas); LA 67, 79 MACIUKAS (: Macys, Bel. Мац ⇐ Мацей, Pol. Maciej) + -uk-, + -ait-;

MASIEL (Romucie/Ramuciai), LPŽ II (: Pol. Mas ⇐ Maciej) + -el-;

MIKULSKIJ //МИКУЛЬКА (Woronowo), LPŽ II (: Mikas ⇐ Mykolas) + -ul-, later + Slavic -ski;

PIECIUL (Bojary/Bajōrai; Bolcienikiele/Balcinÿkėliai; Lazaryszki/Lōzoriškės), LPŽ II; LA 74 (: Pecas, Bel. Пецъ ⇐ Петр) + -ul-;

PIECKELUN (Kletkieni̇ki/Klėtkı̇nykai; Mikontany; Romucie), LPŽ II PECKUS; LA 78 PECKELIS (: Bel. Пецъка ⇐ Петр) + -el-, + -ūn-;

PILIPAJC/ФИЛИПАЙЦЬ (Bojary; Romucie; Scilguny/Scilgūnai; Towzginiany/Tauzginionys), LPŽ II (: Pilius ⇐ Pilypas) + -ait-;

URBIELEWICZ (Braželce), LPŽ II (: Urbonas) + -el-, later + Slavic -ewicz; possibly also from uŕbti ’to make a noise, bore; to disturb, constantly nag, scold, pester’;

WALUKIEWICZ (Towzginiany), LA 214 (: Valius, Pol. Wala, Walis ⇐ Walenty; also Val-, cf. Val-mantas); LPŽ II; Бип 42 (: Bel. Валюк ⇐ Валянцин) + -uk-, later + Slavic -ewicz;

WASIUKIEWICZ (Bieniakonie/Bенекáinys), LA 80 (: Bel. Васюк ⇐ Васілій, Pol. Wasiuk ⇐ Wasilij) + -uk-, later + Slavic -ewicz; LPŽ II;

WOJTUKEWICZ/WOJTKIEWICZ //ВОЙТУКЕВИЧ (pronounced Wajtukewicz) (Bolsie/Balsiai; Braželce); LPŽ II (: Pol. Wojtko ⇐ Wojciech) + -uk-, later + Slavic -ewicz.

2. With the Slavic patronymic suffixes -owicz, -ewicz

Sixteen surnames (12%) with the Slavic patronymic suffixes -owicz, -ewicz were found. These are East Slavic suffixes, but in the Principality of Moscow they were given only to noble persons, whereas in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania this was not necessarily the case. These patronymic suffixes are not characteristic of Poles (cf. LA 54), and therefore the underlying baptismal-name forms are most often Belarusian— Родзя, Богусь, Андрюшка, Міцька, Пецъка, Синька.

ANDRUSZKEWICZ (Loszaki/?), LPŽ I (: Belarusian Андрюшка ⇐ Андрей);

BOHUSEWICZ //БОГУСЕВИЧ (Bieniakonie), LPŽ I BOGUSEVIČIUS (: Belarusian Богусь ⇐ Богуслав);

BONDALEWICZ (Woronowo; Koniuchy), LPŽ I (: Belarusian Бич ⇐ Бенедикт);

LAWRYNOWICZ/RAULYNOWICZ //ЛАВРИНОВИЧ (Kletkieni̇ki; Kodzie),

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LPŽ II LAURINAVIČIUS and RAULINAVIČIUS (: Laurynas ⇒ Raulynas due to regressive metathesis, Polish Rawlus);

MICKIEWICZ (Bazyle/Bazẏliai; Romucie), LPŽ II (: Belarusian Міцка ⇐ Димитрий);

PIETKIEWICZ (Bazyle), LPŽ II (: Belarusian Пецка ⇐ Петр);

PIETRUSZKIEWICZ (Braželce), LPŽ II (: Belarusian, Polish Piotruska ⇐ Piotr);

RADZIEWICZ/RODZIEWICZ/RODEWICZ //РАДЗЕВИЧ (Bieniśakonie; Podziegucie; Żygi/Żygai), LA 187, LPŽ II RADZEVIČIUS/RODZEVIČIUS/RODAVIČIUS/RODEVIČIUS/RADEVIČIUS (: Belarusian Радзивон ⇒ Розя), cf. Bip 105;

RAWLUSZEWICZ (Loszaki/?), LA 244, LPŽ II RAULUŠEVIČIUS (: Raulynas, Polish Rawlus), Raulas arose through regressive metathesis from Lauras;

SAKOWICZ (Towzginiany), LA 86, LPŽ II (: Sakas, Sokas ⇐ Исаак or Сакердон);

SIENKIEWICZ/SINKIEWICZ //СИНКЕВИЧ (Braželce; Kiemiele/Kiemėliai, Mirompol/Marijámpolė; Zelwidory/?; Wizgirdy/Vizgirdai), LA 81, LPŽ II (: Belarusian Синька ⇐ Симеон);

STEFANOWICZ (Podwaryszki), LPŽ II (: Belarusian Стефан);

SZYMANOWICZ (Towzginiany), LA 87, LPŽ II (: Polish Szyman);

ULEWICZ (Łubarty), LPŽ II (: Orthodox Ульян;?: Polish ul’avilys’);

WOJCIECHOWICZ (Łazaryszki), (: Polish Wojciech); LPŽ II VAICEKAVIČIUS/VOJCECHAVIČIUS/VAICECHAVIČIUS;

ZDANOWICH (Kletkieniki), LPŽ II ZDANEVIČIUS/ZDONOVIČIUS; LA 87 (: Polish Zdan).

3. With Slavic suffixes of the -ski type

Six surnames (5%) with the suffix -ski, common in Poland, were found. It is noteworthy that only one baptismal-name form is Polish—Broz-/Brzoz-. In Lithuania, -ski was borne by more noble families, which is why there are comparatively fewer surnames of this type that have been Slavicized.

BIENIAKONSKI (Woronowo), LPŽ I gives the surname BENEKONIS; (: Polish Bieniek ⇐ Benedykt; there is a place name Benekainys);

BRZOZOWSKI //БРОЗОВСКИЙ (Podzegucie, Warnakiele/Varnakėliai), LPŽ I gives BŽOZOVSKIS/BROZAUSKAS/BRAZAUSKAS, (: Polish Brozik, Brożek ⇐ Ambroży);

JASINSKI (Towzginiany), LA 84, LPŽ I (: Polish, respectively Belarusian Jas ⇐ Jan);

KATKOWSKI (Towrele/Taurėlai), LA 84, LPŽ I (Katkus is associated with Polish Chodko, Chodek;: Belarusian Ходко, Ходка ⇐ Федор);

PALKOWSKI (Braželce), LA 179 notes that there is a place name Pálkiai and a river name Pálkistas; LPŽ II (: Belarusian Палька ⇐ Павел Bip 99);

SAWICKI (Zabłocie), LA 72, LPŽ II (: Belarusian Савва, Polish Sawa; Savas ⇐ Ksaveras).

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4. With the suffix -eik-

The origin of the suffix -eik- is still debated. Two surnames with this suffix were found:

MIKOLEIKO (pronounced MIKALEIKA) (Zabłocie), LPŽ II (: Mykolas);

WALEJKA (Woronowo) LA 214, LPŽ II (: Valius, Polish Wala, Walis ⇐ Walenty, also Val-, cf. Val-mantas).

5. Slavic hypocoristics of baptismal names

Slavic hypocoristics of baptismal names used as surnames are mostly Belarusian. Thirteen (10%) were found. These are, of course, surnames of commoners.

ANDROS (Kiemiele; Kurze/Kużai), Бip 31 (: Belarusian Андрос ⇐ Андрей);

APANAS (Hūta/Ūta), LA 71, Бip 35 (: Belarusian Апанас ⇐ Афанасий);

BIEN (Woronowo), LA 70, while LPŽ I has BENYS, BENIUS (: Denis, Benys, Benius ⇐ Benediktas; Polish Bień, Bienia ⇐ Benedykt, Belarusian Бень ⇐ Бенедикт);

BORYK (Swity/Svilaī) Бip 39 (: Belarusian Боряк ⇐ Борис);

GRYSZKA (Stasino) LA 74, LPŽ I, Бip 107 (: Гришка, Гришко ⇐ Григорий);

IURSZA (Hūta), LA 71, LPŽ I, Бip 128 (: Belarusian Юрша ⇐ Юрий);

MELKO/MELKA /МЕЛЬКА (Dajnowa/Dainavā; Kletkieniki; Žygi), LPŽ II, Бip 62 (: Belarusian Мелька ⇐ Емельян);

MIKURA (Lubarty), Бip 91 (: Belarusian Микура ⇐ Микалай);

MISŪRA (Cieslukiszki/Cesliukiskės; Woronowo), LPŽ II; Бip 93, 96 (: Belarusian Міц, Міора, Міцура ⇐ Микалай);

PUPKA (Woronowo), LA 249, LPŽ II, Бip 179 (: Belarusian Пупка ⇐ Пуцлий);

SIERAFINKA/SIERAFINKO/SIERAFIMKA/SIERAFIMKO /СЕРАФИНКА/СЕРАФИМКА /СЕРАФИНКО/СЕРАФИМКО (Bolcieninkiele; Kletkieniki; Romuci), Бip 110 (: Belarusian Серафимка), the shortened form Sierafinka is characteristic of Polish, while Sierafimka is characteristic of Belarusian; LPŽ II SERAFINAS/SERAFIMAS;

STANISZ (Romucie; Staniszy/Stanišai), LA 87, LPŽ II (: Polish Stanisz ⇐ Stanisław);

WINCO/ВИНЦА (Woronowo), LPŽ II; Бip 47-48 (: Polish Wincenty, widespread also among Catholic Belarusians, since the Orthodox Vikentiy is an abbreviation of Vints- + -uk, -ul, etc.); Lithuanian Vincas, Vincentas;

WOLYNIEC/WOLYNIEC (Cieslukiszki; Sci̇̇guny), LPŽ II Valinčius (: Valentas, Polish Walenty, Walenta, Belarusian Валентый, Валят, Валеит, Валяты).

Thus, nearly half of the surnames—61 (46%)—were found to be of baptismal-name origin. One third of them—24—have Lithuanian suffixes; among the Slavic elements, Belarusian rather than Polish ones predominate.

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II. LITHUANIAN SURNAMES OF NON-BAPTISMAL ORIGIN

1. Translation

One translation of a surname, attested in present-day documents, was found: DULKA //ПИЛИНКА (Dainowa); in nearby Svilai (Swiły), only DULKA is recorded. LA 138, LPŽ I offers several interpretations: 1) dùlkė or 2) a derivative with -ka from dùla ‘a taciturn person’; however, locally this surname is interpreted as deriving from dùlkės (perhaps due to folk etymology), as the translation also indicates.

2. From common Lithuanian words

BALANDA/BALANDO //БАЛОНДА (Podwaryszki), LPŽ I (: balánda, balandà ‘a kind of plant’); GAJDZIS (Zalesie/?), LA 139, LPŽ I (: gaidỹs); KIEL/КЕЛЬ (Swiły), LA 154, LPŽ I (: kielė); KODZIS (Koniuchy), LA 161, LPŽ I (: 1) kuódas; 2) kuõdis ‘one with a tuft’; 3) kuodỹs ‘crested lark’); KORWIEL (Stasino), LA 151, LPŽ I (: karvėlis); ROGAL/ROGALSKI/ROGELSKI //РОГАЛЬ (Czyżewsk/?; Huta; Łazaryszki), LPŽ II (?: rãgas) + -el-, later + Slavic -ski; SZARKO //ШАРКО (Bieniakonce/?; Bieniakonie; Bojary; Scilguny), LA 203, LPŽ II (: šárka); SZAMIEL (Mikontany; Swiły), LPŽ II (: šãmas ‘a kind of fish’ + -el-); WILBIK (Stasino), LPŽ II (?: vilbėti, vilbinti); ZUZA (Koniuchy, Scilguny), LA 221, LPŽ II (: 1) zùžà ‘an inert person’, 2) zùžti ‘to hum, grumble, buzz’).

3. From Lithuanian derivatives with inflectional endings

BALC //БАЛЬКА (Podwaryszki). If this is BALČIUS, then LPŽ I (: 1) báltas), but the translation BALKA would indicate that 2) it may also be an abbreviation of Boleslov, although apparently arising through folk etymology) + -us; BALKUS (Bieniakonie), LPŽ I (: 1) balki or 2) Bolko ⇐ Bolesław + -us; BILDŽIS (Bolsie), cf. LA 125 BILDŽIUS, LPŽ I BILDŽIUKAS (?: bildėti) + -is or -ys; WOJSZNIS (Bieniakonie, Cieslukiszki), LPŽ II (?: vaišinti) + -is or -ys.

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4. From Lithuanian words with suffixes

Some surnames, e.g., Wodejka, Woronis, although they raise some doubts, are assigned to this group. The suffixes identified are apparently not elements in surname formation, but rather of Lithuanian words with suffixes

DUDOJC (Bieniakonœ; Bieniakonie; Lenciszki/Lėnčiškės; Zabłocie), LA 137, LPŽ I (: dūda 1) ‘a musical instrument of this kind’, 2) ‘a gaping person, an ignoramus’) + -ait-;

GAUDIUL (Bojary), cf. LA 141 GAUDIS (-YS?) (?: 1) gaūsti, 2) gāudyti, 3) Gaud- from a Lithuanian personal name, a common component of two-stem Lithuanian surnames); LPŽ I GAUDUTIS, GAUDELIS (?: gaudīs 1) ‘clear-toned, resonant, loud’, 2) ‘melodious’, 3) ‘sad, poor, mournful’) + -ul-;

GIEDROIC (Kulkiszki/Kūlkiškės; Mikontany), LA 142, LPŽ I (: giēdras 1) ‘sunny, bright, cloudless’; 2) ‘clear, pure, lucid’; 3) ‘resonant’; there is a lake named Giedrys) + -ait-;

HAJDUL/ГАЙДУЛЬ (Woronowo), LA 139, LPŽ I GAIDELIS; HAIDUKAS; GAIDULIS; AIDULIS (: aidūs ‘resonant’) + -ul-; LPŽ I questions whether HAIDUKAS might derive from (: gaidys), but the Belarusian form with h- would better support the first interpretation — (: aidus);

MAGUL (Ławcy/?), LA 169 MAGALAS (?: 1) māgalas ‘one who magaliuoja, buzzes about; makalas’, 2) magėti ‘to matter, to desire’) + -ul-; LPŽ II MOGULEVIČIUS (?: mōgautis ‘to take pleasure, delight, or relish in’, 2) mōgis ‘pleasure, satisfaction’, 3) mogūoti ‘to long for, desire, want’;

MITUL (Romucie), LPŽ I (?: mitulỹs, mītulis 1) ‘a winter sleeper’, 2) ‘one who has become fattened; a mature, grown man’);

MOZOL (Bieniakonie; Lenciszki; Podziegućie; Warnakiele; Zabłoc), LA 171 reconstructs MAŽUOLIS (: māžas) + -uol-; LPŽ II MAZOLIS (: Slavicism mazolis ‘a callus’); local Lithuanian residents explain it as LA 171;

SKIRTUN (Bolcininkiele), LPŽ II SKIRTAUSKAS (: 1) skirti ‘to divide into parts, distribute; take from a group; split, burst, break, disperse, separate’; 2) skyrùs, skýrus ‘different, unlike; disinclined to company, withdrawn, solitary; self-seeking, selfish’) + -ūn-;

WODEJKA (Kodzie); LPŽ II (?: vãdas) + -eik- (cf. the note on p. 83);

WORONIS (Woronowo), LA 215 (: place names and hydronyms with Var- or Vor-, the latter may derive from vóro), LPŽ II VARONIS, VORONIS (?: vārna, vaínas) + -on-;? Belarusian Варонич

5. From ancient two-stem Lithuanian personal names

Two-stem names have been better preserved in Samogitia, whereas they are scarce in Eastern Lithuania. Only one surname has entered our lists without any Slavic suffixes, marked only by Slavicization—the ending has been dropped:

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EJSMONT (Bieniakonie; Zabłocie), LA 139, LPŽ I (Eis- ⇐: to go, eis + -mant-: mantùs ‘convenient, suitable, clever’); -mont- becomes -mant- under the influence of Polish.

The other two two-stem Lithuanian personal names still each have a Slavic suffix added later, -owicz:

BUTRYMOWICZ (Posolcz/Pšałcis), LPŽ I (But- ⇐ to be, being) + (-rim- ⇐ to be calm);

SKORBUTOWICZ (Towrele), LPŽ II (Skar- ⇐ skárbas ‘treasure, wealth’ + (-but- ⇐ to be, being); it may also be a simplex surname, i.e. a diminutive form of the root skarb-.

One surname may be an abbreviation of a two-stem personal name:

MAMCZYS (Bieniakonie; Towzginiany), LPŽ II MANTELIS (?: Mantys or Mancys ⇐ Mamčys); there are place names with this root; possibly (: mantùs ‘clever’); LA 170, 229 MANTAS (-is, -ys?, Dzūkian -cis, -cys); n > m/c, č.

With reservations, one more surname may be assigned to this group:

BOREYSZA/BOREYSZE /БАРЕЙША (Kmitowszczyzna/Kmitausčyzna; Woronowo), LA 247, LPŽ I (?: Bar- from a Lithuanian personal name, a frequent component of two-stem Lithuanian surnames).

6. From Lithuanian common nouns with Slavic suffixes

The etymology of some surnames discussed in this section is rather complicated, e.g., Kuszelewicz, Zylinski, since they may be derived from either Lithuanian or Slavic words.

a) from Lithuanian common nouns with the Slavic suffix -ewicz

KLISZEWICZ (Woronowo), LPŽ I (: klìšas) + later -ewicz;

KUSZELEWICZ (Towzginiany), LA 162, LPŽ I (: kùšti, kušėti ‘to move, swarm, toil’) + later -ewicz;

MITUKIEWICZ (Łubarty), 1) (?: mišti, mito) + -uk-, later + -ewicz; but 2) (?: Polish Mita, Mitas ⇐ Dymitr) + -uk-, later + -ewicz;

SPIRGULEWICZ (Braželce), LPŽ II SPIRGELEVIČIUS (?: spirgėti ‘to sizzle while frying; to be feverish, impatient, restless; to speak while feverish’) + -ul-, later + -ewicz;

b) from Lithuanian common nouns with a Slavic-type -ski suffix

DZWILANSKI (Woronowo), may be *DZVILONIS, later + -ski; cf. LPŽ I *DZVILIUS (?: 1) dvýlius ‘one who walks with head bowed’, 2) dvýlỹs, dvỹlis ‘dark-complexioned’) + -on-, + -ski; cf. LA 139 DVYLIS;

GALINSKI (Woronowo), LA 140, LPŽ I (: galìnis ‘situated at the end’), later + -ski; may be a Slavic surname;

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RYDZIEWSKI (Swiły), LPŻ II RIDZEVIČIUS (?: rydzinti ‘to tease’), later + -ewski;

SOKOŁOWSKI (Posolcz), LPŻ II SAKALAUSKAS (: 1) sãkalas ‘a bird of prey of this kind’), later + -owski; 2) Belarusian, Russian, Polish surnames;

ŻYLINSKI (Kiemiele; Lubarty; Warnakiele), LA 225, LPŻ II (: žilas ‘gray-haired’), later + -inski.

III. SURNAMES DERIVED FROM SLAVIC COMMON NOUNS

There are few surnames derived from Slavic common nouns—17% (23)—but these too are open to question. Difficulties arise because the eastern dialects abound in Slavicisms, so it is sometimes unclear whether a form is a Slavicism in Lithuanian or a Slavic word used in a Slavic environment. Some surnames may be interpreted as translations, e.g., Biełoboki (: white + side), cf. *BALTAŠONIS; Wysocki (: tall), cf. *AUKŠTUOLIS; compare LA 110–111, but this has not been proven in our study.

BIEŁOBOKI/BIAŁOBOKI/БЕЛОБОЦКИЙ (Towrele);

BOBIN (Bieni天akonie, Koniuchy), LA 104, LPŻ I;

BOBNIS (Huta), LPŻ I (?: būbnas ‘drum’) + -is or -ys;

BURACZEWSKI (Kodźie), LA 129, LPŻ I;

BURZYNSKI/БУРЫНСКАЯ (Kontrimowszczyzna/Kantrimauščyzna; Swiły), LPŻ I;

CZAPLO (Brażelce), LPŻ I ČAPLIA/ČEPLA/ČĖPLA (?: 1) čėpla, čėplia ‘heron’, a Slavicism; but another explanation is also offered: 2) čėplys ‘one who čėploja, čėpla’;

CZEGLIK/SZCEGLYK/ЧЕГЛИК (Koniuchy), LPŻ I, II ČEGLIKAS/ŠČEGLIS (: Russian чеглик ‘small falcon, male falcon’);

CZUPREWICZ (Brażelce), LPŻ I ČIUPRINSKAS;

DORNIAK (Klimany/Klimónys; Kmitowszczyzna), LPŻ I;

DWORŻYNSKI (Woronowo);

GÓRSKI (Bieni天akonce), LPŻ I GORSKAS/GURSKIS;

HORODECKI (Swiły), LPŻ I;

KASZKOWSKI/КАСАКОВСКАЯ (Bazyle; Bieni天akonie); LPŻ I KAŠKAUSKAS; but cf. also LA 151 (: kaškis ‘scabies’);

KAZAKIEWICZ (Żelwidory), LPŻ I;

KORECKI/KORZECKI/КОРЕЦКИЙ (Bolsie), LPŻ I KORECKAS;

KORZENIEWSKI (Woronowo; Zabłocie), LPŻ I;

KOZAK (Towzginiany; Woronowka/?), LPŻ I (: kažõkas 1) in Russia from the 18th century, a member of the military estate originating from the Don, Kuban and other regions; 2) in Russia in the 15th–17th centuries, a free man descended from serfs and the poor who had fled to Russia’s borderlands; 3) a very fierce person);

KOWALEWSKI (Woronowo), LPŻ I (: kavõlis ‘blacksmith’, i.e. from a Slavic borrowing, but it may simply be a Slavic surname), later + -ewski;

KRASNOWSKI (Towrele), LPŻ I KRASNAUSKAS;

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KULESZO (Bieniakonie), LPŽ I (: a borrowing from Slavic kuliešas ‘lame’); LUGOWSKI (Bolsie; Gołmocinszki/Gálmantiškės), LPŽ I LUGAUSKAS; SZCZERBA/SZCZERBO /ЩЕРБА (Bieniakońce; Bieniakonie; Podwaryszki), LPŽ II; (: Polish szczerba ‘toothless’); WYSOCKI (Braželce; Degutka; Ławcy; Lenciszki), LPŽ II.

IV. SURNAMES WHOSE ETYMOLOGY COULD NOT BE ESTABLISHED HERE

DROBIĄZGIEWICZ (Bolsie); (?: a borrowing from Slavic drab zegas ‘rag’); KOWALCZYS (Kulkiszki); (?: a borrowing from Slavic kavolius ‘blacksmith’); MUCHLADO/MUKLĖDA (Kodzie, Stanisze/Stanisz y, Wizgirdy); LPŽ II MUKLIA; SKLEPOWICZ (Towrele); LPŽ II SKLIAPAS; (?: a borrowing from Slavic sklepas ‘cellar’); SUCKIEL (Braželce, Zygi); LPŽ II; SWOROBOWICZ (Kontrimowszczyzna, Swily); TARCZEWSKI (Posolcz); LPŽ II TARČAUSKAS.

CONCLUSIONS

1. The fact that 65% of the surnames recur in all three sources (1884–1902, 1984–1988, 1985) indicates that the population was settled.

2. 46% (61) of the surnames were found to be of baptismal-name origin, of which: a) one fifth (18%) of the surnames studied (24) derive from baptismal names with Lithuanian diminutive suffixes: -elis, -ulis, -ukas, and patronymic suffixes -aitis, -onis, -ūnas. Six surnames of this type also have later-added Slavic suffixes -owicz, -ewicz. Basic baptismal-name forms common to Lithuanians and Slavs predominate; b) 12% (16) of the surnames of baptismal-name origin were found to have only Slavic suffixes -ewicz, -owicz. These are patronymic suffixes uncommon in Poland but very widespread in the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania, so the base forms are usually Belarusian; c) 5% (6) of surnames were found with the -ski-type suffix, widespread in Poland. It should be noted that the bases of most of these surnames are Belarusian forms of baptismal names; d) two surnames have the suffix -eik-, whose affiliation with the Slavic or Baltic area is disputed; the base consists of Belarusian baptismal-name forms; e) 10% (13) of the surnames derived from Slavic hypocoristic forms of baptismal names were found. These are usually Belarusian forms.

3. Many surnames derived from Lithuanian common nouns were found—31% (39), of which 6% (9) derive from Lithuanian common nouns with Slavic suffixes added later.

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The surnames formed by Lithuanian derivation are as follows:

a) the calque DULKA //ПИЛИНКА (Dainava); b) 8% (10) of surnames formed from unaltered common nouns; c) 3% (4) formed by adding endings; d) 8% (10) formed with suffixes.

4. Only 5 (4%) ancient Lithuanian two-stem personal names were found, two of which have Slavic suffixes and two are shortened forms.

5. 23 (18%) surnames derived from Slavic common nouns, which may be either Slavic borrowings or calques, were found.

6. The etymology of 7 surnames could not be established.

7. It was established that 63 surnames (48%) are undoubtedly of Lithuanian origin.

8. The overwhelming majority of Slavic forms are Belarusian.

Literatūra

Kviklys — Kviklys B. Mūsų Lietuva. V., 1989. T. 1 (2-oji fotograf. laida).

LPŽ I, II — Lietuvių pavardžių žodynas/Ats. red. A. Vanagas. V. T. 1 — 1985. T. 2 — 1989.

"Viltis" — 1908 Nr. 109, 115; 1909. Nr. 1.

LA — Zinkevičius Z. Lietuvių antroponimika. Vilniaus lietuvių asmenvardžiai 17 a. pradžioje. V., 1977.

Бір — Біржала М. В. Беларуская антрапанімія. Мінск, 1982.

THE STUDY OF PERSONAL NAMES IN THE ENVIRONS OF BENEKAINIAI

Summary

The article is concerned with 131 surnames of the parish of Benekainiai (the major part of it belongs to Byelorussia). The material for the article has been drawn from three sources: 1) the Polish manuscript of 1884-1902; 2) surnames collected during the expeditions from 1984 till 1988; 3) the census of the population taken by the Council of Environs (in the Russian language).

65 per cent of surnames frequent in all the three lists show the settled way of life of inhabitants. 18 per cent of the investigated surnames are by origin Christian names with the Lithuanian suffixes, 12 per cent — with the Slavonic suffixes -ewicz, -owicz, 5 per cent — with the suffix -ski.

The abbreviated forms of Christian names of Slavonic origin make up 10 per cent. 31 per cent of surnames are common Lithuanian words, 18 per cent come of the Slavonic common words. The majority of Christian names of Slavonic origin have the foundations of their Byelorussian forms.

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