105s aipsniai / a icles
esMiniai ŽodŽiai: nosiniai sonan ai, o man ė, an i o man ė, spek inė cha ak e is ika,
acous ic p ope ies.
keywo ds: nasals, o man , o al ze o, spec al cha ac e is ics, acous ic ea u es
ju gi a ja osLaVienė
Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as
Resea ch a eas include dialec ology, phonology, and expe imen al
phone ics.
P ienŲ Šnek os nosiniŲ
Based on he da a o he ins umen al s udy, he a icle analyzes he acous ic dis inc i e
cha ac e is ics o he eas e n Kauniškių P enų šnek os nosinių sonan ų. In desc ibing he spec al
he spec al cha ac e is ics o he nasals
in he subdialec o P ienai
cha ac e is ics o he sounds unde s udy, he meanings o he p e- oice o ma ions and he
ene gy dis ibu ion a e aken in o accoun ( he numbe o noses in he spec um o nasal sounds is
o en much highe because he noses' esona o s a e addi ionally in ol ed in a icula ing hem) and
he quali y o he adjacen oices, hei o ma i e (especially 2) meanings and he ine
sonan ų kokybinius požymius lemia o man ės, ik jos ne okios yškios kaip balsių, be o, o -
cha ac e is ics a e also e iewed.
ajek o ijas i s uk ū ą. di e encijuojan [m], [], [n], [] i nosinių gomu inių alo onų spek-
The main dis inc i e acous ic ea u es o he nasals in he eas e n Kaunas P ienai subdialec ha e
been in es iga ed in he expe imen al s udy desc ibed in he p esen a icle. The da a ob ained
sugges ha he nasals a e dis inguished om he o he sounds o he subdialec o P ienai on he
basis o hei owel-like s uc u e ( hey a e like owels in ha hey can be cha ac e ized la gely in
e ms o hei owel equencies), bu hey di e in ha he owels a e no as loud as hey a e in
owels. In addi ion, he nasals a e made by blocking he sound om coming ou o he mou h while
allowing i o come ou h ough he nose, and his a ec s he ela i e ampli ude o he owels and
ansi ions be ween hem and he con ex owel. Since one o he main dis inc ions be ween nasal
sounds du ing he nasal mu mu is p o ided by he o al an i- esonance, he nasal sono an s [m], [], [n],
[] as well as nasal- ela allophones a e cha ac e ized by he equency alues o he o al ze o.
106
ju gi a ja osLaVienė
ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXVIII
0 Con ibu o s
The gene al spec al cha ac e is ics o he nasal sona as o he P ussian slang a e
desc ibed by s udying he sound o he P ussian slang in an ins umen al way
(ja osla ienė 2010: 264267)1. Howe e , a mo e de ailed analysis o he acous ic
dis inc i e ea u es has no ye been p o ided, he loca ion and signi icance o he
seconda y o man ansi ion and he o ma ion o an i o man s in he spec um
ha e no been measu ed. This p omp ed u he esea ch in o nasal sonne s, he esul s o which a e desc ibed in his a icle.
The pu pose o a icle 0.1. The nasal sona as (as well as o he ocal accompanimen s) a e cha ac e ized
by he p ope ies o he bass: he main one p e ails in hei p onuncia ion ( he e o e, he ocal
accompanimen s usually ha e a clea o ma i e s uc u e); hei quali y, like ha o he balls, is
de e mined by he o man s (especially he i s wo […] 1, 2), only in he sona as hey a e no as b igh
as he balls (see gi denis 2003: 221 and en min. li .; 224; Lade oged, Maddieson 2002: 102[…]136, 182[…]245;
Lade oged 2005: 49[…]62, 84 and o he s). In addi ion, due o he in luence o an addi ional (nosal) esona o ,
he numbe o o man s in he nasal sound spec um is o en highe (see Bace ičiū ė 2008: 10;
bu kauskai ė 2010: 6, 8; g igo je s 2012: 267[…] 272 and en min. li .). when analyzing he cha ac e is ics o
acous ic ca e segmen s, he s uc u e and dynamics o adjacen sound o ma ions a e also aken in o
accoun , as i is belie ed ha he consonance o he Li huanian dialec s is poo ly s udied ins umen ally.
wi hou he P ienų šnek os p iebalsių (2010: 238[…]267; 2010a: 307[…]324), a he de ailed and sys ema ically
desc ibed only o he spec um o he no he n lowlands (see in mo e de ail gi denis 1967; 2000: 69[…]78;
258[…]267; kliukienė 1992; 1994: 43[…]52; 1995: 58[…]68; 1998: 79[…]85; 2011 and o he s). O he ins umen al wo ks
p iebalsių spek inės (i audicinės) ypa ybės i eg esy inis p iebalsių pala alizacijos po eikis balsių
a e mainly de o ed o indi idual cases o common Li huanian consonan ism: o example, using he me hod
o measu ing loci, di e en ial acous ic cha ac e is ics o so and ha d p e- ocal Li huanian sona as
we e desc ibed by Ry is Amb aze ičius (2010: 5[…]10). The mos impo an cha ac e is ics o so and ha d
sona as a e he 2 loci. The esul s o he measu emen o he locus o he desc ip i e 2 and 3
p o ube ances a e also p o ided by he esea che , discussing he e ec s o he a icula ion si e and
eg essi e coa icula ion on he locuses (see also bace ičiū ė 2008: 719; de eške ičiū ė 2008: 1519;
de eške ičiū ė, kazlauskienė 2009: 98111; amb aze ičius 2012a: 1318 and so on). The sounds o he [m], [n] ype
a e o med in he mou h by he so-called closu e, bu he ai low lows smoo hly h ough he nose, and i
is his nasal esonance ha de e mines he spec al cha ac e is ics o ce ain adjacen sounds ( o
he expe imen al s udy o he du a ion and quali y o some o he oices o he Li huanian common
language, see Ledicho a 2012: 76 […] 85; also see De eške ičiū ė 2008: 76 […] 1519). Fo example, in he case o
explosi e sounds, he mou h also o ms a so-called blind spo o a pe iod o ime, and he ai suddenly
bu s s ou o he sounds o he sounds o he sounds o he sounds o he sounds o he sounds o he
sounds o he sounds o he sounds o he sounds o he sounds o he sounds o he sounds o he
sounds o he sounds o he sounds o he sounds.
kokybę iksliau odo g e imų balsių o mančių p adžia a ba pabaiga: ieni p iebalsiai jas pak eipia ieno-
P ienų šnek os nosinių sonan ų spek inė cha ak e is ika
In he case o he Uni ed S a es, he numbe o o es cas in he House o
Rep esen a i es is he same as ha o he House o Rep esen a i es, wi h a
majo i y o he o es cas in he Sena e. Howe e , in dis inguishing one nasal
sona a om ano he […] his is con i med by he la es expe imen al s udies o
sona as […] i is also impo an o measu e he an i o ma i e meanings o he
spec um o he opposi es unde s udy (see g igo je s 2012: 275[…]280; 288[…]290;
2012a: 22[…]23; bu kauskai ė 2010: 6 and he e; see also Lade oged, Maddieson 2002:
117[…]118)3.
0.2. he ma e ial o be s udied and he me hodology o wo k o he s udy o he spec um o
p e e ed phonemes, […]m, […]n, […]m, […]m, […]m, […]m, […]m, […]m, […]m, […]m, […]m, […]m, […]m, […]m, […]m, […]m,
[…]m, […]m, […]m, […]m, […]m, […]m, […]m, […]m, […]m, […]m, […]m, […]m, […]m, […]m, […]m, […]m, […]m, […]m, […]m, […]m,
[…]m, […]m, […]m, […]m, […]m, […]m, […]m, […] - Wha 's you name? I don' know. I don' know. - I don' know, I
don' know. - I don' know, I don' know. - Wha 's he ma e wi h you? - My, my, my. ~ d[…]m, d[…]. Wha
a e you doing? - Wha 's he ma e wi h you? - No, I don' know. - Wha 's he ma e wi h you? - Wha 's
he ma e wi h you? I'm going o kill you. I don' know wha you' e alking abou . - I don' know. I don'
know wha you' e alking abou . - I'll ell you wha . I 's no unny. I 's no unny. In analysing he
ką, k.pa. ~ kpą, l.pa. ~ lpą, b.da. ~ bdą, p.-da. ~ pdą, .da. ~ dą, p·ko. ~
spec al cha ac e is ics, he s uc u e and ajec o ies o adjacen sound o ma ions we e also
aken in o accoun . In addi ion o he compa ison, he cha ac e is ics o he sp ead o he spec um
o o he sounds in he wo ds […].ka we e also examined. ~ p[…]ko, p[…]l[…]. This is he i s ime I' e seen
his. - I 's no ha big a deal. I'm going o do i . - Tha 's wha I'm saying. In addi ion o he ac ha he
use o e y di e en owel alphabe s is common among ha d and so consonan s, and in o de o
measu e as objec i ely as possible he an i o ms o ha d and so sounds (as well as he sono ous
sono ous sono ous sono ous sono ous sono ous sono ous sono ous sono ous sono ous sono ous
sono ous sono ous sono ous sono ous sono ous sono ous sono ous sono ous sono ous sono ous
sono ous sono ous sono ous sono ous sono ous sono ous sono ous sono ous sono ous sono ous
sono ous sono ous sono ous sono ous sono ous sono ous sono ous no o cu he consonan owels
[ŋ] and [] inside he wo d. 240[…]267; 2010a: 307[…]324 and k . ; Fo mo e in o ma ion on he symp oms o
acous ic pala al spasms, see amb aze ičius 2012: 5[…]13). I is impo an o no e ha he phonological
elemen s o a language a e no absolu e, bu ela i e, since sounds whose spec al s uc u e is
comple ely iden ical can be pe cei ed di e en ly i hei sound en i onmen is di e en (c . an 1970: 52 .; jassem 1973: 112 .; gi denis 2003: 224 k . and min. li . e al.). 3 o he cha ac e is ics o di e en ial acous ic so and ha d p e- ocal Li huanian sona as see amb aze ičius 2010: 510 (also see 1 omn.).
The ou h is a lowe -pi ched, lowe -pi ched, lowe -pi ched, lowe -pi ched, lowe -pi ched, lowe -pi ched, lowe -pi ched, lowe -pi ched, lowe -pi ched, lowe -pi ched, lowe -pi ched, lowe -pi ched, lowe -pi ched, lowe -pi ched, lowe -pi ched, lowe -pi ched, lowe -pi ched, lowe -pi ched, lowe -pi ched, lowe -pi ched.
108 ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXVIII he esea ch ma e ial a e h ee imes he
ju gi a ja osLaVienė
eco ded in ona ion (i.e. isola ed, as sepa a e sen ences) was eco ded di ec ly in o
he compu e by h ee ep esen a i es o he middle gene a ion wi hou language
de ec s, men and one woman om P ussia. unna u ally u e ed examples no o be
used o esea ch. The con en is sa ed in a *.wa ile. Ca pan P aa ( e sions 5.0.34
and 5.3.23). In a spec al analysis, i s o all, he cu segmen s (wo ds o owels and
i iamuosius elemen us naudo asi ams e damo uni e si e o mokslininkų Paulio
boe smos i da ido weeninko suku a kompiu e ine ga sų analizės p og ama
adjacen owels) we e iden i ied and pain ed wi h a na u al spec og am o a ying
deg ees o g ay o a sound o wo d o he Visible Speech ype, choosing he highes
colo o 5000 hz. he ajec o ies o he o ma ions a e hen au oma ically
measu ed and, i necessa y, d awn, by selec ing he highes 5000 Hz equency as
well. O en, na u al spec og ams and o ming dynamics d awings we e combined
in o one image, p ecisely aligning hem in e ms o equency and du a ion. In
addi ion, he spec oscopic nos ils o he nasal condyles we e cu , and he so-called
FFT and LPC cu es we e combined in o one when measu ing he noise an i o man s
(o null o man s, o LPC cu es).
piešinį naudo asi La ijos one iko ju io g igo je o paaiškin a me odika5).
1 . The esul s o he ins umen al s udy o he nasal sona as o he P ussian
Schnek os a e discussed and analyzed u he in he Spec um o he P ussian
P ussian P ussian P ussian P ussian P ussian P ussian P ussian P ussian
P ussian P ussian P ussian P ussian P ussian P ussian P ussian P ussian P ussian P ussian P ussian P ussian P ussian P ussian P ussian P ussian P ussian P ussian P ussian P ussian P ussian P ussian P ussian P ussian P ussian P ussian
1 .1 . S uc u e and ene gy dissipa ion o he
nasal sona a o ma ions o he ances al shnek os
By compa ing he spec al cha ac e is ics o he nos ils and nos ils o he P inenes, i can be seen (see
Fig. 124, see also Fig. 3) ha he spec al ene gy due o he peculia i y 5 When d awing spec al sona a
slices, i s o all in he igh panel o he p og am P aa i is necessa y o open he wo d o segmen o
he spec um o he nos il ( o choose i s s a iona y pa ), Spec um: View spec al slice. he name o he
e ased FFT spec um appea s in he le panel o he p og amme. Nex , you should selec LPC smoo hing (in
he same […] le […] panel) and in he nex Spec um: LPC smoo hing, en e he equi ed coe icien s. Fo
example, he numbe o peaks selec ed o his s udy is 26 (because he ma e ial unde s udy is eco ded
using a equency o 44.1 kHz, in he so-called P aa panel o he p og am, he FFT and he LPC d awings a e
si, pusė bū ų 22 + 4 (a ba 5) = 26), o p ie P e-emphasis om (Hz) į ašy a 50.0, i , paspaudus OK,
au oma iškai gau as adinamasis spek inio pjū io LPC piešinys ( o mančių ajek o ija). Vėliau, deši-
al eady combined in o one (when combining he d awings i is again impo an o choose he co ec
equencies and o he necessa y pa ame e s).
P ienų šnek os nosinių sonan ų spek inė cha ak e is ika
109 a icles by a icle
[m], [], [n], [] a icula ions6 a e dispe sed mo e widely in he equency zone […] his is one
o he cha ac e is ics o acous ic dis inc i e nasal sounds (hea ing 1967: 249; 2003: 225;
obs acle 1992: 134; 1998: 80). As men ioned, due o he in luence o he addi ional esona o ,
he numbe o nasal sona a o me s is o en highe , and he nasal esonance also
de e mines he spec um o adjacen sounds: in hei case, he so pala e does no
comple ely co e he nasal ca i y and pa o he ai exi s h ough he nose (see Pake ys
2003: 191; Kliukienė 1998: 80; Gi denis 2003: 224; Mu dienė 2007: 62 and so on). The e o e, he
nex chap e will also e iew he peculia i ies o he s uc u es ha o m he adjacen
sounds. he spec al cha ac e is ics o he di e en ia ing ea u es o he
an i o man s occu ing in he spec um o nasal sona as and hei impo ance in
dis inguishing membe s o he class in ques ion om each o he a e discussed in de ail in
he second pa o his a icle. In his chap e , based on he esul s ob ained and aking
in o accoun he spec og ams and he d awings o he o ming ajec o ies, he
quali a i e ea u es [m], [], [n], [] de e mined by he i s wo o man s 1 and 2 a e i s
e iewed. I 's a combina ion o he mou h and nose, and he esonan ca i ies in he mou h
and nose and he esonan ca i ies in he nose and nose.
The i s nasal p o usion o ma ion (nasal o man , mo e p ecisely […] nasal ze o7) occu s in he e y low
equency zone (see Fig. 1, p. 1[…]24), and he second is closely ela ed o he ype o adjacen p o usion (i is
impo an o ake his in o accoun when dis inguishing be ween ha d and so membe s o ha class; p. and
clique 1992: 56[…]57; 78[…]79; bace ichiu 2008: 10; amb aze ičius 2010: 8[…]9; g igo je 2012: 275[…]280)8. Acco ding o
he s udy o he P onuncia ion Schnek os, he signi icance o he unci cumcised [m], [], [n], [] 1 in he isola ed
spoken wo ds (measu ed s a iona y pa o he sona as) is abou 250 o 290 hz (c . 1): by summa ized
calcula ions be o e he male oice [a] spoken [m] 1 = 253 hz; [n] 1 = 276 Hz; and he emale u e ed [m] 1 = 266
hz; [n] 1 = 288 Hz; o 1 = 269 hz be o e he sound o [i] p onounced by men; [] 1 = 271 Hz; he emale p onounced
[] 1 = 268 hz; (Figu e 1) The F1 (F1 = 275 Hz) and F2 (F1 = 275 Hz) equencies a e he basis o he 6 h equency
band, so he bands o ming hem a e qui e clea ly isible. In o he wo ds, he so pala e descends, e ea s
om he pos e io wall o he h oa , and ai comes ou ai ly eely h ough he nose (i.e. he e is no
explosion because he e is no g ea e ai p essu e in he mou h). o he impac o he place o a icula ion
o sonne s in he p e- ocal Li huanian language and he phone ic con ex on he loci, see amb aze ičius 2010: 89.
o he acous ic dis inc i e ea u es o La ian sona as see g igo je s 2012: 267292.
I should be no ed ha some esea che s ha e used his English e m (nasal ze o) o mean an i o man (o
null o man ), and ha e called he nasal p obes 1 nosine o man e (nasal o man ) (see Lade oged, Maddieson
2002: 117, able 4.6).
8 o eign scien is s indica e (based on da a om some wo ld languages) ha he equency ange o
[m], [n] 1 anges om 200, 250 o 300 hz o 300, 400 o 450 hz (see bu kauskai ė 2010: 6 and en min li .;
g igo je s 2012 270: k and en min li . and). Fo example, Pe e Lade oged and Ian Maddieson (2002: 117)
p o ide he i s o man s o he nasal consonan s in Ca alan: [m] 1 = 250 hz; [n] 1 is 280 Hz.

110
ju gi a ja osLaVienė
ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXVIII
1 o V. The wo d m.ma. ~ m […] he
spec og am ( oice o he i s man)
spec um-2 PaV. The wo d m.na. ~ m[…]n
ma ( oice o he i s man) 5 PaV. The
3 PaV. Žodžio n.ma. ~ nmą spek og a-
ma (1-ojo y o balsas)
4 PaV. Žodžio m.ma. ~ mmą spek o-
g ama (mo e s balsas)
wo d n[…].ma. ~ n-spec og am o P aV.
o he Man, he G am o he Woman.
The wo d sn.pa. The Spec a o he Eye
P ienų šnek os nosinių sonan ų spek inė cha ak e is ika
A icles 7 and 11 o he PaV. The wo d n[…].ma. ~ n[…]m spec og aph-8 P a V. The meaning o he wo d m[…].
The emale oice is called a "spec um," and he male oice is called a "spec um." The wo d m.na. ~ s ong
ma (mo e s balsas)
spec um o 12 PaV. The wo d m.ne. The meanings o he i s o man o he ha d den al [n] a e e y
g ama (mo e s balsas)
9 PaV. Žodžio m.ne. ~ mẽnę spek og a-
simila o hose o he so sona a 1, bu when compa ing he co esponding ha d and so sona as o
10 PaV. Žodžio m.na. ~ mną spek o-
ha class, he highe he meanings o he i s o man o he ha d den al [n] and he highe meanings o
he so sona a 1. The i s o man o he sonan [m] and [n] o he in es iga i e syllable p onounced in
p onounced [m], [n] 1 = 360 hz) han in he isola ed p onounced wo ds, espec i ely. 9 I is he e o e eally
sen ences is no di e en , bu occu s in he high equency zone (acco ding o he apibend in , he male
impo an o ake in o accoun no only he phone ic en i onmen and supe segmen al elemen s o he
112 o he
ju gi a ja osLaVienė
Li huanian Linguis ic Ac LXVIII
1 3 o he VAT. The wo d n[…]ko. ~ no spec um o 14 PaV. The wo d m[…]n[…]. The spec um
is belie ed ha he na owing o he ibs appa en ly inhibi s he cha ac e is ic o
o bo h so and ha d nasal sona as is almos iden ical in he No he n Lowland dialec . I
ha dness and so ness, and i is pe cei ed only om adjacen ibs (c . Kliukienė 1992: 57, 44
15 PaV. Žodžio mó·ko. ~ móko spek o-
sounds unde conside a ion (e.g. he spec um o c ossed owels is o en mo e in ense, he sounds a e
16 PaV. Žodžio nó·ko. ~ nóko spek og a-
usually much longe han hose o unc ossed owels, e c.), bu also o he ac o s (speed o speech,
in ona ion, e c.). Howe e , he quan i y o nasal sona as is no speci ically s udied in his wo k, only he
ac ha when compa ing he minimum pai s (i.e. no andomly) he uncu owel [m] is longe han he
co esponding uncu [n] is poin ed ou .
P ienų šnek os nosinių sonan ų spek inė cha ak e is ika
113s aipsniai / a icles
o 63, 13). The e o e, i is assumed ha he opposi ion in his opinion is suppo ed only by
o es (ibid., 57, 78[…]79). This is Len e. In he case o he abo e-men ioned sen ences, he
i s o m o he noun o m is isola ed in he wo ds spoken by he 10 sounds
[m>a.][<>e.][<n>a.][<>e.][m>o·][<>i·][<n>o·][<>i·] in o m.
1 (hz) 1 (hz) 1 (hz) 1 (hz) 1 (hz) 1 (hz) 1 (hz) 1 (hz) 1 (hz) 1 (hz) 1 (hz) 1 (hz) 1 (hz) 1 (hz) 1 (hz) 1 (hz) 1 (hz) 1 (hz) 1 (hz) 1 (hz) 1 (hz) 1 (hz)
Men's o es 253 285 276 287 250 269 264 271 This is a lis o people who we e bo n in, esiden s o , o o he wise closely associa ed wi h he ci y o New Yo k.
The seconda y owel sounds [m], [m], [m], [m], [m], [m], [m], [m], [m], [m], [m], [m],] [m], [m], [m],
[m],] [m], [m], [m], [m],] [m], [m], [m], [m],] [m], [m], [m],] [m], [m], [m], [m],] [m], [m], [m], [m],] [m], [m],
[m], [m], [m] [m], [m], [m], [m], [m], [m], [m], [m],] [m], [m], [m], [m] [m], [m], [m], [m], [m], [m], [m], [m],
[m], [m],] [m], [m], [m], [m], [m] [m], [m], [m], [m], [m], [m], [m], [m], [m], [m], [m] [m], [m], [m], [m], [m],
[m], [m], [m], [m], [m], [m] [m], [m], [m], [m], [m], [m], [m], [m], [m], [m], [m] [m], [m], [m], [m], [m], [m],
[m], [m], [m], [m] [m], [m], [m], [m], [m], [m], [m], [m], [m] [m], [m], [m], [m], [m] [m], [m], [m], [m] [m],
[m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m]
[m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] The e is also li le di e ence be ween he so-called []
and [] 2 oices o he p e-low- ise posi ional leng h, only a no iceable endency o use he
izoliuo ai iš a uose žodžiuose11
so e unlucky sound mo e o en in a highe pi ch (see Table 2). 2 The Len e. The sound o
[…]a.][[…]>e.[…]][[…]a.][[…]e.][[…]m>o[…]][[…]i[…]][[…]o[…]][[…]i[…]] in o m.
he hy hm o he seconda y o m o he nasal sona a is desc ibed in he adjec i e
2 (hz) 2 (hz) 2 (hz) 2 (hz) 2 (hz) 2 (hz) 2 (hz) 2 (hz) 2 (hz) 2 (hz) 2 (hz) 2 (hz) 2 (hz) 2 (hz) 2 (hz) 2 (hz)
2 (hz) 2 (hz) 2 (hz) 2 (hz) 2 (hz) 2 (hz) 2 (hz) 2 (hz) 2 (hz) 2 (hz) 2 (hz) 2 (hz) 2 (hz) 2 (hz) 2 (hz) 2 (hz)
2 (hz) 2 (hz) 2 (hz) 2 (hz) 2 (hz) 2 (hz) 2 (h) 2 (h) 2 (h) 2 (h) 2 (h) 2 (h) 2 (h) 2 (h) 2 (h) 2 (h) 2 (h) 2 (h)
2 (h) 2 (h) (h) (h) (h) (h) (h) (h) (h) (h) (h) (h) (h) (h) (h) (h) (h) (h) (h) (h) (h) (h) (h) (h) (h) (h) (h) (h) (h) (h) (h) (h) (h) (h) (h)
(h) (h) (h) (h) (h) (h) (h) (h) (h) (h) (h) (h) (h) (h) he numbe o male o es measu ed is n = 36, he numbe o emale
o es is n = 12 […] 24. The 11 h ques ion in he able d aws a en ion o he ac ha i was no easy o
de e mine he o man s o he s a iona y pa , because he spec um o so nasal sona as is much mo e
o en comple ely aded han he co esponding ha d ones, so he calcula ed 2 alues canno be conside ed
eliable in di e en ia ing he spec al cha ac e is ics o so [[…]] and [[…]]. I is also impo an o ake
in o accoun he 2 dynamics o he balls (see Figu e 3, also see Amb aze ičius 2010: 9, Figu e 4). ; G igo je s
om 2012:
279, second pa ag aph. ).
120 ac a
ju gi a ja osLaVienė
Linguis ica Li huanica LXVIII
28 o he VAT. The spec al ange o he so [[…]] (p onounced mo e s on he le , man
iš 27 i 28 pa eikslų ma y i, kad y o iš a o [n] an i o man ė p asideda maždaug
on he igh ) is om 1000 hz, and he mo e s a e p onounced [n] […] om 1100 hz, i.e.
highe han he co esponding sound o he sona a. The so Z1 s a s a abou 1600 Hz
and is also highe han he co esponding Z1.
So and ha d nasal consonan s also do no coincide: in Figu e 29, Z1 occu s a abou
2000 Hz, and he highe an i o man […] begins abo e 3000 Hz (Figu e 30). In he case o
he same (i.e. ha d o so ) sona a, he equency ange o he an i o man s can
a y somewha due o he adjacen ( u he ) sound quali y (and quan i y): he highe
he [], he longe he [] Z1 is be o e he ense high ambou ine [i·] and he sho e he
[i], and he highe he [m] Z1 is o en be o e he [u] and so on.
Thus, when speaking o non- oiced [n], [] and especially [ŋ], [] an i o man s a e highe
han when speaking o oiced sona as […] his depends mainly on he place o
a icula ion: he size o he esonan ca i y o he mou h (and pa o he nose) and
he posi ion o he ongue in he mou h a 27 PaV. The spec al plume (p onounced mo e s on he le , p onounced man on he igh )

P ienų šnek os nosinių sonan ų spek inė cha ak e is ika
121s aipsniai / a icles
The ollowing able summa ises he esul s o he examina ion: A b ie summa y
o he esul s o he acous ic dis inc i eness s udy is as ollows:
aukščiausia a ian gomu inius [ŋ], [], . y. kai bu nos ezonansinė e mė um-
piausia i liežu io idu inė dalis a si aukia gomu io link.
• ap ašan P enų šnek os nosinių sonan ų akus ines ski iamąsias ypa ybes bū i-
I is also necessa y o ake in o accoun he quali a i e cha ac e is ics o he
sona as hemsel es, he decisi e o man s, he spec al cha ac e is ics o he
i jos dinamiką). CV an õsios o man ės pe eiga i dinamika laiky ina iena
s a biausių ski iamųjų minkš ųjų i kie ųjų nosinių sonan ų a ikuliacijos ie os
adjacen sounds and he seconda y o man o he CV ( he ansi ion o
cha ac e is ics). All his di e en ia es he desc ip i e owels and dis inguishes hem om o he sounds;
• dis inguishing [m], [], [n], [], [ŋ], [] om each o he wi h e y impo an and
an i o ma i e meanings, which a e highly dependen on he loca ion o he sound
29 PaV. gomu inio [ŋ] spek inis pjū is (kai ėje iš a a mo e s, dešinėje iš a a y o)
(bu nos esonans 30 PaV. spec al plume o he gomu ine [] (p onounced mo e s on he le , p onounced y o on he igh )
122 ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXVIII he size and shape o he e mine,
ju gi a ja osLaVienė
he posi ion o he ongue and some o he a icula o y ea u es in he
sona a):
• in all cases he an i o man o he mole [m] is lowe han ha o he
co esponding non-mole sona e [n] and especially he gomu allophone [ng];
• he minimum di e ence be ween he meanings o [m] and [n] Z1 p onounced by he male in he summa ised da a;
• The highes -pi ched an i- o mal o all he nosebleeds s udied in he P onic snake;
Compa ing he so and ha d ibs, he highe ibs a e shown, espec i ely.
[], [] and [] Z1 meanings.
3. The mos impo an iVs
The esul s o he ins umen al s udy o he sona as nasales o P ens snek os show
ha he s udied accompanimen s can be di e en ia ed acco ding o hei acous ic
cha ac e is ics and spec al cha ac e is ics o he accompanimen s and adjacen oices:
• sonan ų kokybinius požymius ypač lemia žemųjų dažnių pi moji (a ba nosinė)
o man ė i sonan ų bei g e imų balsių p adžios (a ba įbalsių) an oji o man ė
and i s dynamics, as well as he s uc u e, numbe , in ensi y and spec al
dis ibu ion o he adjacen sounds and he adjacen sounds being s udied. nasal
sona as a e cha ac e ised by a dispe sion o spec al ene gy o e a wide
equency ampli ude due o he in luence o an addi ional esona o .
• he i s o man o he nos ils o be ween he nos ils is o en sligh ly lowe
and highe (due o he in luence o he nos ils), and he hi d o man o he
nos ils is also o en highe . be ween wo nasal sona as, he oices a e nasalized
mo e han espec i ely nex o one nasal sona a: o example, be ween he ha d
nasal consonan s o he back ow (especially he lowe ascending) he second o m
o he owels is lowe h oughou he speech, nex o one nasal consonan o he
same quali y and quan i y o he 2 consonan s is usually lowe only o a ce ain ime.
• he nasal sona as [m], [], [n], [], [ŋ] and [] by dis inguishing one om he o he he
an i o man Z1 o med in hei spec um is o pa icula impo ance. Acco ding o
he da a summa ised, in all cases he an i o man p ope ies o he sona a
agmen s a e lowe han hose o he sona a agmen s espec i ely. When
compa ing so and ha d consonan s, i was ound ha he co esponding so
owels [], [] and [] ha e highe an i o ma i e meanings. he highes an i o man o he nasal gomu sona a in he P ussian speech.
"Li e a u a amb aze ičius y is" (Di e en ial acous ic cues o pala alized and
non-pala alized p e- ocal sona as in Li huanian) […] Man and he Wo d 1, 5[…]10.
P ienų šnek os nosinių sonan ų spek inė cha ak e is ika
The ollowing is an exce p om he 2012 book, "Acous ic Signs o Balance
Pala ali y." […] Language s udies: Linguis ics (21), 5[…]13. […] Language s udies is a
b anch o linguis ics ha deals wi h he s udy o languages. I is a ailable on he In e ne a h p: h p: dx.doi.o g/10.57501.j.
0.21.2073.
The Loma P ie a (Loma P ie a) is a ype o non-pala alizing p e ocalic plosi e. […] Man
and he Wo d 1, 13[…]18. In 2008, he Li huanian language was he subjec o an
expe imen al s udy on so -spoken compounds. Pe spec i es o Bal ic Philology.
This is Poznań, 719. Bu kauskai ė ed. 2010: Nazaliza ion: unde s anding and esea ch.
Li huanian language 4 (access ia he In e ne : www.lie u iukalba.l ).
"D eams o he u u e" (Li huanian: D eams o he u u e) is a 2008 Li huanian
ilm abou he Li huanian language. […] Man and he Wo d i, 15[…]19.
In he ea ly 1990s, he e m was coined in a 2009 pape en i led Spec al Analysis o Explosi e
De ices and Thei Explosi e Du a ion. Sound and i s esea ch aspec s: me hodology and
ika. sud. Leskauskai ė a., Meiliūnai ė V. Vilnius: Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as, 98–111.
p ac icali y gunna 1970: sound, ea u es, and pe cep ion. […] P oc. o he 6 h In e n. This is Cong .
o Phone ic Sciences. P ague, 49–60.
The phonological sys em o he Mažeiki language (Philol. m. kand. dis.) Vilnius: The
Uni e si y o Vilnius.
The wo k o Kalbo y os 2. Vilnius: Ins i u e o Science and Encyclopedia Publishing
Theo e ical ounda ions o Li huanian phonology. Vilnius: Ins i u e o Science
and Encyclopedia Publishing
G igo je s ju is 2008: The acous ic and audi o y cha ac e is ics o he La ian language's
pa chwo k sys em. : La ian language ins i u e. Igo Yu i is he au ho o Acous ic
Cha ac e is ics o La ian Sono an s. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he day
ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Igo Yu i is he au ho o he book "Rela ionship o Locus Equa ions o he Place o
A icula ion o La ian Consonan s." […] Con e ence in memo y o P o esso Aleks Gi den
(1936-2011) a he Uni e si y o Vilnius, 18-20 Oc obe 2012, P esen a ions o heses. Vilnius:
Vilnius Uni e si y publishing house, 22 and 23.
In 2010, he was awa ded he i le o Doc o o Philosophy in he ield o phonology o he
Eas e n Kaunas P ussian dialec s (Doc o 's disse a ion). Vilnius: The Uni e si y o
Vilnius. J.A.R.E.R.E.N.D.E.
(Spli -Spli -Spli -Spli -Spli -Spli -Spli -Spli -Spli -Spli -Spli -Spli -Spli -Spli -Spli -Spli -S-
pli -Spli -Spli -Spli -Spli -Spli -Spli -Spli -Spli -Spli -Spli -Spli -Spli -Spli -Spli -Spli -Spli-
-Spli -Spli -Spli -Spli -Spli -Spli -Spli -Spli -Spli -Spli -Spli -Spli -Spli -Spli -Spli -Spli -Spli -Spli -Spli -Spli -Spli -Spli -Spli -Spli -Spli -Spli -Spli -Spli -Spli -Spli -Spli -Spli -Spli -Spli -Spli -Spli -Spli -Spli -Spli -Spli -Spli -Spli -Spli -Spli -Spli -Spli -Spli -Spli -Spli -Spli -Spli -Spli -Spli -Spli -Spli -Spli -Spli -Spli -Spli -Spli -Spli -Spli -Spli -Spli -Spli -Spli -Spli -Spli -Spli -Spli -Spli -Spli -Spli -Spli -Spli -Spli -Spli -Spli -Spli -Spli -Spli -Spli -Spli -Spli -Spli -Spli -Spli -Spli -Spli -Spli -S […] Bal is ica xLV (2), 307 o 324. The e m is de i ed om he G eek wo d ρητοῦς, meaning " oice" o " oice" and is used o e e o he sounds and sounds o a gi en language. […] Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LxiV[…]LxV, 65[…]86. This is he i s ime in he his o y o he Li huanian language ha he Ac a Linguis ica has been published.
Linguis ica Li uaniana LXVIII jassem wik o 1973: Pods awy one yki akus ycznej
ju gi a ja osLaVienė
(Li huanian Linguis ic Dic iona y LXVIII Jassem Wik o 1973) is a Li huanian language school
loca ed in he ci y o Pods awa, Li huania. Wa szawa: Published by Pas owowe publishing
house.
The sound and audi o y cha ac e is ics o he consonance o he No h Lowland
dialec (Philol. m. kand. dis.). The ci y o Vilnius.
1994: No he n lowland coas al spec a and acous ic coas al classes. This
Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
The du a ion o he in e locu o y alks in he no he n lowlands. […] The
language xLiV, 58[…]68.
The sys em o di e en ial cha ac e is ics o no he n lowland ibes. –
I 's called Kalbo y a xLVii, 79-85.
The Conjunc ion o he No he n Lowland Speech: Acous ic and Audi o y
Cha ac e is ics. Vilnius: The Uni e si y o Vilnius.
Lade oged Pe e 2005: Vowels and Consonan s: (An In oduc ion o he sounds o
Languages). The second edi ion. Uni e si y o Cali o nia, Los Angeles: Published by
Blackwell Lade oged Pe e , Ian Maddieson 2002: The Sounds o he Wo lds Languages.
This is Malden, Blackwell Publishe s.
Ledicho a edi a 2012: Lie u ių bend inės kalbos nazalizuo ųjų balsių [a·], [o·], [u·]
expe imen al examina ion o du a ion and quali y cha ac e is ics. Man and he Wo d, 7985. Mu inenė
Lina 2007: The phonology o he eas e n no he n lowlands: ocalism and p ose. Vilnius: Li huanian
Language Ins i u e, Vilnius Pedagogical Uni e si y. In 2003 he published a book on he phone ics o he
Li huanian common language. Vilnius: he encyclopedia. The main dis inc i e spec al ea u es o he
he spec al cha ac e is ics o he nasals
in he subdialec o P ienai
nasals in he subdialec o P ienai ha e been in es iga ed in he expe imen al s udy desc ibed in he
p esen a icle. The da a ob ained sugges ha he nasals can be dis inguished om he o he
sounds o he subdialec o P ienai on he basis o hei se o acous ic pa ame e s ( o man
s uc u e) and ansi ions be ween i and he con ex owel.
Nasals a e like owels in ha hey can be cha ac e ized la gely in e ms o hei o ma i e
equencies (one o he main p ope ies o nasals is low i s o ma i e), bu hey di e in ha
he o ma i es a e no as loud as hey a e in owels. In addi ion, he nos ils a e made by blocking
he sound om coming ou o he mou h while allowing i o come ou h ough he nose, and
P ienų šnek os nosinių sonan ų spek inė cha ak e is ika
125-pa ag aph a icles his a ec s he ela i e ampli ude o he o man s (bo h o consonan s
and con ex ual owels). Fo example, he i s wo o man s o ha con ex owel [a] a e e y
close oge he wi h he cen e be ween hem being a abou 1000 Hz. The i s o m o hese
nasalized owels is usually weake han he second due o he incidence o a nasal ze o, and he
hi d o m mo es up i he nasaliza ion inc eases o i he owel is ully nasalized. Since he main
dis inc ion be ween nasal sounds du ing he nasal mu mu is p o ided by he o al an i- esonance
(o al ze os o an i o ms whose equencies a e de e mined by he place o a icula ion), he nasal
sono an s [m], [], [n], [] as well as nasal- ela allophones a e cha ac e ized by he equency alues
o he o al ze o. he egion o he o al ze o was sea ched aking in o accoun he leng h o he
o al esona o as well as he ongue con igu a ion a ec ed by he con ex owel. The esul s
show ha he equency o he o al ze o di e s because o a icula o y habi s and gende
di e ences o he in o man s.
Deli e ed on 19 No embe 2012
ju gi a ja osLaVienė
Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as
Pe o Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius, Li huania This Decision is add essed o he Membe S a es.
[Email p o ec ed]