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GRASILDA BLAŽIENĖ
Institute of the Lithuanian Language
Research areas: Prussian and Baltic languages, onomastics, early Baltic writings.
MORE ON THE PRAGUE MANUSCRIPT GERMAN–LITHUANIAN DICTIONARY
More on the Prague Manuscript German–Lithuanian Dictionary
ABSTRACT
The Prague manuscript German–Lithuanian dictionary entered scholarly circulation when Ilja Lemeškin spoke about it five years ago. Researchers of the dictionary were primarily interested in the manuscript text itself and the authorship of the dictionary, which was inferred from a donation inscription on the manuscript’s front endpaper, where “Hacke” is named as the author. This inscription also suggests that the dictionary manuscript may have belonged to the renowned professor at the University of Halle, Siegmund Jakob Baumgarten. Drawing on material gathered in the Halle archives, this article discusses the problem of the manuscript’s owner, seeking to confirm or refute the conjecture that its owner may have been the aforementioned Baumgarten.
ANNOTATION
The Prague manuscript German–Lithuanian dictionary started circulating in scientific sources after Ilya Lemeshkin spoke about it five years ago. The researchers of the dictionary were first of all interested in the manuscript text itself, the authorship which was deducted from the donation inscription in the flyleaf of the manuscript where the author was denoted as ‘Hacke’. The inscription also presupposes that the manuscript of the dictionary might have belonged to the famous professor of the University of Halle Siegmund Jakob Baumgarten.
KEYWORDS: Prague manuscript German–Lithuanian dictionary, donation inscription, authorship, Lithuanistic library of Baumgarten, analysis of handwriting.
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Based on the material from the archives of the University of Halle the article discusses the issue of the ownership of the manuscript in order to confirm or deny the presumption that the owner of the manuscript might have been the above mentioned Baumgarten.
When habil. dr. Ilja Lemeškinas, the spiritus movens of the Baltic Studies Seminar at Charles University in Prague, announced the discovery of the Prague dictionary attributed to Friedrich Wilhelm Haack, it became clear that another East Prussian lexicographical monument had come to light, one that needed to be studied and published1. Lemeškin has the enviable quality of being drawn to unpublished sources in Lithuanian and Baltic studies that have not been discussed by other authors. In the case of the Prague manuscript German–Lithuanian dictionary, held in the Manuscripts and Early Printed Books Department of the National Library of the Czech Republic (shelfmark XVI.F.30), Lemeškin was not the first to discover it. In the second half of the nineteenth century, Leopold Geitler (18 October 1847 – 2 June 1885) consulted this dictionary and provided a brief account of it in the book Litauische Studien, well known to Balticists and published in Prague in 1875. Geitler supplemented Georg Heinrich Ferdinand Nesselmann’s Lithuanian–German dictionary, published in 1851, with three words, which he said were “aus einem in der prager bibliothek aufbewahrten lit. wörterbuche” (“from a Lithuanian dictionary kept in the Prague library”): merlė, patupelis and prãnaras (Geitler 1875: 96, 103, 104). All three words are recorded in the Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language: merlė ‘carrion, carcass’, cited from Geitler’s aforementioned book (LKŽe); patupelis ‘heel of a shoe’, from a manuscript dictionary in the former Königsberg archive, Msc. 84 4º, Nesselmann’s dictionary, and prãnaras ‘unevenness, twist, knot in wood’, from Geitler’s book (LKŽe). Thus, it was known that the dictionary was held in the Prague library. The question arises as to how and when the dictionary came to Prague. In general, questions about the dictionary’s authorship and owners continue to multiply, although as detailed research into this manuscript emerges, some questions are replaced by others. For example, once the presumed authorship of Haack was rejected, one question was answered, but another arose: who, then, was the author? (Lemeškin 2013: 269–279; Triškaitė 2014: 292–317).
The provenance from the mid-eighteenth century, on the basis of which the author and owner of the Prague dictionary were identified, has also been discussed many times (Lemeškin 2012: 37, 54–55; 2013: 276–277). The provenance names “Hacke” as the author and briefly notes that he was a preacher in Lithuania, studied in Halle, and published his language manual at the [Halle] Waisenhaus (lit. “Orphanage”) press2. The provenance was signed by “Baumgarten,” whose identity has not yet been definitively established.
1 Plačiau žr. Lemeškin 2012: 31–58. Šis straipsnis parengtas pagal Valstybinės lietuvių kalbos komisijos 2012-04-02–2014-03-31 finansuotą projektą Friedrichui Wilhelmui Haackui priskiriamo rankraštinio vokiečių–lietuvių kalbų žodyno (XVIII a. pr.) tyrimas ir rengimas spaudai (sutarties Nr. K-4/2012).
2 The German text was examined in detail by Lemeškin, in consultation with Christiane Schiller and Birutė Triškaitė (Lemeškin 2013: 277). In the article author’s view, this brief text was interpreted in 2013 because the project researchers, Lemeškin and Triškaitė, had already gained a thorough understanding of the dictionary under study.
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1 FIG. Provenance of the manuscript dictionary held in Prague (1r; NK ČR: XVI.F.30)
Author Hacke. Was a preacher in Lithuania. Studied in Halle. His grammar is said to have been printed at the orphanage. Donated by [J./D.]3 Baumgarten.
The aim of the article’s author was to find reliable information in the archives and libraries of Halle about the person who signed the provenance: [J.] or [D.] Baumgarten4. If D is to be interpreted as Doctor, then Baumgarten himself may have written the provenance; if as Dominus,
3 The brackets give possible variants for the first letter: J. or D.
4 It should be noted that in 2012 Lemeškin read “D<edicavit> / D<ominus> / D<octor> / J. Baumgarten,” but, regardless of the interpretation, he tended to associate Baumgarten, the donor, with the famous professor of Halle (Lemeškin 2012: 55, 54). In 2013, the scholar gave only “[D.] Baumgarten,” emphasizing that D could be interpreted in various ways. It could denote the title Doctor or Dominus ‘lord’ or be an abbreviation of the final word in dono dedit dedicavit (Lemeškin 2013: 277). In dedicatory contexts, Dono dedit means ‘he gave as a gift’ or ‘he presented’. The abbreviated form of the verb dedicavit is not listed in collections of Latin abbreviations. The abbreviation d: may mean: domini, dictio, divisio, dividit, dominatio;.d. – dicens, duo. (I am grateful to Dr. Rolandas Kregždys for this information.) It should be added that, during the project work at the Institute of the Lithuanian Language, researchers worked with copies of the dictionary. In Prague, the article’s author, together with Birutė Triškaitė, also examined the original in detail, which helped reveal features not conveyed by copies, namely corrections, ink colors, the sprinkling of sand over corrected passages; the ink color and pressure of the pen also made it possible to discern when the dictionary’s author/copyist took breaks. In short, long experience working with manuscripts leads to the conclusion that even the best copies cannot replace the original.
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it could have been entered by someone else as well. The provenance had already been translated into Lithuanian (Lemeškin 2012: 55; 2013: 277). The text is not long—only four lines and a signature.
Now about the mysterious Baumgarten. As was thought in 2012 (Lemeškin 2012: 54–57), the provenance was entered by Siegmund Jakob Baumgarten, one of the brightest minds in Halle and all of Germany in the first half of the 18th century. To identify the author of the provenance and to confirm or refute the supposition that the Prague dictionary belonged to Siegmund Jakob Baumgarten, it was necessary to leaf through the letters, notes, and lecture notes he had written and which are preserved in the Halle archives. It was surprising that much of the bibliographical information about this well-known Pietist, writer, translator, highly popular university lecturer beloved by students, and bibliophile is not particularly comprehensive and is sometimes contradictory, although quite a lot had been written about him. It was also surprising that archival materials related to Baumgarten are not abundant in Halle. Volume I of the German Biographical Encyclopedia (Deutsche biographische Enzyklopädie), published in Munich in 2005, mentions two Baumgartens related to Siegmund Jakob: his father, Jakob Baumgarten (1668, Wolmirstedt – June 29, 1722, Berlin), an evangelical theologian and poet, who is identified as the father of the philosopher Alexander Gottlieb5 (June 17, 1714, Berlin – May 26, 1762, Frankfurt an der Oder) and the theologian Siegmund Jakob (March 14, 1706, Wolmirstedt – July 4, 1757, Halle) (DBE I 429–432). Volume II of the earlier 1896–1913 Real Encyclopedia of Protestant Theology and Church (Realencyklopädie für protestantische Theologie und Kirche) notes that “our” Baumgarten’s father, Jakob Baumgarten, had two gifted sons, of whom Siegmund Jakob was the elder, while his younger brother Alexander Gottlieb was a well-known Wolffian (RETK 1971: 464–466). The 1998 reference work Religion in History and the Present (Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart) states that Siegmund Jakob was an influential theologian. Voltaire and Gotthold Ephraim Lessing praised him for his learning
5 Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten was the founder of scientific aesthetics in Germany. Orphaned at an early age, he was admitted to the Halle Pedagogium; later he studied at the Faculty of Theology of the University of Halle and became an extraordinary professor in 1737, and from 1740 a professor of philosophy and belles-lettres at Frankfurt an der Oder (Professor der Weltweisheit und der schönen Wissenschaften). Christian Wolff’s rationalism had the greatest influence on him as a philosopher and aesthetician (http://www.baumgarten-alexander-gottlieb.de/leben/#meier) (Accessed 2014 2 25). The following was written about the scholar after his death in 1763: “His mind was exceptionally systematic. Everything he thought became a system. He brought order to the chaos of the truths and opinions of the ancient sages. In his mind, worlds of truths and opinions emerged from it” (“Sein Kopf war vorzüglich systematisch. Alles, was er dachte, ward System. In die Chaos, der Wahrheiten und der Meynungen der alten Weltweisen, brachte er Ordnung, und in seinem Verstande wurden Welten der Wahrheiten und Meynungen daraus” (Meier 1763: 37).
Thus, Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten was considered one of the most eminent philosophers of the 18th century. His most famous works, Aestetica (1750 / 1758), Methaphysica (1739), and Ethica Philosophica (1740), had a tremendous influence on more than one generation of aestheticians and philosophers. See also Poppe 1907 and EE 2010: 64–65.
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Lessing6 as a theologian of transition between old and new Protestantism (HR 1998: 1180–1181). In 1758, his student and kindred spirit Johann Salomon Semler (December 18, 1725, Saalfeld – March 14, 1791, Halle)7 published the very first and most comprehensive bibliography of Baumgarten, which remains useful today. More bibliographies were compiled later. The term “theologian of transition” (transitional theologian) became established in the first half of the 18th century and was to be understood as denoting a representative of transitional theology (transitional theology)8.
6 Voltaire (November 21, 1694 – May 30, 1778), the French writer and philosopher and a star of the Enlightenment, called Siegmund Jakob Baumgarten the crown of German scholars (Kaunas 1996: 188). Gotthold Ephraim Lessing (January 22, 1729, Kamenz – February 15, 1781, Braunschweig), the most famous German poet, playwright, and philosopher of the Enlightenment, was also familiar with two Lithuanian folk songs from Philipp Ruhig’s Lithuanian dictionary (Littauisch=Deuſches und Deutſch=Littauiſches Lexicon, Worinnen ein hinlänglicher Vorrath an Wörtern und Redensarten, welche sowohl in der H. Schrift, als in allerley Handlungen und Verkehr der menſchlichen Geſellſchaften vorkommen, befindlich iſt: [...] mit möglichſter Sorgfalt, vieljährigem Fleiß, und Beyhülfe der erfahrenſten Kenner dieſer Sprache geſammelt von Philipp Ruhig, Pfarrern und Seniore zu Walterkehmen, Inſterburgiſchen Hauptamtes. Königsberg, druckts und verlegts I. H. Hartung, 1747) (Biržiška 1963: 20–25). Lessing wrote: “From these one can learn that poets are born beneath every patch of sky and that deep feelings are not the privilege of cultured peoples alone. Recently I was leafing through Ruhig’s Lithuanian dictionary and, in the ‘Inquiry into This Language’ appended at the end, came across a rarity very apt for the present occasion, which delighted me immensely. These are several Lithuanian songs or little songs, such as the village girls sing there. What artless wit! What charming simplicity! You need not look anything up in a Lithuanian dictionary: I shall copy out for you here two of the finest, according to Ruhig’s translation: [...] [The songs are ‘I Gave Up My Grandmother’ and ‘Early in the Morning’ – G. B.]. The modest man apologizes for publishing such trifles; rather, he ought to have apologized for not including them” (Lessing 1975: 97–99) (Translated by Liucija Citavičiūtė).
7 Johann Salomon Semler was an evangelical theologian and one of the creators of Enlightenment theology. From 1743 he studied classical philology, history, logic, and mathematics at the University of Halle, and from 1744 evangelical theology and languages under S. J. Baumgarten. Semler paid particular attention to the historical-critical study of the Bible. Under Baumgarten’s supervision, he earned a master’s degree in 1750 for the work Vindiciae plurium praecipuarum lectionum codicis graeci Novi Testam... (printed in 1750) and that same year became editor of the “Coburg State and Scholars’ Gazette” (Koburger Staats- und Gelehrten-zeitung). In February 1753 he defended his doctoral dissertation at the University of Altdorf and became a doctor of theology. That same year, 1753, he returned to Halle and became a full professor. At the university he was responsible for all theological disciplines. Incidentally, Lithuanian textual scholars note Semler’s contributions to New Testament manuscript studies, namely Paulius Subačius (2001: 523). Semler served as prorector in 1761–1762, 177–1771, and 1789–1790. From 1757 Semler was director of the Theological Seminary. He lost this post in 1779 because of the controversial appointment of Carl Friedrich Bahrdt to the University of Halle (http://www.deutsche-biographie.de/sfz80023.html) (Accessed 2014 02 20). These facts show the prevailing atmosphere at the University of Halle. Semler’s two-part autobiography (1781–1782) is of particular importance and significance for the life of the University of Halle.
8 The term Übergangstheologie or Theologie des Übergangs arose in the first half of the 18th century and was applied to Halle theologians, above all Siegmund Jakob Baumgarten. It was intended to describe theology at the juncture between old and new Protestantism, since it was the true driving force behind the development of theology. This branch of theology sought to avoid extreme polemics and aimed at gradual reform (Hirsch II 1968: 319, 371 ff.; Schloemann 1974: 16).
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Baumgarten lived at a time when old Protestantism, Pietism, and modern scholarship were flourishing. He lived only 51 years, wrote a great deal, and had a large circle of distinguished students who later took an active part in theological debates in Germany (for the students, see Schloemann 1974: 21; Ehrhardt-Rein 1996: 79; Schicketanz 2001: 113). Incidentally, his younger brothers Alexander Gottlieb and Nathanael also attended his lectures.
It is worth recalling the most important facts about Baumgarten’s life and work. It should be mentioned that his father Jakob also belonged to the Pietists of Halle and was a close associate of August Hermann Francke. Francke visited him in Berlin, where he was pastor of Friedrichswerder and Dorotheenstadt. His mother, Rosina Elisabeth, née Wiedemann (Semler (1758: 73) writes that she was Barbara Rosina), died early—in 1717. After their mother’s death, the children were cared for by their grandmother Anna Barbara Wiedemann, née Kubitz, who was born in Berlin. Their father was highly educated and taught his sons. There were seven sons in the family (Semler 1758: 73). Information is available about five of them, whose names were Siegmund Jakob (1706–1754), Justus Joseph (died in Halle in 1722), Samuel Eusebius (born in 1711, and, as Bernhard Poppe (1907: 10) writes, at the request of his brother Alexander Gottlieb, three years his junior, was to recount passages from the Bible to him; thus, he was still alive around 1718; no information about his date of death has been found), Alexander Gottlieb (1714–1762), and Nathanael (died in 1763). From 1749, Nathanael served at his father’s church in Berlin. He was an inspector and senior consistory councillor (Oberkonsistorialrat). Nathanael Baumgarten was also confessor to Queen Elisabeth Christine von Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel-Bevern (November 8, 1717, Wolfenbüttel – January 13, 1797, Berlin), wife of the King of Prussia, Friedrich II. After their father’s death in 1722, four sons were still alive: Siegmund Jakob, Justus Joseph, Alexander Gottlieb, and Nathanael; in accordance with their father’s wishes, they went to Halle to study theology (Schloemann 1973: 31). Baumgarten’s father died of consumption. On his deathbed, in the words of the witness Michael Roloff, royal provost of Berlin and consistory councillor, he recalled the people in Halle who mattered most to him. These were August Hermann Francke, Justus Breithaupt9, and Paul Anton10. Justus Joseph, who had begun studying at the Halle Pedagogium (“auf dem Pädagogio”)11, died soon afterward.
9 Joachim Justus Breithaupt (February 17, 1658, Northeim / Hannover – March 16, 1732, Berge Monastery near Magdeburg) was one of the founders of Pietism in Halle. He was very favorably disposed toward S. J. Baumgarten (Semler 1758: 89).
10 Paul Anton (February 12, 1661, Oberlausitz – October 19, 1730, Halle) was a famous theologian in Halle who greatly helped Baumgarten after his arrival there (Semler 1758: 89).
11 Justus Joseph died of smallpox. His eldest brother Siegmund Jakob was with the young man as he lay dying (Semler 1758: 87).
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In 1722, the sixteen-year-old Siegmund Jakob, whose health was frail and who had acquired astonishing knowledge from his father and the latter’s friends12, also began studying at the Halle Pedagogium. By then he knew the classical languages as well as French, Italian, and English; he was very interested in history and studied mathematics and drawing. According to Brucker and Semler, Baumgarten’s father’s library contained 10,000 books (Schloemann 1974: 33). In 1723 Baumgarten fell seriously ill and was forced to attend to his health (Semler 1758: 88). In 1724 he became a student at the University of Friedrich in Halle. He signed the student matriculation register under number 431:
2 PAV. Siegmundo Jakobo Baumgarteno įrašas (1724) Halės universiteto metrikose (UA Halle: Rep. 46, Nr. 2 [1714–1724])
Baumgarten’s famous brother Alexander Gottlieb also studied in the same Faculty of Theology from 1730:
3 PAV. Alexanderio Gottliebo Baumgarteno įrašas (1730) Halės universiteto metrikose (UA Halle: Rep. 46, Nr. 3 [1724–1741])
In 1731, their brother Nathanael also began studying in the university’s Faculty of Theology. The matriculation registers attest to this:
4 PAV. Nathanaelio Baumgarteno įrašas (1731) Halės universiteto metrikose (UA Halle: Rep. 46, Nr. 3 [1724–1741])
12 Semleris (1758: 76) nurodo, kad Baumgarteno teologijos mokytojas buvo Michaelis Roloffas (1684 m., Oschersleben – 1748 m. sausio 29 d., Berlin), baigęs teologijos mokslus Halės universitete, dirbęs kartu su Baumgarteno tėvu. (https://www.google.lt/search?q=Roloff+Berlin+Propst+und+Konsistorialrat&hl=lt&gbv=2&sa=X&as_q=&spell=1&ei=uXekVNq5I8j9UP rYg7AB&ved=0CBAQBSgA) (Žiūrėta 2014 04 04). Hebrajų kalbos Baumgarteną mokė garsusis Rytų Fryzijos generalinis superintendentas Johannas Ludwigas Lindhammeris (1689 m. gegužės 17 d., Eisannberg – 1771 m. liepos 13 d., Aurich), kuris studijavo teologiją Halės universitete ir išsamiai nagrinėjo Biblijos tekstą. 1720 m. Lindhammeris buvo Berlyne prūsų raitelių pulko Gens d’Armes pastorius.
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After enrolling at the University of Halle, Baumgarten lived with Gotthilf August Francke (January 1, 1696, Glaucha – September 2, 1769, Halle)13, the son of August Hermann Francke (March 12/22, 1663, Lübeck – June 8, 1727, Halle)14 himself. In his household he ate together with the family, that is, in German, he became a Tischgenosse, and for half a year was a bona fide member of the household (ein ordentlicher Hausgenosse) (Semler 1758: 88; Schloemann 1974: 33).
An important fact that must be mentioned is that around this time the future famous Königsberg theologian Heinrich Lysius, in fact Johann Heinrich Lysius (June 19, 1704, Königsberg – March 29, 1745, Königsberg), the son of the famous Henrich Lysius (October 10, 1670, Flensburg – October 12, 1731, Königsberg)15, was invited to the University of Halle. It should be noted that Henrich Lysius, the first head of the Lithuanian Language Seminar at the University of Königsberg, “signed himself Henrich Lysius” (Citavičiūtė 2004: 25; cf. Vaclovas Biržiška (1963 (1990): 470), who called Lysius Jonas Henrikas. See also Lysius 1994. Incidentally, Ona
13 Gotthilf August Francke was the son of the famous August Hermann Francke; his mother, Henriette, was the daughter of the chamber secretary Johann George Rothals. In 1750 Francke married Eva Wilhelmine (d. 1793), daughter of Joachim Sigismund von Gersdorf. They had no children. Francke was a theologian and educator. He began working at the Francke Foundations (Franckesche Stiftungen) early in life, studied theology, became a pastor, and later archdeacon of the Market Church (Marktkirche). In 1723 he became an adjunct of the Faculty of Theology at the University of Halle, and in 1726 a full professor. Francke’s health was poor, but he devotedly continued his father’s work and his missionary activity in India and Pennsylvania, where a Lutheran church was being built. Francke was supported by King Friedrich Wilhelm I of Prussia, and it can be said that King Friedrich II did not oppose his work either. Francke lived during the heyday and decline of Pietism in Halle, which influenced the history of Brandenburg-Prussia. Francke supported thousands of students and sick people. In 1767 he began serving as an adviser to the consistory of the Duchy of Magdeburg. After his father’s death, he became director of the Francke Foundations. Francke was buried in the family tomb in Halle’s municipal cemetery. See http://www.deutsche-biographie.de/sfz16793.html (accessed 2014 03 01).
14 August Hermann Francke was a Protestant theologian and educator, author of church hymns, and Pietist who founded the Francke Foundations, which remain active to this day. His father was a jurist and an adviser at the court and in the administration of justice of Duke Ernst the Pious. His mother was the daughter of Lübeck’s mayor, David Gloxin. Francke received a good education at home and studied classical languages, especially Greek and Hebrew, as well as theology, at several universities. He earned his master’s degree in Leipzig after disputing on Hebrew grammar. At the same university he defended his habilitation thesis and delivered his first sermons at Leipzig’s Pauliner Church (Paulinerkirche). Francke became a Pietist early in life and directed young people toward the study of the Old and New Testaments. At the University of Halle he was professor of Greek and Oriental studies, and later of theology as well. Until 1715 he was pastor of St. George’s Church (St. Georgen-Kirche); from 1715 to 1727 he was pastor of St. Ulrich’s Church in Halle (St. Ulrich-Kirche). On September 18, 1968, he began construction of the Orphanage. The Francke Foundations were built over a period of 50 years. This was a vast complex of buildings that included a school, residences, workshops, a pharmacy, and so on. About 2,500 people lived and worked in this kind of town. Francke was buried in the family tomb in Halle’s municipal cemetery. See http://www.heiligenlexikon.de/BiographienA/August_Hermann_Francke.html (accessed 2014 03 02).
15 In 1719, Lysius the elder organized the translation of Martin Luther’s bilingual (German–Lithuanian) catechism, which was published in 1722 by Gabriel Engel(is) (Dini 1993 ff.).
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Aleknavičienė, who published two articles about Lysius’s father in 2001, does not mention his first name in one (2001a: 271–292), while in the other she calls him simply “Henrich Lysius” [2001b: 187–206]). Semler (1758: 91) writes that the future famous Königsberg theologian Heinrich Lysius was invited to the University of Halle to teach the languages of the Orient and wished to stay there for a while, since conditions at the local academy were very favorable for this, but he soon left16. This was in 1724. J. H. Lysius’s biographers mention this fact17. Lysius taught Baumgarten Aramaic, Arabic, Syriac, and Ethiopian (das Rabbinische, Arabische, Syrische und Ethiopische) (Semler 1758: 91). The teachers of these languages at the University of Halle also included Johann Heinrich Michaelis18, Christian Benedikt Michaelis, and Heinrich Christian Immanuel Frommann, a baptized Jew (Semler 1758: 91; Schloemann 1974: 34). One of J. H. Lysius’s first biographers, Johann Christoph Netz, also emphasized that Lysius was taught Syriac and Arabic by Christian Benedikt Michaelis, while the convert Frommann taught him Aramaic and Hebrew (“Er [J. H. Lysius] bemühte sich auch in den Morgenländischen Sprachen seine Wissenschaft vollkommener zu machen, indem er das Syrische und Arabische unter der Anweisung des Herrn Prof. Christian Benedicti Michaelis erlernte, auch im Rabbinicis und Talmudicis eines bekehrten Juden Namens Frommann bediente”) (Netz 1745: 25). On July 11, 1725, at his father’s wish and on the advice of friends, he became a master of the Friedrich University, with the aforementioned Michaelis as dean, and began teaching young students ([...] Bald darauf fing er an, seine von GOTT ihm verliehene Gaben in Unterweisung der studierenden Jugend zu gebrauchen, [...]) (Netz ibd.). Thus, Lysius was in Halle from 1724 until early 1726. He could have met Baumgarten soon after arriving, since they were surrounded by the same professors at the University of Halle. The young men could
16 Cf. the German text: Es war der nachmalige berühmte königsbergische Theologus, Heinrich Lysius, welcher auf eben genante Universität als Lehrer der morgenländischen Sprachen berufen worden. Dieser wünschte also, sich noch in einiger Zeit hier selbst fester zu setzen, wozu auf hiesiger Academie stets sehr vortheilhafte Gelegenheit gewesen, [...] nach Abreise des bisherigen Geselschafters, Herrn Lysius, [...] (Semler 1758: 91). Attention should be drawn to the description “nachmalige berühmte” – “future famous.” Having examined the variant documents, it was noted that there is confusion in the use of the first names of father and son Lysius.
17 In 1724, Johann Heinrich Lysius came to Halle, where he met Justus Joseph Breithaupt, Paul Anton, August Hermann Francke, and other prominent professors at the University of Halle. He studied the languages of the Orient and began teaching them to young students; he also founded the “Collegium cursorium in NT Graecum.” On June 11, 1725, he received his master’s degree at the University of Halle, but soon had to leave Halle, since on May 15, 1726, he was appointed extraordinary professor of Oriental languages at the University of Königsberg. In Königsberg he also took over his father’s work and helped him serve as pastor at the Löbenicht Church and inspect the synagogue. In 1731 he became a full professor of theology; in 1736 he resigned his post as extraordinary professor of Oriental studies in the Faculty of Philosophy (Netz 1745; 24–28; Arnoldt 1746: 189–190, 219, 422; http://www.manchester.edu/kant/bio/biokon2.htm) (accessed 2014 12 10).
18 Johann Heinrich Michaelis (July 26, 1668, Klettenberg – March 10, 1738, Halle) was a theologian and Orientalist.
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to become friends when Lysijus taught Baumgarten the languages of the East. He could have told Baumgarten about his father’s Lithuanian studies, about the preparation of the Small Catechism, about his work at the Lithuanian Language Seminar at the University of Königsberg, and aroused the inquisitive Baumgarten’s interest in Lithuanian matters, although his father, Lysijus senior, “distinguished himself as the author of a plan for the rapid Germanization (Verdeutschung Litauens) of Lithuanians in the places where they themselves lived” (Dini 1993: 5,10).
Before Lysijus left Halle, Baumgarten, following a tradition established in Halle, taught at the Orphanage (Waisenhaus). In 1725, he taught Hebrew and Greek at the Latin School, and in 1726 he began directing the Theology class (Hoffbauer 1805: 213–218). In 1726, Baumgarten defended his dissertation under the supervision of the orientalist and theologian Christian Benedikt Michaelis. In his dissertation, Baumgarten wrote about Hermann von der Hardts19 hypothesis that the Semitic languages supposedly derived from Greek. Baumgarten refuted this hypothesis. After defending this work, Baumgarten became the head / inspector of the entire Latin School (Semler 1758: 92; Schloemann 1974: 34). He founded a classis selecta at the school and taught selected students elegant Latin and philosophy. His deep insight into philosophy helped him form his own opinion of Christian Wolff’s philosophy20. From 1728, Baumgarten became an assistant preacher. He assisted Gotthilf August Francke at the Market Church (Marktkirche) (Semler 1758: 93; Schloemann 1974: 35). His sermons were very popular. Probably at the beginning of the winter semester of 1731–1732, Baumgarten became a master21 (Schloemann 1974: 36; cf. Semler’s (1758: 96) claim that Baumgarten became a master in 1732, when Christian Benedikt Michaelis was dean; Michaelis was then serving as dean for the third time. His term lasted from 12 July 1731 to 12 January 1732; cf. Büsching’s (1783: 168–169) observation concerning Semler’s imprecise explanation). Having become a master, Baumgarten had already been teaching philology, philosophy, and the history of science at the University of Halle since 1731; he also taught, and a very important fact is that Baumgarten taught (repetierte) dogmatics to students attending the Lithuanian Language Seminar (Schloemann 1974: 36). Thus, Baumgarten could certainly have known Friedrich Wilhelm Haack (1706, Kretingalė – 19 Novem-
19 Hermann von der Hardts (11 November 1660, Melle – 28 February 1746, Helmstedt), an orientalist and Old Testament scholar. He was a professor of Oriental studies at the University of Helmstedt. In his view, Hebrew and Arabic derived from Greek (http://www.deutsche-biographie.de/sfz26004.html (accessed 2 March 2014); Schloemann 1974: 34).
20 Christian Wolff (Christian Freiherr von Wolff, 24 January 1679, Breslau – 9 April 1754, Halle) was a distinguished scholar, jurist, mathematician, and one of the most significant Enlightenment philosophers between Leibniz and Kant; he also developed German philosophical terminology.
21 Magistro laipsnis, pasak Martino Schloemanno (1974: 36), po disertacijos gynimo buvo savotiškas formalumas, vis atidėliotas veikiausiai neišgalint susimokėti mokesčių, tačiau be to laipsnio nebuvo galima pradėti dėstyti universitete.
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ber 19, Pilkalnis; see also http://prusija.lki.lt/, Pilkainys), who studied at the University of Königsberg (6 September 1724 – late 1727) and for half a year at the University of Halle (from 17 December 1727; from 21 June 1728 he was already teaching Lithuanian at the University of Halle’s Lithuanian Language Seminar, together with the seminar’s first lecturer, Johann Richter). After Richter left Halle for East Prussia on 27 August 1728, Haack served as the seminar’s lecturer until May 1732, while the Seminar itself operated until 1740. In Halle, in 1730, Haack published the first printed Lithuanian dictionary in the German-speaking lands, Vocabularium litthvanico–germanicum, et germanivo–littvanicum (“Lithuanian–German and German–Lithuanian Dictionary”), together with a Lithuanian grammar (Nebst einem Anhang einer kurtzgefassten litthauischen Grammatic) (Specht 1935: 39; Schiller 1994: 212; Drotvinas 1998: 163; Zubaitienė 2012: 7 ff.)
In 1734, the professor of theology Johann Liborius Zimmermann22 died. After his death, the university turned its attention to Baumgarten. Baumgarten’s name as a lecturer is recorded in the lecture schedule for the winter semester of 1734–1735, although he never received the degree of magister legens23 (Schloemann 1973: 36). Baumgarten became a professor through the intervention of his father’s friend Roloff, who informed the king himself of Baumgarten’s exceptional education (Semler 1758: 98). Baumgarten’s theology lectures, like his sermons, were very popular. Many sources state that 300–400 students attended Baumgarten’s lectures. He lectured daily and chaired disputations. His interest began to turn to Wolff’s philosophy, which was opposed by more than one professor at Halle, including Gotthilf August Francke and Joachim Lange24. Despite the opposition, Wolff was invited to Halle. It is very interesting to read the letters in which colleagues debate fiercely and criticize one another. Below is Baumgarten’s response to his dissertation supervisor, Christian Benedikt Michaelis25, written in September 1735, that is, nine years later
22 Johann Liborius Zimmermann (14 November 1702, Wernigerode – 2 April 1734, Halle) studied in Jena and was a theologian who professed Pietism, but was also interested in Wolff’s philosophy. From 1731, he was a professor of theology at the University of Halle (Jacobs 1898: 121–226; Wundt 1932).
23Magister legens was attained only after a public disputation, which conferred the right to lecture at the university.
24 Joachim Lange (28 October 1670, Gardel egen – 7 May 1744, Halle), an orientalist and theologian. He became acquainted with August Hermann Francke early on and studied in Erfurt, Halle, and Berlin. He had an excellent command of Hebrew. In 1717, he became a Doctor of Theology at the University of Halle and remained there. He also served as the university’s pro-rector. Lange was a controversial pietist. His ideological disagreements with Christian Wolff are well known.
25 Christian Benedikt Michaelis (26 January 1680, Ellrich – 22 February 1764, Halle) was a German orientalist and Protestant theologian. He learned to read the Bible in its original language early on; in 1715, he became a full professor of philosophy at the University of Halle and the university librarian. In 1731, Michaelis was already a professor of theology at the University of Halle, and from 1738 he was also professor of Oriental languages (Oriental studies). He studied the Old Testament and was greatly loved by his students. He also served as the university’s pro-rector.
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FIG. 5. Siegmund Jakob Baumgarten’s letter to Christian Benedikt Michaelis, September 1735, from the archive of the University of Halle (UA Halle: Rep. 27 Nr. 1044)
years after the dissertation defense. Michaelis was dean of the Faculty of Theology that year, as is also shown by the salutation Most Honorable Mr. Dean (Venerande Dom. Decane). The letter’s contents reveal that Baumgarten already represented a different tendency. In the words of Peter Schicketanz (2001: 113, 2005: 238; see also Roeber 2005: 754), Baumgarten’s works—the three-volume work Evangelische Glaubenslehre (“Evangelical Doctrine of Faith”), published in 1759–1760 by Semler, and Unterricht vom rechtmäßigen Verhalten eines Christen oder Theologische Moral (“Instruction on the Proper Conduct of a Christian, or Theological Morality”) (1738)—can be regarded as a synthesis of Wolffian philosophy and Pietism. It should be noted that former deans and G. A. Francke criticized Baumgarten’s theological morality.
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After Lange’s death in 1744—Lange had wholeheartedly disliked Baumgarten because of his popularity and favor toward Wolff—Baumgarten became director of the Theological Seminary. He was renowned for his generosity, giving money to poor students and charging no fees for attending his lectures. Semler provides much interesting material, calling himself a dwarf (Ger. Zwerg) and Baumgarten a giant (Ger. Riese), and emphasizing that he was a steadfast, unyielding follower of Dr. Baumgarten (Ger. “daß ich eyn steter unbiegsamer Anhänger des D[oktor] Baumgartens seyn würde”) (Semler 1782: 5). Although Semler had said that human knowledge is entirely subject to time and change, he never doubted his teacher. In his detailed autobiography, Semler writes about him movingly, incidentally referring to him throughout as D. Baumgarten: “Since I lived in Baumgarten’s house while still a student, I had constant opportunity to become acquainted with Dr. Baumgarten’s extraordinarily extensive scholarly and especially historical reading; his acumen and penetrating, as it were, invincible judgment seemed to me just as strikingly great and certain as his almost unvarying disposition, loving forbearance, and calm, friendly countenance, evident in every aspect of his interactions” (“Ich hatte, da ich noch als Student im Baumgartenschen Hause wonete, unaufhörliche Gelegenheit, die ganz ausgebreitete gelerte, und zumal historische Belesenheit des D. Baumgartens kennen zu lernen; seine Scharffsinnigkeit und eindringende, gleichsam unbesiegliche Urtheilskraft, war mir so eben auffalend gros und gewis worden, als seine fast gleichförmige Gemütsfassung, liebreiche Schonung, und ruhige freundliche Mine, in allen Arten des Umganges.”) (Semler 1782: 8). In 1748–1749, Baumgarten became pro-rector and a member of the Royal Prussian Academy of Sciences in Berlin. Scholars from abroad traveled to Halle, and foreign universities invited him to take up professorships (Schloemann 1973: 50–51). Baumgarten was a highly productive scholar. The list of his published works contains 214 entries. Under his supervision, 87 dissertations were defended (Schloemann 1974: 245–279).
Baumgarten was also renowned for his library, whose holdings surpassed those of the university library. He inherited some of the books from his father’s library, which he had to divide with his brothers; he bought others, forgoing many things that might perhaps have made life easier for himself and his family (Schloemann 1974: 51–52). Baumgarten was not only a theologian. He was interested in history and literature and had an excellent knowledge of books. His unique library made him an exceptional authority on German and foreign literature. In 1748, Baumgarten began informing the public about his library by writing eight volumes about it: “News about a Halle Library” (Nachrichten von einer Hallischen Bibliothek). The work comprised 4,479 printed pages in all. One should not forget his 16-volume “Universal History of the World” (Allgemeine Welthistorie), prepared on the basis of the English version, and from 1752 onward, 12 volumes of “News about
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Remarkable Books” (Nachrichten von merkwürdigen Büchern) appeared. A total of 7,777 pages were printed. The final volume appeared after Baumgarten’s death. It includes a preface by Semler. In the ninth volume, Baumgarten writes about the Lithuanian Bible and other Lithuanian religious books (Baumgarten 1756: 377–380; Doering 1831: 55–65). Baumgarten’s library contained a vast collection of Bibles, numerous old printed books, manuscripts, letters, and works on Oriental studies. The 1765–1767 auction catalogue Bibliothecae Baumgartenianae lists 22,308 entries. The library contained many Sammelbände, so the number of books must have been considerably larger. Baumgarten’s library sale is mentioned in the catalogue of book auctions and private libraries in the German-speaking world. It also mentions lit. libr. (Loh 2002: 48). According to the catalogue, the auction lasted three years, and the Lithuanian books were sold on April 4, 1767.
Pasak Domo Kauno (1996: 188), velionio įpėdiniai 1765 m. nurodė du spaudinius lietuvių kalba: Naująjį Testamentą (1727) ir Bibliją (1755). Paties Baumgarteno (1756: 377–380) kataloge išsamiai aprašyti abu lietuviški spaudiniai, pastebint, kad Biblija antrą kartą išspausdinta Karaliaučiuje 1755 m., jos numeris Baumgarteno bibliotekoje buvo 2778. 2779 numeriu pažymėtas Naujasis Testamentas, pabrėžiant, kad jis neturėjo nei antraštės, nei įžanginio žodžio, bet palyginęs tą spaudinį su Biblija Baumgartenas nustatė, kad Testamentas parašytas ir lietuvių kalba („so zeiget doch der Augenschein bey angestelter Vergleichung der in der einen
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“Columne jeder Seite befindlichen ausländischen Ueberfeßung mit der oben beschriebenen litthauischen Bibel, daß dieselbe litthauisch sey”) (Baumgarten 1756: 380). One might cautiously surmise that Baumgarten read Lithuanian and understood the language to some extent, since his catalogue provides not only a detailed description of the Bible but also the Lord’s Prayer (Baumgarten 1756: 377–381). It should be emphasized that the library of the Lithuanian Language Seminary also contained a Lithuanian-German New Testament, published in Königsberg in 1727 (Specht 1935: 45; Bense 1997: 457). A separate study is needed to determine whether Baumgarten’s copy of the New Testament might have come from the library of the Lithuanian Language Seminary.
The University of Halle, significant not only in the case of the dictionary in question but also deserving of credit for Lithuanian studies through its Lithuanian Language Seminary, now bears the name Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg (MLU). It came into being in 1817 through the merger of two universities: the University of Wittenberg, founded in 1502, Leucorea, and the Friedrichs-Universität, founded in 1694. The University of Halle was named after its founder, Friedrich III, Elector of Brandenburg. The university became a center of Pietism and the Enlightenment. In this respect, it had no equal in Germany. In 1933, the university was named after Martin Luther.
Po didžiojo XVIII a. pradžios maro (1709–1711) ištuštėjo Rytų Prūsijos lietuviškos gyvenvietės ir ištisi valsčiai. Prūsijos karalius Friedrichas Wilhelmas I (1713–1740), suvokdamas situaciją, pradėjo rūpintis lietuviškosios Rytų Prūsijos dalies švietimu, o tam reikėjo žmonių, mokančių lietuvių kalbą. Į pagalbą kvietė pietistus. 1718 m. birželio 27 d. potvarkiu karalius įsakė įsteigti Lietuvių kalbos seminarą Karaliaučiuje, o liepos 2 d. parašė Augustui Hermanui Francke’ei, ragindamas pagalvoti apie lietuvių kalbos mokymą Halėje (Citavičiūtė 2004: 38). Lietuvių kalbos seminaras Halėje pradėjo veikti 1727 m. (Specht 1935: 36; Schiller 1994b: 383). Pirmasis mokytojas docentas Johannas Richteris į Halės universiteto metrikas įrašytas 1727 m. rugsėjo 15 d. (Schiller 1994a: 216; Drotvinas 1998: 160). 1728 m. sausio 2 d. studentams skirti nemokami pietūs (Preußisch-littauischer Freytisch) (Specht 1935: 38; Schiller 1994b: 383; Drotvinas 1998: 160). Į Halę pradėjo keliauti lietuviškos knygos iš Rytų Prūsijos, o nuo 1729 m. lietuviškos knygos pradėtos spausdinti ir pačioje Halėje. Vis dėlto studentų skaičius mažėjo, ir 1740 m. seminaras nustojo egzistuoti. Tačiau pėdsaką Halės universiteto istorijoje jis paliko, kaip ir lietuviškos knygos istorijoje. Kalbamasis žodynas galbūt galėjo būti parašytas Halėje, nors iš vandenženklų Lemeškinas (2012: 52–53) nustatė, kad rankraščio popierius gamintas Rytų Prūsijoje 1683–1712 m., tad ir žodynas turėjo būti parengtas ten (žr. Triškaitė 2014: 294). Bet popierius galėjo būti saugomas sandėliuose, jis galėjo būti atgabentas ir į Halę, kai mieste radosi sąlytis su Rytų Prūsija per Lietuvių kalbos seminarą. Jo autorius arba perrašytojas galėjo būti įkvėptas Halės universiteto idėjų. Vien Baumgarteno darbai ir aistra knygoms, rašytam žodžiui
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could have meant a great deal to a person whose aim was to care for and cultivate a language by creating the tools needed to learn and understand it—in this case, a dictionary, whose authorship will still need to be determined.
After the dictionary was rediscovered, its provenance became very important because it named the author and owner. It was on this basis that the search began for evidence confirming the accuracy of the information in the donation record. It also became important to establish who had written the provenance itself. For this purpose, Baumgarten’s autographs held in the archive of the Martin Luther University of Halle (Archiv der Martin-Luther-Universität zu Halle), the University and State Library of Saxony-Anhalt at Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg (Martin-Luther Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Universitäts- u. Landesbibliothek Sachsen-Anhalt), and the Archive of the Francke Foundations in Halle (Archiv der Franckeschen Stiftungen) were consulted. There are not many of Baumgarten’s autographs in Halle. The surviving records include entries in documents of the University of Halle, fragments of his manuscripts, and letters written in Latin and German. The Archive of the Francke Foundations holds 13 autographs: notes, entries in letters written collectively to colleagues, two letters to Christian Friedrich Pressier (Bressier), one to Gotthilf August Francke, and a 136-page manuscript written between 1728 and 1754. The autographs found, as the most authoritative primary sources (Subačius 2001: 87), are suitable for comparing handwriting.
In this case, the contents of the letters would be of interest if they discussed matters relevant to us, such as Baumgarten’s connections with J. H. Lysius, Haack, and the Lithuanian Language Seminar. While searching for traces of the Lithuanian Language Seminar in the Archive of the Francke Foundations, Birutė Triškaitė found a letter written on February 5, 1733, by Friedrich Preuβ (born in 1705 in Königsberg; died on July 5, 1733, in Pilkalnis; matriculated in the Lithuanian Language Seminar on June 13, 1729, with the record also noting that he was pastor of the Pilkalnis church from 1719 to 1733) (Schiller 1994a: 215), a seminar attendee, to Gotthilf August Francke. On the letter’s last page, its author sends greetings to Professor Baumgarten as well, which means that he knew Baumgarten, who had dealings with the seminar attendees. There is hope that further references to such connections may be found in the archives of Halle and Berlin.
Baumgarten also served as dean of the faculty on several occasions. This is attested by a list of students of the Faculty of Theology, written in 1738 by the dean himself, Baumgarten (“Sigism. Jac. Baumgarten”), which also names his colleagues Lange, Professors Michaelis and Knapp26 (Fig. 6), and by a letter from 1753 (Fig. 7).
Two other documents from the Archive of the Francke Foundations (Franckesche Stiftungen) may also prove useful for handwriting analysis.
26 Johannes Georg Knapp (born December 25, 1705, in Öhringen; died July 30, 1771, in Halle) was a theologian, Pietist, and professor of theology at the University of Halle.
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FIG. 6. Entry for Siegmund Jakob Baumgarten in the student register of the University of Halle, held in the University of Halle Archive (UA Halle: Rep 27 Nr. 1203).
FIG. 7. Excerpt from a letter written in Latin by Dean Siegmund Jakob Baumgarten on June 12, 1753 (Martin Luther Universität Halle-Wittenberg Universitäts- u. Landesbibliothek Sachsen-Anhalt, Ym 169 (1))
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FIG. 8. Excerpt from Siegmund Jakob Baumgarten’s letter to Christian Friedrich Bressier27, 1735 (Halle, Franckesche Stiftungen: AFSt/M I B 17: 35)
FIG. 9. Siegmund Jakob Baumgarten’s note concerning a donation, i.e. the forwarding of a mission donation, written on November 26, 1754 (Halle, Franckesche Stiftungen: AFSt/M 3 H 45: 108)
An assessment of the donation entry and Baumgarten’s autographs does not suggest that Baumgarten was the author of the provenance note. For example, there is probably an ink blot above Baumgarten’s surname in the donation entry. No such blots have been observed in Baumgarten’s manuscripts, although there is more than one indication of varying pen pressure. The donation was written
27 Christian Friedrich Pressier, or Bressier, as stated in the online catalogue of the Francke Foundations Archive (July 26, 1697, Perleberg – February 15, 1738, Tranquebar), studied theology at the University of Halle. After changing his views, he worked at the Halle Pädagogium and later became a missionary (http://192.124.243.55/cgi-bin/dhm.pl?x=u&t_show=x&wertreg=PER&wert=pressier%2C+christian+friedrich+++BIOGRAFIE&reccheck=,26302) (accessed 2014-04-03). For more on the Tranquebar mission, see Aleknavičienė 2001: 195–198.
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in Gothic cursive, the first two words concerning the supposed author of the dictionary in humanistic Latin script. Baumgarten’s autographs are likewise written in two script types rather than just one—Gothic cursive and humanistic Latin script (see Triškaitė 2012: 139–140)28. The autographs selected for comparison come from different periods of his life, since the date of the donation entry is unknown. Individual letters as well as the graphic forms of particular words are compared. So far, not all the words recorded in the provenance note have been found in the autographs, but they may yet be located, although it is unlikely that they would substantially change the view that the examples of the donation entry and Baumgarten’s autographs presented here were certainly not written by the same hand. The handwriting features (Kurapka et al. 1998: 202) differ substantially. In order to identify the author of the signature, autographs by his brothers Alexander Gottlieb and Nathanael are also presented; in the author’s view, these show that they, too, did not sign the donation entry, since the letters are connected differently and other features described by forensic handwriting specialists also differ (Kurapka et al. 1998: 206ff.)
1 T A B L E. Gothic and humanistic script (letters and words) in the Early Modern period: the donation entry and autographs of Siegmund Jakob Baumgarten and his brothers Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten and Nathanael Baumgarten (enlarged to highlight handwriting features)
Handwriting in the donation entry
Baumgarten’s autographs
A
Ha
D[ono] d[edit]
Preacher
zu
Halle
28 The author sincerely thanks Dr Birutė Triškaitė for her moral and practical assistance while working in the Halle archives in November 2012.
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Handwriting of the donation entry
Baumgarten’s autographs
ſoll, ſollen, ſolt[en], ſolte
auf
Waißenhauſe
ſeÿn
Baum-garten (1724–1754)
Broliū autographs, 1730–1731
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Undoubtedly, more extensive handwriting research would be useful. More work should be done in Halle to find handwriting samples from people in Baumgarten’s circle. Quite a number have been studied, but none of the samples examined appeared even remotely similar to the provenance text. The person closest to Baumgarten was, after all, Semler, who also erected a bibliographical monument to his teacher. His autographs remain to be examined, but the initial research revealed more differences than similarities. It is possible that the author of the provenance note was someone else among the many students devoted to Baumgarten.
On the other hand, besides his students, the provenance note on the flyleaf of the Prague dictionary could have been written by Baumgarten’s brothers or children. On May 13, 1734, Baumgarten married Henriette Elenore von Bomsdorf, born on April 16, 1712. She was the daughter of the royal Polish and electoral Saxon colonel Philippo Wilhelmo von Bomsdorf and outlived her husband. Semler (1758: 108) wrote with great warmth of her as a grieving woman, left a widow after [her husband’s] death (“jeßige nachgelassene betrübte Frau Witwe”)29. They had five children: Christian Henrietta (born May 31, 1736), Maria Eleonora (born June 7, 1738), Siegismund Heinrich (born February 2, 1740), Charlotte Wilhelmine (born January 26, 1743), and Friedrich Jakob (born July 24, 1745) (Semler 1758: 108–109). It may be surmised that his sons could have brought the books to auction. All the children were alive when their father died and, as Semler’s obituary states, had lost an incomparable father: “[...] einen unvergleichlichen Vater nun verloren haben” (Semler 1758: 108). When their father died, the sons were 14 and 9 years old; by the start of the auction in 1765, they were 25 and 20. In 1765, the library’s affairs may also have been managed by the daughters or their husbands. The question arises whether the family called on Baumgarten’s highly educated brothers, Alexander Gottlieb and Nathanael, who were knowledgeable about books and library management, for help. These matters remain to be investigated. Information about the children, as well as handwriting samples, will still need to be sought. Autographs of Baumgarten’s colleagues and students—and perhaps also of attendees at the Lithuanian Language Seminar—should be searched for even more thoroughly. In Halle, only two autographs were found, those of Baumgarten’s brothers Alexander Gottlieb and Nathanael, who outlived him. Thus, the problem of identifying the author of the donation entry remains essentially unresolved. Given Baumgarten’s extraordinary diligence and industry, it is hard to believe that he would not have marked the manuscripts he acquired in some way, although, on the other hand, it is not known when the manuscript was acquired. As is well known, Baumgarten suffered severely from gout and chiragra (gout of the hands) (Semler 1758: 116). This disease manifests itself in the accumulation of salts in the joints and severe pain (MTŽ 1980: 100, 447; Ferlinz 2012: 123 ff.) and may have pre-
29 Internet sources state that Henriette Eleonore Baumgarten died in 1745 (https://portal.dnb.de/opac.htm?method=simpleSearch&cqlMode=true&query=idn%3D1014348714) (accessed 2014 12 10). Semler (1758: 108) writes about Henriette Eleonore’s only sister, Christiane Eleonore, who on April 17, 1727, became the third wife of the famous physician Johann Junker (December 23, 1679, Londorf – October 25, 1759, Halle).
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vented him from writing, so the supposition that someone else made the entry seems entirely plausible. Thus, it cannot now be confirmed that Siegmund Jakob Baumgarten was the author of the donation entry.
The study allows the following conclusions to be drawn: 1) Lysius, who taught at the University of Halle, may have sparked Baumgarten’s interest in the Lithuanian language and Lithuanian literature; 2) it is very likely that Baumgarten personally knew Haack and the attendees of the Lithuanian Language Seminar, since he himself taught at the seminar; 3) on the basis of Baumgarten’s autographs found in archives, it may be concluded that the donation entry was not written in his hand.
ŠALTINIAI
Baumgarten Alexander Gottlieb 1730: Įrašas Halės universiteto metrikose; UA Halle: Rep. 46, Nr. 3 (1724–1741).
Baumgarten Nathanael 1731: Įrašas Halės universiteto metrikose; UA Halle: Rep. 46, Nr. 3 (1724–1741).
Baumgarten Siegmund Jacob 1724: Įrašas Halės universiteto metrikose; UA Halle: Rep. 46, Nr. 2 (1714–1724).
Baumgarten Siegmund Jacob 1735: Laiškas Christianui Benedictui Michaelis UA Halle: Rep. 27 Nr. 1044.
Baumgarten Siegmund Jacob 1735: Laiškas Christianui Friedrichui Bressier, Halle, Franckesche Stiftungen: AFSt/M I B 17: 35.
Baumgarten Siegmund Jacob 1738: Įrašas Halės universiteto studentų registre, UA Halle: Rep 27 Nr. 1203.
Baumgarten Siegmund Jacob 1753: Laiškas lotynų kalba. Martin Luther Univer-sität Halle-Wittenberg Universitäts- u. Landesbibliothek Sachsen-Anhalt, Ym 169 (1).
Baumgarten Siegmund Jacob 1754: Raštelis apie auką, t. y. apie misijos aukos persiuntimą. Halle, Franckesche Stiftungen: AFSt/M 3 H 45: 108.
LITERATŪRA
Aleknavičienė Ona 2001a: Die Reste des verschollenen Königsberger Exemplars des handschriftlichen Lysius-Katechismus (1719). – Linguistica Baltica 9, 271–292.
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mann. Hallesche Forschungen 17/2. Tübingen: Verlag der Franckeschen Stiftungen Halle im Max Niemeyer Verlag, 675–688.
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B a u m g a r t e n J a k o b S i e g m u n d 1752–1758: Nachrichten von merkwürdigen Büchern. Bd. 1–12. Halle: bei Johann Justinus Gebauer.
B e n s e G e r t r u d 1997: Kėlos Nobažnos Giesmes. Zum litauischen evangelischen Kirchenlied im 18. Jahrhundert. – Europa in der Frühen Neuzeit. Festschrift für Günter Mühlpfordt. Bd. 3. Aufbruch zur Moderne. Hrsg. von Erich Donnert. Weimar, Köln, Wien: Böhlau Verlag, 447–459.
B i r ž i š k a V a c l o v a s 1963 (1990): Aleksandrynas: Senųjų lietuvių rašytojų, rašiusių prieš 1856 m., biografijos, bibliografijos ir biobibliografijos 2: XVIII–XIX amžiai. Čikaga: JAV LB Kultūros fondas. Antrasis fotografuotinis leidimas. Vilnius: Lietuvos kultūros fondas.
B l a ž i e n ė G r a s i l d a, T r u m p a E d m u n d a s, G e l u m b e c k a i t ė J o l a n t a, A d a m o n y t ė V e r o n i k a 2013: Interaktyvus Rytų Prūsijos žemėlapis. Prieiga internete http://prusija.lki.lt/.
B ü s c h i n g A n t o n F r i e d r i c h 1783: Beyträge zu der Lebensgeschichte denkwürdiger Personen insonderheit gelehrter Männer. Bd. 1. Halle: verleget von sel. Joh. Jac. Curts Witwe.
C i t a v i č i ū t ė L i u c i j a 2004: Karaliaučiaus universiteto Lietuvių kalbos seminaras. Istorija ir reikšmė lietuvių kultūrai. Vilnius: Lietuvių literatūros ir tautosakos institutas.
DBE 2005 – Deutsche biographische Enzyklopädie. 2. überarbeitete und erweiterte Ausgabe. Bd. 1. Aachen – Braniß, hrsg. von Rudolf Vierhaus. München: K.G. Saur.
D o e r i n g H e i n r i c h 1831: Die Gelehrten Theologen Deutschlands im achtzehnten und neunzehnten Jahrhundert. Nach ihrem Leben und Werken klargestellt von Dr. Heinrich Doering. Bd. 1. A–B. Orla: bei Johann Karl Gottfried Wagner.
D r o t v i n a s V i n c e n t a s 1998: Das Seminarium Lituanicum an der Universität Halle (1727–1740 in seinem Einfluß auf die Herausbildung der litauischen Philologie. – Hallesche Forschungen. Bd. 1. Halle und Osteuropa. Zur europäischen Ausstrahlung des hallischen Pietismus. Hrsg. von Johannes Wallmann und Udo Sträter. Tübingen: Verlag der Franckeschen Stiftungen Halle im Max Niemeyer Verlag, 157–171.
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E h r h a r d t - R e i n S u s a n n e 1996: Zwischen Glaubenslehre und Vernunftwahrheit. Natur und Schöpfung bei Hallischen Theologen des 18. Jahrhunderts. Physikotheologie im historischen Kontext. Bd. 3. Hrsg. von Manfred Büttner Münster: LIT.
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Ferlinz Rudolf 2012: Vidaus ligų diferencinė diagnozė. Vilnius: Medicinos tyrimų ir konsultacijų centras GEROMEDA.
Geitler Leopold 1875: Litauische Studien. Auswahl aus den ältesten denkmälern, dialectische beispiele, lexikalische und sprachwissenschaftliche beiträge von. Dr. Leopold Geitler. Prag: Mourek.
Hirsch Emanuel 1968: Geschichte der neuern evangelischen Theologie im Zusammenhang des europäischen Denkens. Bd. 2. Gütersloh: Verlagshaus Gerd Mohn.
Hoffbauer Johann Christian 1805: Geschichte der Universtät Halle bis zum Jahre 1805. Halle: Schimmelpfennig.
HR 1998 – Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart. Handwörterbuch und Religionswissenschaft. Vierte, völlig neu bearbeitet Auflage, hrsg. von Hans Dieter Betz, Don S. Browning, Bernd Janowski, Eberhard Jüngel. Bd 1. A–B. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck.
Jacobs Eduard 1898: Johann Liborius Zimmermann und die pietistische Bewegung in Wernigerode. – Zeitschrift des Harz-Vereins für Geschichte und Altertumskunde 31, 121–226.
Kaunas Domas 1996: Mažosios Lietuvos knyga. Lietuviškos knygos raida 1547–1940. Vilnius: Baltos lankos.
Lemeškin Ilja 2012: Friedrichui Wilhelmui Haackui priskiriamas Prahos rankraštinis vokiečių–lietuvių kalbų žodynas. – Mažoji Lietuva; paribio kultūros tyrimai. Kalbų ir kultūrų sankirtos archyvai. Vilnius: Europos kalbų ir kultūrų dialogo tyrėjų asociacija EKKDTA, 31–58.
Lessing Gotthold Ephraim 1759: Briefe die neueste Literatur betreffend. Dreiunddreissigster Brief. Den 19. April 1759. – Lessings Werke in fünf Bänden. Dritter Band. Berlin und Weimar: Aufbau-Verlag, S. 96–99.
LKŽe – Lietuvių kalbos žodynas 1–20, 1941–2002; elektroninis variantas. Redaktorių kolegija: Gertrūda Naktinienė (vyr. redaktorė), Jonas Paulauskas, Ritutė Petrokienė, Vytautas Vitkauskas, Jolanta Zabarskaitė. Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas. Prieiga internete www.lkz.lt.
Loh Gerhard 2002: Verzeichnis der Kataloge von Buchauktionen und Privatbibliotheken aus dem deutschsprachigen Raum. Teil 3: 1761–1780. Leipzig: v.
Lysius Heinrich Johann 1993: Mažasis Katekizmas. Pagal Berlyno rankraštį parengė Pietro U. Dini. Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla.
[Meier Georg Friedrich] 1763: Alexander Gottlieb Baumgartens Leben, beschrieben von Georg Friedrich Meier. Halle im Magdeburgischen: verleget von Carl Hermann Hemmerde.
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Netz Johann Christoph 1745: Des Apostels Pauli abgenöthigtes öffentliche Bekenntniß, vor denen Theßalonichern, von seinem geführten Amte und Wandel aus den Worten des ersten Briefes an die Theßalonicher, im andern Capittel, v. 3.4.5. bey dem Hochverdienten Ehren-Gedächtniß Welches dem Weyland Hochehrwürdigen, in GOTT andächtigen und Hochgelahrten Herrn Johann Heinrich Lysio, Der H. Schrifft Hochberühmten DOCTORI, bey der Löblichen Königsbergischen Academie Hochmeritirten PROFESSORI, Hochverordneten Consistorial=Rath, PASTORI der Löbenichtschen Pfarr=Kirche, wie auch Inspectori der Löbenichtschen Schule und Jüdischen Synagogae, Nachdem Derselbe den 29. Martii dieses 1745. Jahres in dem 41. Jahr, Seines rühmlich geführten priesterlichen Lebens und Wandels, sanft und selig in dem Herrn entschlafen, und darauf den 9. April in hiesiger Pfarr=Kirche beerdiget worden, an demselben betrübten Begräbniß=Tage vorgestellet von Johann Christoph Neß, Diacono bey derselben Pfarr=Kirche. Königsberg: gedruckt bey Martin Eberhard Dorn, Königl. Privil. Buchdrucker.
Poppe Benhard 1907: Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten. Seine Bedeutung und Stellung in der Leibnitz-Wolffischen Philosophie und seine Bedeutung zu Kant. Nebst Veröffentlichung einer bisher unbekannten Handschrift der Ästhetik Baumgartens. Inaugural – Dissertation zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde der Hohen Philosophischen und Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Münster in Westfallen vorgelegt von Bernhard Poppe aus Lauer. Borna-Leipzig: Buchdruckerei Robert Noske.
RETK 1971 – Realencyklopädie für protestantische Theologie und Kirche. Begründet von J.J. Herzog. In dritter verbesserter und vermehrter Auflage unter Mitwirkung vieler Theologen und anderer Gelehrten hrsg. von. D. Albert Hauck Professor in Leipzig. Zweiter Band. Arethas von Cäsarea – Bibeltext des AT. Unveränderter Nachdruck der 1896–1913 bei der J. C. Hinrichs’schen Buchhandlung in Leipzig herausgegebenen Ausgabe. Graz: Akademischer Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt.
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Semler Johann Salomon 1758: Ehrengedächtnis des weiland Hochwürdigen und Hochgelarten Herrn Siegmund Jacob Baumgartens, des heil. Schrift Doctors, ordentlichen öffentlichen Lehrers auf der königlichen preußischen Friedrichsuniversität, des königlichen Seminarii Directors, Ephori der königlichen Freitische, der königlichen Academie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin Mitglied, auch der teutschen Gesellschaft zu Jena, gesamelt von D. Johann Salomon Semler. Halle: bey Johann Justinus Gebauer.
Semler Johann Salomon 1758: Vorrede vom 4. 4. 1758 (nicht paginiert), 6 S. – Baumgarten Jakob Siegmund 1758. Nachrichten von merkwürdigen Büchern. Zwölfter Band, welcher die vollständigen Register über alle Bände sowohl dieser als auch der Nachrichten von einer hallischen Bibliothek enthält. Halle: bey Johann Justinus Gebauer, 424 S.
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Wundt Max 1932: Die Philosophie an der Universität Jena in ihrem geschichtlichen Verlaufe dargestellt. – Zeitschrift des Vereins für thüringische Geschichte und Altertumskunde. NF.15 Beiheft, Heft 4.
Zubaitienė Vilma 2012: Frydrichas Vilhelmas Hakas. Vocabularium Litthvanico-Germanicum, et Germanico-Litthvanicum... nebst einem Anhang einer kurzgefassten Litthauischen Grammatic (1730) 2. Studija, indeksai, rodyklės. Parengė Vilma Zubaitienė. Vilnius: Vilniaus universiteto leidykla.
More on the Prague Manuscript German–Lithuanian Dictionary
S U M M A R Y
The article originated while implementing the project The Research and Redaction of the Manuscript German–Lithuanian Dictionary Credited to Friedrich Wilhelm Haack (beginning of the 18th century). The author of the article aimed at following the provenience tracks of the first page in search of the author of donation inscription. It was observed while researching that the knowledge about majority of people in the 17th century is not exact and this kind of information was entirely missing in the majority of cases, for example: the children of Siegmund Jakob Baumgarten who could have been the authors of the inscription in line with the apprentices or brothers of the famous scientist August Gotlieb and Nathanael.
A certain amount of material was found about Baumgarten environment in Halle and evidentiary connection to Johann Heinrich Lysius who might have inspired Baumgarten’s interest in Lituanistic literature. It is also possible that the interest was raised by the teachers and students of Lithuanian language sessions in the University of Halle and Friedrich Wilhelm Haack himself among them, as the data about Baumgarten’s teaching at the same session when Friedrich Wilhelm Haack had the position of a docent is found. It is still early to state who was the author of the donation inscription. A search of thorough manuscript material is necessary which can lead to no result. However, we already have more information about a person who greatly contributed to science and paid attention to Lithuanian books.
