Įž algos / Insigh s 229
ALGIRDAS SAUDARGAS
The Eu opean Pa liamen
Commi ee o Indus y, Resea ch and Ene gy
Resea ch a eas o esea ch: cogni i e linguis ics,
cogni i e neu opsychology, and biophysics.
FONOSEMANTIN'S SAKMS This is he i s ime ha he Eu opean Pa liamen has been in ol ed in a deba e on his subjec .
LITHUANIA is he language o he wo ld
Phone ic Sagas in he Dic iona y o
he Li huanian Language
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
The a icle ou lines an app oach ha explains phonoseman ic phenomena in he Li huanian
language. This app oach di ides he meaning o a wo d in o he concep ual pa and he
con en s ha exp ess he ela ionships o he dynamics o space, ime, and o ce. In his
iew, phonoseman ic phenomena a e in e p e ed as phonologically simila bu no ela ed
wo ds in he cogni i e opology o he wo d ne wo k o meanings. Examine some examples.
T ansli e a e Li huanian wo ds wi h p eposi ions K/L; No less han € 5 ML <> L/M in he
ne wo k o b anches. ESMINIAI WORDS: he seman ic meaning, he ame o e e ence, he
isual scheme, he dynamics o o ce, he cogni i e opology.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
An accoun explaining phonoseman ic phenomena in he Li huanian language is p esen ed. This
accoun pa i ions he con en o he wo d sense in o he concep ual pa and he con en
which exp esses he space, ime, and o ce dynamics (STD) aspec s. phoneme is he ne wo k
phenomena unde his accoun a e explained as he ex ension o he cogni i e opology o
o wo ds ha a e phonologically simila bu no gene ically ela ed. Se e al examples a e
in es iga ed. The ne wo k o senses o Li huanian wo ds wi h consonan s K/L; No less han €
5 ML <> L/M is analyzed.
KEYWORDS: phonoseman ic saga, ame o e e ence, image schema, o ce
dynamics, cogni i e opology. This is he i s ime ha his has happened.
ALGIRDAS SAUDARGAS
230 o he Li huanian Language Ac LXXIV
The ollowing able is inse ed in Annex I:
„…sa as mąs ymas y a nusakomas ik sa a kalba.“
This is An anas Maceina.
Daugiau nei p ieš is dešim mečius sa ilaida pasi odė Algi do Pa acko pas-
In he case o he Bal ic cul u e, Saul and he C oss (Pa ackas 1983; Pa ackas
30–85). Ten pi mą ka ą paminė as „sime ijos dėsnis“: pas ebė a, kad sukei us
2014: he oo s o some wo ds a e c ossed, hei meaning also acqui es a
symme ical meaning in a ce ain way, an in e sion o i s meaning occu s (in he
case o lo e […] happiness) (Pa ackas 2014: 78). Ano he obse a ion was ha he
meaning o wo ds wi h he same oo owels bu di e en owels emains he
idėjos, no s pa ys žodžiai isiškai negiminingi (pa yzdžiui: nok i – nyk i) (Pa-
ackas i k . 1984; Pa ackas i k . 2014: 93). Fo maliosios kalbo y os požiū iu šie
same. Common examples seemed o be un ounded expansions o known linguis ic
phenomena […] me a hesis and apophony […] and could no be accep ed. Pa acko
was in e es ed in he language p oblems aised in his s udio and was encou aged
o pu his hough s in o w i ing. Tha essay (Sauda gas 1986) is ull o
philosophe s who oday could domina e he gen e's esea che s wi hou
sel -dep eca ing hem. Howe e , i is a new idea, which is he essence o his
a icle. My eyes wande ed o wo ds whose oo s a e phonologically simila , bu
hei kinship is uncon i med. I ied o unco e hei seman ic connec ions. Vedliu
was (and s ill is) An ano Maceino's app oach o he na i e language: he ichness
o he Li huanian language's ocabula y and he di e si y o i s g amma indica e
ha he Li huanian mind is able o pene a e he objec o hough o a
wonde ul ex en and dep h and o exp ess e en he ba ely pe cei ed bu eal
e lec ions o i s connec ions and ela ionships. In his espec , he Li huanian
suku a a y a ku iama aukš o lygio iloso ija. Mūsų kalba y a a i as kelias į
language is no in e io o any o he language ha has been ou philosophy
h oughou his o y. Whe he we ollow i o u n o he pa h o s ange s who
ha e become s ange s depends on ou insigh ha ou own hinking is
nusako egėjimo juslę: žiū ė i, domė is, egė i, ma y i bei ys i ( ydau), i jų se-
man iką lyginau su onologiškai a imas šaknis u inčiais žodžiais. Kai y inė-
jau šiuos onoseman inius san ykius, besi o muojančios kogni y inės ling is i-
kos s udijos man bu o nežinomos, nes o me o sąlygomis sunkiai pasiekiamos,
exp essed only in ou own language. In he a icle I men ioned, I discussed e bs
ha may o may no be used a all. I wen back o hese conside a ions a decade
ago, and i wasn' long be o e I ound ha cogni i e linguis ics had he igh esea ch echnique. I didn' know a lo o he o he hings ha I'm going o alk abou oday.
Fonoseman inės sakmės lie u ių kalbos žodyne
I' e e iewed, co ec ed, and expanded Insigh s 231 once again. A lo o i had o
Šiame s aipsnyje su ink i eks ai ašy i pas a ąjį dešim me į. Jie bu o iš
naujo pe mąs omi i pe ašinėjami po kelis ka us. Su inkdamas į ieną daik ą,
be ew i en.
These ex s a e o a wo-pa na u e. The ex s o he i s kind a e objec s
y imai, ku iuose siekiau bū i kiek įmanoma objek y esnis. Todėl iksliai api-
ha a e empi ically s udied mo e closely: hese a e he lexemes o he Li huanian
language ocabula y (LKZ) and only hem. The s udy seeks o desc ibe he seman ic
ela ionships o phonologically close (con aining he same p e-balanced pai s)
wo ds in he oo . The aim o he s udy is o show ha some phonologically close
da o i seman inius ise us, ku ie pa ogumo dėlei pa adin i onoseman inėmis
Li huanian oo s ( he so-called oo hai s) a e ela ed. The essence o he s udy is
koncep ualinę i e d ėlaikinę dalis. E d ėlaikiniai u iniai apima i jėgų są ei-
o b eak down he meaning o Li huanian wo ds in o wha (dynamic), so I use he
abb e ia ion ELD (land, ime, dynamics). I use cogni i e seman ic echnique o
seman ic esea ch. I ied o ely on he mos eliable, p o en me hods, such as
naudoju jau apusias klasika Leona do Talmy jėgos dinamikos schemas. Visi
empi iniai ezul a ai pakankamai aki aizdūs, no s (ką pačiam eko pa i i) kai
ku iems jų įž elg i eikia šiokio okio įp a imo p ie a ojamos echnikos.
An osios ūšies eks ai subjek y ūs. Jų p isi eikė, nes minė i empi iniai y-
o ce in e ac ions. The ings desc ibed ha e no place in he adi ional spec um
o linguis ic s udies. O cou se, in his spa e ime, anyone can explo e he meanings
o wo ds as much as his hea desi es. I such esea ch is e lec ed in poe y, i is
up o he eade . I you wan o b ing hem o he a en ion o he scien i ic
communi y, hey ha e o ind hei place. Wi hou looking o such a place, i
became clea ha hese s udies in linguis ics a e ex asys emic o e en gene ally
sandū os objek as, no s jomis u ė ų domė is kalbo y a, sup an ama pačia pla-
ex alinguis ic. To be mo e p ecise, phonoseman ic g amma is he mos basic
sense o science. While doing analogies, I was con used be ween ma hema ical
dise acijas i s aipsnius iš pačių į ai iausių s ičių: nuo ma ginaline laikomos
opology and medie al alchemy. Looking o a gumen s, I used monog aphs,
phonoseman ics o mode n b ain esea ch. Such misconcep ions a e cons an ly
nu olusias s i is įmanoma ik labai ibo ai. Ki a e us, ik mokslų sandū oje
u ning in o a meaningless dis ac ion o he mind, because by becoming abso bed
si pačiais į ai iausiais au o iais i šal iniais, ku iuos isus išsamiai išs udijuo i
neuž ek ų kelių gy enimų, be pa eikiamos nuo odos smalsiam skai y ojui su-
in one pa adigm, pa adigms change and new cu en s a e o med. The e o e, hese
ex s will sa e ime. I is unde s ood ha ex s o his na u e e lec my
subjec i e choices and pe sonal assessmen s and canno claim o be a
scien i ically de ailed e iew o any ield. Now i 's ime o mo e on o speci ic insigh s. Bu abo e all, we mus emembe he ances o s om whom i all began.
ALGIRDAS SAUDARGAS
232 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIV This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
1. Obse a ions on he me hod
1.1. P edic o s and Thei C i ics
Algi das Pa ackas, oge he wi h Aleksand Ža skumi, de eloped he ini ial
insigh s in o he s udy o he spi i ual hie a chies in he ancien whi e cul o
ule based on hei own and abundan e hnog aphic sou ces (Pa ackas, Ža skus
2013). Dainius Razauskas assessed hese s udies as ollows: […]The wo k o
Algi das Pa acko and Alexande Ža skas is one o he mos in e es ing, one o he
deepes phenomena in he con empo a y Li huanian wo d cul u e, pe haps
compa able in spi i o he Vydūno phenomenon be o e he sunse o he spi i
šim ą me ų“ (Razauskas 2006: 47). Tačiau, ano Razausko, „šį milžinišku da bu
[…]med poison […]šaukų degu o[…] (ibid: 45). This is Pa acko and Pa . In ac , e en en
Ža skaus „san ykis su kalba, a ba eikiau su kalbo y a, su kalbos mokslais“ ( en
yea s ea lie , Pa acko and Ža ska's s udies we e hea ily (and p obably igh ly)
c i icized by he speake Simo Ka aliūnas (1995). I would be o icial o in es iga e.
lusis kalbo y os pasaulis minė uose y imuose neįž elgė jokio eiškinio, ku į
Razauskas, in his 1996 emo ional epo en i led "Linguis ic olly and sac ed
language", claims: "The aim he e is no o p o e he o igin o one wo d o ano he ,
no he e ymological o igin o wo ds, bu o d aw a en ion o he some imes
eally as onishing o igin, o example, he ques ion o he phone ic and seman ic
symme y be ween wo ds, lea ing he oo s o wo ds in ac " (Razauskas 1997:
10). Howe e
Razauskas somehow esigns: In any case, i seems ha his goal does no eally
belong o linguis ics. In sho , he ela ionship wi h language is no a linguis ic, no
a scien i ic one. A e conside ing his, Razauskas allows Fe dinando de Sosiu o
o ind and Vladimi Topo o o ind anag am on he basis o which he connec s
eiškinį. P oblemą jis o muluoja eisingai: „A galima – o jei galima, ai kokiu
he simples phone ic symme y o he oo o he wo d wi h he seman ics o
he co esponding wo ds, juolab wi h hei spelling as well as he meaning o he
wo ld iew. Un o una ely, a e del ing in o he in e es ing, bu s ill a he
mų i su jomis susie ų indoeu opie iškos poe ikos y imų s au ą, jis išny a su la-
con using, anag ams o he e nosophical (in his own e ms) answe : "So we ha e
no only wo languages - he o dina y, he daily, and he sac ed, he poe ic - bu
also wo linguis ics, espec i ely, 1 Plg. Razauskas in he yea 2006.
Fonoseman inės sakmės lie u ių kalbos žodyne
Įž algos / Insigh s 233
1 PAV. O he Academic Paul Sla ėno's phonemic ne wo k

ALGIRDAS SAUDARGAS
234 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIV
i.e. wo di e en , di e en ly heo e ically and me hodologically based
ela ionships wi h language as e lec ed in di e en ela ionships wi h eali y
in gene al […] namely simple, p o ane, and sec e , sac ed linguis ics[…] (ibid: 16).
Ano he o e unne , he pa ia ch o Li huanian as onomy, academician
Paulius Sla ėnas, who published a se ies o a icles in 1974-1985 was e y
in e es ed in s udying he ela ionship be ween sound and meaning in he
Li huanian language (Sla ėnas 2001; 1984). He no iced ha e y o en he change
o owels in he oo o a wo d does no undamen ally change i s meaning, bu
only modi ies i . A e e iewing a ious combina ions and ejec ing he w ong
one, he d ew a la scheme. Acco ding o his own es imony, "no e y small
d awings, he ske ch made up abou a hi d o a squa e me e " (Sla ena 1984:
34). Since Sla ėno's s udy did no ecei e he a en ion o he linguis s, I p esen a ske ch o his phonoseman ic ne wo k in igu e 1 (Sla ėnas 2001: 278).
The d awing i sel is a way o o ganizing linguis ic in o ma ion. The p ebalsial
bundle is connec ed in he simples combina o ial way. In his esea ch, Sla ena
sugges s: le 's empo a ily o ge e e y hing we know abou he oo s o wo ds
and look a he associa ions o meanings ha phonologically ela ed wo ds
c ea e. Then, in he ca e ully cons uc ed phonoseman ic ne wo k, ce ain
e bs can be disce ned. Such me hodology is common no only in expe imen al
na u al sciences, bu also in heo e ical esea ch. Fo he sake o jus ice, i
should be no ed ha such a me hod is o en used by he speake s hemsel es. So,
his kind o expe imen a ion wi h he oo s o wo ds does no iola e any
kiek ienam alia okiais ekspe imen ais mėgau is. Tačiau jei no ime ką no s
well-known g amma . I'm ee o do my esea ch, I need o d aw conclusions om
hose expe imen s and de end hem. Academician Sla ėnas d aws eally bold
conclusions om his esea ch, which do no seem su icien ly well- ounded o
he communi y o speake s. I will gi e you some exce p s om he a icle The
Meaning o Speech. The p o e b o he ancien isola ed peoples de eloped only in
bei gene iškai užp og amuo ais kalbėjimo įp očiais. Ją suda ė ne žodžiai (lie u-
he sense o he language o he olde gene a ion, and he sho e plu al o ms,
which la e could become bo h he oo s and he adjec i es o he oo s. In ac ,
ne p asmių, o pla esnę nuo oką, kiek miglo ą mąs ymo ka ego iją, o p asmės
he o man mus only appea in o man compounds. The o m is nei he he
kos p asme, nei kalbos dalies iene as: į ai iuose junginiuose jis galė ų u ė-
usual g amma o a wo d, a e b, o ano he meaning, such as o ha e a p esen
kalbos adinamą kon e siją, galė ų ik i pa adinimui, p a a dei, kons a a imui,
English ac ion o ano he pu pose. The quick o m ga e only a hin o wha was
being said, and he meaning was highligh ed in he compound" (Sla ėnas 2001: 261).
[…]The a ious ema ks made he e gi e ise o he a he pa adoxical idea ha
he sepa a ion o he Indo-Eu opean languages means a depa u e om he
p okalbės, o nuo a chaiškos ebegy os lie u ių kalbos sanda o“ ( en pa : 273).
Fonoseman inės sakmės lie u ių kalbos žodyne
hypo he ical Sansk i Insigh s 235 These insigh s a e indeed deep and in e es ing,
bu , al hough hey a e e y glossy, hey a e no su icien ly subs an ia ed.
The e o e, he silence o he speake s is en i ely unde s andable in e ms o he
old academic esea ch.
The pha macy o P o o.
The pha macy is unde ha oo .
You can cong a ula e someone wi h an opinion.
This is Dionysus Poška.
"The unconscious mind sugges s, he conscious mind chooses".
This is S anislas Dehaene.
Le 's go back o Razaus's conclusion ha we ha e [...] wo di e en , heo e ically
and me hodologically based ela ionships wi h language as di e en ela ionships
wi h eali y e lec ed in gene al, namely he simple, p o ane, and sec e one. The
š en ąją ling is iką.“ Ku ieško i me odikos mus dominančiam eiškiniui i i?
i s s ep could be he s a emen ha his "o dina y, simple, p o ane" linguis ics
s udies consciously unde s ood ph ases, and he "hidden, sac ed, poe ic" one
seeks o e eal wha is in he language, ha is, because he consciousness begins
siogiai nep ieinama. Kad iskas p iklauso nuo požiū io aško, aišku iš pap as-
o pa yzdžio. G ama ika neabejo inai y a adicinė ling is ikos s i is. Tačiau į
ą pačią g ama iką galime ž elg i iš d iejų pusių. Ikimokyklinio amžiaus ai-
kai kalba g ama iškai aisyklingai, no s niekuome g ama ikos nesimokė. Kai
o lea n g amma in he school. I is well known and clea . Jus as when iding a
bicycle o d i ing a ca , we do some o ou ac ions au oma ically, and we
consciously epea egula sen ences, and ou consciousness obse es and applies
liekame ki us, lygiai aip kalbėdami au oma iškai a iame žodžius i g ama iš-
he meaning ul con ex . The wo d is home. The ela ionship be ween he conscious
y a as langas, pe ku į sąmonė ž elgia į p asmę, be p asmė pana din a žmo-
gaus pasąmonėje, o iba a p sąmoningo i nesąmoningo nė a leng ai sugau-
and he unconscious has always domina ed hinke s, bu objec i e scien i ic
esea ch began only a he end o he 19 h cen u y and he beginning o he 20 h
cen u y wi h he wo ks o Pie e-Jacques, Sigmund F eud, Ca lo Gus a o Jung and
(Ellenbe ge 1970). XX a. pabaigoje šie y imai įga o naują impulsą, pasi elkus
hei ollowe s. The ela ionship be ween conscious and unconscious hinking and
pe cep ion is he esul o linguis ic (Lako , Johnson 1999; Lako , Núñez 2001) and
neu ophysiological (Dehaene 2014) esea ch. In his a icle, we will look a some o
he ways ha he wo d "pas o al" and he wo d "a che ype" a e used in he
ALGIRDAS SAUDARGAS
The Ac a Linguis ica Li huaniana (Ac LXXIV) is a collec ion o he mos
są oką. Ki ame ski snyje klausiu, ką gali šiandien mums padė i neu o iziolo-
impo an ex s on he s udy o language. In he las sec ions o he me hod
obse a ions, he subjec o his a icle's s udy is de ined as a phonoseman ic
e b. A pa icula ly impo an dimension o he language is be ween
ambigui y)2. A ody ų, kad iena eikšmiškumas u ė ų bū i kalbos idealas. Taip
iš iesų y a, kai d ip asmybė gali bū i pa ojinga. Ka ininko duodamas įsaky-
mas p i alo bū i iena eikšmiškai sup as as. Chi u go nu odymai ope acijos
me u negali bū i d ip asmiai. Nuo o p iklauso ka ių a pacien ų gy ybė. Įs a-
one-wo dness and […]beys (an. The aim in he p in ing p ess and in many o he
a eas is o ensu e ha he e ms used a e unde s ood in he same sense. So
why is he e an abbey in he speech? Doub is an empi ical ac in speech. I
needs o be looked a as a sou ce o c ea i i y in he language, as a sou ce o
i ali y in he language. The e has always been a e m and a poe ic wo d in
speech. In Li huanian, he wo d "doub " is sub ly di e en om he wo d
čią abi galimybes. Galime pasaky i, kad d ejonė labiau būdinga mechaniškam
"doub ": he wo d "doub " emphasizes he ine i able choice be ween wo
possibili ies, he wo d "doub " e e s o he s a e, he wo d "machine" e e s
smegenų – eiklos me odą. Abeja y a šiandieninių kogni y inių y imų dėme-
o he choice based on a p ede e mined c i e ion, and he wo d "algo i hm"
e e s o he poin o depa u e. On he o he hand, doub desc ibes he
s i is – ai kogni y inė ling is ika pačia plačiausia p asme (Cuyckens, Gee a-
p o o-ins umen […] human sio cen e (Zeki 2004). This explains he place o ou me hod o s udy in he sys em o sciences: we a e in e es ed in language as a means o knowing he s a es o mind. Today is e s 2007).
Kalboje susidu iame su d iem ski ingomis pasi inkimo k yp imis. Pap as-
čiausias pa yzdys y a homonimija i sinonimija (ž . 2 pa .). Kai gi dime dau-
Bible. To make a decision, we usually need o ge addi ional in o ma ion om one
con ex o ano he . In he opposi e di ec ion, we come o a poin o doub when we
ha e se e al ways o exp essing i in he same sense: he bi d lies, he bi d lea ns.
I 's up o you.
me, pasi elkę papildomą in o maciją.
Depending on he di ec ion, we will dis inguish onomasyological beja and semasiological
beja4. Homonymy and synonymy a e no he di ec objec o ou s udy. The polysemic oo
is he semasiological abey. Semasiological and onomasiological in e ac ion o e bs is a he
hea o he language pe cep ion mechanism. One-dimensionali y and wo-dimensionali y a e
no wo disc e e s a es, bu he ex eme ields o an impo an dimension o human
men al ac i i y. The e m "human b ain" is widely used. Wha is impo an o us is he
app oach se ou by Semi as Zeki in his a icle (Zeki 2004) and elsewhe e.
3 I eel he same way abou Ski man Valen as (2012-12).
4 h loo Gee ae s 2010: 281284. This is he i s ime ha his has happened.
Fonoseman inės sakmės lie u ių kalbos žodyne
The essence o Insigh s 237 has no changed since he ime o Alan Tu ing and
ins umen as – smegenys – nė a kompiu e is. Šiuolaikinių kompiu e ių a chi-
John on Neumann. I can be said ha he a chi ec u e o a compu e e lec s
he ac i i ies o he conscious mind, and he human b ain seems despe a ely
(Dehaene, B annon 2011; Zylbe be g i k . 2011). Šiame iena eikšmiškumo
slow compa ed o mode n compu e s. Howe e , e en he mos powe ul
compu e s and he mos sophis ica ed p og ams a e s ill unable o sol e e en
he simples asks o he human mind. As on Neumann pu i , he g ea es wo k
is done unconsciously by he human mind, using b ain mechanisms ha ac in
pa allel. This is how S anislas Dehaene desc ibes he esul s o he
hi y-yea -old esea ch o language psychologis s: "So ou unconscious mind is
sma enough o pu all he seman ic associa ions o a wo d in o memo y in
pa allel and ex ac hem om i , e en when he wo d is he only one wi h
mul iple meanings o when i s meaning i s he con ex . Psychologis s use
non- adi ional ca e ul s udies o unde s and how child en pe cei e wo ds.
sąmoningas p o as siūlo, sąmoningas p o as a enka“ (Dehaene 2014: 66).
Psychologis Jean Mandle , summa izing hese s udies, no es ha a
wo-yea -old child aces a double p oblem: in he cases o using e ms, he child
aces semasiological and onomasiological ãbeja. I 's he same wo d, bu i means
išmok ą žodį i ku į žodį a o i konk ečiu a eju (Mandle 2004: 131). Mūsų
some hing di e en o a child han i does o an adul . By communica ing, he
child educes doub un il i is on he same le el as he speaking communi y. and
These
2 PAV. Homonimija i sinonimija kaip semasiologinė i onomasiologinė
ãbeja
"Mo e he ai ,
lapping you wings"
slowly sc ibble
small
es au an
[…]a ield
wo ke
wo king
oge he […] ba
semasiological
abeja
onomasiological
abeja
a mosphe ic
p essu e
uni
2 PAV. O he The semio ic and onomas ic s udies o consciousness classi y i e
ALGIRDAS SAUDARGAS
244 Ac o Linguis ic Li huanian LXXIV
I 's all happening unconsciously. Only one inal e sion o he meaning o a
sen ence is p esen ed o he cou . Jung and Riklins expe imen s ell us
some hing mo e. Pa icipan s in he expe imen a e in i ed o submi hei
associa ion o he wo d indica ed. His esul s show ha associa ions a e bo h
seman ic and phonological. This is consis en wi h he indings o he ERP s udy.
Bu s udies conduc ed a he Bu ghölzl clinic showed ha he na u e o he
associa ion depends on he s a e o consciousness o he subjec . Jung made an
impo an conclusion ha he conscious mind sea ches o seman ic
associa ions, and he phonological one s ops. Phonological associa ions b eak
when he consciousness o he subjec is supp essed. Simila esul s we e
ob ained in pa ien s wi h amnesia who could no emembe he ac (pajex
explici memo y) ha hey we e playing a isual compu e game (Te is), bu
be o e going o bed hey saw images o he game o d eamed abou hem (S ickgold and k . Psychologis s explain his by he appea ance o implici memo y.
ypes o unconscious b ain ac i i y (Dehaene 2014: 190 […] 197). Acco ding o he
"global wo kplace" hypo hesis, consciously pe cei ed hough s o la ge neu ons
a e widely ansmi ed in he b ain. Only s ong, so-called o e -swinging signals
can ge he a en ion o he mind. The e can be many such signals in he b ain a
he same ime, bu consciousness selec s only one sequence a a ime. These
signals don' disappea , hey wai o he a en ion o he consciousness and
can be ampli ied o global e ansmission. "The unconscious mind sugges s, he
conscious mind chooses" (Dehaene 2014: 66). The s ong, bu s ill pending,
a en ion signals o consciousness a e he unconscious con en s o he i s
kind o b ain. The second ype o signals a e oo weak o a ac conscious
a en ion. These a e pos - auma ic signals ha disappea and emain
inaccessible o consciousness. These signals a e no capable o a ac ing he
a en ion o he consciousness, bu du ing hei sho li e ime hey can a ec
he in o ma ion pe cei ed by he consciousness la e on. The hi d ype o
unconscious b ain ac i i y in ol es he en i e au oma ism o ou ne ous
sys em, such as b ea hing. The ou h ype includes he p imi i e coding o
senses, which mus be coded be o e i en e s he consciousness. We a e mos
in e es ed in he i h kind o unconscious knowledge, which Dehaene[…] calls
snaudžiančia. This in o ma ion is encoded in synap ic connec ions. I s a s o
accumula e e en be o e bi h. In he i s yea s o li e, al hough mos o he
neu ons in he human b ain a e al eady in place, synap ic connec ions a e
dis up ed a a high a e. Du ing he i s wo yea s, hal o he adul human
b ain - om a qua e o h ee qua e s - g ows. Bu we don' emembe
any hing om he i s h ee yea s o li e (so-called in an ile amnesia). Whe e
did his in o ma ion go? I 's all a sleeping memo y. The in o ma ion is s ill he e,
only i is no consciously emembe ed. The whole g amma and phonology o he
language is bu ied he e, and i 's bu ied so deeply ha he heads o he billion-b ain esea ch p ojec s don' expec o each i o he nex 50 yea s.

Fonoseman inės sakmės lie u ių kalbos žodyne
Įž algos / Insigh s 245
The snacking memo y is he same medicine o ou minds. I is no di ec ly
accessible o he consciousness, bu can be accessed h ough in ui ion. Bo h
poe s and ma hema icians u n o his sou ce o c ea i i y. F ench
ma hema ician Jacques Hadama d (1945), based on he expe ience o one o he
mos amous ma hema icians, Hen i Poinca é, which has become a classic, di ides
his dialogue in o ou s ages: ini ia ion, incuba ion, illumina ion and e i ica ion.
The ma hema ician will no be inspi ed wi hou a long and i ing ini ial wo k, which
o en emains wi hou he desi ed esul . A ma hema ician wo ks wi h
consciously pe cei ed, long-s udied and ense, hough -p o oking o ms o
hough . In he incuba ion pe iod, combina ions o conscious o ms o
ma hema ical ac i i y a e subme ged in a mind-boggling, d eamy, bu eal
schema ic ins umen s-con olled p imo dial ocean. Illumina ion (inspi a ion)
comes when he consciousness makes an unexpec ed decision in he ligh o
consciousness. I s o m co esponds o he o m […] a che ype desc ibed by
psychoanalysis. He's always emo ionally cha ged. In ma hema ics, emo ion is exp essed in an aes he ic way: an unexpec ed solu ion is always beau i ul.
1.4. Phonemic meanings
[…]Almos unhea d o Li huanian dialec s […] seman ic
connec ion wi h phone ic oo s […] Aud onė Kaukienė
(Li huanian language ac ion his o y I d.) […]Oi, ka inai, ka inėli,
wha did you no say abou dialec s, wha did you no say
abou lines?[…]
Juozas Tumas Vaižgan as (LKŽ)
Aud onė Kaukienė w i es in he Li huanian language ac ion wo d his o y s udy:
The ela ionship be ween s uc u e and seman ics has been no iced o a long
ime. The connec ion o phonomo phological s uc u e wi h speci ic seman ics is
o en emphasized. He goes on o s a e: The seman ic connec ion wi h he
phone ic oo sys em is almos unhea d o in Li huanian linguis ics (Kaukienė 1994:
ie minimi ski snio paan aš ėje) i y a a mokslo da neiš i a e i o ija, į ku ią
164, 165). These a e he dialogues o he di ons ( hey a e men ioned in he i s
sec ion as p edecesso s. The e a e no objec ions o he known ac s o he
Ki a e us, a e i o ija di onuoja ik lie u ių kalbos y imuose. Joje šiandien
language, bu he p oblem emains un o mula ed in a way ha is accep able o
linelių, kaip pe spėja liaudies išmin is (i milija dinių smegenų y imo p ojek-
science. The e's s ill a long and pain ul oad ahead. This is he e i o y o he scien i ic communi y,
ALGIRDAS SAUDARGAS
246 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIV which is also he ime o Li huanian
language esea che s o go ( hey ha e o o e come he ca 's ani y o he
o phanage...). As a as we could asce ain, he only way in o his e i o y so
a is by cable-s ayed b idges. I is impo an ha he b idge connec ing he
o, ki o k an o nepasieks. Reikia in elek ualinės izikos. Kaban is il as saugu-
mo nega an uoja. Hipo ezės gali nepasi i in i, be mokslas ki o kelio nežino.
wo a eas is secu ely a ached on bo h sides.
Le s ake a speci ic example Li huanian ac ion wo ds ha a e de e mined by
numbe . SEJL e e s o he p o e b oo *lemHsu klaus uku, which appa en ly
e e s o he meaning o […]lauž i[…] (le. łamać) (SEJL 2007: 344). This oo is also
ound in M.A., om which we lea n ha his e y p oli ic oo in he
Indo-Eu opean spi i ual wo ld monog aph o he Encyclopædia B i annica has
su i ed only in he o m o e i ying noc u nal spi i s: he La in lemu and he
G eek lamia (M.A. 2006: 411). O cou se, in e ms o child en's play, hey a e
compa able o ou child en's play. Compa a i e linguis ics, unde he au ho i y o
he classical iad (Sansk i , G eek, La in), ends o o ge he Bal ic wo ds,
al hough esea che s o Indo-Eu opean poe y emembe hem (see Wes 2007: 384, 386).
Le 's ake a look a his simple pic u e (see pic u e 3) ha we' e seen hund eds o imes.
ekonominių bei sociologinių y imų eks uose.
3 PAV. O he Pa scheme o he whole
I was su ounded by o he simila pain ings and depic ed wi h numbe s. I 's a
isual scheme ha indica es he ela ionship o he whole o i s pa . We will
nio schema (an. image schema) y a ienas pag indinių kogni y inės ling is ikos
ins umen ų10. Čia mums s a bu ik p isimin i, kad aizdinio schema nė a pa-
eikslėlis a b ėžinys (jis gali bū i isiškai ki oks), be min ies pi ma aizdis, į
ku į pa eikslėlis ik nu odo (Cuyckens, Gee ae s 2007).
s ill keep he name o he whole pa o VaizdiLKŽ: 10 I use he e m aizdinys
acco ding o he Jakai ienė manual (Jakai ienė 2010: 45).
3 PAV. O he Pa scheme o he whole
Fonoseman inės sakmės lie u ių kalbos žodyne
Insigh s om he Inspec o a e 247
1 lmas 1. ‘ko no s dalis, gabalas, laman as’11 I kaip u p a ijai okį lmą py a-
go eip g ei ai! Ms.
Wo kplaces, wi h b anches in L/M, meaning o "b eak" as well as no o be used (in he case o ,
o "b eak" he "b eak", pl. sla ic loma j). The e a e many daik a a ds: lmas pa o
some hing, piece, plo o land, plo , lama à sma kus b eaking ( ege a ion pass. The wo d
me u)’, lomà ‘įdubęs žemės plo as, slėnys, gabalas, gumulas, žemės plo as, skly-
"c ea ion" akes us in o he social ealm. The ollowing meanings a e gi en in he LKŽ: a social
g oup o med by o igin, p ope y o occupa ion; amily si ua ion; ace, o igin; "a ea, pa cel,
piece o land" he numbe o classes. The emale coun e pa o luoma nex o he i s
luomo has o he meanings as well: ‘I is clea o e e yone wha he wo d happiness means. We
mė, likimas’; ‘ka as, eilė’; ‘laiko iba, e minas’.
know i s connec ion wi h he wo ds des iny, he second chap e o he s udy […]Auš inė and
kimas. Šioje ie oje eikia sus o i i nu ody i į išsamų Algi do Juliaus G eimo
Laima[…] (G eimas 2005b). The 11 elemen a y objec s in his a icle a e lexemes om LKJ (only
one o he example om DLKJ). Lemmas a e w i en in he Pa yshkin sc ip wi h hei own
numbe ing. The e ms […]leksema[…] and […]lema[…] s uc u e mo e speci ic a ea mo e
a oju pagal Jakai ienės (2005; 2010) apib ėžimą, ačiau siau ąja p asme, kaip LKŽ s uk ū i-
nius objek us.
4 PAV.Koncep ualioji me a o a
ELD
abs ac a ea
4 PAV. The concep ual me apho
ALGIRDAS SAUDARGAS
Ac a Linguis ica Li uanica 248, he connec ion be ween happiness and des iny,
happiness and a e, in Laimos and Laumės squa es, Li huanian in he mos common
iškos au osakos kon eks e. Lie u iškos leksikos i mi ologijos seman inis u-
way, is depic ed in 4 pain ings. Rodykles assigns a schema ic s uc u e o each plo
( ame) o mo es i om one plo o ano he . Le 's look a ano he example ha
ginamoji kalbo y a, nesidomėdama kogni y ine žodžių eikšmių sanda a, in-
o mal linguis ics au oma ically ejec s. Pa ackas and Ža skus a e placed in he
gmens. Tai ik ienas pa yzdys, ku is odo, kad lyginamajai kalbo y ai de ė ų
p isiim i ben dalį a sakomybės dėl minė o „degu o šaukš o“.
ci cle o Rėda (see Fig. 5) (Pa ackas, Ža skus Insigh s o he Adminis a ion 249).
The Commission conside s ha he aid is compa ible wi h he in e nal ma ke wi hin he meaning o A icle 107 (3) (c) o he T ea y.
5 h PAV. Wheel o a cha io
Fonoseman inės sakmės lie u ių kalbos žodyne
No one o bids he use o simila ly sounding (nok i nyk i) o in e ed (mig i gim i)
wo ds o e e o ela ionships. T adi ional linguis ics ejec s any connec ion o
such wo d pai s wi h he science o language. Le 's ake a couple o wo ds o say.
Compa a i e g amma ep oduces he ollowing oo s o speech: *neh2k- *nik-
(SEJL 2007: 427, 425). These a e di e en oo s and di e en e ymological nes s.
Tha 's whe e he in e es ends. The seman ic cogni i e con en , as we ha e seen,
is no e y in e es ing o linguis s. S ill, you should be in e es ed. Fi s o all, i is
necessa y o no e ha he seman ic p e ix, Rėdos a e, which is assigned o he
pai o wo ds nok i nyk i, includes he e b nok i i sel :
1 nók i 1. ‘b ęs i (apie aisius, ja us)’
1 o 4. […] o weaken, o weaken […]
Da p isiminkime iš a osenos besi aukian į eiksmažodį:
2 nigh s and 1 hou . […]go, ollow he ail[…]
2 nigh s and 2 hou s. The me apho o " o p o ec , o de end" (Cuyckens,
Šio eikšmių inkinio sanda ą galime a aizduo i kaip d i koncep ualiąsias
Gee ae s 2007) is used. The second pa o he e b is o ollow he con en o
he e b; o ollow, o ollow; The de ense is exp essed in he d awing in igu e 6.
A his poin , he P mo es om he "pa ijo" o he "p alenkė". The i s
me apho is wo nigh s, one nigh . […] b > mo es he b ush s uc u e ou o he mo emen space
12 Plg. o he Ka aliūnas 1995: 8. He is a membe o he Eu opean Pa liamen .
6 PAV. O he 2 nigh s
P
schedule some ime
6 PAV. O he Schedule o he second nigh o he business day

ALGIRDAS SAUDARGAS
250 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIV
a plo in o a na u al plo , whe e poin P ma ks he peak o ma u i y. The same
me apho is e lec ed in he e b o app oach:
1 p in ed 1. o app oach, o app oach 1. "As he app oached, he came o he end o
he ladde . See also Appendix 13. To g ow up, o g ow old This yea he ye was
ha es ed ea lie . The nex me apho has a alue in e sion: {2 nigh s → 1 nigh 4.
[…]silp i, menk i[…] The culmina ion poin does no co espond o a posi i e, bu o
a nega i e (N[…]ks n[…]ks i nun[…]ks (numbe s)). The e b nyk i sa es you om an
uncom o able in e sion. The e o e, he ull cogni i e s uc u e o bo h e bs is
desc ibed by wo me apho s: {2 nigh s → 1 nigh 1. […] o be ex ended […] + {1 nigh s
4. The i s example was he gen le ep oaches o compa a i e linguis s in he
ba s o he compa a i e linguis s, who ied o (ob iously) no del e in o mode n
seman ics, bu his example aises ques ions. The p esen ed s uc u e is he
cogni i e ela ion o he lexicon e lec ed in he LKZ a he le el o he mean
(which is synch onous o e se e al cen u ies o ime and p ecision in he space o
he dis ibu ion o e ms). I s meaning na u ally includes no only he wo ds o a
single e ymological nes , bu also he phonological […]neighbou s[…]13. How such
s uc u es a ise is a ques ion o linguis s. The de elopmen o concep ual
me apho s is he subjec o ex ensi e discussion (Fusa oli, Mo gagni 2009).
Cogni i e linguis ics ecognizes he impo ance o me apho s in language change.
I 's a me apho o he no ion o he "noise" as a seman ic s uc u e, a
me apho o he ime, a me apho o he ime, a me apho o he ime, a
a – klausimas eikalauja k uopš aus y imo. Veiksmažodis 2 nók i, ku is y a
me apho o he ime, a me apho o he ime, a me apho o he ime, a
me apho o he ime, a me apho o he ime, a me apho o he ime, a
me apho o he ime. To his scheme should be added he poin o he apex,
beau i ully illus a ed by he e b noko abeja in he p o e b:
Nko ū a, nko mė a, nko lelijėlė, nko mano jaunos dienos kap žalia ū elė (d.) Gs.
I 's a ose, i 's a lily, i 's my you h, i 's a lily a he shel e be nel LTR
(M k) Wha is i ?
LKŽ i DLKŽ pa eikia šiuos sakinius p ie eikšmės ‘ne ek i gai umo, ys i’
(DLKZ p o ides only he i s pa o he sen ence). I is in e es ing o no e ha
Smoczyńskis, e sdamas šį sakinį d ejopai: „Doj zewala (= b endo) u a, do-
he doub is no ed by P o esso J zewala mię a, doj zewala lilia, jak zieliona u ka
dosci“. Ve imas a eiksmažodžių kei imas abeją a skleidžia i iksuoja kon-
więdly (= ine) dni mej mlok ečią in e p e a ion. The un epea ed beau y o he
p o e b glows in a s a e o doub : e e ywhe e he same e b is used, bu in he
i s pa o he sen ence i leans owa ds he meaning o " o bu n", and in he
las ph ase o he sen ence he h ea o losing one's sani y, 13 Plg. This is Fede meie , Laszlo 2009.
Fonoseman inės sakmės lie u ių kalbos žodyne
Įž algos / Insigh s 251
Ge ou o he e. This is he culmina ion o he wedding cus oms and he essence o
he ace es i al. Un o una ely, he e is s ill indi e ence in he Li huanian
language. The meanings o wo ds a e in e wined in a pa adigma ic ela ionship. In
sen ences, he meaning o Gėlė noks a o Obuolys noks a depends on he meaning o
he wo d noks a we choose: 1 nigh 1 ‘ o bu n o 1 nigh 3 ‘ o lose i ali y, o ise.
Howe e , in he sen ence Nko ū a, nko mė a, nko lelijėlė, nko mano jaunos dienos kap
žalia ū elė SEJL he in e p e a ion o he same meaning is in a syn agma ic
ela ionship: a he beginning i s ops, hen i s ops. This syn agma is no a he le el
o sen ence syn ax, bu a he le el o na a i e s uc u e. Le 's compa e h ee
a ian s o his sen ence: Nko ū a, nko mė a, nko lelijėlė, nko kap žalia ū elė o my
young days = bo h in he p o e b;
Whea g ass, whea g ass, whea g ass, whea g ass, whea g ass
LKJ and DLKJ in e p e a ion
B endo ū a, b endo mė a, b endo lelijėlė, y o mano jaunos dienos kap žalia ū elė
This is SEJL in e p e a ion.
The i s sen ence, as men ioned, is an abjec ion, which gi es an openness o
in e p e a ion o he people. The second sen ence eplaces he wo d n wi h
T ečiasis sakinys y a a bulinis e imas iš lenkų kalbos.
Fo maliai žiū in , LKŽ in e p e acija y a eisinga. Žodynas a spindi žemdi -
bio pasaulė oką, ku i o ma osi ne gi ne ieną ūks an me į. Kalba labai jau i
i iksli s a biems gy enamos aplinkos b uožams. Veiksmažodžio 1 nók i pa-
he synonym o e ed by LKŽ. he g ound meaning is ‘ o g ind (apply ui ,
ha es ). You can' say ha abou a lowe . This is clea om he ollowing sen ence:
The lowe blooms like a ose, he lowe s bloom like a ose, he lowe s bloom like a ose, he lowe s bloom like a ose.
papu inus B.
Aguona blushes i s (like a ose), and hen she alls asleep. The lowe doesn' wi he , bu i blooms un il
nu ys a. Noks a aisius, g ūdas, sėkla (išby a, ėjui papu inus ). Tačiau jaunys ė
i žydi, i b ęs a, i ys a:
Pe niunas did no us he young men and did no da e o ake he eins, al hough
she did no ake hem un il she had passed and los he cha m o you h (LKZ). This
sen ence, LKZ, is ma ked as a ansla ion o he meaning, i.e. a concep ual gaima o
me a o a, pe kelia schemą iš augmenijos į žmogaus biologinę p igim į. Jaunys ę
be compa ed wi h he lily o he alley, and wi h he poppy o he apple, and (deja)
wi h he ipened ui o ipened ine. This e ex is beau i ully and concep ually
accu a ely desc ibed in he Reda wheel scheme, bu we a e in e es ed in he
exp essi e language in all espec s. I we change he noun o he e b o mally, we
esmę. Veiksmažodis y o ne u i abejos i odėl nea e ia skai y ojui (bei klausy-
lose he whole poe ic meaning o he p o e b. I 's a song! access poin o he summi (also known as cogni i e
ALGIRDAS SAUDARGAS
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s
publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. The SEJL
in e p e a ion, a he expense o accu acy14, a emp s o cons uc his
nyje, kaip disku so sklaida (b endo lelijėlė > y o mano jaunos dienos). Tau osaka
naudoja abeją, glūdinčią eiksmažodyje nok i, kad a e ų nesąmoningą p iei-
gą p ie i smo aško. Tai ski umas a p p ozos i poezijos.
Šis neabejo inai ilgaamžis u inys ne anda ie os lyginamosios kalbo y os
access. The poin o o igin is e ealed in conscious a ional le els, al hough he
SEJL, econs uc ing he o m *neh2k-, does no doub he Indo-Eu opean o igin
o he oo . Whe he such a wo ldly-sounding ga den con en o ag icul u e
came om he p o e b, o was c ea ed in he Bal ic languages, as
pos posi ionalis s, and is now disappea ing […] hese a e he ques ions aised by
cogni i e analysis. DLKZ shows how his b oad and deep seman ic ield is
ionuosiu aiškos (i ašybos) s abilumo s a bos. Kalbos išmoks ame nesąmo-
unde s ood. Language ine i ably changes. Wha is o be p ese ed and wha is
no is a undamen al ques ion. I don' commen o ques ion, so he mechanisms o unconscious pe cep ion a e c ucial o he i ali y o language. To know wha o keep and how o keep i , hey ha e o be poisonous.
iš i i.
Now le s look a he ou h sen ence a ian , in which he las e b nok i
is eplaced by he e b nyk i.
Nko ū a, nko mė a, nko lelijėlė, nyko mano jaunos dienos kap žalia ū elė.
I 's no mean o change he ly ics. Fo wha hey said abou Abel. In olklo e, he peak poin gludi
ją, nebė a ką p idu i. Šio sakinio aiška (nok i / nyk i), palieka abeją pi moje
sakinio dalyje (nko lelijėlė), be a skleidžia sąmonei g ėsmę sakinio an oje da-
is deeply subme ged in he e b nok i in polisemiya. This sen ence aises he apex poin o he
le el o consciousness (as does he SEJL in e p e a ion), bu emains subme ged in he
subconsciousness h ough phonological simila i y. This is no a new linguis ic ac ha
con adic s he wo oo o ms o speech. The seman ic ise (geš al as) is a wo d ha
lyginamosios kalbo y os iš adoms. Tai nuo oda į seman iškai susie ą elkinį,
encompasses bo h e ymological adjec i es, which a e in he "apophonic dis ance" om a
phonological poin o iew. Nok i nyk i example mo i a es he name o he phonemic e b. The
wo d is a na a i e le el e m. This a icle is in ended as a me hodology o sea ching and
desc ibing such s uc u es. In his example, he phonemic seman ics encompasses he en i e
con inui y o he exp ession LKZ: nigh , nigh , no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no,
no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no. The basis o he seman ic ges al is he
a o emen ioned pai o me apho s and he apex poin . Paul Kugle 's "alchemy o discou se" is a
collec ion o phone ically close wo ds, uni ed by emo ionally s ongly mo i a ed meanings. As we
ha e seen, hese meanings a e no con eyed o LKJ lowe s.
ski ia. A galima lenkų kalbos žodį doj zewala a o i ne ik aisiams, be i gėlėms – sp ęs i
Fonoseman inės sakmės lie u ių kalbos žodyne
Insigh s 253 o he wo ld […] imago. Mo eo e , he peak poin , associa ed wi h he
nigh , he nigh , he h ea , which is an example o an exanaly ic s udy (loss o
miai ap ašy a Vi smų knygoje, y a a pa i, apie ku ią kalba pag indinis psicho-
innocence; Kugle 1980: 11). Howe e , he psychoanaly ic complex o he con en s
o he mind lacks a cohe en s uc u e. The a che ypes o he Jungo collec i e
consciousness see only e y common ea u es. He e we need o build a b idge o
a s onge ock […] ma hema ics. The Chilean-bo n Swiss psychologis Ra aelis
Núñez (cu en ly a he Uni e si y o San Diego, Cali o nia), analyzing Jung's
co espondence wi h he amous physicis Wol gang Pauli, no iced a concep ual
co espondence be ween he a che ypes o collec i e consciousness and he
cogni i e schemes used in linguis ics (Núñez 2008: 9). Núñez and one o he
ounde s o cogni i e linguis ics, Geo ge Lako , a he end o he millennium
e ealed cogni i e ma hema ical easoning in a scien i ic s udy o he analysis o
(Núñez, Lako 1998; Lako , Núñez 2001). Tai pi mieji žingsniai į mūsų jau
ma hema ical wo k done by Hadama d hal a cen u y ago (see 1.3). Today,
esea che s wo king in his di ec ion use bo h cogni i e linguis ics and
psychology me hods, and neu ophysiologis s, Núñez 2014; Dehaene, B annon 2011;
ginius smegenų eiklos ma a imus (ž . Núñez, Ma ghe is 2014; Ma ghe is, Ed-
Dehaene 2014).
1.5. Mas e ing he phonemic seman ics
"And in ou ime, a mas e c a sman is
ku is iską da o pa s, sa o ankomis i naudodamas,
p iešingai negu am ik os s i ies meis as [specialis as],
one who uses all so s o , o en andom, means".
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
In gene al, phonemic seman ics is he collec ion o phone ically close wo ds
whose seman ic con en o he meanings o wo ds in he dynamics o space,
ime and o ce (ELD) o ms a whole, o en acqui ing an emo ional cha ge. Whe e
do you look o such wo ds? Answe : The LKZ. Kugle is in e es ed in he
mani es a ions o consciousness in he human psyche and s udies cases whe e
phone ically close se s o wo ds can be seen in d eams o isions. In he psyche
o Liguis o (F eud's Ra Man case) o in he ealms o language, he u u e o he
indi idual psyche mani es s i sel . You can sea ch o wo ds di ec ly in he
language in he c ea ed ex s o in he ocabula y i sel . As we ha e seen, he
e m hides he cogni i e s uc u e o he wo d in he plu al […] ãbejoje.
Synch onici y is a pa adigm shi in he way we hink and ac (LKJ: I'm a pedes ian, I'm a pedes ian, I'm a pedes ian, I'm a pedes ian). The ex
ALGIRDAS SAUDARGAS
The Ac a Linguis ica Li uanica LXXIV is he i s o i s kind in Li huania. This is
especially clea when we conside only he seman ic con en o he e ymological
nes o Li huanian (o Bal ic) wo ds, and he "main meaning" imposes he au ho i y
o classical languages19. The ich seman ic con en o he Li huanian liza d, which
as kaip an delno, iesiog igno uojamas. Išugdomas ydingas pap o ys mąs y i
LKZ a ibu es o he oo (wo d o econs uc ed p o e b) as ha ing meaning
and ha meaning is o en manipula ed. This app oach o seman ics needs o be
changed. Mo e accu a e hinking (in he sense o seman ic science) mus look a
he con en o he seman ic sequence as he e ela ion o a sequen ial doub . The
lexeme exp esses he ul ima e unambiguous desi e in a conscious language. The
econs uc ed oo has he g ea es doub . In his pe spec i e, we can alk abou
he signi icance o a pai o bonds. I 's no so much he meaning, bu he mo i a ed
uni e se o all wo ds, o all meanings. The phonemic meaning and is he meaning o
he SP […] mo i a ed by i s seman ic con en . We can ex end he sequence o
[…]leksema […] wo d […] oo […] econs uc ed oo […] phonoseman ic oo . The
in e ace be ween he SP and he ELD s uc u es indica es bo h he Pa acko
minima symme y and he so-called nigh o nigh lines, and he Sla ic oo
ne wo k. These insigh s o he ances o s we e no ecognized by he language
science, because, as men ioned, phonological ela ionships a e ex asys emic, and
seman ic ones a e ex alinguis ic. Howe e , hey can be ound in he pa allel a chi ec u e o Raynaud's Jackendo .
(Jackendo , 2003) This is a e y impo an poin .
The combina ion o gene a i e mo phology and syn ax, which ela es o he phonological
sys em, o ms he main p inciple o sys ema izing language ac s. The sys em o knowledge
desc ibing au onomous language, ounded by Fe dinand de Sosiu as, and gi en a o mal o m by
he gene a i e class led by Noam Chomsky, based linguis ics as a p ecise pu sui o science and
c ea ed he illusion o comple e o maliza ion o language. The e o s o gene a i e
linguis ics o o malize language we e called cogni i e e olu ion, he esea ch backg ound o
a i icial in elligence. Cogni i e linguis ics was happy as a eac ion o he un ui ul o malism
o gene a i e me hods. Taking he posi ion o he in e media e a ge , Jackendo p oposed a
pa allel a chi ec u e, no ing ha he e is no a single independen gene a i e sys em in he
language. The app oach o pa allel a chi ec u e calls o , in e ms o sepa a e gene a i e
s uc u es, o s udy hei in e ela ionships. The main ones a e he phonological, he
syn ac ic (de ining and mo phological) and he seman ic gene a i e s uc u es. In addi ion,
Jackendo also men ions he s uc u e o space (see Fig. 9). The au ho himsel acknowledges
ha spa ial s uc u e includes he pe cep ion o ime and o ms o o ce dynamics
(Jackendo 2003). The a ea, 19 Plg. MA 2006: 396, 404, whe e he oo s o he p o e b *h1enek […]-
and *bhe indoeu opean languages in he spec um include he meanings […] o ake[…], […] o
ca y[…] and […] o gi e[…] in he b oad eime, bu he […]main meaning[…] is chosen acco ding o
[…]au ho i y[…].

Fonoseman inės sakmės lie u ių kalbos žodyne
Įž algos / Insigh s 261
hea ing
Mo o
ins uc ion
o he use
o he ongue
The phonology
Syn ax Concep ual
s uc u e ELD The
s uc u e o he eye is
he ac o lis ening o
i s own pe cep ion
?
9 PAV. O he Lygiag e i a chi ec u e acco ding
o Jackendo clause
Mo o
ins uc ion
o he use
o he ongue
The phonology
Sin aksė i
he mo phology
The
concep ual s uc u e
The
s uc u e o
ega ly ėjimas p op io ecepcija
he ELD
ac ion und
sakmė
10 PAV. O he The phone ic equi alen o pa allel a chi ec u e is 10 PAV.
9 PAV. Lygiag ečioji a chi ek ū a pagal Jackendo ą
Fonoseman ia is an a p io i obse a ion in pa allel a chi ec u e, no a concep .
ALGIRDAS SAUDARGAS
262 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIV The pe cep ion o he in e ac ion (dynamics)
o ime and o ces and i s ela ionship o language ha e been in ensi ely discussed
in ecen decades. In his pa allel a chi ec u e, Jackendo p oposes o desc ibe he
phonological, syn ac ic and seman ic gene a i e dis ibu ion o owel con en
s uk ū as bei i i jų sąsajas.
E d inei s uk ū ai jis nu odo sąsają ik su koncep ualine s uk ū a. Tai są-
h ough a ious human senses (modalums). I does no an icipa e ELD s uc u al
in e aces wi h syn ax o phonology. The ELD is di ec ly ela ed o he phonological
ela ionship o languages and is he e i o y in which i is men ioned no o ead
he Li huanian dialec s. Ou app oach p oposes a di ec exp ession o ELD
s uc u es in phonology. In o he wo ds, his app oach pos ula es ha he
ela ionship be ween concep ual s uc u e and phonological exp ession is
accompanied no only by he ela ionship pe syn ax (including mo phology), bu also
by he ela ionship pe ELD. In addi ion o he emphasis on g amma ical seman ics
(including syn ax) by he ollowe s o cogni i e linguis ics and he p edominan ELD
in o ma ion in he g amma ical con en , we can ex end Jackendo 's iangle o pa allel a chi ec u e o he e ahed on (see Fig. 10).
2.Say he Way and he Way
The pe cep ion o spaces, ime and dynamics and he exp ession o image y in
language a e in e p e ed in one o he o he ame o e e ence. The seman ics
„Tad p adinis e d ės aizdinys y a
Imanuelis Kan (Kan 1982: 77) Le 's ask, wha is depic ed in pain ing 11 […] on he
hand o on he a m? I 's a combina ion o o ce dynamics and spa ial pe cep ion.
Bo h he English p e ixes on in a osena and he p e ixes sys ems o he
Aki aizdu, kad ie ininko a p ielinksnio an pasi inkimas p iklauso nuo o,
kaip, ž elgdami į pa eikslą, padalinsime e d ę: a anka bus su okiama kaip
alpykla (užda as pa i šius) a kaip a ama (a i as pa i šius).
Ši si uacija nea si ik inai pas a uoju me u sulaukė išski inio dėmesio20. Joje
a ious languages we e ho oughly in es iga ed. In linguis ic s udies, he
con ex in which he e m "placemen " is used is: E ans, Chil on 2010 and many
e e ences he e.
us, adinamas a skai os eimu. Psichologija i ia, kaip pojūčiais pa i iamas
Fonoseman inės sakmės lie u ių kalbos žodyne
Įž algos / Insigh s 263
o he onomas ic heo y o pe cep ion (how o call he same hing di e en ly)
clashes wi h he seman ics o esea ch ( o which si ua ions he chosen di ision o
he h ee-dimensional space is applied o he wo-dimensional su ace). The space
ienas a ki as daugia eikšmis p ielinksnis). I iena, i ki a abeja a skleidžiama
is ima and iso opic. We can only place some hing in space in ela ion o
some hing else. In ma hema ics o in he exac sciences ha use i , hings a e
placed in e ms o he coo dina e sys em. Languages ha e hei own way o coming
back. Le o igh (Landau, Jackendo 1993). E d in exp esses ela ionships in a
eikš i deka inės koo dinačių sis emos san ykius: aukš yn / žemyn; pi myn /
language ha uses hem in i s own way.
iek leksika, iek g ama inės p iemonės. A skai os eimai gali bū i ski ingi i
In he 1970s, He be Cla ke's Analysis o he P esen a ion app oach di ec ly
ques ioned how we pe cei e space. The au ho 's sho name is Le d e (speech
apž elgsiu šį požiū į. Vaikas gims a pasaulyje, ku aikš o s ačias plokščia žeme
i isu jaučia g a i acijos po eikį. Tai jam su o muoja e d ės su okimo s uk-
ū ą, ku ią au o ius adina pe cep ualine e d e – P-e d e. P adėdamas kalbė i
aikas šiam po y iui a oja e d inius kalbos e minus, ku ie suda o sis emą,
space). Cla k examines wo hypo heses: he co ela ion hypo hesis and he
complexi y hypo hesis. The co ela ion hypo hesis claims ha Le d e's
con ac mus ma ch Pe d e's. The complexi y hypo hesis a gues ha he child
i s lea ns simple e ms, and hen mo e complex ones (ž .
The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion.
O cou se, mo e han a decade has passed since he a o emen ioned Cla k a icle
disciplininių s udijų. Paminėjau šį s aipsnį, nes jo su o muluo os d i hipo ezės
co e ed he gene al con ex o his sec ion. The heme o space pe cep ion and i s
exp ession in he language o li e a u e is di icul o co e . A gene al o e iew
šim mečius y a pa eikęs S ephenas C. Le insonas (Le inson 1996), o ėlesnių
and analysis o he wo se s o wo ks was edi ed by E ans and Chil on (E ans,
Chil on 2010). The e a e 11 PAVs a ailable. Is i in you hand o on you a m?
ALGIRDAS SAUDARGAS
The Ac a Linguis ica Li huaniana LXXIV and he ecen ly published Chil on
as i i daug nuo odų a i inkamomis emomis. P ie jų da galima p idu i e d-
ės, laiko i skaičių su okimo smegenyse apž algą (Dehaene, B annon 2011)
monog aph (Chil on, 2014). The decimal coo dina e sys em in oduces an axis o
each dimension o he h ee-dimensional space. We' e conce ned wi h he e y
i s s ep o educing he iso opy o space. We'll look a he i s s ep, whe e
he h ee measu emen s a e b oken down in o a wo-dimensional opical
i ienma ę liniją. D ima is pa i šius šiame p adiniame padalinime lieka izo-
su ace. We ha e wo undamen al, simples op ions: an in ini e plane o a closed
su ace. Di iding he h ee-dimensional space in o a plane, he emaining
dimension is he e ical di ec ion ha in e sec s he su aces. The plane
emains iso opic. In he case o a closed sphe e, he emaining dimension is he
adius om he cen e . The sphe e also emains iso opic (see Fig. 12).
In he Li huanian oo sys em, his co esponds o he ep esen a ion o he
K/L >< L/K in e sion in he e e ence eemasons AFK-L and AFL-K. The
s uc u e o spa ial pe cep ion is mos o en s udied a he syn ax le el.
Di e en language p e e ence sys ems a e discussed. So a , no esea ch has
been able o ind ou how he o iginal di ision o space is exp essed in speech. In
dalijimo pobūdį. Šis padalijimas glaudžiai siejasi su a skai os eimų ski s ymu
each case, he ame o e e ence can be assigned o one o he o he o he
i i šį p adinį e d ės izo opijos sumažinimą imsime pag indu.
egocen ic and allocen ic, bu does no coincide wi h i . The di ision o he
Li huanian oo s o he Ea h in e ac s wi h he pe cep ion o he dynamics o
me AFL-K laikas u i sa o unikalią, į e d inę o mą nesu edamą p igim į, ai
ime and o ces. In F eime AFK-L, ime is pe cei ed in he same o di e en
mo ion space. In he mean ime, ee 12 PAV. Di ision o he h ee measu ing
spaces unlimi ed a ea o limi ed su ace o be conside ed
AF
KL o
AF
LK o
The 12 h PAV. The di ision o he h ee measu emen spaces in o unlimi ed
la ness o limi ed su ace a ea is beau i ully illus a ed by he Li huanian
Fonoseman inės sakmės lie u ių kalbos žodyne
ac ions o wai ing and s aying (see Gal on 2011). This di ision o space is closely
linked o he ela ionship be ween he wo o ces. i he objec in ques ion is a
suppo o a con aine in ela ion o ano he . This is clea om ou o iginal
ieną daik ą judesys pe duodamas ki am, ai gali yk i d iem būdais: judesį
example. Howe e , by mo ing om he le el o syn ax o he le el o oo s, he
seman ics o Li huanian oo s opens up a deepe dynamics o space, ime and
o ces.
san ykį. Neu o iziologiniai e d ės su okimo y imai pa odė, kad smegenys aip
pa linkusios ima ę e d ę daly i į pa i šių i e ikalią k yp į.21
A.F.K.L.A.F.L.K.A.F.L.K.A.F.L.K.A.F.L.K.A.F.L.K.A.F.L.K.A.F.L.-
K.A.F.L.K.A.F.L.K.A.F.L.K.A.F.L.K.A.F.L.K.A.
2.2. The dynamics o he o ce o ac ion o aise
and hold in he polysemy
Le 's ake a look a he dynamics o o ce acco ding o Leona do Talmy (Talmy 2000:
409; De Mulde 2007). Since his has long become a classic in cogni i e linguis ics, he
me hod is s ill e y a ely ound in Li huanian seman ic s udies: agonis and
mas, išdės ysiu jo esmę smulkiau. Jėgos dinamika nusako san ykį a p d iejų
an agonis . The agonis is he objec o which he a en ion o he sen ence is
di ec ed and which is ei he cha ac e ized by a endency o main ain he p esen
s a iona y s a e, o has he po en ial o mo e o ac in ano he way. An
an agonis ac s agains an agonis . The e a e ou si ua ions. The e a e wo si ua ions whe e
an agonis as nugali agonis ą:
JDa […] he agonis seeks o main ain a s a iona y s a e, bu he an agonis
mo es i ou ; JDd […] he agonis has he po en ial o mo e, bu he an agonis
holds i back. The o he wo si ua ions a e analogous, only he an agonis ails
o de ea he agonis and he agonis main ains a s a iona y s a e o
mo emen . They a e ma ked JDb and JDc espec i ely. Talmy (2000: 412) in his
monog aph mainly s udies he dynamics o o ce ha un olds in sen ence
syn ax. In he case o baske ball, socce , o gol , 21 See he e iew o he neu ophysiological esea ch o he h ee-dimensional space (Je e y e al. 2012).

ALGIRDAS SAUDARGAS
266 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIV
on he g ound, and i 's going o s ay he e unless someone picks i up, picks i up, o
somehow mo es i . Le 's say he e's a ai ly s ong wind blowing, and i 's mo ing he
ball. Then he si ua ion is desc ibed by he sen ence: Pushing he s ong wind, he
camel is iding in he squa e. I we help a camel on a slope, i will ha e a endency o
sink, unless someone holds i : The camel does no sink o he slope, because i is held
by dense g ass. He e we ha e he case o JDd. In bo h cases, he camou lage is he
agonis o which he claiman 's a en ion is di ec ed. The wind and he g ass a e
he an agonis who, en e ing he si ua ion, changes (o seeks o change) he
agonis 's s a e. Talmy conside s hese wo schemes o be he main ones ha b ing
he ac ion and i s cause in o he language. I symbolizes hem wi h he kno s
because because: Kamuolys ieda, because because he e is a s ong wind blowing;
The camel does no die because i is conside ed a weed. The o he wo si ua ions
depic he unsuccess ul e ec s o he an agonis and a e symbolized by Talmy's
wo d despi e: Kamuol lies mo ionless, despi e he s ong wind; The camels a e iding,
igno ing he dense g ass. We' e in e es ed in he cases whe e he dynamics o he
o ce a e a he oo o he e b. In o he wo ds, we' e going o dele e he ELD
con en o he e b meaning. I you look a he lis o Li huanian ocabula y
examples, you can ind hem in he o m o he 13 illus a ions. He e we compa e he main aise and hold meanings and hei nega i es: kl i I.1. Wha di icul y do you ha e o climb he Kelkha hill? Did you ge o he g ound?
See also I.10. Oh, ca , ca , ca , why didn' you ake he di , why didn' you ake he
lines? Keep 1. " o keep he unci cumcised, he unci cumcised, he i gin s anding by
his side, holding he sca le h ead in he hand; You did he igh hing, sis e , by no
Šiame pa eiksle sk i ulys žymi agonis ą, o pusmėnulis an agonis ą. Rody-
lea ing he ho ses behind. The do o do in he middle o he sc oll indica es he
endency o he agonis ( o mo e o s and), and he plus in he semici cle o sc oll
indica es who wins […] he an agonis o he agonis . A he bo om, he do ed line
ep esen s he inal esul : mo emen o s anding. In he wo ds o LKŽ, he e b,
which con eys JD, is p onounced, and he agonis is abb e ia ed.
JDa i JDd a skleidžia pag indinių eikšmių kl i I.1. ‘ką sunkų im i aukš-
and hold 1. ‘ o be, so as no o dis o , no o dis o seman ics ELD. As
men ioned ea lie , hese a e he wo main schemes, because hey poin o
pokyčius: laimi an agonis as, ku is agonis ą išjudina (JDa) a ba sus abdo (JDd).
possible si ua ions. In bo h cases, he an agonis 's hal -moon is ma ked. No
schemos iš eiškia pag indinių eikšmių p asmes (kl i I.1 i laik i 1). Ki os
su p isingly, hese wo schemes poin o cases whe e he agonis wins and he
Schemas JDb i JDc galime gau i schemoms JDa i JDd p i aikę loginę ans-
si ua ion emains unchanged. he o ma ion […] denial. Looking a he schemes
JDa and JDb, we see ha hey di e only in he ans e o he plus sign om
he semici cle (an agonis ) o he sc oll (agonis ). This is he seman ics o
nega ion […] he an agonis 's e o s a e denied and he agonis wins (exe cises
Fonoseman inės sakmės lie u ių kalbos žodyne
Įž algos / Insigh s 267
his endency): he does no aise (does no aise) he pu us (di on). Simila ly,
when ans e ing plus, we mo e om JDd o JDc (did no , did no , did no delay he ho ses' ho ses (silk ski s).
Talmy scheme e eals ou possible ela ionships be ween agonis and
an agonis . We' e in e es ed in i s ela ionship o he pe cep ion o space. I'll
show ha by di iding he schema ic quad an e ically, he le -hand side o JDa
and JDc a e pe cei ed as eime AFK-L, and he igh -hand side o JDb and JDd a e pe cei ed as eime espec i ely
AFL-K (see also Figu e 14).
To highligh he pe cep ion o space, I would eplace he nega i e sen ences
JDb and JDc wi h in ansi i e e bs o a ise and emain owels. Le 's look a
he in ansi i e o m o he e b a ise. She didn' know wha was going o
happen. When we li some hing, i ises. Howe e , he examples gi en by LKZ
and he desc ip ion i sel indica e some hing else: kl i 1. The moon ises in he
sky. 13 PAV. This is he Powe dynamics wi h nega i e
→
●
------→------
---------●--------
+
+
S o i me gelė p ie jo šalelės, laiko ankelėj
šilkų ska elę.
Kelk pū ą. A pakelsi nuo žemės?
JDd
●
------→------
---------●--------
+
+
Oh, ca s, ca s, why didn' you
ake he di , why didn' you ake he lines?
Ge ai pada ei, sesužėle, kad u nelaikei
he ho ses' b idles.
JDb
JDc
JDa
→
13 PAV. Jėgos dinamika su neiginiu
ALGIRDAS SAUDARGAS
268 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIV This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
The moon doesn' ise because someone else does. Nei he in e e yday
pa lance no in he knowledge o as onomy can we pinpoin he o ce ha
pagal schemą JDa. I ne pa s mėnuo keliasi. Mėnuo iesiog kyla. Sakinys iš eiš-
causes his ema kable mo emen o he moon wi h espec o he ine ee.
In o he wo ds, he dynamics o o ce is no longe in he sen ence. Howe e ,
he pai o wo ds ise and all does no allow o comple e absence. The
dynamics o jealousy ha e no disappea ed, bu ha e been pushed in o he
ski ian ysis b uožas y a JD pe kėlimas iš p iekinio plano (p o ilio) į oną, p o ilį
backg ound o pe cep ion. Pu e spa ial mo emen in he o eg ound. The basic concep o seman ics is 14 PAV. Powe dynamics and space alloca ion
→
●
------→------
---------●--------
+
+
S o i me gelė p ie jo šalelės, laiko ankelėj
šilkų ska elę.
Kelk pū ą. A pakelsi nuo žemės?
JDd
→
●
------→------
---------●--------
→
+
+
The e's only one le in he house, hey' e all gone.
P o inkšnas kyla mėnuo.
JDb
JDc
JDa
AF
K o L
AF
L o K
The law
KELIAS
14 PAV. This is he The dynamics o o ce and he di ision o space by lea ing i o
Fonoseman inės sakmės lie u ių kalbos žodyne
Įž algos / Insigh s 269
space ime. The e o e, we can s ill condi ionally place his sen ence in he JDc
scheme. Le 's compa e his si ua ion wi h he basic meaning schemes o ise
(JDa) and hold (JDd). The moon ises, no because i is being li ed, bu (acco ding
o he o iginal in e p e a ion o Talmy) i ises in spi e o g a i y. These a e all
(be me a o inio pe kėlimo) eiškinius nusakan ys LKŽ sakiniai:
gian dus clouds ising di ec ly om he sky.
In sp ing, a wa m mis ises om you meadows.
In he scheme, he missing plus an agonis c escen is, on he one hand, coming
om JDd (g a i y is unable o hold he c escen ising in he ield o iew). On he
o he hand, i e lec s one o he wo in e ac ing o ces o JDa (g a i y is no a
o ce ha li s, bu is a o ce ha p e en s li ). The an agonis 's de ea ing
o ce, as we' e seen, is comple ely absen , and in he lose 's scheme, he JDc
an agonis o ce is g a i y, which in he JDa scheme is he de ea ing o ce. So he
seman ics o he e b a ise om he e ical mo emen o g a i y. I is wo h
no ing ha he Sang ąžin ac ion o he e b emains in he scheme o JDa, he
kil i kei imas sang ąžine o ma kel is kai ku iais a ejais inka, be p asmę keičia.
agonis is ma ched wi h he an agožodžių) uses p ecisely he sang ąžin o ms. In
nis u. Ki os kalbos dažniausiai ie oje lie u iško kil i (a analogiškų eiksma-
Li huanian language, such a change, when i does no exp ess cogni i e no ms,
bu ns he ab ic o ou language. The anacil i and he liqueu si in di e en
logiškai galima ap a i i laiky i / lik i. Mums s a bu, kad pasi aukus JD į oną,
ames o e e ence. The e b o a ise is ansla ed in o he exp ession o he
same mo emen , which is beau i ully symbolized by he noun pa h. F eimas AFL-K,
a e emo ing he o ces, slides in o he inne enclosed space wi hou spa ial
mo emen . The e's only ime le .
An example om poe y beau i ully shows ha he e b o a ise has i s
own meaning agains he backg ound o JD. So we ha e wo sen ences ha
illus a e he lesson o ising 2 […] ising high […]:
V.Myk-Pu jumped in o he sky.
A lock o bi ds lew KI121.
In poe y, he oos e canno ise high like a mis o jus bi ds e ealing in
pulkas. Todėl ki os Vinco Mykolaičio Pu ino eilė aščio „Ma gi sakalai“ eilu ės
he backg ound he s unned JD:
La e in he a e noon, he hea is in ense.
He climbed in o he sky like a dee .
Paniekinę žemės ylingus sapnus,
She sp ead he wings on he ceiling.
I u ns ou ha he magical jackals do no jus ise, bu b eak o
con ac wi h he ea h ha holds hem, lu ed by wild d eams, and ly wi h hei wings ou s e ched.
ALGIRDAS SAUDARGAS
276 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIV
The ho se, howe e , does no qui e i ha desc ip ion. I co esponds o all
he o he clauses o A icle I.2. Examples a e gi en, excep o ou
pos -mo em agmen . The second pa o he image, " o ca y on onesel , on
one's su ace", is ob iously only o him and is in ended, because o all o he
examples such an explana ion is supe luous. The i s pa o he desc ip ion
o hold on, o endu e some di icul y ( o p ess down on some hing) is no e y
sui able o he i s sen ence. In ac , he uncon incing sound o he e b
causes he meaning o he sen ence Ea h causes g ass o be explained by he
ac ha he ea h wi hs ands he g ass's weigh by p essing i down.
S ange as i may seem, he g ass is being squeezed by he ace. Essen ially,
he second pa o he desc ip ion allows he e b o eplace he e b wi h he
e b o ime: The ea h is he g ass o ime. Since we ejec ed JDb as
inapp op ia e, wha hen cons i u es an ac ion synonym? Le 's ake a look a
Žolė laikė asą, Rai as laikė kepu ėlę
wha a pos ca d looks like i we ollow he ac ion e e ywhe e: The ea h held he g ass, he whale held he ho se, he ace held he pas u e, he old mo he .
The ho se kep he whi e, he old mo he , excep o he las ph ase, he e b
is conside ed o be used egula ly in he 19 h cen u y. ac ion wo ds o be
aised and held semasiological and onomassiological bo h o be held up o be held
pažodine a pe kel ine p asme. Veiksmažodis laiky i iksliau negu kel i a spindi
up
o endu e, o endu e some di icul y
(p essing down)
I.2. o be s ong, o be
i , o be s ong […] o hold 25
AFK-L and
AFK-L and AFL-K
This
Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
[…] di icul
o hold high
[…] 1
[…] o be, so as
no o collapse,
no o
collapse[…] I.2. o hold 25
19 PAV. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion. Semi- and onomasio-language abb e ia ion

Fonoseman inės sakmės lie u ių kalbos žodyne
Įž algos / Insigh s 277
he illus a ion desc ibed. Howe e , he image emains s a ic. The e b o be
conside ed used acco ding o he scheme JDd. Howe e , all he poe y o he song
disappea s, because he wo d kep in ou minds e okes he s a ic eem AFL/K.
People's c ea i i y chooses o aise he e b, and wi h i he dynamic eim AFK/L,
h ough which he non-exis en scheme JDd (‘ o ca y on onesel , on one's
su ace). Mo eo e , he e b kėlė b ings i s en i e polisemiya (wi h JDa and JDb) in
he o m o ã bejas ( emembe he sen ence!): Rasa kėlė pasagėlę […] unde s and
as you wish, i.e. all a once. This is a magni icen example o he ã beja in olk
poe y, he eal smile o Giocondo hidden in he sounds o language, analogous o
he minimalis wo ks o isual a by Michelangelo o Ve mee (Zeki 2004:).
Le 's go back o he big hand. When we hea a wo d wi hou a speci ic con ex , we
unde s and i s meaning wi hou di icul y, wi hou elying on a speci ic e b o
in e p e i . We choose he in e p e a ion when aced wi h a speci ic si ua ion.
The con e sa ion, depending on he si ua ion, gi es ise o h ee undamen ally
di e en images. This change in he inne image is en i ely analogous o well-known
isual illusions, such as he so-called Caniche (o Necke ) cube (see Figu e 20).
I we ask wha is depic ed in he uppe d awing, we will ge a one-wo d
answe ha i is a cube. The isual pe cep ion o his d awing is analogous o ha o
20 o he PAV. Coni e ous wood
20 o he PAV. Coni e ous wood
ALGIRDAS SAUDARGAS
Ac a Linguis ica LXXIV, wi hou speci ic in e p e a ion o he meaning. As we
begin o del e in o he meaning o a pa icula e b, we ind ou sel es in a
wo-syllable si ua ion ha is simila o ha depic ed in he lowe case wi h
do ed lines. When we ask how a cube is depic ed in a pain ing, hey don' ma ch
each o he when iewed om abo e o om he side. The neu ophysiological
apačios, paaiškėja, kad i šu inis b ėžinys y a d ip asmis. Šios d i in e p e a-
basis o he illusion is ha ou b ain mechanisms don' ha e his unce ain
in e p e a ion o he pic u e ha 's happening unconsciously. The cube o he
aiškių k i e ijų i aizdinys ne alingai a osi. Reikia pažymė i, kad ši anali-
candle co esponds o he abs ac in e p e a ion o he lesson. Simila ly,
eikšmę, o pažymėję punk y u uždeng as linjas, paleng iname ieną a ki ą
wi hou changing he meaning o he sen ence, he speci ic ac ion mechanisms
džio pakelia eikšmė a neša sau būdingą aizdinį. Neabejo ina, kad smegenų
esponsible o he isual and e bal pe cep ion a e analogous.
2.3. Ac ion o he ELD s uc u e o aise awa eness in he police
LKZ p o ides 45 o ise, 16 o ise and 33 o hold meanings. The e a e abou 300
o he meanings o p eposi ions. The ELD conjunc ion allows his di e si y o
supap as in i, s uk ū uodama eikšmių a pusa io san ykius. Šiame ski snyje
ap a sime eiksmažodžio kel i polisemiją. Pag indu imsime pag indines eigos
ma k he meanings o he e b. The ac ion o he e en (wi h p e ixes)
essen ially epea s he sanda o he ac ion i sel . The seman ics o he oo
meaning o he e b a ise in ela ion o JD was discussed in he sec ion 2.2. The
LKZ p o ides such a g ouping o meanings: I. o ake, o push some hing high; Pu some hing in a highe place.
II. o aise, o inc ease, o s eng hen
III. o build
IV. o awaken, o wa n, o encou age; o eel V.
o g ow, o g ow, o g ow; o blow; VI.
anspo om one place o ano he ; o do, o do
VII. To o ganize, o o ganize wha .
Fi s o all, i should be no ed ha mos o hese meanings (31) a e
concep ual me apho s:
I, 3, 9, 10; II, 2, 8, III, 3, 6, IV, 1, 6, V, 1, 9, and VII, 1, 2. This is he i s ime ha his has happened.
Žinoma, koncep ualioji me a o a a aizduoja ELD s uk ū ą į kokią no s
he o he a ea (see igu e 4). The me apho i sel is no ou opic. We a e
in e es ed in he ELD s uc u e in he o m o a pu e b anch. The
co esponding LKZ meanings a e classi ied acco ding o he concep ual pa o he a ea in which he me apho is depic ed.
Tiesą pasakius, žodynui ai gana be il iškas užsiėmimas. Būsimojo lie u ių kal-
bos seman inio inklo kū ėjams (jei okio inklo kū imo paska as Lie u oje jau
Fonoseman inės sakmės lie u ių kalbos žodyne
Įž algos / Insigh s 279
This is a se ious ask. The e is an endless amoun o esea ch on me apho ical
pa e ns and de elopmen (Cuyckens, Gee ae s 2007; Fusa oli, Mo gagni 2009). I
he sou ce o he me apho is no sewn, we can be su e ha , emembe ing he
iš 2.2 ski snio. Mokiniai, in e p e uodami pa a lę Daug ankų didžią naš ą pàke-
i e-poin p oblem, we will ac ually ha e o cons uc he sou ce o he scheme o
kaip laukinį mišką, ikslą kaip a iamą lauką, o aką užpildy i į ai iausios eik-
los pa yzdžiais iš sa o u imų žinių a uodo. ELD s uk ū a lieka nuo sąmo-
he STT (sou ce > pa h > goal) wi hou hiding i . This is he meaning o he e b, as
illus a ed in Figu e 21. By changing disciplines and aking in o accoun he le el o
s uden p o iciency, we can gene a e an unlimi ed numbe o such asks o a
sup an ama, pa eik os jau adinamosios mi usios a į ai aus kon encionaliza-
single piece o ad ice. LKZs, a his le el, ha e o en become language clichés,
me apho s (Lako 1987; Lako 1993; Allan 2009). This is a b oad ield o esea ch and
will be deal wi h in his a icle only when i is absolu ely necessa y o he main
objec i es se ou . Le 's look a he o he 14 meanings. The e y i s meaning o
i aukš yn’ JD jau y ėme. JD be a piška pasekmė e d ėlaikiui y a opologinis
I.1 ‘wha a di icul habi 24. In ac , in o de o li some hing, we ha e o o e come
s o io jėgą. Sakiniuose Kelk pū ą. A pakelsi nuo žemės? eiksmažodžiai y a i
he mo emen o he li ing objec , and he ac ion o he e en . Le 's see i
he e's a leak, he e's no wo d ye on whe he he leak will ac ually be li ed. Eigos
ac ion does no p o ide such in o ma ion. The s a emen aises he ques ion is
į ykio eikslas: pū ą pakėlė a ba pū o nepakėlė. Tačiau šis a i umas nė a si-
me iškas, kadangi eiksmažodis kel i iena eikšmiškai numa o ą in o maciją,
ku i glūdi į ykio eiksle, nes p iešingas (nepa ykęs) kėlimo pas angos ezul a-
as eikalauja neiginio su jam inkančiais mo ologiniais žymenimis (p iešdėliu
open o bo h logical consequences, which a e al eady necessa ily e ealed by he
non-). A he same ime, he e b o ise is a one-wo d abb e ia ion o he
spa ial- empo al JD consequences, which a e ac ualized by he ac ion o he e en :
he aised objec is de ached om he su ace o which i was a ached (Is i
aised om he g ound?), and mo es upwa ds. I he ki e has no los con ac wi h
he g ound, no obse e commi ee will ecognise ha i has been li ed, unless i
ŠTT i JD. Bend iausi jų a pusa io san ykio b uožai pa aizduo i 21 pa eiksle.
has been mo ed, pulled o il ed. In he space- ime, he e b o aise he con en is
ep esen ed by h ee isual schemes: he e b, he lexeme mo es he ocus om one scheme o ano he . I.1 ocuses on he beginning o he mo emen […] opological e en (con ained in igu e 21), which
logiškas iškėlimo iš pa i šiaus schemai 7 pa eiksle). Tai ŠTT schemos šal inis.
Le 's mo e on o he lexeme:
I ou . Pu , ca y some hing o a highe place o o ano he
24 „Topologija“ y a ma ema ikos e minas, ku io a ojimas ling is ikoje da nė a pakankamai
place Take he bag o he wheels. I is clea (Talmy 2000: 25; Pe i o , Dou sa 1998).
ALGIRDAS SAUDARGAS
280 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIV
This is he aim o he i s plan o he TTIP scheme. The STT scheme i sel is
s ill connec ed o he e ical. Ano he lexeme e u ns o he sou ce, and
JD gains he o m o he causal ela ion ( opological na u e): I.7. Take o my
heads u coa , my inge s sil e ing. Adap a ion o he ELD o he speci ic
Leksema I.8. ‘kabin i, im i nuo y ių (du is, langą, a us…)’ ė a os pačios
si ua ion.
I is wo h ecalling he e Kazimie as Būgas, when he emphasized ha he
Li huanian e b o aise, unlike he Sla ic adjec i es, can be used wi h he p ope
(wi hou a p e ix) meanings o aise and lowe (Būga 1958: 477). O cou se,
p edecesso s alloca e a en ion o he complex pa s o he scheme (sou ce >
pa h > goal) by modi ying he meaning in hei usual way. The ac ion o he eye is
pushed om he po . He has deep doub s, and ha 's why i 's ha de o him o
s ay abo e he 21s loo . The use o he wo d "polysemy" in he 21s cen u y.
The e b o aise polysemy schemes
L1
L2
I 's like a
JDb
J.D. is he in en o o Insigh s 281 de ails in he o e loaded language. He's s ill
e ical.
ali e in he e. He e a e ou mo e lessons:
Fonoseman inės sakmės lie u ių kalbos žodyne
VI.1 The ollowing able is inse ed: […] o ake some hing else o ano he place […] Ruden al eady needs and obas wen o he collec i e a m
The K k.
VI.2. The ollowing able is inse ed: […] o be anspo ed by boa ac oss he
wa e o he o he side […] To be anspo ed by boa ac oss he i e J. VI.3. o
mo e o ano he place (in he ca le pen) The a he o he ca le wen o he
Dgl. VI.4. The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in
acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed
aukš yn nekelia. Tai g ynai e d ėlaikinė opologinės p igim ies s uk ū a. Nuo
ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion. Do no aise he ga e o he end o
Kl D92. They all ha e he same ELD con ac . In he o eg ound (p o ile) he e is
almos only he SHTF scheme wi hou JD and he e ical (pu in he backg ound).
ieno išmanaus į enginio į ki ą. Tai ne me a o a. In o macija s o io ne u i. Ją,
When ying cows, no one sepa a es he a ea o hei sou ce and connec s i o
he a ea o he a ge . I may seem ha he con ex s a e comple ely ou da ed
and ha no one needs such schemes oday. I 's called Anip ol. Con ex s change,
isą pluoš ą me a o ų. Šias abi leksemas:
III.1. . ‘padė i kam a sis o i, da y i, kad s o ė ų, s a y i’
bu pa e ns emain. Today, acco ding o his scheme, we ake cases ou o his
con aine , we ake hem ou o one con aine and we pu hem in ano he con aine . When he sou ce and he end a e linked o he wo usual bu opposi e s a es o he human body - he s ubbo n and he s ubbo n - we ha e no only wo mo e lessons, bu also III. he in . "S anding" can also be in e p e ed as a me apho , bu ha 's ano he opic.
Two o he lessons:
I i e. ‘ o gi e someone a highe posi ion, o make hem ise II.1. o do
some hing highe , highe akes he middle posi ion. I should be ecalled ha
I.2. […] o hold, o endu e some di icul y ( o p ess down) […] I.2. […] o ca y on
i sel , on i s su ace[…] The ea h p oduces g ass, he g ass p oduces ace
we ha e al eady se ed In sec ion 2.2. The e is only one blood ype le : I.6. he
e . […] Climb, climb high […] A cloud ose om he meadows. He e we need o
emembe he e b o a ise, which we ha e al eady discussed. In sec ion 2.2:
kl i 1. […] ises high […] P o inkšnas ises he moon; In sp ing, a wa m mis
ises om you meadows.
Teks da ka ą paž elg i į Būgos aš us (Būga 1959: 113). Jo žodžiai skamba
Some a e ancien , bu hei meaning is e y mode n: he spi i o a o eign
language in many in elligen minds has no only silenced he pa icipan , bu has
also silenced he species o i s own nouns (neu a, media). Ins ead o saying ise,
ise; [...] a lo o wha you' e saying and w i ing now is up, up; […]“. O cou se, he lemma I.6 e lec s LKZ is
isai eisė ai. Galima saky i abejopai:
Smoke was ising om he meadows;
Smoke ose om he meadows.

ALGIRDAS SAUDARGAS
282 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIV
Howe e , hei cogni i e con en is di e en . As we ha e seen In sec ion 2.2, he
e b kilo co esponds o he scheme JDc, whe e g a i y emains in he backg ound
and only spa ial mo emen s ( e ical scheme) a e isible. Meanwhile, he sanguine
o m can be in e p e ed as a a ian o he JDa scheme in which he agonis coincides wi h he an agonis .
Le us compa e he sen ences:
A cloud ises om he sea, and a dee is bo n o me. A cloud om he sea will
b ing me a dee . A cloud ises om he sea, and a dee is bo n o me. The i s
sen ence is aken om he song and is gi en o LKŽ kl i 1. In i we mee he
second o he p esen ense o ms gi en by LKZ: kla, kils a, klna. In he second
sen ence, he i s o m (k[…]la) is used o compa ison, and in he hi d
sen ence, he i s o m (sang ąžinė) is used o compa ison, as an example
om he lemon: ise 6. e lec . To climb, o climb high A black cloud is coming, a
dee is coming. The clouds wi h he clouds a e passi e o he easons we' e
discussed. In sec ion 2.2. The bloods eam o m ac i a es he cloud and
he e o e gi es i li e ( he e lexi e JD o m joins in). The e b o m gi en by
LKZ is homophonic in his case: kls in e j. [Suddenly ising o ma k] Wha 's he
song abou : a og ising o a bu e ly ising in he o m o a og? As i we e,
some hing in ou "b ains" connec s e y sensi i e and deep hings. Maybe i 's
ime o call hem in a eally s ic (no o mal!) scien i ic language? I'm a
passenge passenge , I' e a eled a long way KlpD20 (LKZ) Kloja he silk o he
lea es o he ea h S. Nė (LKZ) Augo's clo e is he highes , he clus e o
2.4. Šaknų pluoš ų K-L i KL- sanda a
lapels is he wides (LKZ) Le 's look a he meanings o he e b. Again we ha e a
s ing o me apho s: 1 o he ou h, 5 o he 8 h, 11 o he 13 h. The emaining
lessons a e: 1 o 2. O he , o a hickness o bea , o bea , o bea 1 o 6. O he ,
o a hickness o cu , o cu 1 o 10. O he , o a hickness me al piece o clo h 1
kl i 3. O he , o a hickness a , a , a and a ; Insigh s 283 o he e iew
1 kl i 1. ., in . ‘kūju muš i, mušan a y i, smeig i’
1 kl i 7. . ‘aš in i, plak i (gi nas)’
1 kl i 14. . ‘plak i, in i (dalgį), aš in i’
Fonoseman inės sakmės lie u ių kalbos žodyne
We see a undamen al di e ence om he e b o aise polysemy. All meanings
ha e he same ELD s anda d, and hei di e ences a e concep ual (wi h o
wi hou me apho ). The only hing ha 's in e es ing o us is he ela ionship
ū ų (ž . 22 pa .). Veiksmažodžio kal i e d ėlaikinės i JD sa ybės inka eimo
AFK/L sanda ai i ne gi ją užpildo. Nugalėdami aukos jėgą, pakėlę daik ą nuo
be ween he ac ion o aising and lowe ing he ELD om a highe posi ion L1 and
helping i o a highe posi ion L2. In his a icle, we'll explo e he in e sec ion o
he s a ic s a e and he con inuous s a e. In L2, you can d op an objec om you
hand o d op i on he g ound. Bu by keeping in ouch wi h he objec and
con olling i , we can b ing i back o he wo-dimensional su ace om which i
was li ed, jus in a na u al way.
22 PAV. O he The Commission shall be
empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion. Li ing and lowe ing schemes
L1 and L2
This is
JDb, please.
JDd up
J.D. TAKAS.
and down
ALGIRDAS SAUDARGAS
284 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIV This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
SEJL dis inguishes he e b o be imp isoned in o a sepa a e e ymological nes .
When iewed om an ex alinguis ic and ex asys emic poin o iew, LKZ lexemes do no ha e his p ope y.
mėm u ė i p oblemų jas in e p e uo i ELD požiū iu lygiag ečiai su kal i:
3 k  l i , kã li (kã la), kã lė [ž . 1 kalė i 3] Didelis medžias mažą medelį k la, a -
ba gožia.
1 kalė i, kã li, -ėjo 1. in . ‘bū i kalėjime’
1 p isone s 3 . […] o peel, o p une, o p une […] 23
PAV. Pe cep ion o space K/L <> L/K in he oo zone
L-K(T) o ly
L-(J)K lik i, laiky i, laikas
L-(V)K ield I,II
L-(V)K lauk i
L-(N)K lenk i, link i
LK shell
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
K o L ise, ise
K-L kal i
K-L p ison
(S)K-LB o speak
K-L oad
K-L o a kind used in mo o ehicles
K-L kaulas
K-LP wheels
K-L kaklas
Known
I, II o he complain
KL-JD o glue, o glue
KL-V kliau i, kliudy i
KL klaus i, klausy i
KL-B kleb i
KL-VB klaup i
The KL-N clan
KL-V clay
K.L.S. ca le
23 PAV. O he Pe cep ion o space in he oo zone
AF is AF
KL o
L/K
Insigh s in o space
3D
Fonoseman inės sakmės lie u ių kalbos žodyne
explo a ion 285
1 p isone s 4 in . ♪ Disappea when you' e in one place, when you' e p essed
dausas paju ę, ienumoj nebekalės B.S uog. e l.: Aš kalios isą dieną užda y as i
♪ ♪ Maybe o he s, I'll d own ♪
2 ka i, kãlia, kõlė . ‘ką į ką loš i, šlie i, em i’.
Daba paž elkime į penkis daik a a džius, SEJL išski s y us į a ski us e i-
he nes ing g ounds (see Figu e 23). I'm going o use he e m " ei ica ion" in he
sense o Ronaldo Langacke (Langacke 2008: 95, 107, 119) o desc ibe hem, so ha
ou app oach emains independen o wo d making. To make his clea , le 's ake
an example. We used he e b o aise he polysemy in he sp ead o he S.T.T. o
schemą. Išplės inėje schemos o moje šALTINIS > TAKAS > TIKSLAS eiksmažodis
aise he ocus on he beginning and he end, igno ing he e y end. The e b o
a ise, as we ha e seen, exp esses a e ical scheme. This is why he wo d pa h is
a de i a ion o he AFK/L pa o he singula eimo, o a ei ica ion, comple ely
independen o he making o e ymology o his wo d. The middle pa o he STT
scheme is he TAKAS ei ica ion o he way in which he e b ises. Fo i s pa ,
his scheme as a i s image uses he wo d " hing" as a concep ual me apho
o he u u e. The main po is speci ic: 1 k[…]lias 1. […]The sec ion o land ha is
used o anspo a ion[…] This oad is no longe used o anspo a ion by
J.Jabl.
Ki ose os pačios leksemos a osenose kelias su okiamas ki aip: Tas kelias ei-
I 's h ough S ie ius. This is a ic i ious mo emen (Talmy 2000: 99). The ho el
žalias ąžuolėlis. Čia kelias y a k aš o aizdžio dalis.
nex o he oad g ew 1 km 3. ‘In he g ound (in he wa e ) is he line h ough
which he mo emen akes place. I'll ake i h ough he s a s, Mai .
Tai koncep ualioji me a o a. LKŽ apibūdinimas nusako pi ma aizdį.
This lis can go on and on, bu he scheme will be he same e e ywhe e. The same can
be said abou o he e ymological nes s wi h some commen s. The bone is ob iously a
uni o m objec , al hough i s shape exploi s he mechanical p ope ies o he bone.
Kilpa is a closed line. We don' jus use ou necks o mo e a ound he e ical axis,
bu we can mo e a ound he ho izon al plane. In e es ingly, a compa a i e dialec
comes o he escue he e: neck < *kal-class (SEJL 2007: 245). I can be unde s ood in
di e en ways, bu acco ding o he eim AFK/L i mus be. The e emains he
wo d kél a ( he o m gi en by SEJL). LKZ is ound in:
See also pa ag aph 1. 1 o a kind used in mo o ehicles
1 k […]l […] wooden loa ing b idge o he o he side
upės, kai nė a il o, plaus as’
2 k[…]l a, see kel a a, 1
k[…]l a a, see kel u a, 1
k[…]l u a […]gal ijas, gy ulys[…]. This is he name o he i e ha lows h ough he illage.
ALGIRDAS SAUDARGAS
292 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIV he so-called e e ence o he eima (AF).
The choice o which his and o he Li huanian examples lead is undese edly
igno ed in he con empo a y iso opy o pe cep ion o space, which we ha e
y imuose. P isiminkime, kad e d ė y a ima ė i izo opinė. Veiksmažodžio
ne i seman ika a eda p ie o pa ies pi mojo žingsnio, ku iuo mažinama e d-
discussed in he sec ion The e a e wo possible ou comes: he i s is a "no" and
he second is a "no." Reikšmė 1 né i is unde s ood in he eime AFK-L, because
he su ace o he wa e h ough which i lows is no bounded by any ga e.
Unlike he K-L seman ics, whe e e e y hing akes place abo e he su ace o he
ea h, he e i is said o be unde he su ace o he wa e . The Reiki 2 is no
connec ed o he wa e , bu he su ace h ough which i passes is limi ed. We
do no swi ch o eim AFL-K, as in he case o LK, bu o eim AFK-L and AFL-K
sanki . He e he e m sanki a should be aken in o accoun , because i di ec ly
indica es only he geome ic ac ha he con ou s L a e ob ained as open and
closed su ace cu s. The combina ion o he ames o e e ence i sel would
p obably equi e he use o a concep ual blending echnique. Tha would ake up oo much space in his a icle.
The L-M-M-L alignmen o he Shaknai ibe is shown in
Figu e 27.
SEJL an aš iniai žodžiai su enkami į 11 e imologinių lizdų:
L-M a e, happiness
M-L o lo e, o lo e, o lo e
M-L lou
M-L g ound, g ound, g ound, g ound, g ound, g ound, g ound, g ound, g ound
M-L melas
M-LD o p ay
M-LD epo
M-LK i ewood
M-LK i ewood
M-L o mal
M-LŽ melž i, he gian ŠP L-M co e s only one e ymological nes , whose
seman ics, exp essing he ela ionship be ween he pa and he whole, we
e iewed in he sec ion 1.4. He e we will ocus on he SP M-L, which consis s o
en e ymological nes s. I'll jus e iew he seman ics o he ou main liza ds
(wi hou he addi ional p ops). The e is a hin o symme y in he name o he
wo d, lo e o happiness. Howe e , he na u e o cogni i e symme y lies no in
hese popula wo ds, bu in he di ision o he ela ionship be ween he whole
and he pa . In o de o de e mine he s uc u e o ELD as he b eakdown o
a pa (lamo) om he whole, we ha e o wai o he opposi e ac ion […] he o ma ion o he whole om he pa s.

Fonoseman inės sakmės lie u ių kalbos žodyne
Įž algos / Insigh s 293
The M-L cogni i e s uc u e says wha he o he one says. As we will see, he
seman ics o M-L wo ds lead o a limi ed unlimi ed and disc e e con inuous
ela ionship. M-L ibe e bs exp ess he ansi ion om disc e e limi ed o
disc e e unlimi ed and hen ans o ma ion o con inuous limi ed. In ac , when
we wash he lam o a cake o b ead, we a e no emo ing a componen om he
mechanism, bu we a e emo ing a pa o he objec o a limi ed con inuum (we
a e washing). I would be in e es ing o s eng hen and e hink G aham's
my hological analysis om his poin o iew. In his a icle, I will limi mysel o he SP M-L analysis, o which I now u n.
M-L L-M seman ics has he o m o concep ual me apho s (as unde s ood in
cogni i e linguis ics). I is he ans o ma ion om a speci ic a ea (b ead
p oduc ion and consump ion) o an abs ac a ea (communi y ela ions) ha is
linked by he same ELD con ac .
B ead p oduc ion (and consump ion) consis s o
h ee s ages: (a) he g ain is g ound in o lou , (b)
he lou is mixed (wi h wa e ), (c) he b ead is
baked (in he o en), (d) he b ead is mixed o
consump ion.
These s ages a e no an in en ion, bu aken om he language. They
co espond o h ee e ymological nouns, based on which he e a e e bs:
mal i, mil i, and lem i. All o he nes s a e based ei he on adjec i es (as in,
mylas) o ha e adjec i e samples (as in, mels i) and a e cogni i ely and phonologically de i a i e. These
27 PAV. Šaknų pluoš as L-M / M-L
1
The PAV. 27 Roo ib es L-M-M-L a e disc e e ib es (Talmy 2000: 59). Gau am's ou
M-L L-M L
(4)
and
M-LD
M-LŠ
M o LZ
M-LK
M
ALGIRDAS SAUDARGAS
294 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIV
ys e apai bend uomenės san ykių s i yje nė a aki aizdūs, odėl pi ma pa eik-
siu ELD. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Kogni y inė seman ika ski s o su okiamus dalykus į ibo us / ne ibo us bei
combina ions a e shown in Fig. 28. The sequence o e ices shown by he a ows:
he ansi ion om he disc e e o he un es ic ed, he ans o ma ion om
he disc e e o he con inuous, and inally he un es ic ed o he con inuous.
Ou goal is o be engaged in bo h he abs ac (communi y ela ions) and he
kad eiksmažodžių su šaknimi M-L seman ikos ELD sanda a a i inka bū en
šiuos i smus. Be o, šie i smai lygiag ečiai yks a iek konk ečioje s i yje
concep ual me apho scheme.
A i s glance, i is no ob ious ha he e b mal i is ela ed o he
ans o ma ion o he limi ed disc e e in o he unlimi ed disc e e: mal i 1.
"c ush he g ain in o lou ". This meaning clea ly indica es a simple mechanism
o making lou om g ains. Va osena is e en clea e in he b oade con ex
o o c ush, g ind, c ush some hing in o lou , in o small pa icles. Mal i […] means
o u n la ge ma e ial objec s in o smalle , smalle o (in he case o buildings)
e en in he blink o an eye. In his sense, he e b mal i is synonymous wi h he
e bs o c ush, o c ush, o c ush, o c ush, o c ush, o c ush, o c ush, o
c ush, o c ush, o c ush, o c ush, o c ush, o c ush, o c ush, o c ush, o c ush, o c ush, o c ush, o c ush, o c ush, o c ush.
Le 's ake a close look a he con ex p o ided by he LKZ. The ac ha
lou is a "p oduc o g ound g ains" does no mean any hing new ei he .
naskai a daug ką keičia: mil as ‘g ūdo mil ingoji dalis’. Kadangi mūsų y imui
Howe e , he place o his wo d has decisi e meanings, i is wo h looking a
he example p o ided by LKŽ:
The small ones a e lou , and he big ones a e sal .
G ūdą pa kandus, mil as ma y i.
A pupelė, a ži nis – u ia okį pa mil ą.
Mažųjų linų sėmuo y[ a] juo p ipu pęs, didelį mil ą u ia.
G ūdai sudžiū o, be nebu o da mil e, iš o badas [1868 m.].
These examples p o ide he g ain sanda , which was e y clea ly unde s ood in
he a ming communi y. I u ns ou ha we don' ge lou by c ushing he
g ain in o lou , bu in some o he way, because he lou is al eady in he g ain.
sakoma - „g ūdas y a / nė a mil e“, p iklausomai nuo o, a mil as y a didelis, a
I was e en small. The g ain al eady holds he lou in i s shell. g ains ha e lou
ma malan suda o mil us. Mil as y a g ūde kaip alpykloje, ku i adinama sėlena.
Malan mil as a ski iamas nuo sėlenos i iš aduojamas iš alpyklos.
and all o hei cogni i e s uc u es, o make i clea how he e b mal i di e s
om he meanings o " o g ind g ains in o lou " and " o g ind, o g ind, o
g ind in o lou , in o small pa icles", al hough he LKZ p esen s hem as he
Fonoseman inės sakmės lie u ių kalbos žodyne
same meanings. The s ones can be b oken down in o sha ds, smalle ones in o
g a el, hen sand, and inally dus . In his way o pe cei ing he g inding o
g ains, we a e on a coa se le el o he cogni i e s anda d, which is sui able o
he s one, bu does no ocus on he disc e e unlimi ed. In ac , i 's ano he
į gilesnę įž algą, į g ūdo sanda ą. Jei malame akmenį, olydinis ibo as i s a
scheme whe e he uni objec becomes a disc e e in ini e. Such ops a e
daugybiniu. Jei malame g ūdus i paisome g ūdo sanda os, disk e inis ibo as
p onounced di e en ly. S one (limi ed in hickness), summed up in dus
(disc e iona y unlimi ed), he e is no s o age o ha dus . The g ain has a
sie e ha holds he lou , and when you p ay o he g ain, he lou is pou ed
klos išlais iname. Tai iš esmės ski ingos kogni y inės s uk ū os. Kalba y a
labai iksli ją iš eikšdama. Išlais indami iš alpyklos disk e inį a olydinį u i-
nį, a ojame ski ingus žodžius. Vandenį ( olydinis) iš indo liejame, o g ūdus
(disk e inis) iš maišo be iame. Negalime andens išbe i a g ūdų išlie i. Mil ai,
ou like a con aine and dus , nei he spilled no spilled. They ake up space, hey
ake o e posi ion, so 28 PAV. The change in he s uc u e o he M/L ELD in
Saknes is 28 PAV. Sakmės M/L ELD s uc u e change is educed: he disc e e
limi is con e ed
disk e ini
u ne ibo u
2 ml o disc e iona y
un es ic ed olidine.
i
s a
1 lou :
olydinis ne ibo as
boiled
olydiniu ibo u
ALGIRDAS SAUDARGAS
296 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIV we ha e o use he uni e sal wo d: lou in he
po (bu in he po bo h wa e and g ain). Thus, he seman ic cogni i e s uc u e o
he Mal ese language has bo h a deepe and a deepe meaning. Whe he o g ind is o
g ind o o g ind, he synonym depends on he insigh . We can' g ind, bu we can
mo. Kalba būna i p eciziškai iksli, i poe iškai lais a. Kaip minėjome, an-
g ind g ains. T ansla ing he same me apho ical scheme in o he social ealm, we ind
ha people can ouch, and bea , and build. In his way, he abo e-men ioned
b ead-making s age a. The b and c s ages a e comple ely clea , since b ead is made
om lou (disc e e unlimi ed), which is con e ed in o a solid objec by mixing and
baking. By he way, he wo d b ead is used bo h as a limi ed (b ead baske ) and as an
unlimi ed (gi e me b ead). These s ages co e wo le els: om disc e e o
con inuous and om unlimi ed o limi ed. We' e going o look a hem oge he ,
because he seman ics o wo ds cycle in an in e es ing way. The e's no ob ious
connec ion o he e b o swea . LKZ has wo meanings (and wo phonological
o ms): 1 mil i, milia, milė […] o le he ho s ones (in he cold wa e in he pi ye)[…]
pi in – jau, mačiau, akmenis milia.
Einam 2 mil i, mils a, milo […] o ake lo e[…] In San a, li ing among he people, mils a
sa ęs.
The second laye is he cogni i e laye . The meaning gi en by LKZ o lo e emains on
he su ace, and he example poin s o a deepe laye . o he people. Bu he e b
mils a, jei gy ena san aikoje. Tai galime sup as i, kad žmonės ima mylė i ienas
mils a a osena is in anzi y inė, i.e. i e eals, no wha people do, bu wha is
done wi h hem, […] people mils a. People a e g adually mo ing om indi idual sambu
(disc e iona y unlimi ed) o communi y ( o al limi ed). I 's he same as making
b ead ou o lou . We don' ind any meaning in he LKJ ha lou , when i 's baked
in o b ead, is lou . Again, i doesn' ma e a all whe he i e e had ha meaning
o whe he i had some o he phonological exp ession. The conse a i e is he
cogni i e s uc u e i sel , and i is e idenced by he meaning o he e b.
In e es ingly, he i s meaning o he wo d "meal" is di ec ly ela ed o he
making o b ead. Flou is no longe indi idual, bu you can' make b ead wi hou i .
Howe e , in o de o i o become lou , i has o pass h ough he cup o he
ą. P asideda ugnies i andens mis e ija, i ik dėl jos u ėsime k apnią duoną.
symbolism o i e and wa e . So lou is no jus a consequence o milling, bu is a
cause o u he de elopmen (mil i). They use he cons i uen elemen s in o one
whole b ead. I should be emembe ed ha in ancien imes b ead was baked in he
E apų b i c kogni y inę sanda ą liudija i ki i žodžiai. SEJL pa eikia žodį
o en... lo e as a i le o all he meanings and o ms associa ed wi h lo e, including
Two mills. Only 1 millime e is men ioned sepa a ely, he o igin o which has no
been cla i ied. Meanwhile, he cogni i e eye pu s e e y hing in i s place. Wo ds
mylas, mielas, mielės. Nesunku įž elg i ą p asmės bend ą a diklį – elkian į į
Fonoseman inės sakmės lie u ių kalbos žodyne
a e g ouped a ound: Insigh Insigh s 297 One whole (b ead, communi y, building)
[…] e men […], […] whe he i means honey, plas e o honey o people. I 's a
ansi ion om disc e e o con inuous. The las s age d is ela ed o he
phonological su ace M-L > L-M. In e es ingly, LKZ is also a phonological
me a hesis o milinys liminys. Unde s andably, he na u e is comple ely
di e en .
ŠALTINIAI
DLKŽ – Daba inės lie u ių kalbos žodynas, ečiasis elek oninis leid., y . ed. S asys
Keinys. Vilnius: Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as.
IPU 2014–2015 – Is o ija. Pilie inis ugdymas. Mokymosi p iemonių ka alogas. Kaunas:
Š iesa, Vilnius: Alma li e a.
LKŽe – Lie u ių kalbos žodynas 1–20, 1941–2002; elek oninis a ian as. Redak o ių
kolegija: Ge ūda Nak inienė ( y . edak o ė), Jonas Paulauskas, Ri u ė Pe okienė,
Vy au as Vi kauskas, Jolan a Zaba skai ė. Vilnius: Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as. P ieiga
in e ne e www.lkz.l .
MA 2006 – Mallo y J. P., Adams D. Q. The Ox o d In oduc ion o P o o-Indo-Eu opean
and he P o o-Indo-Eu opean Wo ld. Ox o d Uni e si y P ess.
MNM 1997 – Mi y Na odo Mi a. Olimp.
SEJL 2007 – Smoczyński Wojciech. Słownik e ymologiczny języka li ewskiego, Vil-
Uni e si y o Vilnius
In he ield o li e a u e
Adolphus Ralph: The unsol ed p oblems o neu oscience. […] T ends Cogn Sci is he name o he game.
19(4), 173–175.
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291–311.
Fusa oli, Simone Mo gagni, Būga Kazimie as 1958-1962: Rink iniai w i ings 13. Vilnius: S a e
publishing house o poli ical and scien i ic li e a u e.
Chil on Paul, Language, Space and Mind: The Concep ual Geome y o Linguis ic
Meaning This a icle was o iginally published by Camb idge Uni e si y P ess.
He be Cla k, Space, ime, seman ics, and he child. […] Cogni i e de elopmen and
he acquisi ion o language, ed. by T. Moo e. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.

ALGIRDAS SAUDARGAS
298 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIV
Cuyckens Hube , Gee ae s Di k 2007: Handbook o Cogni i e Linguis ics. This
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Sea ching o he Founda ions o Ma hema ical Though . This is Academic P ess. De
Molle -Wal e : The dynamics o he o ce. […] Cuyckens, Gee ae s Handbook o
Cogni i e Linguis ics. This is he i s ime I ha e ead his book. This Regula ion shall
en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial
Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. Ellen Hen ibe ge F. 1970: The disco e y o he
unconscious: he his o y and e olu ion o dynamic psychia y. This is New Yo k: Basic
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Fusa i Ricca do, Mo gagni Simone, ed. 2009: Concep ual Me apho Theo y: Thi y
Yea s A e . This is he i s ime ha he e m has been used in his way. This
Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s
publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. Gal on An ony, Time Flies
bu Space Does No : Limi s o he Spa ializa ion o Time. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. Gee s Di ck is he au ho o Theo ies o Lexical Seman ics. New Yo k: Uni e si y o Ox o d. This is he i s ime I' e been o New Yo k.
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G eimas Algi das Julius 2005a: S uk ū inė seman ika. Me odo ieškojimas. Vilnius:
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G eimas Algi das Julius is he au ho o Li huanian My hology. Vilnius: whi e lances.
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