A icles o he T ea y
DALIA PAKALNIŠKIENĖ
Klaipėdos uni e si e as
The di ec ions o scien i ic esea ch a e: Bal ic
s udies, geolinguis ics, his o y o ac ion wo ds.
I is also known as he "Golden T iangle"
o he "Golden T iangle" o he "Golden
T iangle" o he "Golden T iangle" o he "Golden T iangle".
LITHUANIA The e m "change" is used o e e o he change in he law o a Membe S a e in which a pe son esides.
A. In he wen y- i s cen u y: LENKIJOS
Li huanian Snake
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Vilnius: Li huanian Language Ins i u e, 2016, page 503
ISBN 978-609-411-186-0 A b igh ly colo ed op wi h a au umn landscape and he
headline Li huanian dialec s change in he ea ly 21s cen u y: Polish Li huanian
slang is he " isi ing ca d" o his monog aph a he ime indica ed in he place
indica ed in he language, he udeness. The Li huanian and Polish speake s'
collec i e ga he ed o he long-awai ed wo k […] Sys ema ic desc ip ion o
Polish jokes. Poli ical, economic, and social changes a e apidly changing he
linguis ic pic u e o he wo ld, so i is impo an o cap u e languages and
exp essions, especially he linguis ic si ua ion in he coun y, as quickly as
possible. Based on se e al decades o collec ed ac s and in e p e a ions o
Polish Li huanian snakes, a ious audio, ideo and manusc ip a chi es and da a
om he expedi ions ca ied ou in 2014-2016, he au ho is commi ed o a
a ie y o snake esea ch - om sociogeolinguis ic analysis, iden i ica ion o
language a chaisms and inno a ions o he de elopmen and p ognosis o snake discussions.
The in oduc ion o he monog aph p esen s o he eade he objec , pu pose
and asks o he s udy, he ma e ial o be s udied, he me hods o he s udy, i s
ele ance and signi icance. The Ty henians decided o combine mode n and
adi ional me hods o dialec ology. Fo he i s ime, a mul idimensional model
o p edic i e esea ch was applied o he samples s udied, acco ding o which:
DALIA PAKALNIŠKIENĖ
284 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVI ea u es o he language 2) he linguis ic
en i onmen has been analysed; 3) a summa ised assessmen o he local
language (and languages) om he poin o iew o he su ey esponden s (20
pages). The inal ma e ial was ma ke ed by he speake using he me hods o
ques ionnai es and in e iews, and analyzed using he inno a i e me hods o
geolinguis ics, sociolinguis ics and pe cep ual dialec ology […] […]compu e
mapping, men al maps, sociolinguis ic a iables, s a is ical analysis, e c. (p. 20)
The ollowing able is inse ed: The sys em and de elopmen o he Snek
language a e desc ibed based on adi ional Li huanian linguis ic me hods […]
desc ip i e, his o ical compa a i e, o maliza ion, e c. The i s wo-pa
chap e Lenkis Li huanian ske ches, displays and de elopmen assump ions:
socio-his o ical, socio-cul u al and demog aphic con ex p esen s a b oad
his o ical, poli ical, economic, socio-cul u al, demog aphic pano ama o he
su eyed a ea. In he i s pa , "The his o ical con ex s o he Li huanian
knigh s o Lening ad", he oldes his o y o his egion om he ime o he
Yo ingians o he end o he 20 h cen u y is b ie ly discussed. The second
sec ion analyses in de ail he socio-cul u al and demog aphic pa ame e s o he
s uc u e and dynamics o he Li huanian communi ies in he Punsko and Seinas
egions. The sociodemog aphic si ua ion a he beginning o he 21s cen u y:
popula ion in 2001 and 2015, Li huanian popula ion in 2002 and 2011, gende , age,
educa ional pa ame e s, educa ional ins i u ions, employmen o he popula ion, u al in as uc u e. The chap e s a e ichly illus a ed wi h in o ma i e ables, maps, and pho og aphs.
The second chap e "Li huanian Li huanian Snails and Thei Bo de s" p esen s he
de elopmen o he in en o y o Polish Li huanian Snails since he i s Russian
Academy o Sciences expedi ions in he middle o he 19 h cen u y. The esul s o
he expedi ions a e analyzed, he esul s o he esea ch o he i s loo s, he
in e p e a ion o he jumping ( he s udies o F yd ich Ku šaičius, An ano
Ba anausko, An ano Salio, Edua do Vol e io a e men ioned), he elics o he
Jo ingian subs a e a e conside ed ( ue, Jo ingian p obalsi s, z in e p e a ion
empo a y lapsus calami, 71 p.). In he hi d de ailed sec ion, "The geolinguis ic iew
o he bounda ies o he Li huanian slang o he Lenca", he bounda ies o he
Li huanian slang a e discussed om he oldes ixa ions, he a eas o di e en
ch onological laye s a e mapped, he mos ecen da a a e compa ed and e i ied,
he demog aphic si ua ion iden i ied in he 2014-2016 expedi ions, he s onges
and mos p ominen geog aphical objec s o he Li huanian language a ea. This
sec ion would na u ally i he second pa o he i s sec ion, bu he au ho mus ha e had he a gumen s o p esen hem sepa a ely.
The hi d chap e , "Lenkian Li huanian Snake Cha ac e is ics Va iabili y and
Change", he la ges (175 pages), is de o ed o he linguis ic analysis o Snake.
The name o he depa men emphasizes he me hodological p inciple o no only
ixing phone ic and mo phological ea u es, bu also showing hei a ian s,
d awing a line. Ski snia […]The ai s o na u al phone ics[…] p esen s he mos
p ominen ea u es o ocalism and consonance eco ded in wo Polish-Li huanian dialec s […] o he e ening
Danguolė Mikulėnienė, As a Leskauskai ė, Vilija Ragaišie-
nė, Lau a Ge žo ai ė, Nijolė Bi gelienė. Lie u ių a mių kai a
XXI a. p adžioje: Lenkijos lie u ių šnek os
Re iews o 285 high schools and e ening high school lunches. Acco ding o he
expedi ions, he long and sho owels o he opposi ion we e main ained in he
e ised a ea o he sou he n wes e n highlands, s ill mixed wi h he long owels an,
am, en, em and he long owels ę, in o, a he beginning o he wo d e ins ead o a,
ha dened owels, spo adically dis u bed s, z and š, ž and so on. The wes e n
sou he n highlands di e om he wes e n highlands in his o ical o es by he
ac ha hey a e lowe ed, by he ac ha hey do no cu long o es sho o
hal -leng hs, by he ac ha hey a e lowe ed, by he ac ha hey ha e a
s onge de-pala aliza ion o o es. The easons and in e p e a ions o he
phonological sys em o owel sounds, he jumping, he de-pala aliza ion o
consonan s, compiled by o he esea che s - Tama os Buch, Wojciech Smoczyński,
Michal Hasiuk, Kazimie Ga š as - a e discussed and e alua ed. I is no ed ha a
he beginning o he 21s cen u y, he ocalism and consonance o he syllables a e
changing in ensi ely, bo h syllables a e simila , hus o ming new ph ases, geolec s,
in luenced by he public Li huanian and Polish languages. The second chap e deals in
de ail wi h he his o y o Polish Li huanian p ose p ose esea ch, examines in de ail
he cu en sys em o accen ua ion, changes and hei causes: ki is, p iegaidė,
a ian s and polinkiai o all he wo ds used o cu se he s ones, he e ec o each
o he , he causes o a iance. The hi d sec ion is in ended o discuss he
g amma ical sys em o Punsko and Seinų šnek ų wi h he p inciples o na u al
mo phology ha a e s ill a ely used in he Li huanian language. I was chosen o
discuss, in he au ho 's wo ds, only h ee pa s o he language - he noun, he
e b, and he e b, bu hey a e undoub edly he mos impo an , he mos
p oblema ic, and he bes ep esen a ion o he g amma ical sys em o each
language. Mos o he ocus o he objec wo ds is on g amma ical ca ego ies and
hei p onuncia ion a iabili y. Empi ics cle e ly classi ies he wo ds o
non-Li huanian o igin and hyb id wo ks o Bal ic and Li huanian o igin, he ph ases
o eminine masculine gen es, compa es he da a o h ee di e en pe iods o
ime […] 2013[…]2016, 1988[…]1989 and 1971[…]1983 wi h he ac s o adjacen pe iods,
e alua es he p oduc i i y o s ones, s eng h, locali y, discusses in mo e de ail […]
inesi and ilia ic (adesi and alia ic). The mos mo phologically signi ican o he
su names a e he pe sonal pa iciple and non-pa iciple, he conc e e and he
quali a i e demons a i e. The same s uc u al ea u es as in o he Li huanian
dialec s and common speech a e cha ac e is ic o he sys em o p onouncing he
e bs o he spoken wo ds. Empi ical da a indica e ha he s ill-used conjuga ion
o ms wi h - ie, domina ed by he o me equen ense o ms wi h -da g e a,
a e he olde widely used o me ca dinal ense o ms wi h ce ain p eposi ions o
p eposi ions -d) o he Vedic. I is also used, albei in isola ion, in e e ence o he
p esen ense o ms (3 a. galūnė - i is some imes desc ibed as 1 and 2 a. as in lowe
case). The pa adigms o alleged, alleged deposi s, bloodsucking ac ions, in ini e
o ms a e p esen ed. The la e do no ha e he o ms o he pas ense and he equen ense. S uc u al ypes o e bs a e p o ided. Due o he classi ica ion p inciples and indi idual examples
DALIA PAKALNIŠKIENĖ
286 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVI could be discussed. The e bs " o be," " o
be," " o be" and " o be" a e unjus i iably classi ied in he hi d subg oup o he
p esen ense. The cha ac e is ics o he 8 h and 9 h subg oups do no e lec
he s uc u e o he e bs men ioned. The ela ionship be ween he e bs
k auna, k ó ė, k au (ie) and he oo ocalism is exp essed di e en ly (266 p. si a,
si o, siū i […] he combina ion o e bs and he o me ocalism (266 p.) and so on. In
my head, he classi ica ion o he non- i ial ac ion s ones is oo small, con using, I
don' know wha i is. Well, he p inciples o na u al mo phology a e applied he e as
much as possible... In he classi ica ion o ad e bs, i would be wo h hinking
abou he dis inc ion be ween noun and ad e b ypes, since he ad e b is no e y
sui able o o he adjec i es -o i edin (268 p.).
In e iewing he sec ion on he analysis o linguis ic phenomena, he las wo
sec ions o which almos claim o be sepa a e scien i ic s udies, one would
like o ake a look a he changes in linguis ic phenomena, a ia ion, causes o
changes, ch onological and spa ial ela ionships, in e e ence phenomena […] a
new look a Polish Li huanian phenomena.
The ou h chap e , "P e equisi es o he iabili y o Polish Li huanian snacks:
communi y and consume ac o s", measu es and p edic s he iabili y o he
snacks s udied acco ding o h ee impo an pa ame e s: socio-cul u al
ne wo ks, you h p o isions in ela ion o he Li huanian language and he image o
Polish snacks on men al maps. The au ho s used he in e iew me hod o
de e mine he socio-cul u al ne wo ks, showing ha he s onges
in as uc u e, he highes social p es ige, he abundance o popula ion
dis inguishes Punsk and Seina wi h gymnasiums, lyceums, o he schools,
kinde ga ens, adminis a i e ins i u ions, museums, cul u al cen e s, a ious
o ganiza ions. The maps o socio-cul u al ne wo ks ( igu es 41 and 42) show he
di ec ion o a ious ela ionships, he openness o communi ies, and he closeness
o communi ies. The deg ee o e hnic iden i y is e lec ed in he linguis ic
landscape. The in es iga o s ound ha public insc ip ions a e usually bilingual -
depending on he objec , one o he o he language p e ails. How young people
assess hei na i e language was shown by he answe s o s uden s s udying a
Punsko lyceum and Li huanian and Polish uni e si ies using he 2013-2015
ques ionnai e and in e iew me hods. I u ned ou ha Li huanian is he mos
commonly spoken language a home, while Li huanian and Polish a e a ely spoken a
home. Mos Li huanian-speaking amilies speak in a dialec , Dzūki, bu no only a
home […] dialec is also spoken in he ield o solida i y o e en ins umen al. The
s uden s belie e ha i is wo h paying o bo h a ie ies o language common
language and language, because i is he bi hplace, he he i age o he coun y, i s
own and exclusi e. The common language is conside ed p es igious, necessa y o
communica ion wi h all Li huanians. In he hi d sec ion, men al maps e ealing he
Danguolė Mikulėnienė, As a Leskauskai ė, Vilija Ragaišie-
nė, Lau a Ge žo ai ė, Nijolė Bi gelienė. Lie u ių a mių kai a
XXI a. p adžioje: Lenkijos lie u ių šnek os
Re iews by 287
In he handw i en maps, he s uden s o he 10 h and 11 h g ades indica ed
a iously: some assigned only he cen e o he na i e dis ic s o Punsk, o he s
assigned he dis ic o Dzūkų, which includes he dis ic s o Punsko in Poland
and Ma ijampolė, Aly aus and Lazdijas o Kal a ija dis ic s in Li huania. O he s
dis inguished be ween lowlands, wes e n highlands, eas e n highlands, and lakes,
and so on. Almos hal o he esponden s indica ed ha hey knew wo wo ds
lowlands and highlands, a hi d h ee lakes, highlands and lowlands, and a six h
ou lakes, highlands, lowlands and lowlands. A pe son who speaks in e mi en ly
associa es wi h his s uden s wi h he p ese a ion o adi ions, pa io ism, he
li es in small owns o illages, he is old, so he is iewed s e eo ypically. The i h
chap e , "The Fo ma ion o he Sou he n Highlands Quasi egion in he Punsko and
Seine Dis ic s", w i en wi h a beau i ul esea che , ques ioning and
answe ing, passion, summa izes he esul s o he esea ch and iden i ies a new
linguis ic compound, he Sou he n Highlands Quasi egion, o med by he
adi ional Punsko and Seine Dis ic s Schnek os, p ese ed by he old
gene a ion, based on common Li huanian and Polish elemen s. The cha ac e is ics
o he b igh language disappea in he new egion. The indings a e an impo an
summa y o he comp ehensi e s udy. The in e ac ion be ween Polish and English
will undoub edly ensu e he dissemina ion o he monog aph's ideas and he
popula i y o he Li huanian Geolinguis ic School. The e a e also ables,
pho og aphs, pain ings (a ound a hund ed), isualizing he mos impo an
esul s, wel e appendices on he e hnic composi ion o he popula ion and he
use o languages a he end o he 19 h cen u y, Li huanian, mixed om he na ional poin o iew, Sla ic illages in he a ea o Punsko and Seina, he da a o which he scien is sha es wi h he academic communi y.
images o he dialec s a e p esen ed, compiled acco ding o he me hodology o
pe cep ual dialec ology. The ques ionnai es and li e a u e lis s o he 11 h Punsko
Ko o High School once again es i y o he p o essionalism o he s udy: eliable
sou ces om he i s eco dings, abundan in e disciplina y scien i ic li e a u e […] he esul s o empi ical esea ch and heo e ical, me hodological opus […] allowed scien is s o p epa e an inno a i e monog aph.
Iucundi, wo k ha d! (M. Tullius Cice o)
Deli e ed on 15 Ma ch 2017
DALIA PAKALNIŠKIENĖ
Klaipėdos uni e si e as
The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop
delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion.