212 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIX
LAIMUTIS BILKIS
Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as
Di ec ions o scien i ic esea ch: oponymy and an h oponymics.
Li huanian ci izenship wi h
oo s in GAL- (< LIET. The GLAAS
(Finished, inished)
This is DARYBOS YPATYBS
Peculia i ies o Fo ma ion o Li huanian
Toponyms wi h Roo Gal-
(< Li h. gãlas ‘end, edge’)
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
Toponyms, de i ed om he Li huanian wo d pabaiga, coun y, o m a e y la ge kilmin g oup,
cha ac e ized by a a ie y o c a s, a special a ie y o mixed and composi e c a s. The
a icle analyzes he ways o hei de i a ion, ocusing on he p oduc i i y o he ypes o
cons uc ion, he mo phological s a us o he basic wo ds and he meaning o cons uc ion. Based on he adi ional g amma ical o syn ac ic
sinių yšių ap ašu, ap a iami sudu inių ie o a džių i ie o a džiais einančių p ielinksni-
nių kons ukcijų g ama iniai san ykiai i žodžių junginius suda ančių sudė inių ie o a džių
dėmenų sin aksiniai yšiai.
ESMINIAI WORDS: place names, place names wi h oo s, g amma ical connec ions o
compound and compound place names.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
The oponyms de i ed om Li h. The wo ds "end" and "edge" cons i u e a e y la ge
e ymological g oup and demons a e a ied o ma ion pa e ns as well as a special di e si y o
compound and composi e o ma ions. The a icle add esses hei de i a ional pa e ns wi h a
ocus on he p oduc i i y o o ma ion ypes, he mo phological s a us o base wo ds, and he
meaning o o ma ion. By e e ing o he adi ional desc ip ion o g amma ical and
syn ac ic ela ionships, he a icle discusses he g amma ical ela ionships o compound
oponyms and he p eposi ional cons uc ions used as oponyms, as well as he syn ac ic
ela ionships o he componen s o compound oponyms comp ising wo d ph ases. KEYWORDS:
o ma ion o oponyms, oponyms wi h he oo gal-, g amma ical ela ions o componen s o
compound and composi e oponyms.
A icles o he T ea y
Lie u ių ie o a džių su šaknimi gal-
(< lie . gãlas ‘pabaiga, k aš as’) da ybos ypa ybės
1. In he hi d olume o Li huanian place names (G[…]H, see LVŽ III) place names,
de i ed om he le e . gãlas […] ie a, whe e he longes hing ends; he edge o
he hing (p adžia, inish); he edge, he wall; The longes a icle (kilminą lizdą) is 15
pages long. The oo s o hese place names a e ound in Gaussian and o he Bal ic
languages, e.g. la . . Gals, Galabe ži, Gala-dzelme and o he s (Endzelīns 1956:
292294), p . . This is he i s ime ha he e m has been used in he English
language. Galindo (Būga 1961: 117; Topo o 1979: 143; Vanagas 1980: 20), Galan en
35), *Gal-ings (Pospiszylowa 1990: 243), Gali en, Gallingen (Blažienė 2005: 59),
(Ge ulis 1922: Galina, a wa e all in he Ode basin) (O el 1997: 336) is loca ed in he
sou he n pa o he coun y. The pu pose o his a icle is o examine he ways
in which nouns a e de i ed om he p oduc i i y o ypes o nouns, he
mo phological s a us o base wo ds and he meaning o nouns, on he basis o he
adi ional desc ip ion o g amma ical and syn ac ic ela ionships, o discuss he
g amma ical ela ionships o nouns and adjec i e cons uc ions and syn ac ic
ela ionships o compound nouns o ming wo d combina ions.
e y ew syn ac ic connec ions be ween wo (o se e al) wo ds ha would make up he
oponyms a e w i en abou , and only in agmen s. In publica ions de o ed o he analysis o
B onio Sa ukyn's compound wo ds, i is no ed ha he i s componen s o adjec i al place
names a e he uns essed syllable (Sa ukynas 1963: 237[…]238) and ha compound wo ds a e
be e classi ied on he basis o he syn ac ic ela ionships o nouns […] in o he de i a i e and
uns essed, o adjec i es (Sa ukynas 1971: 167). Dalia S ide skienė (2017: 80[…]81) has a gued o
he classi ica ion o such compound place names in he analysis o he compound helonims o he
Ma ijampolė dis ic . Alexande Vanagos esea ch wo k on i e and lake names men ions ha
bo h names o he ances al hyd onyms make up he second (Vanago 1970: 273274)3. In addi ion, only
hose compound and compound place names in which he oo ends in he i s syllable a e
o ieną sin aksinį junginį, a liekan į ie o a džio unkcijas, o isų sudė inių
i daugumos sudu inių hid onimų pi masis komponen as apib ėžia (de e mi-
analyzed. P e ixed and seconda y wo ds wi h bold spellings a e sca e ed in many Li huanian
wo ds acco ding o he i s spellings o he Li huanian wo ds lizds (and oms), so i will be
possible o alk abou hei concen a ion and s udy only a e publishing he en i e dic iona y.
2 Some newe wo ks on syn ax dis inguish be ween syn ac ic and mo phosyn ac ic ela ionships (plg.
This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
3 When analyzing he composi ion o compound nouns, Alexande Vanagas p e e ed a classi ica ion
based on he mo phological s a us o nouns: when s udying he de i a ion o compound hyd onyms,
he di ided hem in o geni i e and quali ie s, while also cons uc ing o onyms in o nomina i e and
quali ie s (Vanagas 1970: 258, 273; 1973: 213, 214).
LAIMUTIS BILKIS
The esul s o he Ac a Linguis ica LXXIX emphasize ha , om a g amma ical
syn ac ic poin o iew, bo h he p onouns and he quali ie s o his class a e
he same, since hei i s componen , o e b, de ines, co ec s he second
(Razmukai ė, 2003: 64). Thus, when analyzing place names wi h a glossa y, among
o he hings, mo e a en ion should be paid o he con en o he desc ip ion.
gausios sudė inių oponimų g upės dėmenų sin aksiniams yšiams ap a i, i-
kin is, kad šie duomenys papildys lie u ių kalbos žodžių junginių sin aksinio
2. Place names wi h oo s in Gaul a e classi ied as Gaulish acco ding o he me hod
ini kaip pi miniai, ediniai (de i a ai), sudu iniai (kompozi ai) i sudė iniai.
Absoliučią daugumą pi minių oponimų suda o plu alia an um ie o a džiai
o making hem. O pa icula no e is he di e si y o he deno a ions o oponyms
ha ha e eme ged in he p ocess o plu aliza ion: in mos cases Gala a e ag onyms
(names o a mies, soil, di ons, pas u es, ields, meadows, i e s), bu he e a e
also oikonyms (names o illages, hei pa s, pali a s), d imonyms (names o
o es s, bushes), helonyms (names o balls, w i e s). In o al, abou 300 such place
names ha e been eco ded: Gala[…]a . High, D . Sld, k. Blnk, Kz , Rim, k. (Ringalių) pa
o he Lm, k. (Šadžiūnai) pa o he Lp, l. Dbn, p . Ms and k . Such oponyms
undoub edly consis no only o he ain. he place whe e he longes hing ends;
he edge o he hing (p adžia, inish); he edge, he wall; The limi is plu al, bu also
om he ain. The plu al o he appella i e gala[…] […]galulaukė[…]. This can also be
explained by he abundance o ag onomy: i is assumed ha many o hem e e o
he ela ions o a de ined place: i names objec s a he ends o ields. The e a e
ewe han 20 no able i s names o he place names ha a e o med om he
le e "g" o he singula o m: Gãlas o . Gd , Ssk, b. Pš, Vln, ež. This is he name o
he coun y. Bsg, he gn. Zp, k. Rud, k. (Leipuškės) pa o Ml, k. (Pe šėkininkų) pa
o M s and k . Ra e p imi i e illages wi h empo a y local place names Galuõs k m.
K, Galuosè b. S k, consis ing o he plu al o m o he wo d gãlas o he plu al o m
o he wo d galūkė, abb e ia ed galuõs and galūsos. This me hod o nomina ion occu s only in oponymy.
3. Galūnė's ma iage can be conside ed one o he oikonimą Gal-ia s. Nmč (:
gãlas), al hough, on he o he hand, i can be a plu ale an um ype an h opooikonimas, plg. ain.
o which: Gaul, Gaulish (LPDB).
4. place names acco ding o he ca ego y o he wo k shall be di ided in o Vedic
names o med acco ding o he deminu i e, a ibu i e names o he holde s o
he cha ac e is ics and he analogy o he wo k o he place names (nomina loci).
Mos o he deminu i e place names a e composed wi h he p e ixes -elis and -eliai
[…] espec i ely 12 and 11: Gal-eliai k. Rz, Vžns, k. (Juškėnų) pa Sdk, k m., mš. Lks,
p . B and k ., Gal-Elis gn. M P esiden , ladies and gen lemen, I should like o begin
by cong a ula ing he appo eu on his excellen epo . Pa s Sd, k. (Sausininkų)
pa o B , k. (K ekš ėnų) pa o K ok, k. (G iežpelkių) pa o Lks and k . The
p eposi ions -ai ė, -ai ės, -aliai, -iukas, -elė, -elės, -učiai, -ukai, -u ė, -u is o he Vedic occu in pai s o one by one: Gal-ai ė p . Lb , he Gal-Ai e p . Lzd, Gãl-ai is s. Pp, Gal-ãliai k. He is a membe o he Spanish na ional eam.
A icles by A icle 215
Lie u ių ie o a džių su šaknimi gal-
(< lie . gãlas ‘pabaiga, k aš as’) da ybos ypa ybės
(G ūšlaukės, Lazdininkų, Vaineikių Medsėdžių) pa s o D , s. An k, Gal-ẽlė b. Rz,
Gal-ẽlės . Miške Ppl, Gal-iùkas l. Upn, U , sklp. This is a lis o he municipali ies in
which he municipali y is loca ed. Dglšk, Gal-učiai k. (pa o Ragiškės) Lkš,
Gal-ùkai o also known as Gal-učiai k. Dg, Gal-ù ė p . is he name o he
municipali y. V d , he Gal-U is s . The KzR. Acco ding o he analogy o he
peculia i y o he names o he holde s, he place names consis mainly o he
Šln, gn. S , up. B ž, D , s. A ž i k ., Gal-nės k. (S ilių) dalis Js , k. (Pu p-
cha ac e is ic p e ix *-no-4. Mos ly he e a e p eposi ions -inė and -inės edinių
abou 150 and 100 espec i ely: Gal-nė a . An, b. An z, d . lių) pa o M k, k.
(Kazimie a o) pa o P , k. (S ungių) pa o Žg, 2 cln. Dgč, mš. Wha is i ? DglshN,
he s . T gn, he j. Vb, he s . Sn , agains B and k . How many ewe place
names a e o med wi h he p e ixes -inis and -iniai […] 75 and 110: Gal-[…]niai a . Bb,
D . Ml , cln. He is a doc o . Skp and k m. Aln, he j. Ad, please. Pa s and
accesso ies Ign and k ., Gal-inia k. (Bi biliškės) pa o Vl, Gal-nis a. Rz, g . B z,
please. Ign, l. Pnd, and msh. Rd, up. Jnš, M j, S d, agains Jon, Upn and k . The
de i a i es o -aunė and -ina men ioned he e a e: Gal-aũnė5 k m. Vl, Gal-inà k.,
agains he V d . This ca ego y o wo ks can also be assigned o one o he p eposi ions -iskes and -osnė edinį: Gãl-iskes gn., gn. Pa o he Kl n, Gal-uõsnė kln., k m., plk., sln. The Czech Republic. The Vedas wi h Sla ic p eposi ions, appa en ly, also mean a peculia i y: Gal-énka l. K k, Gal-iáukos p . Ml, he ga den o Gal-ie ka. Kdn, he Gal-enca is gone.
Dbg, k. (Skais e ių) pa o he Mck, s . The Commission shall be
empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion. Msn, Gal-nkė b. Užp, Gal-oškė d . Va n. She is a membe o he Eu opean Pa liamen .
O he place names assigned o he making ca ego y, he mo e equen
p e ixes -ynė ediniai (7 .): Gal-nė d . Lkm, k m. S č, l. A s, B , and p . Lkm,
Gal-[…]nė ( a . Pel[…]nė) is loca ed in he municipali y o Gal-[…]nė. K kn, Gal-[…]nė
(also known as Pemp[…]nės) l. Už . This ca ego y also includes he indi idual
de i a i es -a a, -ija, -ijos, -yna, -ynas: Gal-a à d p., gn., l. Va n, Gal-ijà p . T g,
Gal-ijos a , p . This is he i s ime I' e seen his. NmŽ, Gal-na Gal-nas a ., b., ln.,
mš., p ., . in he i e (Šešu yje) B . His o ically, Tokyo- ype buildings ha e been conside ed o be speci ic, i.e. o ha e acqui ed local signi icance, wi h common names (Amb azas
2000: 51, 54).
5. Mos o he place names wi h he i s syllable a e de i ed om
de e mina i e wo ds. Mos o hem belong o a ai ly small g oup o
de e mina i e du s in Li huanian, he second o which de ines he i s ,
indica es i s loca ion o (whe e place names a e me apho ical) i s a ilia ion.
The e a e many and a ied models o making such owe s. This is ela ed o he
ac ha e en among he common wo ds made up o wo nouns, he
de i a i es o which 4 a e due o he o igin o he p eposi ions, see. Amb ose 2000: 144 […] 147. This is he i s ime ha his has happened.
5
Fo example, he appella ion gi en o he names o he holde s o he cha ac e is ics o he
gẽležaunės (Amb azas 2000: 161). 6 When s udying Li huanian compound place names, i is usually
emphasized ha he de i a i es o wo nouns (o p onouns) a e de e mina i e, he i s o which
de ines he second (Razmukai ė 2002: 121; S ide skienė 2006: 48; Kačinai ė 2008: 277). The e is no need o
analyze he case whe e he second place name is de ining and he i s […] de ining.
LAIMUTIS BILKIS
216 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIX he second owel de ines he i s , and
he gãlas is one o he mos commonly used wo ds in he i s owel (see LKG I
441).
The mos p oduc i e model o making local wo ds is he objec wo d wi h gal- (← Gd ,
gãlas, gala) + bend inis daik a a dis: Gal-ã-balė l., p . V n, Gal-ã-baliai p .
Gal-a-bals b., p . Ob, wo pages. Vb, Gal-balis b. Imb , Gal-balis (also known as Klimbalė)
gn., p . Vb, Gal-bals k. Vb, Gal-ia-balė cln. This is he i s ime I' e hea d o his. Kl ,
Gal--balė b. Dgč, d . Šiūl, plk. Kpč, Gal--balė […] Gal--balis l., p . This a icle is pa o a
balis d p., plk. Pnd, Gal-ù-balė b. Imb , Rim, Skp, Vad, k m. K sn, p . K k,
K sn, M s, Vad, Gal--balė p . Skp, Gal-ù-balis 2 b. Gž, b. Kp, 2 b. Šmn, b. Tsk,
se ies on he his o y o he balle . Kpč, Gal--balis plk. Al , Gal-óVb, d. S , d p. This is
he i s ime I' e seen his. M j and k ., Gal--balis a. in he woods Dglč, o . S , b. Vb:
gãlas, gala + balà, which means " o play". The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop
delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying
down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion. Membe : beñd ė, common
[…] bend a meadow, common ield[…]7; Gal-a-č e is l. Onš: č é is […] ou h qua e ,
ou h qua e ; Gal-a-dalia is a l., msh. The pa o M k, Gal-a-dals mš. M k: pa o a
ce ain amoun o he whole hing; a cons i uen elemen o any objec ; land plo ,
ield; Gal-a-dã ymai p . Wha is i ? DglšN: he dã ymas ‘kemsynė, he clamp ball, he
ais ; The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h
A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he
applica ion o his Regula ion. he ollowing pa ag aph is inse ed: The gal-a-capped
p . In he case o a Membe S a e, he Commission shall, by means o implemen ing
ac s, adop implemen ing ac s laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his
Regula ion. Gal-ã-kluonė p . ( o me ly known as Gal-ã-kluonė) The ollowing de ini ions
shall apply: he meadow by he cle , he h eshing loo , he h eshing loo , he
cle , he washing; I 's he lion's oa . No: he cage; This Regula ion shall en e in o
o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o
he Eu opean Union. I 's called a pusswalk. I 's called a pusswalk. The Gal-a-slanshi
clock. JnšM: slãs ai ‘ oys o mice, o ca ch animals, sponges, ogs; Gal-a-shine p .
Dbg: shina ‘ a lankis, ounded ounded ounded ounded ounded ounded ounded
ounded ounded ounded ounded ounded ounded ounded ounded ounded
ounded ounded ounded ounded ounded ounded ounded ounded he
ho ned-ho se-ho se-ho se-ho se-ho se-ho se-ho se-ho se-ho se-ho se-ho se-ho s-
e-ho se Gal-ã- i agė […] Gal-ã- i agis kl., he bo de be ween he ields T gn:
agė, agis ‘ h ee wagon lane; I 's called Gal-a- alakai. The Commission shall be
empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his
sis, degėss ‘degimo liekana, apdegęs medis, nuodėgulisʼ, degsė ‘apdegusi ie a,
gais o ie aʼ, di à, ẽže as, gã ė, gi ià, gõjus ‘nedidelis, g ažus miškelis, gi ai ėʼ,
Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion. Pkn, Gal-a- alakis o , b. Kpč, Gal-- alakė clone. This is a lis o people who we e bo n in, esiden s o , o a e o he wise closely associa ed wi h Gal-a- alakis. Shaul, Gal-- alakis l. Jk, Galu- alakiai l. R n: he plo o land o he alaka is abou wen y- wo en hs; he edge o he g ound beyond he house; Gal-ã-žydapie ė l. Eiš, also known as Gal-ã-žydapie is. D z: *žydapie ė, *žydapie is: he wo d, pe a; Gal-i-su ã ai […] Gal-i-su ã iai […] Gal-i-su ã ai o , l., pb., p . Gal-i-su ã ai is he name o a illage in he no he n pa o he coun y. Lp: s a a, s a as, sù a a, sù a as […]ske sinis, which connec s he sides o he pa emen (s akes, limes one) wi h he embankmen […]; The o es g assland: he g assland g assland oad; This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. Vb, Gal-ùka is gn. Wha is he name o he coun y? Rm: ca d […]long hin ee, spinning, hu […] o ka[…] is […]a s e ch o uncu g ass in he dis ance[…]; Gal-ù-sand p . Wha is i ? Kp : sand, sand and clay. Acco ding o his model, se e al hund ed di e en compound place names wi h conjunc i e owels a e o med, he basic wo ds o which a e s ill common objec s: squa e, squa e, s one, s one, s one, s one, s one, s one, s one, s one, s one, s one, s one, s one, s one, s one, s one, s one, s one, s one, s one, s one.

S aipsniai / A icles 217
Lie u ių ie o a džių su šaknimi gal-
(< lie . gãlas ‘pabaiga, k aš as’) da ybos ypa ybės
I 's called he Kaimas, he Kalnas, he Kalniukas, he Kapas, he Kelias, he Ke i is, he
Valako Qua adalis, he Kimas, he Clamas, he Clamas, he Clamas, he Clamas, he
Clamas, he Clamas, he Clamas, he Clamas, he Clamas, he Clamas, he Clamas, he
Clamas, he Clamas, he Clamas, he Clamas, he Clamas, he Clamas, he Clamas, he
Clamas, he Clamas. wis ing, wis ing he angle; a ield, a piece o land, a meadow, a
pie a, pelkė, bala, liūnas; šlapia ie a, apaugusi k ūmais i sku džiais medžiais,
ais as; nedidelis miškas, bi ž a; palik as nea as, nepjau as žemės sklypas gy-
uliams gany iʼ, lekna, lieknà ‘žema d ėgna pie a be k ūmųʼ, liẽp as, lgas, lgas
meadow, a meadow, a meadow o a ee on which walnu s (Co ylus a ellana) g ow; he
o es o hese plan s, he walnu , he aco n, he lichen, he sludge, he clump, he place
whe e he u ine is pou ed; he mou h o he i e Klampi; he clan, he ball; he lion, he
lioness; O he , o ci cula c oss-sec ion, o i on o s eel di and deb is; a he bo om
o a i e , a di ch, a ma sh, a ma sh, a ma sh, a ma sh; beyond he a ms, he idge, he
salà ‘iš isų pusių andens apsup as sausumos plo as; pakilesnis, sausas žemės
plo elis liūne, ais e; a iamos žemės, di os plo elis a p pie ų; sodžius, kaimasʼ,
*sdimas, sdymas ‘žemės ėžis ies sodybaʼ, skadžius, skadis, ske snė ‘ske -
moo , he shel e , he shel e , he shed, he shed, he shed, he shed, he shed, he
shed, he shed, he shed, he shed, he shed, he shed, he shed, he shed, he shed, he
shed he place, he a ea, he squa e, he plo s, he place, he a ea, he squa e, he
ponds, he ponds, he ponds, he ponds, he ponds; a small s eam, a ield di ided in o six
s eams; The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance
wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he
applica ion o his Regula ion. The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed
ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed
ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion. o es a ea (cu o o in ended o be cu
o )', ske snis ‘a ield di ided by ske sais ėžiais', sknimas, skynmas ‘skinnin a, a
cu -o o es a ea, sodà ‘a illage no cu down', sodžius, sõdžius, sodžiùs ‘a
se lemen in he alley, a illage; sodybaʼ, wa , hu , hu plo o land, plo o land, a ea ,
oo , sh ub, sh ub long na ow plo o land, idge , hill, hill, hill, oo o he oo o he
oo o he oo o he oo o he oo o he oo o he oo ; cal pas u e, meadow
da; medinė su i inamoji du ų, s alų, s aklių i pan. de alė, pe a as, sankalas,
į ylisʼ, a ai, odà ‘pie os įsikišimas į mišką, į k ūmus, į odė, p a ėgė, laukymė;
by he ga den, ãkas ‘aukš a, d y meadow o e g own wi h a e sh ubs and ees, o es squa e; g assland wi h bi ch ees; de o es a ion o bu ning o o es a ea, clea ance; o es (some imes ield) oad o pa h, ence, alley, […]lyčia, ūlyčià, ūlčia, ulyčià, ùlyčia […] old illage oad, s ee ; a ci y s ee ; ya d, shed; enclosed pa h o animals o swim, o swim, o swim, o swim; u al pas u e; he illage, he sodus, he upal, he upel, he upel, he upel, he alka, he small clan, he ball, he ain ha ell on he oad, he meadow, he soil, he ya d, and so on. ; mud, mud, muddy place, daubaʼ, ã as, a à ‘once he ence is igh , he en , he slan ing o he g ound be ween he di , he play, he wo ds, he wo ds o he animals8.
common is he Ghanaian model noun wi h gal- (gãlas, gala) + he e i ica ion
noun, which is also a place name ( anden a dis, oikonimas, ag onimas):
Gal-a-d apals p . Shaul: D apãlis ež., Gal-ã-dusiai d . S j, Gal-ã-dusis […]
Gal-adus[…]s o . Gal-ã-dusis […] Gal-adus[…]s o . Gal-adus[…] is he name o he
i e ha lows h ough he ci y. I 's all igh . L: Dusià ež. (K iklys 1966: 49; Vanagas 1981: 104), Gãl-a-ilgė […] Gãl-a-ilgis k., s. M k, Gál-ilgė p . (Synonyms and ela ed wo ds) This is a lis o people who we e bo n in, esiden s o , o a e o he wise closely associa ed wi h Gãl-ilgė. W i en by Ìlgis ež., Gal-a-ilgis p . I'm no su e wha you' e alking abou .
8 Fo mo e in o ma ion, see This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
LAIMUTIS BILKIS
218 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIX ež., Gal-ã-pelakis mš. This is he i s
edi ion o he Ac . JnšM: Pa o he Pẽlakas ež. (A ino), Gal-ã-suojė […]
Gal-ã-suojis p . F om: Suojs ež., Suojà up., Gal-ã- e knė Gal-ã- e knis o . This
is he i s ime I' e seen his. I is also known as he "Golden T iangle" o he
"Golden T iangle" o he "Golden T iangle" o he "Golden T iangle" o he
"Golden T iangle". Vb: Bé ž alkė, Bé ž alkis p ., Gal-u-duobù ė p . This is a lis
o he municipali ies o he Czech Republic. Ldk, Gal-u-duobù is s. This is he
i s ime I' e seen his. Ldk: Duobù is up, Gal-ù-nak akė b. Kp: Nak ak up,
Gal-ù- o ėja l. P , Gal-u- o ėjs p . This is he i s ime ha his has happened. I 's up he e. The second owel o hese compound place names indica es he place o esidence and belonging o he objec named in he de ini e owel.
Among he du ian o he wo nouns he e is a a e model […] noun wi h a noun
(gãlas, gala[…]) + a noun e i ica ion, which is a pe sonal noun: Gal-aš a[…]nė l.
pa Šš: a d. I 's called he Sh ain. I 's called he Sh ain. S einà, Š eins,
Gal-ùšeškiai o Gal-ùšeškiai, also known as Gal-úšeškiai o Gal-úšeškiai. Vb: he
a d. The LPDB. The mos likely o igin o he su name o Ag onimo Galùšeškiai is
he coincidence o he localiza ion o he place name and he su name Šẽškas.
Appa en ly, he wo mean belonging o objec s o indi iduals.
Ra i ies, which occu only in oponymy, a e synonymic place names, consis ing o
he La in gãlas ilia y o galañ and he common o eal noun: GaV n, Galam-bãlė (<
lam-pòliai (Galam-pòlės?) (< *Galan-pòliai) p . S k: lenk. pole ‘di a; laukasʼ
(LLKŽ 476), us. поле ‘laukasʼ (RLKŽ III 245), Galan-balà b. Sl, Galañ-balė l.
*Galan-bãlė) p . M k: Balà, Galan-ẽže ė ( a . Galañ ẽže o) l., also known as
Galan-ẽže ė. The name o he municipali y is he municipali y o Galán-lyčė (<
*Galan-ūlyčė). Name: […]lyčia, ūlyčià, ūlčia, Galan-kã iškis o also known as […]lyčia,
ūlyčià, ūlčia, Galan-kã iškis o Galan-kã iškis Kpč: Kã iškis ež. This is he i s ime
I' e seen his. The unchanged iliac o m o he i s syllable o such compound place names de ines he second noun, indica ing he di ec ion owa ds he objec .
The pai o adjec i es can be composed o a noun wi h a e b (gal- (gãlas, gala)
and an adjec i e: Gal-ã-cieliai d . Pkn: ciẽlas ‘unpales , heal hy; he whole, he
whole, he Gal-ù-ko inis ( a . Kõ inė) p . Kp: a igh , -ė ela ed o a igh , mean
o a igh (acco ding o Pa eikė, he e we e ebel hideou s in he meadow). The
second pa o hese ag onomic e ms (būd a dinis) de ines he i s
(daik a a dinį): cieli galai, ko iniai galai. Such a model o making commonplace
objec s is e y a e […] occu s only wi h he second building block, a ising om he emains, […]
(LKG I 472).
Se e al oponyms can be ea ed as de i a i es o a noun wi h he e b gal- (gãlas,
gala) and he e b: Gal-ã-sa is kl ., p . Al: ain. Sa i (sã a, sã o) […] o be ed, no o
be di y, Gal-a- a as d . Užp: o be made, o be buil ( o ); ence o limi , ound,
s ip; o enclose, o build; o be di ided in o sepa a e pa s by pa i ions, o be
con e ed, Gal--sea s ( a . Galùsėdymai) o . Pnd: o si down (sdi) (old, old) ‘asha
‘pas o iai gy en i (kokioje ie oje)ʼ, Gal-ù-s upė gn. V s: (?) s ùpin i ‘ auk-
isʼ, Gál- e kis ( a . Gál alkis, Ga alkis, Gal alks) b., g ., p . Bsg: ek i
ains, o bu s ou o exci emen ( om pain, sadness, joy); o complain, o objec ;
A icles and a icles 219
Lie u ių ie o a džių su šaknimi gal-
(< lie . gãlas ‘pabaiga, k aš as’) da ybos ypa ybės
o lose weigh , o lose weigh , o lose weigh . I is di icul o ell he ela ionship
be ween such place names made up o a noun and a e b. Pe haps he i s
sen ence indica es he place o he ac ion: […]gale sa iʼ, […]gale sėdė iʼ, i.e. o be,
[…]gale e k iʼ, i.e. o shake, o s uggle, e c., see he noc u nal noc u nal […]gonis
[…]nak į gany iʼ (LKG I 463).
Compound nouns a e p ima ily di ided in o p e ixes and conjunc ions.
Mos o he place names a e composed o he new 10 space (place) ela ionships
o he indica i e in e media e place name galù, which is he lowe o m o he
sup ilinked p e ix o he p e ix, and he common p e ix o he p e ix: Galù bãlos
( a . Galañ bãlos). Look, Galù is he e. Tj, l. V n, p . and Pn , Tj, Galù di óno o
wha e e you wan o call i . K k, Galù di[…] os (Gałudi as) p. . This is a lis o
he municipali ies o he Czech Republic. Dkš , Galù ẽže o b. Km, d . K k, p . He is a
membe o he Eu opean Pa liamen . Lel, Galù gõjaus k m., l., upl. pa Km, Galù
káimo l. Pn, p ., s . is loca ed in he sou he n pa o he coun y. Blnk, Galù
canoes d . Imb : canoes and canoes and canoes and canoes and canoes and canoes
and canoes and canoes and canoes and canoes and canoes and canoes and canoes
and canoes e, olasʼ, Galù is he name o he illage. Visi , Galù kluon d ž., p. . This
is he i s ime I' e been o his place. Lell, Galù is le behind. Gl , Galù laũko d .
K , cln. He is a membe o he Eu opean Pa liamen . Yellow, p . JnšM, Galù lazdno
mš. I'm going o ake a showe . The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop
delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by
laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion. In he case o
he Uni ed Kingdom: Km, Galù illage p . Blnk, Galù palace o he c m., p . The
palace, he palace, he palace, he palace, he palace, he palace, he palace, he
palace, he palace, he palace, he palace, he palace, he palace, he palace, he
palace, he palace. The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in
acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed
ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion. Pbs, Galù is w i en as plk. Pg, Galù is w i en as a . K , b. Kp, p . Wha is he name o he i e ? K ns, Galù is a small island. Lake (Alauše) Sdk, Galù is he sea o he municipali y. Vdšk: he sea is called sodyba, Galù senos p . S , he s . On, he Galù ga dens a e clinging. Rk, Galù sõdo . Pnm, Galù column o he p . Whe e: a column, plg. s upa […] s a ion in he g ound in he illage; I'm no su e wha you' e alking abou . I'm no su e wha you' e alking abou . Dl, p . Blnk, Dl, Pn , Žl, Galù el ninko (also known as Galù el nyko) o Tj, Galù o õs d . S , l. Blnk, pk n . He is a membe o he Eu opean Pa liamen . In , p This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. An, Galù ūlčios (also known as Ras as) p . I 's him. I should be no ed ha he cons uc ion indica ing he loca ion wi h he unc ion o a link be ween he gallows and he pedes al o he objec is qui e common in he e minology: gallows ee , om he gallows o he cloak (Ul ydas 2000: 223), gallows claws, gallows nes s, gallows ield, gallows sod (LKŽe).
The adjec i e may also be used wi h he ad e b o ce ain place names o indica e he loca ion o an
objec in ela ion o ano he objec : Galù Dẽblono l. K kn: Dẽblikacijoje (Rabačiauskai ė 1969: 243), as
blonas up., Galù Ìšlaužo d . K d: Ìšlaužas p ., Galù Šlãpių gn. Pg: Šlãpės a ., gn.
9 Lie u ių p ielinksniniai ie ų a dai sudė iniais adinami i ienin elėje jų da ybai ski oje pu-
well as in some o he wo ks o he analysis o oponymic cons uc ion (Endzely ė 2005: 176). O he
esea che s a e assigned wo au onomous g oups […] compound place names and p e e ed place
names (Mickienė 2001: 123, 136; Ba ku ė 2008: 165, 168). In a o mal sense, he p e ix cons uc ions
should be assigned o he g oup o compound place names, see also. Podolskaya in 1978: 62 yea s old 10
Na iga ional accesso ies a e also called seconda y (na iga ional) (see DLKG 438).
LAIMUTIS BILKIS
220 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIX This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Fo adjec i e place names wi h a capi al, he e is also a ypical p oduc ion model o a
capi al + a p e ix ul illing he unc ion o a noun: Galù laibjų p . Rgl: laibàsis, laibóji, plg.
láibas, -à, labas, -à […]siau as ske smeniu, plonasʼ, Galu sodybinių o […]Galu sodybinių,
also known as he "li le ga den" o "li le ga den" o "li le ga den" o "li le
ga den" o "li le ga den" o "li le ga den" o "li le ga den" o "li le ga den" K k:
he ga den, -ė belonging o he ga den; loca ed in he se lemen . One adjec i e place
name is made up o he a ely used no ice in e media e adjec i e galu and he common
noun de i a i e: Galu as o p . I 's called Lel. This cons uc ion also means a place (galą)
in ela ion o ano he objec . The p e ix galu is conside ed o be de i ed om he noun
use , cons uc ions wi h i a e also ound in he e minology: galu ga den, galu ield
(see Ul ydas 2000: 177). e y common p e ixes wi h a p e ix, in which he o ms o he
subs i u e o he noun ha e passed (o app oached) o he ca ego y o p e ixes. The
p e ix unc ion is usually pe o med by he inesy o o m galè, wi h which he common
noun usually goes: Gale balos b. Kpč, Galè be žno mš. Ds, Galè bi zynlio l. Pžl: bi žynlis, plg.
bi žnas ‘ he o es o he be ges, Galè dã ymo k m. This is he name o he o es .
The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle
26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o
his Regula ion. S , Galè nu se y school This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he
wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean
Union. Ml: he bu ning […]s […]daga, he bu ning […], he bu ning […], he bu ning place […],
he Galè di ón l. Sug, he Galè pi . B š, Galè lake in he no h. Sld, Galè is an oak ee.
T gn, e.g. (Spalio) pa o he Gd , e.g. (Beb usų) pa o he In , p . Nmn, p . Pa o he
T gn, Galè ailway s a ion. T gn, Galè gojẽlio d. Tj, Galè gõjų p . I is loca ed in he
sou he n pa o he coun y. Ssk, Galè g õbliaus l., p. . He is a membe o he Eu opean
Pa liamen . Rome, he Galle moa . The Roman: ough ‘swamp, oad c ossing, Galè
kamšõs p . In addi ion, he oad is pa ed wi h cobbles ones, cobbles ones,
cobbles ones, cobbles ones, cobbles ones, cobbles ones, cobbles ones, cobbles ones,
cobbles ones, cobbles ones, cobbles ones, cobbles ones, cobbles ones a illed pi ;
Pe cola ed, in he uppe eaches; I 's a place called Clamp, in Galilee. Rod, Galè kuli ( a .
Gãlas kuli) D . Sug, Galè laũko is also known as. Rmš, D . S , cln. I'm going o ake a look
a his. I 's ha d, you know. S , p . Rmš, Galè is wai ing o you. Vš , Galè lydimlio l. Sld:
lydimlis, plg. ldimas, lydmas ‘iški s as o a bu n a ea in he o es , a cu , a sigh ing;
sėdbų a . Vžns, Galè senos p . Gl , Galè ska dẽlio p . Dgl, Galè skadžiaus d .
A yan, wo king ield ca ed ou o he o es , obbe y, Galè mško d . Rim, Gale o he
hills l. M k, p . Dgl: pakanė, pakálnė a place a he oo o a moun ain, a alley; moun ain
slopes, he slopes o Galè. Gl : s eep s a us, slope, olling bank o moun ain slope; he
i e o lake sho e dug ou o wa e by a ee oo o a ee oo , a oo , a gallows o
alãkų l., mš. M c. Inesy o galè p ia ėjimo, šliejimosi p ie p ielinksnių polinkis
a pond. Tj, Gale will ake ca e o D . Š : will ake ca e o , will ake ca e o he pa o
he house nex o he ou doo doo ; he mou h o he i e , he mou h o he i e ; a ce ain pa o he ya d nea he doo , Galè pušynlio mš. Sug, Galè is a ailway company. Tj, Galè will be sailing wi h you. Sain , he island o Galle, p. . This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. Sld, Galè sandy d . Lkm, Galè ga den illage is loca ed in he municipali y o Galè. K k, Galè sodbų l., mš. This is he i s ime I' e seen his. Sug, Galè oo s ock l. Ign: he oo s ock is he oo s ock, Galè oo s ock p . S . Galen o he Snows o D . Aps, p. Aps, Ssk, Galè ãko p . This is he i s ime I' e seen his. Vdšk, Galè is a a me . Tj, d . Gl , V s, kd . He is a membe o he Eu opean Pa liamen . Tj, l. Blnk, and p. Dl, Gl , . Sug, Galè o he illage o P . S , Galè alãko p . This is he i s ime I' e seen i . Lnk , Galè is also obse ed in common pa lance (LKG II 581; DLKG 438), al hough his o m is only p o ided as a ansla ion in he LKG.
A icles 227 and 227 o
Lie u ių ie o a džių su šaknimi gal-
(< lie . gãlas ‘pabaiga, k aš as’) da ybos ypa ybės
he T ea y on he Func ioning o he Eu opean Union
A sho ened o m o
he wo d […] aikš ė
peasan o a peasan .
land o he pb. […]
i s name pk n . The
heigh plk. […] swamp,
ball plkln. […] he high
Bulga ian p onoun […]
The i s o he wo.
p . […] g assland. […]
The su name is d .
w i en by d . The
Russian mano , he
shell ish gn. […] ca le
g . […] mounds sk. […]
slope. […] plo o land
alley a he
oad sml. […] sandy
[…] he co age clone.
clone. […] clone o […]
moun ain pla eau. […]
I 's called "Kemsyn".
Republic o C oa ia.
he pond. […] cu ing
l. […] ield up. […] i e
wol es. I 's a whi e
la . – la ių
lenk. – lenkų
o es . […] business
illage […] own . […]
illage. […] o es .
o icial name […] land
paež. A peasan , a
[…] a imas, a amaic
household name […]
coas is high. […]
swamped place b. […]
b ush. […] The
The P ussian d. […]
[…] called D . […] di
pea land o he p d.
[…] g ound loo . […]
Russian mano , he
Russian mano . […]
he d. […] municipali y
ska dis k. […] illage
I 's called a sludge. […]
in e sec ion o […]
a ea. […] he ga den.
[…] he hill s . I 's a
slope o he slope. […]
sou ce o he kms.
[…] e i o y o he
The bushes a e TV. […]
he a m. […] a me
ains. […] Li huanian
lion. […] lion o he
upl. – upelis
a . – a ian as
in. […] illage s. […]
place, place o he
[…] place name o . […]

LAIMUTIS BILKIS
228 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIX
VIETOVARDŽIŲ PAPLITIMO VIETŲ
Summa y
Ad […] Adù iškis (Š enčioni) AlksnV
[…] Alksn[…]nai (Vilka […]škio) Aln
[…] Alan à (Mol[…] ų) Al […]
Al […] as (Vilka […]škio) Al […] Al […] as (Vilka […]škio) Aln […] Aln […] Alan à (Mol[…] ) Al […] Al […] as (Mol[…]skio) Al […] Al […] as (Al ) Al […] Al […] Al […] Al […] Al […] Al […] Al […] Al […] Al […] Al […] Al […] Al […] Al […] Al […] Al […] Al […] Al […] Al […] Al […] Al […] Al […] Al […] Al […] Al […] Al […] Al […] Al […] Al […] Al […] Al […] Al […] Wha is he name is he name o wha is he name o wha is he name o he name o he name o he name o he name o he name o he name o he name o he name
An – Anykščia
An – An ãliep ė (Za as .)
An k – Án kop is (Klapėdos .)
An z […] An ãza ė (Za as […] .)
Aps […] Apsas (Bal a usia) A m
[…] A mõniškės (Bal a usia) A s
[…] A is a a (Kėdainiai .) Ashmn
[…] Min à (P enų .) Bb […] Bãb ai
Auk – Aukš ãd a is (Aukš d a ỹs; T ãkų .)
Aukš – Aukš upnai (Kùpiškio .)
A ž – A ižiẽniai (Vlniaus .)
(Kauno .) Bl […] Bálninkai (Mol ai
.) B š […] B š onas (P enų .)
B […] Ba ninkai (Vilka […] .)
This is he i s ime ha his has happened.
O he , o a hickness o
The ollowing is a summa y o he main
indings and conclusions o he e iew: (a)
he Commission conside s ha he
con es ed ax uling does no cons i u e
S a e aid wi hin he meaning o A icle 107
(1) o he T ea y. (b) he Commission
conside s ha he con es ed ax uling
does no cons i u e S a e aid wi hin he
meaning o A icle 107 (1) o he T ea y.
Dg – Daũgai (Aly aũs .)
Dgč – Degùčiai (Za as .)
D ž – Da žiniñkai (Va ėnõs .)
Ign […] Ignalinà (Spanish p onuncia ion)
The Commission shall be
empowe ed o adop
delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion.
This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Jon […] Jona à, wha a e you doing?
JnšM […] Jõniškis (Mol[…] ų
.) Js […] Jós ainiai
(Kėdáinių .) Jz […] Jiẽznas (P […]enų .) was bo n in he illage o Jõniškis, in he municipali y o Mol[…] ų.
Jž – Jūžin a (Rõkiškio .)
Kbš – Kibỹšiai (Va ėnõs .)
Kdn […] Cinnamon and cinnamon- ee
Kl […] Ka anėnai (Š enčioni) Kl n […]
Ka inėnai (Šilãlės) Kl […] Kal a ija
(Ma ijámpolės sa . e .) Kl Ž […]
Žemačių Kal a ija (Plungės .) Km […]
Kamaja […] (Rõkiškio) is loca ed in he dis ic o he same name.
Kp […] Kupiškis (Spanish p onuncia ion)
I is loca ed in he municipali y
o K apčiamies is (Lazdžiai) and
in he municipali y o
Kup ėliškis (B aždžiai) and in
he municipali y o
K n – K úonis (Kaišiado i .)
K apčiamies is (U enõs) and in
he municipali y o K k
(Kėdainiai) and in he
municipali y o K k (Pãne ėžio) and in he municipali y o K ns (Rõkios) and in he municipali y o K s (Aly aškiai).
A icles A icles 229 K k
Lie u ių ie o a džių su šaknimi gal-
(< lie . gãlas ‘pabaiga, k aš as’) da ybos ypa ybės
[…] Kùk iškės (U enõs .)
whe e […] Ku klia[…] (Anykšči[…] .) whe e […] Ku klia[…] (Anykšči[…] .) whe e […] Ku klia[…] (Anykšči[…] .) whe e […]
K – Ka á skas (Anykšči .)
KzR – Kazl Rūdà
I is also known as he "Golden T iangle" o
he "Golden T iangle" o he "Golden
T iangle" o he "Golden T iangle" o he
"Golden T iangle" o he "Golden T iangle"
o he "Golden T iangle" o he "Golden
T iangle" o he "Golden T iangle" o he
"Golden T iangle" o he "Golden T iangle"
o he "Golden T iangle" o he "Golden
T iangle" o he "Golden T iangle".
Lzd […] Lazdjai and i s ibu a ies
Mck […] Mick[…]nai (V[…]lniaus
.) Ml […] Mielag[…]nai (Ignal[…]nos .) was bo n in he illage o Mick[…]nai.
Ml […] Mol ai and i s ibu a ies
M c […] Ma cinkónys (also known as Va ėnõs)
M P esiden , ladies and gen lemen, I should like o begin by cong a ula ing he appo eu on his excellen epo .
In he case o he Uni ed Kingdom, he
Commission conside s ha he aid is
compa ible wi h he in e nal ma ke
wi hin he meaning o A icle 107 (3) (c)
o he T ea y.
Pbs – Pabáiskas (Ukme gs .)
Pd – Padubysỹs (dab. Baziliónai) (Šiauli .)
Plš – Palšė (Ignalnos .)
O he , o a a con en , by weigh , in he d y ma e
The ollowing species a e
included in his ca ego y: 1. (a)
In he Uni ed S a es, he
common name o his species
is "Pseudomonas" 2. (b) In he
Uni ed S a es, he common
name is "Pseudomonas" 3. (a) In
he Uni ed S a es, he
common name is
"Pseudomonas" 3. (b) In he
Uni ed S a es, he common
name is "Pseudomonas" 3.
Rd […] Rad liškis ( o me ly known as Rad liškis)
The Commission shall be empowe ed
o adop delega ed ac s in
acco dance wi h A icle 26 o
supplemen his Regula ion by laying
down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion.
O he , no u he wo ked han ho - olled, in coils
I is also known as he "Golden
T iangle" o he "Golden T iangle" o
he "Golden T iangle" o he "Golden
T iangle" o he "Golden T iangle" o
he "Golden T iangle" o he "Golden
T iangle" o he "Golden T iangle" o
he "Golden T iangle" o he "Golden
T iangle" o he "Golden T iangle" o
he "Golden T iangle" o he "Golden
Sem – Semelškės (Elek nų sa . e .)
T iangle" o he "Golden T iangle".
LAIMUTIS BILKIS
230 o he Li huanian Language Ac LXXIX
The ollowing is a summa y o
Commission's epo on he
Sn – Sin au a (Šaki .)
S d – Se ẽdžius (Jù ba ko .)
equal ea men o men and
employmen , oca ional
The ollowing is a summa y o
Commission's e iew o he
equal ea men o men and
employmen , oca ional
he main indings o he
applica ion o he p inciple o
T – T e ẽčius (Ignalnos .)
Upn – pninkai (Jona õs .)
women as ega ds access o
aining and aining:
he main indings o he
applica ion o he p inciple o
women as ega ds access o
aining and aining:
A icles o he T ea y
Lie u ių ie o a džių su šaknimi gal-
(< lie . gãlas ‘pabaiga, k aš as’) da ybos ypa ybės
In addi ion, he Commission shall:
Amb osia is he name o he 2000 Dain ee. Vilnius: Ins i u e o Li huanian Language,
Ins i u e o Science and Encyclopedia Publishing Ba u ė Ne ija 2008: The oponymy o
he e i o y o he Joniškio dis ic : a illage and a de elopmen plo . The doc o al
hesis. Šiauliai: The Uni e si y o Vy au as he G ea and he Uni e si y o Šiauliai.
Blažienė G asilda 2000: The Bal ic O snamen in he Samland. She is a membe o he
Swedish Academy o Sciences. Hyd onymia eu opaea, Sonde band 2. Hyd onymia
eu opaea is a species unde he genus Hyd onymia in he amily Hyd onymiaceae.
Published by F anz S eine Ve lag, S u ga . Buge Kazimie z (1961): The w i ings o Rink yn 3. Vilnius: S a e publishing house o poli ical and scien i ic li e a u e.
Bu kus Al ydas 1995: Li huanian wo ds and ph ases. The ci y o Æs i. G amma o he
cu en Li huanian language, ed. This is Vy au as Amb azas. Vilnius: Publishing house
o Science and Encyclopedias, 1994.
Endzelīns Jānis 1956: La ian SSR place name 1(1). In Riga: The publishing house o
he Academy o Sciences o he La ian PSR.
Endzely ė Rena a 2005: No h-Cen al Li huanian place names. The doc o al hesis.
Kaunas: The Uni e si y o Vy au as he G ea . Ge i s Geo g (1922), The Old P ussian
O de o he Knigh s o he Round Table Be lin and Leipzig: Ve einigung
wissenscha liche Ve lege , Wal e de G uy e & Co. Hol oe Axel 2009: The
ounda ions o he common syn ax. Vilnius: The Uni e si y o Vilnius, he Associa ion
o he Salensis Academy.
Holbein and A u Jügel, The ypes o syn ac ic ela ionships. […] Syn ac ic
communica ion s udies (g amma wo ks o Li huanian language 1), ed. This is Axel
Hol oe , A ū as Judžen is. Vilnius: Li huanian Language Ins i u e, 1135. K iklis B onius
1966: Ou Li huania 3. He is a membe o he Li huanian na ional eam. Bos on: The
publishing house o he Li huanian Encyclopedia. Labu is Vi as 1994: Syn ax o he
Li huanian language 1. Vilnius: Vilnius Uni e si y publishing house. LKG I […] G amma o he
Li huanian language 1, ed. I 's called Ul ydas. Vilnius: The Min , 1965. LKG II […] G amma o
he Li huanian language 2, ed. I 's called Ul ydas. Vilnius: Science, 1971. This is he i s
ime ha he Eu opean Pa liamen has been consul ed on his ma e . LKG III […]
G amma o he Li huanian language 3, ed. I 's called Ul ydas. Vilnius: Science, 1976. This is
he i s ime ha he Eu opean Pa liamen has been consul ed on his ma e . LKŽe […]
Li huanian language dic iona y 1[…]20, 1941[…]2002, elec onic e sion, ed. collegium: Ge uda Nak inienė (edi o ), Jonas Paulauskas, Ri u ė Pe okienė, Vy au as Vi kauskas, Zaban a Jola skai ė. This is he i s edi ion o he dic iona y o he Li huanian language. Vilnius: Ins i u e o he Li huanian Language, 2005. Access o he In e ne : h p: www.lkz.l .
LAIMUTIS BILKIS
232 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIX This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
LLKŽ […] Polish-speaking dic iona y, au ho ed by Vale ia Vai ke ičiū ė. Vilnius: Science,
1979.
LPDB […] Li huanian su name da abase. Access o he In e ne : h p: www.lkiis.lki.l .
LVŽ III […] Li huanian dic iona y o local wo ds 3, au ho ed by Ve onika Adamony ė,
Laimu is Bilkis, G asilda Blažienė, Dalia Kačinai ė-V ubliauskienė, Milda No kai ienė,
Alma Ragauskai ė, Ma ija Razmukai ė, Dalia S ide skienė. The dic iona y is published
2018.
by he Li huanian Minis y o Educa ion. Vilnius: Li huanian Language Ins i u e,
Mickienė Ilona 2001: Lis o oponyms o he Telšiai dis ic . The doc o al hesis.
Kaunas: The Uni e si y o Vy au as he G ea . Pospislaw Anna 1990: The oponym o
he sou he n Wa mia. The name o he e ain. Olsz yn: School o Educa ion in
Olsz yn. In 2002 she was awa ded he Razmukai ė Ma ija P ize o he wo k in
Li huanian silk wea ing. […] Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica 46, 121[…]130. This is he i s
ime ha he Ac has been amended. Razmukai ė Ma ija 2003: Li huanian composi ions
63–80.
and o ches as. Whi e philology 12(2), RLKZ […] Russian-language dic iona y o he
Russian language 3, sud. I 's called Jad yga Ka dely ė. Vilnius: Science, 1984. This is he
i s ime ha he Eu opean Pa liamen has been consul ed on his ma e . Sa ukinas B onis (Kilmininkiai, Li huanian place names) was bo n in 1963. […] Ques ions on he Li huanian language 6, 235 […] 246.
"Sawkins' 1971: How o make a name o you sel in he wa e " […] The ic o y
is 12, 166 […] 169. S ide skienė Dalia 2006: Sudu iniai o onimai o he dis ic o
Ma ijampolė. Li huanian 68(4), 4759.
S ide skienė Dalia 2017: Mo i a ion o he he oes o he dis ic o Ma ijampolė.
[…] Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica 77, 78[…]102. This is he i s ime ha he Ac has
been amended. Ul ydas Kazys (2000), Li huanian language ansla ions. Vilnius:
Ins i u e o Science and Encyclopedia Publishing
Vanag Aleksand as (1970): Li huanian TSR hyd onym manu ac u e . Vilnius: The
science. V. V. Aleksand as (1973) - S uc u al and ocabula y analysis o he names o
he moun ains o Li huania. […] Wo ks o he Academy o Sciences o he Li huanian
209–219.
SSR. A se ies, 3(44), Vanagas Aleksand as 1980: K. Būga is he ounde o Li huanian
onomas ics. […] Ques ions on he Li huanian language 20, 7[…]46.
In he la e 1980s, Alexande Vanaga published he Li huanian Hyd onyms Dic iona y. The Vilnius:
I 's science.

S aipsniai / A icles 233
Lie u ių ie o a džių su šaknimi gal-
(< lie . gãlas ‘pabaiga, k aš as’) da ybos ypa ybės
Vasilei Ramone, "Li huanian Language: A Syn ac ic View o he Language." […] Ac a
Linguis ica Li huanica 48, 143 […] 158. This is he i s ime ha he Ac has been
amended. Vassilai ė Ramunė, Syn ax models in he syn ax o he Li huanian language.
The doc o al hesis. Vilnius: Li huanian Language Ins i u e, Vy au as he G ea Uni e si y.
Орел Владимир Эммануилович 1997: Неславянская гидронимия бассейнов
Вислы и Одера. – Балто-славянские исследования 1988–1996. Москва: Индрик,
332–358.
Подольская Наталья Владимировна 1978: Словарь русской ономастической
терминологии. Москва: Наука.
Topo o Vladimi Nikolae ich (1979), also known as he P ussian language. The dic iona y. E[…]H. This is he Moscow:
Наука.
Yashin I an Yako le ich (1971) was a Russian geog aphe . Minsk: Science and
I 's echnology.
Peculia i ies o Fo ma ion o Li huanian
Toponyms wi h Roo Gal-
(< Li h. gãlas ‘end, edge’)
Summa y
The oponyms de i ed om Li h. gãlas ‘a place whe e a longe objec ends; an ou side limi o
an objec ( on , ou e mos pa ); edge, bo de ; bounda y and o he common- oo wo ds o
simila meaning cons i u e he la ges en y (e ymological wo d- amily) o he hi d olume o
The Dic iona y o Li huanian Toponyms (GH). The oponyms wi h his oo also abound in o he
Bal ic languages. The oponyms wi h gal s and ou o hei a ied o ma ion pa e ns and a
special di e si y o compound and composi e o ma ions; The e o e, he analysis o hei
o ma ion supplemen s and expands he desc ip ion o he g amma o he Li huanian
language wi h new da a.
The ollowing cha ac e is ic ea u es o he o ma ion o he oponyms de i ed om
The Li h. gãlas can be singled ou :
1) The mos common pa e ns o he o ma ion o he oponyms wi h he ( i s ) oo
gala e plu alisa ion (Gala), su ixa ion, compounding and composi ion (p eposi ional
cons uc ions and composi e oponyms);
LAIMUTIS BILKIS
234 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIX
2) The mos p oduc i e ype o he o ma ion o su ixal oponyms is gal- + -inė (Gal-nė), -inės
(Gal-nės), -inis (Gal-nis), -iniai (Gal-niai, Gal-inia). These de i a i es a e a ibu able o he
nomina i e a ibu i e ca ego y; 3) The la ges g oup o compound oponyms consis s o he
oponyms o med om gãlas, gala and common nouns (Gal-ã-balė, Gal--daubis, Gal--laukė,
Gal-ù-da žis, Ga l-úo-že as, e c.). A signi ican pa o compound oponyms is o med unde he
pa e n gãlas, gala + ano he oponym (Gal-ã- e knė, Gal-ia-kaušia, Gal-ilgia). These de e mina4)
P eposi ional oponyms a e mos commonly o med om he no el p eposi ions deno ing a
i e compounds ha e a speci ic ea u e – he second componen de ines he i s one.
place galù, galè and common o p ope nouns ( oponyms and pe sonal names) in he geni i e
case (Galù sodbų, Galù Dẽblono, Galè sal, Galè Ši in õs). A numbe o p eposi ional
cons uc ions a e also o med om he no el p eposi ion exp essing a di ec ion galañ and
he common nouns in he geni i e case (Galañ mško, Galañ pe os); 5) Mos o he oponyms
o ming wo d-ph ases a e he ph ases exp essing quan i a i e (pa ) ela ionships wi h he
common and p ope nouns (usually oponyms) in he geni i e case whe e he componen wi h
galis he p incipal componen (Gãlas pe os, Gãlas Vikiau inio). The ph ases wi h he common
nouns in he geni i e case exp essing place ela ions whe e he componen galis conside ed
he dependen componen cons i u e a sligh ly smalle g oup. The ollowing g amma ical
p ope ies o he oponyms wi h galcan a e conside ed a e: loca i e p ima y oponyms
Galuõs, Galuosè; models o he o ma ion o compound oponyms gal- (← gãlas, gala) + p ope
noun ( oponym, pe sonal name), + adjec i e, + e b; compound oponyms o med om he
illa i e galañ and a common o p ope noun; wo d ph ases whe e he ad e bialized noun in he
ins umen al case, galù, is used in combina ion wi h he noun in he nomina i e case (Galù
ais ẽlis).
Deli e ed on 30 Oc obe 2018
LAIMUTIS BILKIS
Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as
The Commission shall be empowe ed o
adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion.