S aipsniai / A icles 289
EDMUNDAS TRUMPA
La ijos uni e si e as
Resea ch a eas include geolinguis ics, dialec ology. This
Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
(composi e)
The ollowing is a summa y o he main indings o he e iew:
KAITA and POKYCHIAI
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Vilnius: Ins i u e o he Li huanian Language, 2018, p. 392.
ISSN 2538-9211, ISBN 978-609-411-221-8 2018 Published by he Li huanian Language
Ins i u e Collec ion o A icles […]Ry ų aukš aičių a mė: kai a i pokyčiai[…]
(co-au ho ed by J. U bana ičienė and R. Pe okienė) […] hese a e wel e s udies
ca ied ou by hi een au ho s desc ibing he pas and cu en s a e and
di ec ions o change o one o he h ee aukš ai iškų pa a mių […] y ų aukš ai
pa a mės. As a as he subjec ma e and ma e ial o he s udy allows, e o s
a e made o s ick o he main heme, o look a ce ain sys emic changes om a
b oade o na owe diach onic aspec , and o en ich he expe ience o
synch onous esea ch wi h new and deepe insigh s based on ac s o hei
in e p e a ion. The a icles a e une en in e ms o he no el y o he
me hodology: i we ake in o accoun he h ee possible di ec ions o ansla ion
pos ula ed in he in oduc ion and anked acco ding o no el y […] adi ional
dialec ology, s uc u al dialec ology and geolinguis ics […] hey ep esen mainly
he i s wo ( i s mos ), he hi d elemen is p esen only in sepa a e a icles.
Howe e , his dispa i y does no p e en he pu sui o he s a ed goal o […]
in oducing deep language p ocesses and p esen ing a new 21s cen u y iew o
he changes in […] egiolec and geolec […] o he local language. This book is
aluable, i s o all, because he a icles we e w i en by he bes in a pa icula
ield - specialis s in phone ics, phonology, accen ology, mo phology, lexicology,
ancien w i ing - expe s in indi idual e i o ies, in many cases bo n and
acquain ed wi h he in e io o he coun y. I may be ha he eas e n highland
EDMUNDAS TRUMPA
290 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXX
dialec s a e now in he bes posi ion o be s udied om his poin o iew by he
mos powe ul speake s ep esen ing all le els o he language (un il e y
ecen ly, he lowland dialec s had such oppo uni ies o be s udied). The e o e,
he book is ex emely impo an o he de elopmen o Li huanian a ea esea ch
[…] i would be a ep esen a ion o i s own and o he ad ice and he p ocesses
aking place in i : i is undoub ed ha mos o he high-le el phenomena in he eas
could be obse ed h oughou he apidly changing Li huanian a ea. The book's
symme ical s uc u e, which is easy o see, is due o he ac ha he a icles
a e a anged in ou sec ions acco ding o he sys ema ic le els o he language
(phone ics and phonology, accen ology, mo phology and syn ax, lexicology and
seman ics) […] each o he sec ions is de o ed o h ee s udies. The monog aph is
gi en a uni y by he in oduc ion o one o he au ho s o he book, J.
U bana ičienė, which jus i ies he pu pose o he collec ion […] based on he la es
empi ical ma e ial o e i y he a ailable ac s o he ad ice o he eas e n
highlands, eco ded in w i en and spoken sou ces, and o es ablish o he
sys ema ic e en s o changes in he ad ice o he eas e n highlands a he le el o
phone ics, spelling, mo phology and lexicon. In he law, which discusses he me hods
used in he au ho s' wo ks, e minology, s uc u e, we will ind impo an
concep s ha de ine he Li huanian language and he o he pa adigm o i s
esea ch. They allow he eade o de e mine ha his collec i e wo k symp oma ically shows he si ua ion o ou ime and poin s he way owa ds a new ansla ion.
Unusually, in he pos ponemen o Consonance and Vocalism, he i s is he a icle
o Vy au as Ka delis on he p ospec s o esea ch on he consonance o he
eas e n highlands o Vilnius […] i is as i he whole book is a guide, a b oad e lec ion
on he si ua ion o he dialec , showing he di ec ion ha should be ollowed by
mode n me hods o s udying he dialec s, i he consonance o he Li huanian
language i sel we e sys ema ically desc ibed, hei synch onous desc ip ions and
ypological analysis in he u u e. The a icle iden i ies he in en o y o eas e n
high- ise illas, es ablishes he ele an dis ibu ion posi ions, p o ides commen s
on he egula and i egula dis ibu ion, es ablishes op ional op ions and
neu aliza ion posi ions. The analysis o he Vilnius phonological sys em was
ca ied ou pe ec ly. I should only be no ed ha he dis inc i e dis ibu i e
posi ion o owels a he beginning o a wo d be o e he pos e io owel ([#Vu]) is
no di e en om he analogous posi ion inside he wo d ([Vu]), so i would be
inaccu a e o say ha all sounds a e essen ially con as ed be o e he i s , and
only he ha d owels be o e he second (p. Such a desc ip ion o he i s posi ion
is app op ia e o he balls, no o he ball class. The au ho e y app op ia ely
in e p e s he cases o ha dening and no so ening o he owels as di e en
phone ic o phonological phenomena o na u e. Joli os U bana ičienė's a icle on
he diph hongiza ion o he Middle and Younge Gene a ions in he Eas e n
Highlands o Vilnius may be me hodologically he closes o he canons o he new geolinguis ic di ec ion o all a icles.
Joli a U bana ičienė, Ri u ė Pe okienė (suda y ojos)
Ry ų aukš aičių a mė: kai a i pokyčiai
Re iews o he Re iews o he Re iews o he Re iews o he Re iews o he Re iews
The au ho ound a di ec co ela ion be ween he age o he in o man s and he
consump ion o se e al linguis ic a ian s: he younge gene a ion ou imes
mo e likely o choose a ian s close o he common language and wice less likely
o speak i han he middle gene a ion. A oid diph hongiza ion o c ossed posi ions
(a oidance o dis inc p onuncia ion cha ac e is ics), bu in he unc ossed
posi ion he e a e s ill nea by a ian s o he whi e owels *a, *e, *e, which a e
conside ed o be blank in he p ope ies o he e b, […] his allows he semi- e bal
in o man o s ill be iden i ied as he ep esen a i e o he ilniškės e b ( his is
he a ea whe e he blank and he eas e n e bs coincide, bu due o ce ain
ci cums ances he e b canno ye be o med). In Viole Če ná's a icle, he
adap a ion o he schools, he ad ice o he buye s discusses he phone ic
adap a ion o he schools. Kalbininkė, showing hund eds o examples o en i e
sound lines and hei combina ions, a gued ha phone ic a ian s, which a e mo e
common in he non- oiced posi ion, a e usually due o di icul y in p onouncing
sounds. She belie es ha mos o he au ho 's insigh s would be enough o desc ibe adap ed bo owings in o he Li huanian language ad ice.
The second chap e o he book begins wi h Boni ace S undz's a icle on he o igins
o ci cumpola me a onici y in he Li huanian language and i s o igins, which
co ec ly p esen s he diach onic a gumen s, s a is ically based on he ield
s udies ca ied ou by he au ho and s uden s o he wo k, allowing o de e mine in
wha way he ci cumpola me a onic phenomena unde Saussu e's eachings, he
ci cumpola me a onic phenomena o he Li huanian lands and he Eas , ha e
acqui ed a penul ima e egula i y. The au ho e ealed he abundance o a ian s in
de ail in o he Li huanian ad ice, which is ansi ional om he poin o iew o he
subjec o he s udy. Ru a Kazlauskai ė classi ied and discussed he abundan
ac ual ma e ial in he a icle "P iesagos -inis, -ė adjec i e spelling in eas e n
highland dialec s" - mo e han a housand examples o adjec i es wi h he adjec i e
-inis. I ound ha he mos common base wo d is he noun, less o en he e b and
he adjec i e, and ha mos Vedas a e w i en in he plu al o m o he base wo d
using he same na u al p inciples ha apply o he common language, and also deal
wi h cases ha do no co espond o he decimal endency. The au ho p o ed ha
he seman ic ac o is impo an o he place o he c oss, in a e cases he
analogy is impo an , in excep ional cases (in poe ic speech) he place o he c oss is
egula ed by he hy hm. In e es ing and well- ounded me hodologically (based on
sou ces showing changes o e he cen u y, illus a ed by map da a) Vilija
Ragaišienė's s udy o he change in he accen ua ion sys em o he eas e n
highlands in he 19 h cen u y 79 Au ane os Ma ke ičienės and he example o
Ma ke ičiaus Kons an in Si ydo's s udy o he ocabula y and he p esen -day
eas e n highland dialec p o ed ha he e we e cases o hype co ec ion o
punc ua ion, ce ain ea u es o punc ua ion (punc ua ion and no a ion). A de ailed
desc ip ion shows ha mos o he Li huanian adjec i es gi en in he dic iona ies
EDMUNDAS TRUMPA
292 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXX deš. This is he i s edi ion o he Ac . In he
second hal o he wen ie h cen u y, mo e in ensi e condi ional c oss-cu ing in
he coas al a ea was o med ela i ely la e, no ea lie han he second hal o
he wen ie h cen u y, and also une enly om he no he n pa owa ds he
eas e n bo de . The au ho poin ed ou ha he pa adigm o ba i one chi ping
ha had p e iously p e ailed in he ad ice was eplaced by he s umbling o he
oc agon chi ping o m, which emphasized he di e ences be ween he emale and
male ypes o chee ing; Fo i s pa , he ba i one o m o chi ping emained mo e
widesp ead in he sou he n and sou heas e n pe iphe y o he a ea.
In he a icle Mo phology and Syn ax Changes in he Thi d Qua e , he au ho Regina
Rinkauskienė discusses he ansla ion language o he middle and younge
gene a ions, es i ying o he good "skilled" sys emic laye s o he Eas . Only blank
cha ac e is ics (unci cumcised owels o, e co esponding o a, e) a e e ained; I don'
hink i 's a wo-way s ee . o e ain he so consonan s a he end o he wo d, he
wo-syllable plu al o m o he use and he old masculine nouns and adjec i es; he
li ing p eposi ions -okas and -o ė; he name o he objec s ill in use). These seconda y
o e ia y blank cha ac e is ics o m he basis o he egionalism ha p e ails in
he e i o y o he ou ski s, he ou ski s and he ou ski s. The egional ends
in he con e sion o eas e n highe educa ion ad ice se ou in he a icle a e
undoub edly symp oma ic o many o he Li huanian language ad ice.
ha e been main ained in he Eas e n Highlands un il now […] hey a e s ill used oday,
bu some ha e disappea ed o changed. Some o he in en ions ha ha e no
eached ou days we e inno a ions c ea ed by Si ydos. In hose days, he e we e
ew Li huanian-o igin su names, unlike in he p esen -day Eas e n Highlands. The
au ho s ha e ca e ully classi ied he ypes o e bs acco ding o hei o igins and
e b o ms, which helps o be e unde s and hei mul i ace ed di e si y, as well
as o assess he de elopmen o he p inciples o wo d o ma ion o e he
cen u ies.
Dai os Ka dely ė-G ine ičienė's s udy o he ela ionship be ween loca i e
cons uc ions in he eas e n ele a ed illages in he adjacen a ea, based on
inno a i e, in e disciplina y heo ies, has g ea ly co ec ed he claims
men ioned so a in he dialec ological li e a u e ha he e a e only cases o
in e ac ion o indi idual subs i u es in he illages. Kalbininkė dis inguished he
neu aliza ion o loca i e o ms de e mined by mo phological p ocesses
(mo phological and sys emic sho ening) known o Li huanian scien is s and men ioned in in e p e a ions,
Joli a U bana ičienė, Ri u ė Pe okienė (suda y ojos)
Ry ų aukš aičių a mė: kai a i pokyčiai
Re iews 293 When he sho ened polysyllabic o m o he iliac in he loca i e
cons uc ions coincides wi h he polysyllabic o m o he ines, compe i ion
be ween seman ically mo i a ed loca i e o ms ( his is essen ially a new app oach
p oposed by he au ho ) may c ea e he condi ions o he po en ial o loca i e
ines and iliac cons uc ions in he ocabula y o design iden ical spa ial si ua ions.
The au ho 's in e es ing and well- ounded idea is ha loca i e ine ial
cons uc ions in ol e mo emen in a ce ain space, and e y dynamic ea u es a e
encoded only by e bs used in hem. [...] Since i is no he e bs ha ha e he
g ea e seman ic load, bu he e bs, in spon aneous discou ses he inesi e and he
illici e bs, as seconda y indica o s o he s a ic o dynamic na u e o he spa ial
scene, may ha e los he dis inc i e unc ion o hese signs. The au ho con inced
ha he compe i ion o he o ms o he illage s based on seman ic mo i es is
simila o he compe i ion o he sou he n highlands.
The las h ee s udies ela ed o he lexicon and seman ics o eas e n uni e si ies
we e included in he ou h chap e o he book The Change o he Lexicon. Bi u ė
Jasiūnai ė con incingly con i med in he a icle U eniškių sudu iniai pejo a i ai ha
he nomina ion o imagina y human names eco ded in he eas e n highlands, especially
acco ding o he nega i e p ope ies o human beha io , is s ill ali e. The au ho , using
he ocabula y o he Li huanian language, di ides he meaning o he pejo a i e
u eniškių acco ding o he clo hes, he na u e o he ans e o meaning,
emphasizing e hno-cul u al ea u es. I shows ha me onyms and
me onymic-me apho ical e bs, he second o which is mo i a ed by he name o he
body pa , a e g ouped mo e inely in he adjec i e. Mos o he pejo a i es a e
human names based on manne , cha ac e , and less on ugly appea ance, o he physical
de ec s. When eading bo h he abo e and he a icle by Au elia G i ėnienė on he
subjec , he desc ip i e names o he no he n Pane ėžys did no lose hei
ele ance in he language o he li ing speake s. In he second s udy, he esea che s
looked a he names o 300 people based on hei nega i e pe sonali y ai s. The
au ho con i med he well-known ac ha he basis o igu a i e names is […] e b;
When he's gone, he's o go en, and he's become a ancy noun. I is also no ed ha
Sla icism is be e main ained in he council han Ge manism. These examples also
e eal ce ain aspec s o he na ional wo ld iew and mo ali y […] he c i ical bu no
ulga a i ude o he o dina y Li huanian o he opinions o o he people […] mos o
he wo ds ha e a de oga o y conno a ion, bu only a small pa […] a de oga o y o
ulga conno a ion. In he a icle Ri u ės Pe okienės, he in luence o he common
language on he lexicon o eas e n dialec s is discussed, he ma e ial consis ing o he
20 h cen u y second hal […] 21s cen u y published slang wo ds and ex s o eas e n
dialec s, and he analysis o he ac s p esen ed would undoub edly desc ibe he
si ua ion o all Li huanian dialec s. This a icle may be lacking in de ailed
in e p e a ion, bu he au ho has igh ly poin ed ou ha in he

EDMUNDAS TRUMPA
294 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXX
ik e ais a ejais konku uoja idinė (indigeni) leksika – dažniausiai an asis i
The s onges membe o he compe i ion is a common wo d. Bo owing ocabula y
is expanding, al hough he e is compe i ion o wo ds in his laye as well. The
a icle indica es he need o explo e in mo e de ail he p ocesses and ac ions
ela ed o he educ ion o lexical di e si y in language. The annex p o ides an
o e iew o he gene al knowledge o mode n ansla ion, including sec ions o he
Li huanian language dic iona y supplemen a y a chi e and he Skai meninė a mių
a chi e wi h scanned examples o ca ds and ques ionnai es, which supplemen he
lis o sho ened loca ions o he Li huanian language dic iona y a chi es. The
lexicog aphic appendix o he book is no andom. The idea o he book a ose and
de eloped du ing he implemen a ion o a ious p ojec s o he supplemen a ion o he Li huanian language dic iona y.
The collec ion o a icles […] is a pe ec example o when he s udy o a single
(lexicog aphic) a ea, ying o de e mine he ends o language de elopmen in a
single a ea de ined by he abundance o ac s and ideas, u ns in o a de ailed
s udy o he le els o a ious language sys ems, by he way, diach onically
co e ing a e y wide pe iod o ac i i y […] s a ing in he 17 h cen u y ( he ime
o K. Si ydo), ending in he second decade o he 21s cen u y. In his case, any
possible u ili y o esea ch should be seen no as a disad an age bu as an
ad an age, al eady achie ed and he o ali y o he possibili ies sough . The
au ho J. U bana ičienė igh ly acknowledged in he o ewo d ha he
"di e en poin s o iew o he esea che s, he a ious me hodologies used,
he "whi e dams" le behind (no o examine all he le els o all he ad ice) should
no gi e he eade he imp ession o a inished pain ing o he eas e n highlands,
bu a he emind he mosaic o he missing elemen s. The mosaic, which p omises
cu iosi y, aises new ques ions and encou ages u he esea ch. I mus be
acknowledged ha his collec ion o a icles, like a mosaic, is e y s ong, eliable,
and imp essi e. Wi h i s p og amma ic ideas, b oad hemes, de ailed analyses and
high quali y o esea ch, he book is impo an no only o he p esen bu also o he u u e […] o be e unde s and he gene al de elopmen o he Li huanian language and he Bal ic languages in gene al and ways o desc ibing i .
Deli e ed on 12 June 2019
EDMUNDAS TRUMPA
La ijos uni e si e as
Vis alža 4a, Riga, LV-1050, La ia
e . [email p o ec ed] This is a lis o ai po s in La ia, so ed by loca ion.