DICTIONARY OF BOTANICAL NAMES

Sudarė Ramunėlė Jankevičienė. Vilnius: Botanikos instituto leidykla, 1998, 524 p.

The scientific organization of Lithuanian botanical nomenclature and terminology began in the early nineteenth century. Jurgis (Ambraziejus) Pabrėža, the creator of Lithuanian botanical terminology who made a particularly substantial contribution, wrote a comprehensive systematic guide to the flora of Lithuania Taislius auguminis and a Latin–Lithuanian dictionary of names. Laurynas Ivinskis, who continued his work, wrote a two-volume work on natural science, Prigimtūmenė, and created many plant names. Povilas Matulionis, who initiated a new phase with the printed dictionary of Lithuanian plants Žolynas (1906–1907, 112 pp.), sought “to present a count of the plants known in our homeland, to bring together the knowledge scattered everywhere, to organize and harmonize it, and likewise to collect the dispersed plant names, both in people’s speech and in written sources” (Matulionis 1906–1907: 3). His dictionary contains 3,000 terms. Dictionaries were used, but there are non-standardized synonyms and variants. The next step in botanical terminology was Lietuviškas botanikos žodynas (1938, 598 + XL pp.), compiled by the Commission for the Botanical Dictionary under the direction of L. Vailionis and edited by J. Dagys (hereafter LBŽ). The idea of publishing such a dictionary originated with Dr. K. Grinius, the former President of the Republic. P. Matulionis’s Žolynas was used as the basis; it gives both standard names and the full range of non-standard synonyms. Since “the aim was to prepare a broader and more comprehensive dictionary” (LBŽ 1938: VIII), the compilers drew not only on the works of J. Pabrėža and L. Ivinskis, but also on all available printed works and manuscripts (the list is 13 pages long), material from the Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language card index, and the writings of J. Jablonskis, K. Būga, S. Daukantas, and others. To ensure that the dictionary accorded with the spirit of the Lithuanian language, the compilers sought the comments and guidance of linguists Associate Professor Dr. P. Skardžius and Associate Professor J. Balčikonis. The dictionary contains more than 3,300 scientific terms; with dialectal words, the number would be much higher. The standard scientific name is clearly distinguished from dialectal and other synonyms, which are localized using place-name abbreviations and other shortened forms. LBŽ expanded P. Matulionis’s dictionary both in the number of terms and in the number of languages. “In addition, a number of plants from foreign countries were included in the dictionary, either because they are grown in Lithuanian parks, gardens, homes, and greenhouses, or

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because they are of great practical importance or are widely mentioned in the literature, being significant from a theoretical point of view” (LBŽ 1938: XIII).

The main text of LBŽ comprises a register of plant names (Latin–Lithuanian, pp. 1–380; Lithuanian–Latin, pp. 381–532), botanical pharmacognostic nomenclature (pp. 533–554), a table of plant systematics (pp. 555–566), and a Latin–Lithuanian glossary of species adjectives (pp. 567–595). The first part presents, in alphabetical order, the Latin name with an abbreviation of the author’s surname, an explanation of the name’s origin and meaning, the Latin family name, the principal Lithuanian name (without stress marks) and its synonyms from various sources (places or authors), identified by abbreviations in parentheses, equivalents in neighboring languages (German, Russian, Polish, and Latvian)—although sometimes, especially with the names of rusts (Puccinia) and bacteria (Bacterium), only one or another of these languages is recorded—the place where the plant grows or is cultivated, its characteristics and uses, and the flowering and ripening periods, the latter indicated by Roman numerals, e.g.:

Q[uer­cus] Robur L. (Latin robur—strength, vigor; it has hard wood and a sturdy trunk that withstands storms) — common o[ak]. V: Stiel-E[iche], Sommer-E. R: Д[уб] летний. Ln: D[ab] szypułkowy. Lt: Parastais o[zols]. In forests, common. Acorns are used as a coffee substitute. The wood provides strong, durable material for various carpentry products. The bark is used medicinally and is called Cortex Quercus in pharmacies. V.

A[cer] platanoides L. — common m[aple]; medžliepis (Mln, Pet, Al, Pn, Rk, Tr, Uk); medlepis (Kėd, Pn), medlepė (M), medliepis (Kėd, Pn, Šl, Trg), medžialapis (Rk, Z), medžialiepė (Ut, Z), medžlepis (Kos, B). V: Spitz-A[horn]. R: K[лен] обыкновенный. Ln: K[lon] zwyczajny. Lt: Parastā k[ļava]. Deciduous. In forests; also frequently cultivated in parks, homesteads, and along roadsides. Maple wood makes good material for carpentry. In villages, the leaves are used to line loaves when baking bread. The spring sap is very sugary and is enjoyed as a drink. IV–V.

For each taxon, LBŽ attempts to analyze the origin of its name by breaking it down into its component parts and indicating their meanings. For example:

Abutilon Avicennae (Greek a—no, bous—ox, tilos—diarrhea);

Ocimum Basilicum (Greek okimon—the name given to this plant by the Greeks, derived from ozo—I smell; Greek bazilikon—royal herb, because it has a pleasant fragrance).

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The origin of rarely encountered specific epithets is also explained in LBŽ, e.g.: Negúndo L. (negundo – an Indian, Malabar name for a tree); Lántana Camára L. (Latin lentare – to bend, because it has flexible branches; camara – the name of this shrub in the language of the aboriginal peoples of South America); T. foenum graecum L. (Latin foenum graecum – Greek hay, the name by which this plant is called in the writings of Pliny and Columella).

Indeed, the accuracy of all the explanations of origins has not been verified and is sometimes truly doubtful.

LBŽ also includes species of fungi and bacteria (Helminthosporium avenae – oat stripe fungus, Puccinia – rusts, Tuburcinia occulta – rye smut, Bacillus – bacillus, Bacterium aceti – acetic bacterium, and so on).

In 1998, a new Dictionary of Botanical Names (hereafter BVŽ) was published. It was compiled by R. Jankevičienė; Lithuanian plant names were selected and approved by the Commission for the Botanical Dictionary, chaired by J. Dagys from 1950 to 1992 and by V. Rašomavičius from 1993 onward. Its members at various times included linguists J. Kruopas, K. Gaivenis, A. Auksoriūtė, and others. The dictionary was approved by the State Commission of the Lithuanian Language. Its foundation is LBŽ, although the nomenclature was expanded and revised, with Lithuanian plant names considered and created on the basis of plant lists submitted by botanists, herbalists, and other theorists and practitioners. The dictionary contains nearly 8,000 terms.

The dictionary consists of botanical nomenclature in Latin, Lithuanian, German, English, and Russian (pp. 15–318); indexes of plant names in all these languages (pp. 319–478); a Latin–Lithuanian glossary of specific epithets (pp. 479–486); a list of the authors of Latin plant names (pp. 487–510); and a system of the plants described in the dictionary (pp. 511–522). The introduction discusses the preparation of the dictionary and the principles followed in presenting plant names. Here we encounter the dictionary’s first linguistic error: the adjective botanical is used inaccurately on several occasions. Although correctly formed and normative, its relational meaning makes it unsuitable in all word combinations; terminology specialists replace it with botanical nomenclature or plant=, for example: rules of botanical (botanical, plant) nomenclature (BVŽ 1998: 6); =Lithuanian botanical (botanical) terminology (7), compare Dictionary of Botanical Names.

In the main part of BVŽ, the Latin name of a plant genus or species is given in alphabetical order, followed by the surname (abbreviated) of the author who first described it—

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the author’s surname (abbreviated), and, using abbreviations and symbols, the plant’s life form and duration, distribution, practical significance, and growing conditions, e.g.:

Q[uerçus] Robur L. – common oak/ Stiel-Eiche, Sommer-Eiche/ pedunculate oak, common oak, English oak/ дуб черешчатый, дуб обыкновенный, дуб летний. – ♀ Forests. Europe, Asia Minor, North Africa. Common in Lithuania. ♧, □, ▸ Cultivated plant, ornamental.

A[cer] platanoides L. – Norway maple/ Spitzahorn, Faulbaum, Spindelbaum/ Norway maple/ клен остролистный, клен обыкновенный, клен платановидный. – ♀ Forests. Europe. Common in Lithuania. ♧, □. Cultivated, ornamental.

BVŽ did not include the names of plants belonging to other kingdoms—fungi and bacteria—because these are separate fields. It has been observed that a large proportion consists of non-Lithuanian names for plants that do not grow in Lithuania: for example, of more than 650 names under the letter A, barely 150 grow in our country. But this is in no way a shortcoming of the dictionary—it was not, after all, called a Lithuanian dictionary. The introduction touches on this: “[...] names of plant genera and species of many plants that do not grow in Lithuania at all, or are only occasionally cultivated—ornamental, medicinal, and other useful plants, more often mentioned in travel accounts, and important to plant geography and other disciplines” (BVŽ 1998: 8). By introducing readers to the world’s flora, such a dictionary broadens their horizons. Names are given in five languages—Latvian is absent. Names of more recent plants are often not given in all languages; sometimes there is only a Lithuanian name, e.g.: Melissa – melissa/Melisse/balm/мелисса; Blepharostoma – plaukalapė/Haarblattmoos/–/блефаростома; Anki­strodesmus – ankistrodesmas/–/–/–; Scenedesmas – scenedesmas/–/–/–, and others. In the dictionary under review, usually one Lithuanian scientific botanical name is given, but German, English, and Russian names are often listed several at a time: Blysmus – viksvėnis/Quellried/blysmus, club-rush/блисмус, почочник; Zantedeschia – kalija/Zimmer-Kalla, Zantedeschie/callalily, trumpet lily/белокрыльник, калла, and many others. It is unclear whether the first is the standard form, whether they are equivalent, or whether they are provided merely for translation purposes.

The dictionary’s introduction does not explain why BVŽ gives the origin of some botanical names, e.g.: Acidanthera (Greek akis, -idos – point, anthera – anther); Fissidens (Latin fissus – split, dens – tooth); Lactuca (lac,

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lactis – milk) and so on, but not others. Perhaps this was done more cautiously, to avoid unreliable explanations. However, BVŽ sometimes gives at least the language, for example: Lilium L. (Latin plant name); Luffa Mill. (Arabic loofah – plant name).

Some information related to etymology should be corrected. Asklepios (= Asklėpios) is not a mythological figure, but the first physician; Asklepijas is in fact the Greek god of healing, the god of physicians (ANTŽ 1998). Ginkgo is not a Chinese but a Japanese name for the tree (ANTŽ 1998). One could add: Euryale is not just a figure from Greek mythology, but more precisely one of the Gorgons (IMŽ 1999). In explaining the etymology of taxa in greater detail, BVŽ mentions people whose surnames gave rise to plant names. They are called naturalists (K 20, L 187, N 70, S 383), but should be called natural scientists (as they are in E 173), since naturalists refers to artists who seek to reproduce reality photographically.

It is unclear why the stress marks for Latin epithets are given in an appendix—a glossary—rather than in the dictionary itself. Dictionaries normally mark the stress of all words; this is more convenient. The Latin names of plant families should also be marked for stress: DIPSACACEAE (=DIPSACÁCEAE), PINACEAE (=PINÁCEAE), ULVACEAE (=ULVÁCEAE), and so on.

Species could have their own additional numbering. Not everything is in alphabetical order; for example, 183 Bryum, 192 Bryonia should be the other way around. In some places the numbering in the index is confused: siningija S 304 is given, when it is actually S 305. Not everything is listed in the abbreviations and symbols section: Eur. (A 2); Antarkt. (P 445); bot. (W5); išplit. (V 71); kolekc. (G 17); sukul. (A 250, A 253, etc.); pap. (C 616); pašar. (G 167); pusrut. (A 574); it is unclear what is denoted by the symbol □ (F 31).

The index of Lithuanian names is impeccably compiled. Its main shortcoming is that when several terms are given in the dictionary, the index does not include the reference abbreviation ž., i.e., all these words are listed separately in the index, without directing the reader to one synonym or another.

Nomenclature and problems of its revision. In BVŽ, all genus names are single-word, with the exception of the phraseological term water lily. Species names are mostly two-word, although there are a dozen or so familiar one-word names: black alder, southernwood, rapeseed, cabbage, turnip, scallop squash, and so on. This departs from formal naming requirements, but not from living language. LBŽ did not yet dare to do so—it wrote alder-

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alder, wood anemone, cauliflower, cornflower, raspberry, blackberry, cherry, chamomile, bilberry, strawberry, and the like. BVŽ also dared to breach formal requirements by using appositional terms, for example: trailing begonia, dwarf palm, dwarf birch, crowfoot clubmoss, false oat, self-seeding poppy, and about ten more.

The same name is used for Chamaerops and C. humilis – dwarf palm, although the latter should have a qualifier, such as low-growing, cf. German Zwergpalme and niedrige Z., Schirmpalme, English dwarf palm and African hair palm, helm palm, Russian хамеропс and х. приземистый, карликовая пальма.

According to the scale of species names, BVŽ lists the most species under sedge—76 (LBŽ—51). Several dozen plants have just one species in each of the two plant-name dictionaries.

Many Latin names were changed in BVŽ. The Introduction to BVŽ states: “The objectivity of assessments of the scope of taxa and their position in the general system of the plant world depends on the amount of information available. Additional research will sooner or later lead to a positive outcome—the reconciliation of opinions” (BVŽ 1998: 8).

When a species is made into a genus, its Lithuanian name also changes, for example:

D[ryopteris] Linnaeana – triangular-leaved fern (LBŽ) – D. linna-eana cf. Gymnocarpium dryopteris – triangular fern (BVŽ);

G[alium] cruciatum – crosswort bedstraw (LBŽ) – G. cruciata cf. Cruciata laevipes – crosswort (BVŽ).

From the genus Agropyrum (couch grass), LBŽ created two genera—(Agropyron) valkūnas and (Elytrigia) couch grass. Valkūnas is not even included as a dialect synonym in either LBŽ or LF II. LKŽ XVIII gives the fourth meaning of valkūnas as “couch grass,” used by western Dzūkians (in Alytus, Jieznas, Onuškis, and elsewhere). Every change, even a scientific advance, is a tricky matter. Lithuanian has managed quite well with valkūnas, while other languages have yet to find distinct names for Agropyron and Elytrigia – Queckel couch-grass/житняк, пырей. In LBŽ, Cydonia (quince) has now been split into two genera: Cydonia – cidonia, Chaenomeles – quince (BVŽ). It is unfortunate that the foreignism cidonia, which is being corrected everywhere, has been reintroduced into the Lithuanian nomenclature.

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The system of plants described in the new dictionary contains unexpected novelties—partial changes to family names. For example: Brassicaceae (Cruciferae) – mustards (crucifers); Fabaceae (Leguminosea) – legumes (peas); Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) – celery family (umbels); Lamiaceae (Labiatae) – dead-nettles (labiates); Asteraceae (Compositae) – asters (composites); Poaceae (Gramineae) – grasses (grains); Arecaceae (Palmae) – arecas (palms). Does the pursuit of a certain consistency—naming all families after genera—come at the expense of precision and clarity? At least in the field of botany, no; in agriculture, grasses and legumes must remain. The BVŽ states: “The dictionary was not intended to resolve questions of taxonomy and systematics” (BVŽ 1989: 8).

Lithuanian botanical names. Lithuanian specialist vocabulary—at least in botany—is considered the primary source of terminology. In the BVŽ, Comarum was needlessly rendered as sūdras (LKŽ XIV sūdras, -a “hard, astringent”), whereas the LBŽ had trindažolė (also in P. Matulionis’s Žolynas). Established traditional names are included in various plant catalogues and encyclopaedias, as well as in the DŽ, and therefore should not be changed without the most compelling reason.

K. Gaivenis, a long-time terminology specialist, has written extensively about botanical nomenclature. It is surprising that the BVŽ took no account whatsoever of his observations (Gaivenis 1985: 176). For example:

1. Closely related epithets should not be used for species of the same genus, for example: Carex rostrata – snap sedge (cf. Latvian in the LBŽ pudeļu grīslis [bottle sedge]) and its current changed name, uzpūstais grīslis [inflated sedge] (this and the other Latvian examples were collected from the website www.google.lt//latvijas.daba.lv/augi.senes/ and also checked against the normative encyclopedic dictionary “Latvijas daba”, 1994–1998), and C. rhynchophysa – long-beaked sedge; Equisetum hyemale – rough horsetail (cf. ziemzaļā kosa [evergreen horsetail]) and E. trachyodon – rough-toothed horsetail, etc.

2. Vivid species epithets that are difficult to identify should be avoided, for example: Carex globularis – globular sedge, cf. Latvian apaļvārpainais grīslis [round-spiked sedge]; Astragalus danicus – black-toothed milkvetch, cf. Latvian Dānijas tragantzīrnis [Danish milkvetch].

Loanwords and their Lithuanian equivalents. Of the more than fifteen hundred genus names in the BVŽ, about five hundred consist solely of Latin loanwords. The BVŽ has far more loanwords than the LBŽ. For example:

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BVŽ kana (Canna) – LBŽ Indian shot (Canna indica); karagana (Caragana) – pea tree; karlina (Carlina) – carline thistle; elimas (Elymus) – sand ryegrass (Elymus arenarius); eugenija (Eugenia) – clove tree; ferula (Ferula) – giant fennel; grimija (Grimmia) – mitršepšė (and Ivinskis’s dailenis); liguliarija (Ligularia) – Siberian leopard plant (Ligularia sibiraca); mesija (Meesia) – tooth-tongue (Meesea); pasiflora (Passiflora) – blue passionflower (Passiflora caerulea); robinija (Robinia) – white-flowered locust (Robinia Pseudacacea); šerardija (Sherardia) – field madder (Sherardia arvensis); veisija (Weissia) – greenish whitlow-grass (Weissia viridula), etc.

Sometimes the reverse is true:

BVŽ žydrūnis – LBŽ ageratum (Ageratum mexicanum); smaugikas (Celastrus) – climbing bittersweet (Celastrus scandens); laumenė – leopard’s-bane (Doronicum); lapenis – orchid cactus (Phyllocactus); smiltyninis šepetukas (Weingaertneria canescens syn. Corynephorus canescens) – weingartneria (only synonyms smilgaveidė, šepetukas).

K. Gaivenio buvo siūlyta keisti svetimus gėlių pavadinimus (Gaivenis 1997: 47–48): Dieffenbachia – difenbachija – ajerinių šeimos augalas, taigi ajerūnė; Sansevieria – sansevjera – jos lapai panašūs į kardus, todėl karduotė; Caladium – kaladis – labai puošniais lapais, todėl keistinas lietuvišku žodžiu lapainis; Haworthia – avortija – dėl lapų margumo tinka vadinti margulė; gėlė Eranthis – erantis – anksti žydintis, taigi pavasariukas; Heliosperma – heliosperma – gr. helios „saulė“, taigi saulukė; Beloperone – beloperonė – jos žiedynai panašūs į spurgus, todėl spurg uotė; Chlorophytum – chlorofitas – su orinių šaknelių kuokšteliais tarsi viksvomis, todėl viksvūnė.

Let us look at the plant nomenclature of neighbouring countries—Latvian and German—where there are fewer international names than in Lithuanian. Latvian and German botanical terms are created, as far as possible, using the resources of their own languages; compare: Aneura – aneura – bezdzīsl enes [“veinless”]/Bryum – brija – samtītes [“velvets”: Latvian samts “velvet”]/Birnmoos [“pear” + “moss”]; Cephalozia – cefalozija – pumpurzarenes [“bud” + “twig”]/Kopf sproßmoos [“head” + “growth; shoot” + “moss”]; Drepanocladus – drepanė – sirplapes [“sickle-shaped leaves”]/Sichelmoos [“sickle” + “moss”]; Lepidozia – lepidozija – zvīnlapes [“scale leaves”]/Schuppenzweigmoos [“scales” + “branch”];

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Scopolia – skopolija – lāpstītes [“little shovels”]/ Tollkraut [“mad; wonderful” + “herb; plant”].

BVŽ gives aloe (Aloe), but the popular name alijošius is more popular (LKŽ I, 1968), so it would be better to mention both or, better still, return to the former alijošiaus. The synonyms vaistinė ramunė and ramunėlis are given (why not ramunėlė?) (Matricaria recutita), valgomasis ridikas and ridikėlis (Raphanus sativus). Artemisia absinthium – LBŽ: kietis, metėlė; LF VI: kartusis kietis (pelynas); DŽ₄: pelynas, see metėlė, whereas BVŽ has kartusis kietis (pelynas is a Slavic borrowing). Hyssopus was juozapas in LBŽ juozapas, and in BVŽ – isopas, juozažolė. juozažolė is preferable (Gaivenis 1990: 79). Ricija (Riccia) should also be changed: in LBŽ, it was plonė.

From time to time, one gets the impression that the language of botanical science is running short of naming resources: names that are too similar are coined, creating confusion and impoverishing the language. For example, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis – kinrožė and Rosa chinensis – kinė rožė. One might think they are the same plant, although in fact they are not. One of them should therefore be made more precise: LBŽ calls Hibiscus rosa-sinensis gražiažiedė kinrožė. We could take a cue from other languages, which cannot be faulted on this score: Hibiscus rosa-sinensis – Rosen-Eibisch/ China rose, Chinese hibiscus, shoe flower/ губчук, кумачкая роза; Rosa chinensis – Edel-Rose, Bengal-Rose, chinesische Rose/ Chinese rose, India rose/ роза кумачкая, чайная роза. Would it not be best to rename it—instead of kininė, use arbatinė rožė?

Rare borrowed epithets that do not reflect distinguishing features are not always acceptable, for example: sareptinis bastutis (Brassica juncea), gimnodininis glenodinis (Glenodium gymnodinium), and so on.

LBŽ includes names that would not be included in botanical name lists today. For example: LBŽ Viola canina – šunpijonkė – in BVŽ we have šuninė našlaitė; LBŽ Bryum – silnyčius – BVŽ: brija; LBŽ Carthamus – kriukuzas – BVŽ: dygminas. The BVŽ name gójasamanė (Pseudoscleropodium) is unacceptable because gojus is a foreignism.

The dictionary contains terms in need of correction: arachis (=peanut); kokos-palmė (=coconut palm); alyvpalmė (=oil palm) (TT 1992). Single-word Latin terms are convenient for botanical science, but some should not be translated using compounds (Gaivenis 1989: 44)—rapipalmė

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(=hazel palm); sabalpalmė (=dwarf palm?); sagopalmė (=sago palm).

There are questionable cases of adapting names to Lithuanian, for example: Amaryllis – amarilė (=amarilis?); Hawortija – avortija (=hawortija); Marsilea – marsilija (=marsilėja?); Lodoicea – lodoicė (=lodoicėja?).

Stress and spelling errors. A few stress inaccuracies were found: spanguolė (=spańguolė); areka (=arekà); kapāris (=kāparis); bukadyglis (=bukadýglis), maurabragis, compare gausiadyglis m.; Berchtòldo (=Bèrchtoldo) plūdė (Potamogeton berchtodii).

These Lithuanian or Latin words lack stress marks: sidabrinis (=sidabrìnis) antūris; Cephaelis, Cuminum; Gigartina; Laminaria, Lyngbya; Mallomonas, Metzgeria, Microcystis; Navicula; Odontoschisma; Phacus, Physcomitrium, Plagiochila, Ptilidium; Riccia, Rivularia; Scapania, Scytonema, Solenostoma, Stauroneis; Vaucheria, Volvox. Few spelling and proofreading errors were found in BVŽ: ilìnas (=ýlinas) nariuotis; naturalistas (=natūralistas); dmbliai (=dumbliai), Jobibara (=Jobibarba) sobolifera.

Botanical nomenclature is constantly being revised. The BVŽ Preface states that “the aim was to standardize Lithuanian plant names used by specialists and amateurs in various fields and to help avoid confusion” (5). Indeed, one would like to have more stable names, more Lithuanian ones—livelier and easier to use. Of course, Lithuanian names must be formed according to the rules of the Lithuanian language.

Two Sisyphean tasks have been completed: one dictionary is mature, the other still young. LBŽ is more Lithuanian and purer, while BVŽ is sorely lacking Lithuanian equivalents or substitutes. BVŽ is a publication intended solely for botanical science, for those who study and teach it. Many plants are widespread, and new ones continue to spread, but their non-Lithuanian names often make them foreign.

SOURCES AND LITERATURE

ANTŽ 1998: Antikos žodynas, Vilnius.

BVŽ 1998: Botanikos vardų žodynas. Sudarė R. Jankevičienė, Vilnius.

DŽ₄ 2000: Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas, Vilnius.

Gaivenis K. 1985: Lietuvos augalų genčių ir rūšių pavadinimai. – Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai 24, 176.

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Gaivenis K. 1989: Mokslo kalbos dalykai. – Kalbos kultūra 56, 43–49.

Gaivenis K. 1990: Yzopas arba juozažolė. – Kalbos kultūra 58, 79.

Gaivenis K. 1997: Siūlome kelis lietuviškus gėlių pavadinimus. – Kalbos kultūra 69, 46–48.

IMŽ 1999: Iliustruotas mitologijos žodynas, Vilnius.

LBŽ 1938: Lietuviškas botanikos žodynas. Sudarė Botanikos žodyno komisija, vadovaujama L. Vailionio, red. J. Dagys, Kaunas.

LF 1959–1980: Lietuvos TSR flora 1–6, Vilnius.

LKŽ I 1968: Lietuvių kalbos žodynas 1, Vilnius.

LKŽ XIV 1986: Lietuvių kalbos žodynas 14, Vilnius.

LKŽ XVIII 1997: Lietuvių kalbos žodynas 18, Vilnius.

Matulionis P. 1906–1907: Žolynas: Lietuvos augalų žodynas ir augalų taislas, Vilnius.

TT 1992: Terminologijos taisymai, Vilnius.

TŽŽ 2001: Tarptautinių žodžių žodynas, Vilnius.

Solvita LABANAUSKIENĖ

Received 2002-11-04

Institute of the Lithuanian Language

P. Vileišio g. 5, LT-2055 Vilnius

Email solv [email protected]

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