Research area: the history of the Lithuanian language and writing.
https://doi.org/10.35321/term32-09
ABSTRACT
This study, dedicated to the history of linguistic terminology, analyses words denoting writing characters—letters, numerals, periods, diacritical marks, commas, and colons—included in Philipp Ruhig’s dictionary Littauisch–Deutsches und Deutsch–Littauisches Lexicon (1747). The article also examines the connections between these terms and the sources of Ruhig’s dictionary, as well as their dissemination in East Prussian Lithuanian and German dictionaries of the 19th century.
KEYWORDS: Philipp Ruhig, letter, numeral, period, diacritical mark, comma, colon.
ABSTRACT
This study, dedicated to the history of linguistic terminology, analyses words denoting writing characters: letter, numeral, period, diacritical mark, comma, and colon, included in Philipp Ruhig’s (Pilypas Ruigys, 1675–1749) dictionary Littauisch–Deutsches und Deutsch–Littauisches Lexicon (1747). The article also examines the connections of these terms with the sources of Ruhig’s dictionary and their dissemination in East Prussian Lithuanian and German dictionaries of the 19th century.
KEYWORDS: Philipp Ruhig, letter, number character, period, diacritical mark, comma, colon.
Researchers trace the beginnings of Lithuanian linguistic terminology to Martynas Mažvydas’s Catechism1, but the more intensive phase of terminology creation began in the first half of the 19th century; until then, Latin terms predominated in Lithuanian writings (Balašaitis 1961: 10). In the 17th and 18th centuries, dictionaries were the main works that created and disseminated Lithuanian terminology. Recent research on Philipp Ruhig’s (1675–1749) dictionary Littauisch–Deutsches und Deutsch–Littauisches Lexicon (Königsberg, 1747)2, especially the index of Lithuanian words prepared by Ona Aleknavičienė (Aleknavičienė 2024), provides a better understanding of the terminology as a whole.
Antanas Balašaitis’s dissertation, The History of Lithuanian Linguistic Terms (1961)3, covers the history of linguistic terminology from Mažvydas’s Catechism through the 1950s. Its aim was “to show how, as Lithuanian linguistics developed, terminology for its various branches was formed and standardized, how it took shape, grew, changed, and became established in Lithuanian linguistics” (Balašaitis 1961: 3). Although dictionaries of the 17th and 18th centuries are not listed among the sources (cf. Balašaitis 1961: 3), their data were also included in the study. The author recorded the earliest instances of linguistic terms, including several terms from Philipp Ruhig’s dictionary Littauisch–Deutsches und Deutsch–Littauisches Lexicon. The dissertation’s aim and broad chronological and subject scope meant that A. Balašaitis did not investigate the sources of terms used by Ruhig or other authors, nor did he examine their dissemination.
This study focuses on the terms denoting writing characters that Ruhig included in his dictionary Littauisch–Deutsches und Deutsch–Littauisches Lexicon (hereafter R—the whole dictionary; Rvl—the German–Lithuanian section; Rlv—the Lithuanian–German section), and seeks to establish their sources and dissemination in 19th-century East Prussian dictionaries. It has been observed that A. Balašaitis did not include all the terms found in Ruhig’s dictionary in the scope of his aforementioned studies; for example, he did not mention skyrinėlis, the term for a colon. His work does not collect all the synonyms of Ruhig’s terms: it states that R used skaitytinė, rašytinė and raštnėlis for ‘letter’ (Balašaitis 1961: 40), but omits raštas, raštelis; it gives žymelė and spakelis for ‘period’ (Balašaitis 1961: 152), but omits žymė; for ‘comma’ it gives tarpbrūkšnelis and skyrimėlis (Balašaitis 1961: 152), but does not record two other synonyms, skyrinėlis and žymė. Because the sources were not considered, not all meanings of the terms were identified; for instance, the polysemous term raštelis was mentioned4
1 In the Catechism, the words vowel (“vowel”), diphthong (“diphthong”), and consonant (“consonant”) are used (Zinkevičius 1988: 36).
2 Vilma Zubaitienė has published the most research (Zubaitienė 2006; 2010a; 2010b; 2018), as has Vincentas Drotvinas (Drotvinas 2005). O. Aleknavičienė and V. Zubaitienė prepared a scholarly edition of Ruhig’s dictionary (2024).
3 In his article “From the History of Lithuanian Linguistic Terms,” A. Balašaitis discussed only the history of terms for parts of speech and word structure from the beginning of the 19th century (Balašaitis 2010: 3–12).
4 Researchers have already drawn attention to R’s terminology: Domas Kaunas noted that R includes 94 terms relating to writing, books, printing, and reading, and provided a list of them (Kaunas 1996: 141–142).
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only the meaning ‘letter’, žymelė only the meaning ‘period’, but it has not been established that they also meant ‘diacritical mark’. The term raištelis, which had the same meaning, is not recorded at all.
The article seeks to establish: 1) which terms denoting writing characters Ruigys included in his dictionary; 2) what the possible sources of R’s terms were; 3) whether they were adopted by the authors of later nineteenth-century East Prussian dictionaries. The analysis of the terms also revealed their characteristics—synonymy and polysemy.
The words denoting writing characters in R were identified on the basis of its Lithuanian word index (Aleknavičienė 2024: 113–958). It was established that R includes terms denoting a letter (the concepts of letter and sound were not distinguished), a numeral (the concepts of numeral and number were not distinguished), a diacritical mark, a period, a comma, and a colon.
The next stage of the study sought connections with earlier works. R’s sources are known from his preface and V. Zubaitienė’s detailed studies. The sources of Rvl are important for analysing terms denoting writing characters: Erich Weismann’s (1641–1717) dictionary Lexicon Bipartitum (Stuttgart, 1725, hereafter W; Zubaitienė 2006: 97–148), Martin Luther’s German Bible5 (Zubaitienė 2010a: 13), and the 1735 edition of the Bible BIBLIA, Tai efti: Wiffas Szwentas Raßtas, Séno ir Naujo Teftamento (Königsberg, 1735, hereafter B 1735), from which Lithuanian equivalents of German words were collected and the Rvl register compiled (Zubaitienė 2010a: 221; 2018: 1–38). According to V. Zubaitienė, the Bible was one of the most important sources of Lithuanian lexis for Ruigys; it “accurately reflected the resources of Lithuanian synonymy, as well as the possibilities for translating the names of new religious concepts (persons, things, and other realities)” (Zubaitienė 2018: 4).
To translate German words and compile the Rlv register, Ruigys relied on the third edition of Konstantinas Sirvydas’s dictionary Dictionarium trium linguarum (Vilnius, 1677, hereafter SD 1677), but comparative analysis showed that the terms denoting writing characters have no connection with this dictionary. An important source for R is Frydrichas Vilhelmas Hakas’s dictionary Vocabularium (Halle, 1730, hereafter H; Hvl denotes the German–Lithuanian part, Hlv the Lithuanian–German part; Zubaitienė 2010a: 82, 160, 221)6. In addition, Ruigys may also have drawn on the seventeenth- and eighteenth-century manuscript dictionaries Lexicon Lithuanicum (hereafter Lex), Clavis Germanico-Lithvana (hereafter C), the so-called Krause dictionary (hereafter Q)7, Jokūbas Brodovskis’s Lexicon Germanico–Lithvanicum et Lithvanico–Germanicum (hereafter B), or copies of those dictionaries (Zubaitienė 2010a: 222–223)8. The so-called Prague German–Lithuanian manuscript dictionary9 (hereafter P)
5 It has not yet been established which edition of Luther’s Bible or which concordances Ruigys used (Zubaitienė 2010a: 201; 2018: 33–34). In this article, the German text is cited from the 1727 edition of the New Testament (hereafter NT 1727).
6 H kritinį leidimą žr. Zubaitienė 2012a, lietuviškų žodžių indeksą žr. Zubaitienė 2012b.
7 Apie rankraštinių žodynų ryšius žr. Urbutis 2008: 622–623.
8 Ruigys naudojosi ir Ernesto Dicelijaus (1629–1692) rankraštine medžiaga, bet ji nėra surasta (Zubaitienė 2010a: 222). Dar keletas R šaltinių šiam tyrimui nėra aktualūs: Ruigio veikalai Meletema ([1735]) ir Betrachtung der Littauischen Sprache, in ihrem Ursprunge, Wesen und Eigenschaften (Karaliaučius, 1747), iš kurių į R teimti posakiai ir iliustraciniai žodžių junginiai (Zubaitienė 2010a: 190, 310), Danieliaus Kleino, Teofilio Gotlibo Šulco ir Kristupo Sapūno lietuvių kalbos gramatikos (jomis Ruigys galėjo remtis pateikdamas
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V. Zubaitienė did not mention P among R’s sources in 2010, because it was discovered only in 2011. As the textual analysis conducted by Birutė Triškaitė shows, P “is a copy of an earlier manuscript dictionary from Lithuania Minor” and is related to Lex and Q (Triškaitė 2014: 313); its material is therefore also important for analysing the sources of R’s lexicon. Comparison with the German and Latin terms recorded in these dictionaries made it possible to identify the concepts denoted more precisely.
The subsequent analysis examined the dissemination of R’s terms for writing characters. R and the grammar by Ruigys’s son Povilas Frydrichas, Anfangsgründe einer Littauischen Grammatik (Königsberg, 1747), were highly regarded by their contemporaries. O. Aleknavičienė has noted that “the Prussian historian Johann Friedrich Goldbeck (1748–1812), in his work Literarische Nachrichten von Preußen (1781–1783), stated that these were the best books one could have for learning the language, praised by all who knew that language” (Aleknavičienė 2024: 13). This article analyses whether the terms under study were adopted in later works—nineteenth-century printed Lithuanian and German dictionaries: Kristijonas Gotlybas Milkus’s (1732–1807) Littauisch=Deutsches und Deutsch=Littauisches Wörter=Buch (Königsberg, 1800; hereafter M, Mvl denotes the German–Lithuanian part, Mlv the Lithuanian–German part); Georg Heinrich Ferdinand Nesselmann’s (1811–1881) Wörterbuch der Littauischen Sprache (Königsberg, 1851; hereafter N); and Frydrichas Kuršaitis’s (1806–1884) Wörterbuch der littauischen Sprache (hereafter K)—Deutsch–Littauisches Wörterbuch 1–2 (Halle, 1870–1874; hereafter Kvl) and Littauisch–Deutsches Wörterbuch (Halle, 1883; hereafter Klv).
According to O. Aleknavičienė, R and the aforementioned Lithuanian grammar by Ruigys’s son prompted K. G. Milkus to prepare a revised and expanded edition of R10—M (Aleknavičienė 2024: 13–14). That K. G. Milkus used R is indicated by the title of his dictionary: Littauisch–Deutsches und Deutsch–Littauisches Wörter=Buch, worinn das vom Pfarrer Ruhig zu Walterkehmen ehemals heraus gegebene zwar zum Grunde gelegt.
In the preface to his dictionary, G. H. F. Nesselmann identified the sources whose material he used; Ruigys’s dictionary is among them (N V). In compiling Kvl and Klv, F. Kuršaitis most likely did not rely directly on R; he used manuscript dictionaries (Triškaitė 2011: 40, 44) and M and N (Drotvinas 2006: 33), from which he may have adopted R’s terms.
gramatines nuorodas (Zubaitienė 2010a: 300), Jono Šulco Ezopo pasakėčios (1706), iš kurių galbūt imti šnekamosios kalbos pavyzdžiai (Zubaitienė 2010a: 300–301).
9 Plačiau žr. Lemeškin 2013: 269–279.
10 Kaip K. G. Milkus keitė R medžiagą, žr. Zubaitienė 2003: 127–178.
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LETTER
Included in Rvl is the German headword Buchstabe ‘letter’11 (in grammars of the 17th–18th centuries and later, up to the beginning of the 20th century, a letter was not distinguished from a sound), together with four Lithuanian equivalents: skaitytinė, rašytinė, raštelis, raštas (see Fig. 1).
The list is supplemented by the Rlv headword raštinėlis, bringing the total in R to five terms meaning ‘letter’ (for their meanings and forms, see Aleknavičienė 2024: 731, 691)12, cf.:
Rvl 87:
Buchftabe. Skaitytinė, ê̇s, f. Raßytinė, ê̇s, f. Raßtélis, élio, m. Matt. V. 18. Ráßtas, to, m. Rom. II. 29.
Rlv 118:
Raßinėlis élio, m. eine Buchftabe.
The term for ‘letter’ was included in W and in 17th–18th-century German–Lithuanian dictionaries—manuscript Lex, C, Q, B, P13 and H. The German Buchstabe had two Lithuanian equivalents in German–Lithuanian dictionaries: skaitytinė and raštelis, cf.:
W 83:
Buchftaben. litera, gramma, elementa, character.
Hvl 165:
Buchftabe Skaitytinė, Raßtelis.
Lex 20a:
Buchftabe Skaitytinė.
C I 405:
Buchftabe. Reading letter, ê̇s. F.
Q 105:
Buchftabe Skaitytinė.
B 301:
Buchftab Skaitytinė Lev 19,28 Matth 5,18.
P 47v:
Buchftabe Skaitytinė.
SD 1677 also gives a word for naming a letter: Litera, czcionká Litera. Litera SD 1677 109, but Ruigys did not include the Latin litera in his dictionary in place of a Lithuanian equivalent.
11 R also gives the verb buchftabiren, Bokßtabéróju, Raßytines fudemi Rvl 87, which appeared in W as Buchftabieren. coordinare literas & syllabas W 83; B has no translation for it: [Buchftab]biren B 301. This verb was not found in other sources.
12 A. Balašaitis recorded only three words meaning ‘letter’ from R: skaitytinė, rašytinė, raštinėlis (Balašaitis 1961: 40).
13 I sincerely thank Dr. Birutė Triškaitė for the data from the Prague dictionary.
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Reading character
The term skaitytinė, given by Ruigys in Rvl as the first of the equivalents for German Buchstabe (see the section “Letter”) and as a headword in Rlv, is also used to explain the word silbė ‘syllable’14, cf.:
Rvl 87: Buchftabe, Reading letter, ês, f. Rlv 131: Reading letter, ês, f. the letter. Rvl 347: Syllbe, syllable, ês, f. Reading letters are pronounced at one time.
The term skaitytinė has been known since the earliest Lithuanian writings: it was used in Mažvydas’s Catechism (Balašaitis 1961: 39), Baltramiejus Vilentas’s Gospels and Epistles, Simonas Vaišnoras’s Margarita Theologica, and Jokūbas Morkūnas’s Postil15. As noted, it is included in Hvl and in manuscript German–Lithuanian dictionaries of the 17th–18th centuries as an equivalent of German Buchftabe (see the section “Letter”); moreover, in Hlv it also occurs as a headword, cf.: Skaitytine, ês ein Buchftabe Hlv 116. Skaitytinė also appeared in B 1735, but R did not note Ruigys’s biblical references for this word.
In SD 1677, skaitytinė had a different meaning—‘reading’, rather than ‘letter’: Czytánie, Lectio. Skaytimas, skaitytine SD 1677 31.
The term skaitytinė was also adopted into the 19th-century dictionaries M, N, and K: as the Lithuanian equivalent of the German term in the German–Lithuanian sections, and as a headword in the Lithuanian–German sections, cf.:
Mvl 114: Buchftabe, Reading letter, ês, f. Written letter, ês, Writing mark, élio, m. Matt. V, 18. Ráb tas, to, m. Rom. II, 29. Mlv 240: Reading letter, nės, f. the letter, not very intelligible. N 474: Reading letter, ês, f. a writing character, a letter Plur. Reading letters, the alphabet. Kvl I 267: Letter, the, now usual: búkß taws. otherwise also: written letter. reading letter. voice mark. Klv 376: ſkaitytiné, -ės Subst. f. the letter; bibl. otherwise, now búkßtawas.
As can be seen, K. G. Milkus marked this word as not very intelligible, while F. Kuršaitis marked it as biblical. The latter also supplied the term then used to mean ‘letter’: “jetzt búkßtawas”, “jetzt gew.: búkßtaws”; cf. his illustrative examples as well: didėlis búkßtaws, mažas búkßtaws Kvl I 267; βwininei (od. lietiniei) búkßtawai Kvl II 25. Thus, in the 19th century the term skaitytinė began to fall out of use. It is still included in N, while F. Kuršaitis proposed búkßtawas. as the equivalent of German Buchstabe used at the time.
14Skaitytinė R turėjo ir „natos“ reikšmę (Aleknavičienė 2024: 731): Note, Žymėlė giedama, žáidžema: Skaitytine giedamoji Rvl 269.
15 See LKŽ.
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Written character
The term rašytinė ‘letter’ was given by Ruhig as the equivalent of German Buchstabe, used in explaining the verb buchstabieren, and was included in the Rlv register; cf.:
Rvl 87: Buchſtabe [...] Writing character, ės, f.
Rvl 87: buchſtabiren, I spell out, I form writing characters.
Rlv 118: A small writing character, ėlio, m. eine Buchſtabe.
Raſytinė, ės, f. idem.
According to A. Balašaitis, rašytinė was coined by Ruhig by analogy with the word skaitytinė (Balašaitis 1961: 40). The word had not been recorded in earlier works, but was included in later dictionaries both as an equivalent of a German word and as a headword (except in Klv); cf.:
Mvl 114: Buchſtabe [...] Writing character, ės, f.
Mlv 218: Raſtinėlis, lio, m. Raſytinė, nės, f. the letter, not very well known.
N 429: Raszytinne, ės, f. a letter.
Kvl I 267: The letter, now commonly: búkßṭaws. Also otherwise: raſýtinė. skaitytinė. bálfo žymėlė.
Nevertheless, Mlv adds the note that this is a not very familiar word, but it is unclear whether it applies to both Lithuanian words, raštinėlis and rašytinė, or only to one of them. In Kvl, rašytinė is given as one of four equivalents of German Buchstabe, but Klv does not include it in the headword register; the term for ‘letter’ is būkštavas: búkβtawas, –o, Subst. m. der Buchstabe, (dtsch.) Klv 63.
Letter
Ruigys gave the term raštelis as one of four equivalents of German Buchstabe16; Rlv does not contain this word, cf.:
Rvl 87: Buchſtabe [...] Raſtėlis, ėlio m. Matt. V. 18.
When studying linguistic terms, A. Balašaitis recorded their earliest occurrences; he found the word raštelis ‘letter’ in H, but did not mention in his study the other authors who used it, including Ruigys (Balašaitis 1961: 40). Gita Kazlauskaitė associated this term with the works of K. G. Milkus, G. H. F. Nesselmann, and Antanas Baranauskas (Kazlauskaitė 2002: 66). As can be seen, it was also used by Ruigys (see also Aleknavičienė 2024: 691).
For the term raštelis ‘letter’, Ruigys indicated a source—Mt 5:18. A comparison of the German Bible with B 1735, which Ruigys used, shows that German Buchstabe17 corresponds to raštelis in B 1735, cf.:
16 R raštelis also had the meanings ‘diacritical mark’ (see the subsection “Letter”) and ‘typeface’ (Aleknavičienė 2024: 691).
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Mt 5,18
NT 1727 15: Denn ich sage euch warlich, || Biß daß Himmel und Erde zer=||gehe, wird nicht zergehen der || kleineste Buchstabe, noch ein || Tittel vom Gesetze, biß daß es alles geschehe.
B 1735 6: Nėfa iß tiefôs ſakau jums: || ik* dangus ir žéme ſugaiß, ne || ſugaiß nei mažáufas raßtélis, || arba ney wien’s žodélis žóka=||lno, ikk’ wiff’ iſſipildis.
The term raštelis ‘letter’ also occurs in H: it is one of the equivalents of German Buchstabe in Hvl and a headword in Hlv. F. W. Haack may have adopted this word from NT 1727, in whose preparation he himself played a substantial part (Zubaitienė 2010a: 58), but he did not provide a Bible reference, cf.:
Hvl 165:
Buchftabe Skaitytine, Raßtelis.
Hlv 110:
Raßtelis, lio ein Buchftabe I d. g. m.
Mt 5,18
NT 1727 15:
Nėfa iß tiefôs ſakau || jums: Ik Dangus ir Žéme || ſugaiß, ne ſugaiß ney ma=||žáufas Raßtelis, arba ney || wien’s Žodélis žokano, ikk’ || wiff’ iſſipildis.
This term is not recorded in earlier East Prussian dictionaries, but it entered later dictionaries. K. G. Milkus included it in the Mvl entry “Buchstabe” (it was absent from Mlv), while N gives it as a headword (with five synonyms); cf.:
Mvl 114:
Buchftabe [...] Raßtelis, élio, m. Matt. V, 18.
N 429:
Rasztélis, io, m.
Rasztátis, czio, m.
Rasztužis, io, m.
Rasztinė, ės, f. ein Buchftabe; eine Stikerei.
Rasztinélis, io, m. daff.
Rasztinélė, ės, f. daff.
Dim. Schrift, Buchftabe, Stikkerei.
Writing
The fourth equivalent of Rvl German Buchstabe is raštas (not recorded by A. Balašaitis; cf. Balašaitis 1961: 40). This term has the meaning “letter” only in Rvl18; cf.:
Rvl 87:
Buchftabe [...] Raßtas, to, m. Rom. II. 29.
At the passage indicated by Ruhig, i.e. Romans 2:29, NT 1727 has German Buchstaben (V littera), corresponding to B 1735 raštą; cf.:
17 In the Vulgate (hereafter V), the word at that passage is jota, “the ninth letter of the Greek alphabet”; cf. Mt 5:18: “Amen quippe dico vobis, donec transeat cælum et terra, jota unum aut unus apex non præteribit a lege, donec omnia fiant.”
18 R raštas also has other meanings: “writing; Holy Scripture; document; ornament” (Aleknavičienė 2024: 691).
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Romans 2:29 NT 1727, 625: Rather, he is a Jew who is one inwardly; and circumcision is that of the heart, by the Spirit, not by the letter; whose praise is not from people but from God. ===
V: sed qui in abscondito Judaeus est, et circumcisio cordis in spiritu non littera, cuius laus non ex hominibus sed ex Deo est.
B 1735, 214: Bet tas 3ydas yra, kurſai || widduje paſlėptas eſti, ir ßir=||diês appipjauſtimas, kurſai dwáſėje, o ne || raßte nufiduſt; kurro garbe || ne eſti iß 3monû, bet iß Diewo.
Tad vok. Buchstabe atitikmenį raštas Ruigys veikiausiai įtraukė į R remdamasis B 1735. Juo labiau kad nei H, nei ankstesniuose rankraštiniuose žodynuose tokia šio žodžio reikšmė nebuvo nurodyta. Tik B duoti keli iliustraciniai žodžių junginiai, kuriuose vok. Buchstabe atitikmuo yra raštas, plg.:
B 301: Buchſtab verguldet Slatitas Raßtas.
B 377: Ebreiſcher Buchſtaben 3ydißkas Raßtas Luc. 23,38.
As mentioned, the entire Rvl entry “Buchstabe” was carried over into Mvl, with the same equivalents and references to the same Bible verses; cf.:
Mvl 114: Buchſtabe [...] Raßtas, to, m. Rom. II, 29.
The Mlv headword raštas has no German equivalent Buchstabe, although the example Ne moka Raß tus, er kann nicht ſchreiben might suggest that it could have the meaning “letter”; cf.:
Mlv 218: Ráßtas, to, m die Schrift, das ausgenähte Bluhmwerk. Ne moka Raß tus, er kann nicht ſchreiben.
N also gives no German equivalent Buchstabe for the headword raštas, but here too it includes the Mlv example (with only the word order changed), which could indicate that it has the meaning “letter”; cf.: Rásztus ne moka, er kann nich ſchreiben N 429.
The equivalent Buchstabe in Kvl German no longer has the counterpart raštas (cf. Kvl I 267); Klv also does not indicate the meaning ‘letter’ for the headword raštas (cf. Klv 346). Thus, the meaning ‘letter’ of the word raštas, which Ruhig took from the Bible, was no longer characteristic in the 19th century.
Raštinėlis
In addition to the four Lithuanian equivalents of Rvl German Buchstabe discussed above, Rlv provides one more word meaning ‘letter’—raštinėlis (Aleknavičienė 2024: 691; see Fig. 2); it is not found in Rvl, cf.:
This term is not recorded in earlier dictionaries; according to A. Balašaitis, it was coined by Ruhig himself (Balašaitis 1961: 40).
Raštinėlis is included in Mlv’s headword register. At the end of the entry it is noted that the word is not very well known, but it is unclear whether the remark applies to both words, raštinėlis and rašytinė, or to just one of them (it is absent from Mvl under German Buchstabe, as it is from R), cf.:
Mlv 218: Raßtinélis, lio, m. Raßytinė, nės, f. der Buchftabe, nicht fehr bekannt.
G. H. F. Nesselmann, who supplied the greatest number of words for naming the letter, also included raštinėlį in R and M, whereas F. Kurschat omitted it from K, along with the words raštas and raš telis, which in R had the meaning ‘letter’, cf.:
N 429: Rasztinė, ės, f. ein Buchftabe; eine Stikerei. Rasztinélis19, io, m. daff.
Summary
The dictionaries R, W, and H, as well as handwritten German–Lithuanian dictionaries from the 17th–18th centuries, were consulted for terms denoting a letter. R records five Lithuanian words for ‘letter’: skaitytinė, rašytinė, raštas, raštelis, raštinėlis. The first four (skaitytinė, rašytinė, raštas, raštelis) are given in Rvl as equivalents of German Buchstabe; all except raštelį are also included in the Rlv register; raštinėlis appears only in Rlv. Skaitytinė, raštelis and raštas are connected with earlier Lithuanian writings: skaitytinė and raštelis occur in H, while raštelis and raštas are referenced in B 1735 (see Table 1). Rašytinė and raštinėlis are not attested in earlier texts and were probably coined by Ruhig himself.
Table 1. Use of terms meaning ‘letter’ in R in earlier works
19 The suffix –ėl- [ė] is marked N as <ė>, cf.: Abrufėlis R 3 – Abrusėlis N 2, Akmenėlis R 4 – Akmenėlis N 3, Apokėlis R 7 – Apokėlis N 8, Awinėlis R 11 – Awinėlis N 12.
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H
Lex
C
Q
B
P
B 1735
raštinėlis
-
-
-
-
-
-
skaitytinė
+
+
+
+
+
+
K. G. Milkus adopted all the terms meaning ‘letter’ from R. Skaitytinė, rašytinė and raštas, as in R, are given in Mvl as equivalents of German Buchstabe and in Mlv as headwords. Raštelis in M is merely one of the equivalents of German Buchstabe, while raštinėlis is included only as a headword in Mlv. All the terms discussed were also adopted into N. K contains only skaitytinė (an equivalent of German Buchstabe in Kvl and a headword in Klv), while rašytinė occurs only in Kvl (see Table 2); F. Kurschat gave būkštavaas as the principal equivalent of German Buchstabe. G. Kazlauskaitė’s research shows that only skaitytinė and rašytinė were used in East Prussian primers in the 19th century (Kazlauskaitė 2002: 66). According to Vincentas Drotvinas, F. Kurschat’s dictionary devoted considerable attention specifically to spoken-language material (Drotvinas 2006: 32–33). F. Kurschat probably omitted R’s terms from his dictionary because they were no longer in use at that time.
Table 2. Terms meaning ‘letter’ in R and in 19th-century dictionaries
Mvl
Mlv
N
Kvl
Klv
rašytinė
+
[+]
+
+
-
writing
+
-
-
-
-
little writing
+
-
+
-
-
tiny writing
-
[+]
+
-
-
reading material
+
[+]
+
+
[+]
Note: [+] indicates that a term is included but marked as obsolete, biblical, or not entirely clear.
NUMERAL
Rvl gives the German equivalents Zahl and Ziffer as rokuotinė, suskaitytinė ‘numeral’ (Aleknavičienė 2024: 705, 786; see Fig. 3; numerals were not distinguished from numbers); they are absent from the Rlv section, cf.:
Rvl 408: Number, in writing, Rokótinė, nês, feminine.
Figure 3. Rvl 413: Ziffer and Zahl Lithuanian equivalents Rokótinė, Sufkaitytinė; LMAVB RSS: LK–18/10
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The German Zahl and Ziffer ‘digit’ occurred in W, H, and the manuscript dictionaries; the word meaning ‘numeral’ was also included in SD 1677, cf.:
W 500: Zahl. numerus.
W 508: Numeral. numerus, nota numeri.
Hvl 227: Number, number character.
Lex 108a: Zahl Skaitlus, C₃iene, Skaic₃zus
Lex 109a: Numeral. Number character.
C II 1027: Zahl. Skaitlus, aus. M. C₃iene, és. F. [...] Skaic₃zus, aus. M.
C II 1052: Ziffer. Skaitlus, aus. M.
Q 633: Number, number character. Number. C₃iene.
SD 1677 108: Liczbá, Numerus (i. m.) Number
As can be seen, Ruigys did not choose the equivalents skaitlius, skaičius for the German Zahl and Ziffer given in H and the manuscript dictionaries. The R words rokuotinė and suskaitýtinė were not recorded in earlier writings and were probably coined by Ruigys himself (cf. the words skaitytinė, rašytinė).
M, like R, includes rokuotinė and suskaitýtinė only as equivalents of German words, cf.:
Mv1 557: Ziffer, f. Zahl, Rokótinė, és, f. Counting number, és, f.
Mv1 550: Zahl, in writing, Rokótinė, nês, f.
G. H. F. Nesselmann included the term rokuotinė in his dictionary as a headword, whereas suskaitýtinės is not found in N20, cf.:
N 446: Rokótine, és, f. the written number, the numeral.
K is likewise found only in R and M as a word for counting—Kvl as the equivalent of German Zahl and Ziffer21; a note is also given that it is a word used in earlier times, while Klv has it as a headword (see Table 3), cf.:
Klv 358: rokútinė, -ės, noun feminine, obsolete for the now usual cólis, the number.
Kvl II 372: numeral, feminine, cólis, io, formerly: rokútinė.
20 The meaning ‘numeral’ is also found in several other words: Suskaitinė, ės, f. die Ziffer, die Zahl; Skaitytinė, ės, f. ein Schriftzeichen; Skaiczus, aus, m. die Zahl, Anzahl; Skaitlus, aus, m. die Zahl, Anzahl N 474.
21 The meaning ‘numeral’ is found in K: [ſkaičius, -iaus, Subst. m. die Zahl, Anzahl, Rechnung. Szyrwid.] Klv 375; [ſkaitlius, -iaus, Subst. masc. die Zahl, Anzahl. Klv 376; [ſufkaitinė, -ės, Subst. f. die Ziffer, Zahl.] Klv 415.
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Table 3. Words meaning ‘numeral’ in 19th-century dictionaries of R
Ruigys included in Rvl words that have both the meanings ‘dot—a punctuation mark’ and ‘diacritical mark’. The German words Dipfel, Tipfel22, which have both meanings, are translated into R as žymelė; the German words Tütel, Pünktlein23 are rendered by three words: raštelis, raištelis, žymelė (see Fig. 4); the German word Punkt – žymelė and spakėlis (for all their meanings and forms, see Aleknavičienė 2024: 687, 691, 936), cf.:
Rvl 101: Dipfel, Tipfel, Mark, ės, f. Rvl 358: Tütel, Pünktlein, little writing, ėlio, m. Luc. XVI. 17. little tie, ėlio, m. Matth. V. 18. Mark, ės, f. Rvl 283: Punct, Mark, ės, f. Spakielis, ėlio, m.
22 Cf. Deutsches Wörterbuch by Jacob Grimm and Wilhelm Grimm, digitized version in the Wörterbuchnetz of the Trier Center for Digital Humanities, version 01/25. Available online: https://woerterbuchnetz.de/?sigle=DWB&lemid=D02652, https://woerterbuchnetz.de/?sigle=DWB&lemid=T04578.
23 Cf. Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Deutschen. Available online: https://www.dwds.de/wb/etymwb/T%C3%BCtel#wb-2.
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German Punkt, Pünktlein are also included in handwritten dictionaries of the 17th–18th centuries. In C, German Punkt most likely also means both “diacritical mark” and “period—a punctuation mark.” The meaning of German Punkt and Pünktlein, included in B and P, is not specified; cf.:
C II 248: Punct. Žimele, ês, f. Κεραία, Apex.
B 988: Punct Sȝlakas
B 988: Little dot. Spakkelis
P 202v: Punct
A little mark
In Rvl, the equivalent raštelis for German Tütel, Pünktlein is accompanied by a reference to the Bible—Luke 16:17; the same reference is given in C, but there other equivalents for German Tütel are provided—piešėlis (pėšelis), brūkšmelis; cf.:
Rvl 358: Tȕtel, Pȕnktlein, Raƀtélis, élio, m. Luc. XVI. 17.
C II 611: Tȕttel. Pėƀélis, iô. M. (mažaufis Brukƀmelis. [...] It is easier for Heaven and Earth to pass away than for even one Pėƀélis | Brukƀmelis: | Ȝokano to perish [...] Luc. 16. 17.
A comparison of the German and Lithuanian versions of Luke 16:17 shows that German Tittel24 in NT 1727 (V Latin apex) corresponds to raštelis in B 1735; consequently, the word was taken over by Ruhig from B 1735. V helps clarify the meaning—“diacritical mark”; cf.:
Luke 16:17 NT 1727 322: But it is easier that || heaven and earth pass away, || than that one Tittel from the Ge=||feȝ fall.
B 1735 110: But it is easier that hea=||ven and earth perish, than that || even one raƀtélis should perish=||.
V: It is easier, however, for heaven and earth to pass away than for one apex to fall from the Law.
In H raštelis has only the meaning “letter” (see the subsection “A little mark”); this word did not occur in the handwritten dictionaries. The entire R entry “Tütel, Pünktlein” was adopted only in Mv1; it is absent from the other dictionaries; cf.:
Mv1 479: Little mark, dot, dash. Luc. XVI, 17. Little dash. Matt. V, 18. Little mark.
Diacritical mark
R Tütel, Pünktlein also has a biblical reference in its equivalent raštelis — Matt. 5:18; cf.:
24 LB has tütel; cf. Luke 16:17: But it is easier for heaven and earth to pass away than for one tittle of the law to fail.
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Rvl 358: Tūtel, Půnktlein [...] Raißtélis, élio, m. Matt. V. 18.
However, B 1735 (and NT 1727) has no raištelis in Matt. 5:18: NT 1727 German Tittel25 corresponds in B 1735 to žodelis; the meaning of raištelio can be identified with the help of V Latin apex ‘diacritical mark’; cf.:
Mt 5,18 NT 1727, 15 For I say to you truly, || until heaven and earth =||pass away, not the smallest letter, nor one || stroke of the law, will pass away until all || is accomplished.
B 1735: Nēfa iš tiefôs fakau jums: || ik* dangus ir žémę šugaiß, ne || šugaiß nei mažáufas raßtélis, || arba ney wien’s žodélis žóka=||no, ikk’ wiff’ ißfipildis.
V: Amen quippe dico vobis: Donec transeat caelum et terra, iota unum aut unus apex non praeteribit a Lege, donec omnia fiant.
In none of the earlier dictionaries does the word raištelis have the meaning ‘diacritical mark’. Perhaps raištelis could be a proofreading error (i.e., *raštelis), but this is unlikely, since both words, raštelis and raištelis, occur in Rvl in the same “Tūtel, Pünktlein” entry, next to each other (see the section “Diacritical mark,” Fig. 4). We can only cautiously speculate that raištelis may have stuck in Ruigys’s memory from the collective translation of NT 1727 and B 1735, which is why a biblical reference was added.
As mentioned, the entire Rvl “Tūtel, Pünktlein” entry was taken over into Mvl, including raištelis (see the subsection “Diacritical mark”). It also entered N: it is listed after the word raištas and has the meaning ‘little dot’; cf.:
N 432: Raisztas, o, m. ein Kreis. [...] Raisztélis, io, m. Dim. ein Kreischen, Pünktchen.
Klv has only raištas ([raißtas, -o, Subst. m. ein Kreis.] Klv 342), but not raištelis.
Mark
The word žymelė26 is given in R as a synonym of the words raštelis and raištelis, which meant “diacritical mark,” and as an equivalent of the German words Dipfel, Tipfel, Punkt, which could mean both “diacritical mark” and “period—a punctuation mark”; cf.:
Rvl 358: Tūtel, little dot, Raßtélis, élio, m. Luke XVI. 17. Raißtélis, élio, m. Matthew V. 18. Little mark, ės, f.
Rvl 101: Dipfel, Tipfel, Little mark, ės, f.
Rvl 283: Punct, Little mark, ės, f. Spakiélis, élio, m.
25 LB is Tūtel, cf. Mt 5:18: For I say unto you verily, Till heaven and earth pass away, not the smallest letter, nor one Tūtel of the law, shall pass, till all be fulfilled.
26 R žymelė means not only “diacritical mark” and “period—a punctuation mark,” but also “mark” and “musical note” (Aleknavičienė 2024: 936).
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As mentioned, C žymelė is the equivalent of the German Punkt and means “diacritical mark” (Greek Κεραία, Latin apex); the German Punkt in W also had this meaning. žymelė is used in the sense “diacritical mark” in Samuel Bitner’s edition of the New Testament (Königsberg, 1701, hereafter BtNT), Mt 5:18—the verse Ruigys had cited under another word with the same meaning, raištelis (cf. NT 1727 German Titel27, V Latin apex); cf.:
Mt 5:18 BtNT: For truly I say to you, =until heaven and earth pass away, not one jot or one mark of writing in the law shall pass away until all is fulfilled.
Nevertheless, it cannot be said with certainty that žymelė could have been borrowed from BtNT, since V. Zubaitienė’s research indicates that Ruigys probably did not rely on it (Zubaitienė 2010a: 196).
Žymelė, along with the R entries “Dipfel, Tipfel,” “Punkt,” and “Tütel, Pünktlein,” was carried over into M; cf.:
Mvl 132: Dipfel, Tipfel, little mark, ês, f. Mvl 378: Punct, little mark, ês, f. Spakiélis, élio, m. Mvl 479: Tůtel, Půnktlein, little dash, élio, m. Luc. XVI, 17. Little dash, élio, m. Matt. V, 18. Little mark, lês, f.
G. H. F. Nesselmann and F. Kuršaitis also included the word žymelė in their dictionaries as a diminutive of žymė, meaning “mark, symbol, written character,” but no longer indicated its meaning “diacritical mark”; cf.:
N 546: Z’yme, ês, f. a sign, a distinguishing mark, a character; a trace, a scar; a written character, a numeral. Z’ymélé, ês, f. Dim. same. Klv 522: žymė, -ės, Subst. fem. a distinguishing mark; diminutive žymėlė, -ės, a small distinguishing mark, a comma.
Summary
Ruigys included in his dictionary words that meant “diacritical mark”. The German Rvl register words are connected with the sources, while the Lithuanian equivalents are different, except for C mark. The Bible reference indicates that raištelis may have been borrowed from B 1735 (see Table 4).
Table 4. Use of terms meaning “diacritical mark” in earlier works than R
H | Lex | C | Q | B | P | B 1735 raištelis | – | – | – | – | – | –
27 Cf. LB Tütel.
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H Lex C Q B P B 1735 raštelis − − − − − + žymelė − − + − − −
Among R’s terms for denoting a “diacritical mark”, M. G. H. F. Nesselmann included raštelį “a dot” (“ein Kreischen, Pünktchen”) in his dictionary. F. Kurschat did not include these R terms in his dictionary (see Table 5).
Table 5. Terms meaning “diacritical mark” in R’s dictionaries of the 19th century
M N K raštelis + + − raštelis + − − žymelė + − −
PERIOD
R has two words with the meaning ‘period’: žymė and spakelis.
Žymė
Rlv duotas žodis žymė „taškui“ reikšti (Aleknavičienė 2024: 936)28, Rvl jo nebuvo, plg.:
Rlv 192: Žymė, ės, f. a scar, a mark of a wound; 2. a comma or a period in writing.
Neither earlier nor later dictionaries have žymė with the meaning ‘period’. N žymė has several meanings, one of which is ‘written character’, but the meaning ‘period’ is not distinguished; cf.:
N 546: Z’ymė, ės, f. a sign, a mark, a character; a trace, a scar; a written character, a numeral.
Spakelis
Of the equivalents for German Punkt in Rvl, one is spakelis (it is absent from Rlv). Earlier, spakelis is recorded only in B; cf.:
Rvl 283: Punct, little mark, ės, f. Spakiélis, élio, m. B 988: Pünctlein. Spakkelis.
M took over the entire German entry “Punkt” from R, including spakelis. In N, spakelis is mentioned only as a diminutive under the word spakas ‘period’. N and K use other words for ‘period’: N spakas, spuogis, K spuogelis, punktas (the “unclear” forms spakas, spuogas, taškas are also given); cf.: Spakas, o, m. a drop; a little dot. Spakélis, io, m. Dim. daff. N 491; Spugis, io, m.
28 R žymė also means ‘period—a punctuation mark’, ‘distinguishing mark’, and ‘scar’ (Aleknavičienė 2024: 936).
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(3’em.) a point N 494; Punct, the, 1) a small round dot, [pogēlis. as an interpunctuation mark, pùṅktas Kvl 116; [fpakas, -o, a drop, a little dot, see also fpógas.] Kvl 395; [taßkas, -o, noun masculine, a drop, a point in writing.] Kvl 450.
Summary
In R, the words žymė and spakelis denoted “point”; they are not recorded in earlier works, with the sole exception of B spakelį (see Table 6).
Table 6. Use of terms denoting “point” in R in earlier works
R žymė “point” was not included in any later dictionary; spakelis “point” appeared in M, while G. H. F. Nesselmann included it only in the entry “Spakas.” F. Kurschat did not include in his dictionary any R terms for denoting “point” (see Table 7).
Table 7. Terms denoting “point” in R in 19th-century dictionaries
M | N | K; žymė | – | – | –; spakelis | + | + | –
COMMA
Rvl gives two German equivalents of Komma ‘comma’: hyphen and comma (see Aleknavičienė 2024: 826, 736; see Fig. 5), cf.:
Rvl 92: Comma, Tarpbrukßnelis, élio, m. Skyrimélis, élio, m.
In the Rvl register, there are more terms meaning ‘comma’: hyphen and two further words not mentioned in Rvl: comma and mark (see Aleknavičienė 2024: 736, 936), cf.:
Rlv 157: Tarp Brukßnelis, élio, m. ein Comma. Rlv 133: Skyrinélis, élio, m. ein comma oder colon im Buche. Rlv 192: Žymė, ės, f. eine Narbe, Maal der Wunde, 2. ein Comma oder Punct der Schrift.
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Figure 5. Rvl 92: Lithuanian equivalents of German Comma: Tarpbrukšnelis, Skyrimėlis; LMAVB RSS: LK–18/10
Thus, R has four terms denoting a ‘comma’ in total: tarpbrūkšnelis, skyrimėlis, skyrinėlis and žymė. A word for denoting a comma was included in W and also in B (the form of this sign is also shown </>). The German translation variants of Rvl Komma coincide with B; these words were absent from the other dictionaries, cf.:
W 96: Comma, ātis, 3. n. eine Distinction in dem Schreiben, sonsten Virgula genannt.
B 314: Comma. Tarp-brukßnelis, Skirimelis. v. g. (/)
Hyphen
The term hyphen ‘comma’ occurs in both Rvl and Rlv; as mentioned, it also occurred in B (see the section ‘Comma’). A. Balašaitis has observed that Ruhig’s hyphen and the separating mark discussed below (see the subsection ‘Separating mark’) were not widely used (Balašaitis 1961: 152), but they found their way into 19th-century dictionaries. K. G. Milkus included the hyphen in both parts of his dictionary (in Mvl he adopted the entire ‘Komma’ entry), cf.:
Mvl 121: Comma, a little separator, elio, m. A small division mark, elio, m. A little mark, ės. f.
Mlv 288: A little separator, lio, m. ein Comma, ein Unter=ſcheidungszeichen.
N hyphen is given twice: in the sections for the letters ‘B’ and ‘T’; F. Kuršaitis included it in Klv, though he enclosed it in square brackets, indicating that the word was unclear, cf.:
N 91: Tarpbruksżnélis, io, m. a comma, a punctuation mark.
N 347: Tarpbruksżnélis, io, m. a comma.
Klv 449: [tarpbrūkßnelis, -io, Subst. masc. dimin. a comma.]
For ‘comma’, Kvl gives other terms: Komma, das, kūma, brukėlis, io. Kvl 699.
Comma
The term skyrimėlis ‘comma’, as mentioned, occurs only in Rvl; J. Brodovskis had previously included it in his dictionary (see the section “Comma”).
This term was adopted into Mvl (see the subsection “Hyphen”; it is absent from Mlv) and N; in Klv, like tarpbrūkšnelis, it is enclosed in square brackets as uncertain, cf.:
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N 478: Skyrimėlis, io, m. Dim. daff. 3. B. the comma.
Klv 381: [ſkyrimėlis, -io diminutive of ſkýrimas, separation, division, the comma.]
Skyrinėlis
A. Balašaitis did not mention in his study the Rlv term skyrinėlis, which meant ‘comma’ and ‘colon’ (see the section “Comma,” see Fig. 6); V. Zubaitienė considered it a typographical error (Zubaitienė 2010a: 261). It seems quite plausible that this was indeed a typesetting error: perhaps Skyrimėlis was meant, but Skyrinėlis was set instead. After all, in Rvl Ruigys gave two German equivalents for Komma—tarprūškėnelis and skyrimėlis; the first was included in Rlv as a headword, whereas the second was not, but here there is skyrinėlis, which was absent from Rvl. The term skyrinėlis is also absent from R sources. On the other hand, however, it could be a word coined by Ruigys, associated with skyrinys ‘division, separation’29 (cf. raštinėlis).
K. G. Milkus included R skyrinėlį in his dictionary, though with the note that the word is unclear; the term is absent from N and K, cf.:
Mlv 244: Skyrinėlis, lio, m. a comma, a distinguishing =sign in a book; not very clear.
Mark
One of the meanings of Rlv mark is “comma”30 (see Aleknavičienė 2024: 936), whereas Rvl has no equivalent mark for German Komma “comma”; cf.:
Rlv 192: Žymė, ės, f. a scar, a mark from a wound, 2. a comma or period in writing.
In R’s sources, the word mark also did not have the meaning “comma.” K. G. Milkus supplemented the borrowed Rvl entry “Komma” with the synonym little mark, but not mark (see the subsection “Tarprūškėnelis”), while Mlv no longer gave the meaning “comma” for the word mark, which had appeared in Rlv; cf.:
Mvl 121: Comma, Tarprukßnėlis, elio, m. Skyrimėlis, elio, m. Žymėlė, ės. f. Mlv 351: Žymė, ės, f. a scar, a mark from a wound, a mark=Zeichen.
29 See LKŽ.
30 In R, mark also means “period—a punctuation mark,” “distinguishing mark,” and “scar” (Aleknavičienė 2024: 936).
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In N, mark has several meanings, one of which is “written character,” but the meaning “comma” is not distinguished; in Klv, mark likewise does not mean “comma”—this meaning is expressed by the diminutive little mark, as in M; cf.:
N 546: Z’ymė, ės, f. a sign, a distinguishing mark, a character; a trace, a scar; a written character, a numeral.
Klv 522 žymė, ės, Subst. fem. a distinguishing mark; diminutive žymėlė, -ės, a small distinguishing mark, a comma.
Summary
R includes terms for naming the comma. Two of them – tarpbrūkšnelis, skyr imėlis – are linked to B; the others are not mentioned in the sources and were probably coined by Ruhig himself (skyrinėlis [if this is not a typographical error], žymė; see Table 8).
Table 8. Use of words meaning “comma” in R in earlier works
The R terms for “comma,” tarpbrūkšnelis and skyr imėlis, were adopted into all three 19th-century dictionaries, though in K they are marked as unclear. Skyrinėlis with the same meaning appeared only in M, while N and K no longer give the meaning “comma” for žymė (only žymelė) (see Table 9).
Table 9. Terms meaning “comma” in R in 19th-century dictionaries (square brackets indicate that the word was unclear or unknown to the author)
In R, the term skyrinėlis has the meaning “colon” (and “comma”)31 (Aleknavičienė 2024: 736, see 6.3), cf.:
Rlv 133:Skyrinėlis, ėlio, m. ein comma oder colon im Buche.
31 Skyrinėlis is recorded in LKŽₑ from R only with the meaning “comma”.
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W and B also include headwords denoting the colon, but B has no Lithuanian equivalent, only the symbol <:>, cf.:
W 94: Colon, colum. n. 2. two periods.
B 314: colon v. g (:)
As already mentioned, this word was adopted into M, but there it was not assigned the meaning ‘colon’ (see the subsection “Skyrinėlis”). N and KŽ have no skyrinėlio, and the colon is called by the terms dvispuogis, dvillinkas punktas, cf.: Dwispugis, io, m. ein Doppelpunct, das Kolon N 494; Doppelpunct, der, dwilinkas punktas Kvl 302; [dwifpugis, -io, Subst. m. ein Doppelpunct. Wohl eine Erfindung der Sprachlehrer.] Klv 103.
CONCLUSIONS
In the 17th–18th centuries, when Lithuanian grammars were written in other languages, dictionaries were the principal works that created Lithuanian terminology. In his Lithuanian–German and German–Lithuanian dictionary published in 1747, Philipp Ruhig included terms denoting Lithuanian writing characters: both headwords and Lithuanian equivalents of German terms. A comparative analysis of the German and Latin terms recorded in R, multilingual dictionaries, and the Bible made it possible to identify more precisely the concepts they denoted.
Previous studies of terminology have not recorded all the terms Ruhig used to name writing characters. This article discusses for the first time the words in R that have the meanings ‘colon’ and ‘diacritical mark’.
It was established that the Rv1 headwords for a letter, numeral, diacritical mark, period, and colon are related to W. The Rv1 equivalents Buchstabe ‘letter’ skaitytinė, raštelis point to H; both are also given as headwords in the Lithuanian–German sections of the two dictionaries. The equivalent Buchstabe ‘letter’ raštas links it to B; the equivalents Komma ‘comma’ tarpbrūkšnelis and skyr imėlis, and the equivalent Punkt, Pünktlein ‘period’ sp akelis also link it to B. The equivalent Buchstabe ‘letter’ skaitytinė may have been adopted from C. The words raštas, raštelis ‘letter’ and raštelis ‘diacritical mark’, which have Bible references, are associated with B 1735. The terms rašytinė, raštinėlis ‘letter’, rokuotinė, suskaitytinė ‘numeral’, raištelis ‘diacritical mark’, žymė ‘period’, ‘comma’, and skyrinėlis ‘comma’, ‘colon’ have not been recorded in earlier works; their author may have been Ruhig.
Most of R’s terms were adopted into M: the Rv1 “Buchstabe” entry with the Lithuanian equivalents skaitytinė, rašytinė, raštelis, raštas; the “Ziffer” and “Zahl” entries with the equivalents rokuotinė, suskaitytinė; the equivalents Tütel, Pünktlein, Dipfel, Tipfel ‘diacritical mark’ raštelis, raištelis, žymelė; the equivalents Kommatarpbrūkšnelis, skyrinėlis; German
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The equivalents of Punkt are žymelė, spakelis; from Rlv, the headwords are skaitytinė, rašytinė, raštinėlis ‘letter’, and tarpbrūkšnelis, skyrinėlis ‘comma’.
In later dictionaries, there are far fewer of the terms denoting writing characters found in R. The R terms included as headwords in N are skaitytinė, rašytinė, raštelis, raštinėlis ‘letter’, rokuotinė ‘number character’, tarpbrūkšnelis, skyrinėlis ‘comma’, and spakelis ‘period’. KŽ has even fewer connections with R: Kvl gives only Rvl’s equivalents of German Buchstabe, rašytinė, skaitytinė (as the principal equivalent for German Buchstabe, F. Kurschat gave būkštavus), the equivalents of German Zahl and Zifferrokuotinė, and the equivalents of German Kommatarpbrūkšnelis, skyrinėlis (both marked as uncertain; the terms kuma, brūkelis are given for ‘comma’); Klv has the headwords skaitytinė (noted as biblical), rokuotinė, tarpbrūkšnelis (marked as uncertain).
The study showed that R’s terms are polysemous: a single Lithuanian word denotes several concepts: raštelis is an equivalent both of German Buchstabe ‘letter’ and of Tütel, Pünktlein ‘diacritical mark’ (as well as of German Schrift der Buchdrucker, Lėtas Raβtelis Druckorū ‘typeface’); skyrinėlis (if this is not a typographical error) has two meanings: ‘comma’ and ‘colon’; žymė means ‘comma’ and ‘period’. The terms denoting writing characters in R are also characterized by synonymy: Ruigys gave several Lithuanian equivalents for some German words: German Buchstabe ‘letter’ – skaitytinė, rašytinė, raštelis, raštas, raštinėlis; German Komma ‘comma’ – tarpbrūkšnelis, skyrinėlis, skyrinėlis; German Punct ‘period’ – žymelė, žymė, spakelis.
ŠALTINIAI
B: LEXICON GERMANICO=LĪTHVANĪCVM ET LĪTHVANICO=GERMANĪCVM [...], [prieš 1744]. Dokumentinis leidimas, žodžių indeksas: Brodovskis Jokūbas 2009: Lexicon Germanico=Lithvanicum et Lithvanico=Germanicum. Rankraštinis XVIII amžiaus žodynas 1–3, parengė V. Drotvinas, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas.
B 1735: BIBLIA, Tai efti: Wiffas Sʒwentas Raβtas, Sėno ir Naujo Teftamento, Pagal Wokiβką Pėrguldimą D. Mertino Luteraus [...] Karaláuczuje.
BtNT: NOVUM TESTAMENTUM LITHVANICUM [...] Naujas Teftamentas Lietuwiβkas [...] Karalauczuje / Ißβáuśtas nūg Potámkû Reuβnėraus. Mėtu 1701. Internetinis leidinys: Samuelis Bitneris, Naujasis Testamentas, 1701, parengė O. Aleknavičienė, J. Venckienė, programavo V. Zinkevičius, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 2007–2008. Prieiga internete: https://seniejirastai.lki.lt/db.php?source=26.
C: Clavis Germanico-Lithvana [po 1680]. Faksimilinis leidimas: Clavis Germanico-Lithvana. Rankraštinis XVII amžiaus vokiečių–lietuvių kalbų žodynas 1–2, parengė V. Drotvinas, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla, 1995–1997; 3–4, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas, 1997.
H, Hvl, Hlv: [Hakas Frydrichas Vilhelmas,] VOCABVLARIVM LITTHVANICO-GERMANICVM, ET GERMANICO-LITTHVANICVM [...] HALLE, Druckts Stephanus Orban, Univerf. Buchdr. [1730]. Kritinis leidimas: Zubaitienė 2012a,
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lietuviškų žodžių indeksas: Zubaitienė 2012b. Internetinis leidinys: Hakas Frydrichas Vilhelmas 1730: Vocabularium Litthuanico–Germanicum, et Germanico–Litthuanicum, parengė V. Zubaitienė, programavo V. Zinkevičius, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 2018. Prieiga internete: https://seniejirastai.lki.lt/db.php?source=61.
Klv: [Kuršaitis Frydrichas,] Littauisch-Deutsches Wörterbuch [...], Halle: Verlag der Buchhandlung des Waisenhauses, 1883.
Kvl I: [Kuršaitis Frydrichas,] Wörterbuch der littauischen Sprache [...], Erster Theil: Deutsch-Littauisches Wörterbuch, Halle: Verlag der Buchhandlung des Waisenhauses, 1870.
Kvl II: [Kuršaitis Frydrichas,] Wörterbuch der littauischen Sprache [...], Erster Theil: Deutsch-Littauisches Wörterbuch, Zweiter Band, Halle: Verlag der Buchhandlung des Waisenhauses, 1874.
LB: D. Martin Luthers Werke. Kritische Gesamtausgabe. Die Deutsche Bibel 6–7, Weimar: Hermann Böhlau Nachfolger, 1929–1931.
Lex: Lexicon Lithuanicum: rankraštinis XVII a. vokiečių–lietuvių kalbų žodynas. Įvadą, žodyno teksto transliteraciją ir žodžių rodyklę parengė V. Drotvinas, Vilnius: „Mokslas“, 1987.
M, Mlv, Mvl: [Milkus Kristijonas Gotlybas,] Littauifch=Deutfches und Deutfch=Littauifches Wörter=Buch [...], Königsberg, 1800. Im Druck und Verlag der Hartungfchen Hofbuchdruckerey.
N: [Nesselmann Georg Heinrich Ferdinand,] Wörterbuch der Littauifchen Sprache [...], Königsberg: Verlag der Gebrüder Bornträger, 1851.
NT 1727: Naujas Teſtamentas Mufu Pono Iezaus Kriſtaus / ir Pſalteras Dowido [...]. Karalauczuje, Mete 1727. Internetinis leidinys: Naujasis Testamentas, 1727, parengė M. Šinkūnas, B. Triškaitė, J. Venckienė, programavo V. Zinkevičius, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 2016. Prieiga internete: http://seniejirastai.lki.lt/.
P: Rankraštinis vad. Prahos vokiečių–lietuvių kalbų žodynas [XVIII a. pirmoji pusė], NK ČR: XVI.F.30.
R, Rlv, Rvl: [Ruigys Pilypas,] Littauifch=Deutfches und Deutfch=Littauifches Lexicon [...], Königsberg: druckts und verlegts I. H. Hartung, 1747. Faksimilinis leidimas: Aleknavičienė, Zubaitienė 2024; kritinis leidimas: Zubaitienė 2024; lietuviškų žodžių indeksas: Aleknavičienė 2024.
Q: Krauzės vokiškai–lietuviškas žodynas XVII a., LLTIB R: F 1–5792.
SD 1677: [Sirvydas Konstantinas,] DICTIONARIUM TRIUM LINGVARUM, In ufum Studiofae Iuuentutis [...] Vilnae, Typis Academicis Societatis IESV. Anno Domini M. DC. LXXVII. Internetinis leidinys: Konstantinas Sirvydas, Dictionarium trium linguarum, 1677, parengė M. Šinkūnas, programavo V. Zinkevičius, Vilnius: Lietuvių
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kalbos institutas, 2012. Prieiga internete: https://seniejirastai.lki.lt/db.php?source=53.
W: [Weismann Erich,] Lexicon bipartitum, Latino-germanicum, et Germanicolatinum [...] auctore Eryco Weismanno, Stuttgardia, Sum[p]tibus, Joh. Bened. Mezleri & Christoph Erhardi, Anno MDCCXXV [1725].
LITERATŪRA
Aleknavičienė Ona 2024: Pilypo Ruigio žodynas Littauisch–Deutsch und Deutsch–Littauisches Lexicon, 1747 3 [The Littauisch–Deutsches und Deutsch–Littauisches Lexicon, 1747, dictionary by Philipp Ruhig 3]: studija ir morfologiškai anotuotas lietuviškų žodžių indeksas, Vilnius: Vilniaus universiteto leidykla (spausdinama).
Aleknavičienė Ona, Zubaitienė Vilma 2024: Pilypo Ruigio žodynas Littauisch–Deutsches und Deutsch–Littauisches Lexicon, 1747 1 [The Littauisch–Deutsches und Deutsch–Littauisches Lexicon, 1747, dictionary by Philipp Ruhig 1]: faksimilė, Vilnius: Vilniaus universiteto leidykla leidykla (spausdinama).
Balašaitis Antanas 1961: Lietuvių kalbotyros terminų istorija [History of Lithuanian Linguistic Terminology]: disertacija filolog. m. kand. laipsniui įgyti, Vilnius; VUB RS, F 76–298.
Balašaitis Antanas 2010: Iš lietuviškų kalbotyros terminų istorijos [From the History of Lithuanian Linguistic Terminology]. – Gimtoji kalba 5, 3–12.
Deutsches Wörterbuch von Jacob Grimm und Wilhelm Grimm [The Deutsches Wörterbuch by Jacob Grimm und Wilhelm Grimm], digitalisierte Fassung im Wörterbuchnetz des Trier Center for Digital Humanities, Version 01/25. Prieiga internete: https://www.woerterbuchnetz.de/DWB.
Drotvinas Vincentas 2005: Dėl Pilypo Ruigio „Littauifch=Deutfches und Deutfch=Littauifches Lexicon [...]“ (Königsberg, 1747) vokiečių–lietuvių dalies registro šaltinių: Ehrenreicho Weismanno „Lexicon Bipartitum, latino-germanicum et germanico-latinum [...]“ [Regarding the Sources of the Register of the German-Lithuanian section of Philip Ruig’s Littauifch=Deutfches und Deutfch=Littauifches Lexicon [...] (Königsberg, 1747): Ehrenreich Weismann’s Lexicon Bipartitum, latino-germanicum et germanico-latinum]. – Lituanistica 1, 25–37.
Drotvinas Vincentas 2006: Fridrichas Kuršaitis žodynininkas [The Lexicographer Friedrich Kurschat]. – Gimtasis žodis 4, 31–35.
Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Deutschen [Etymological Dictionary of German]. Prieiga internete: https://www.dwds.de/d/wb-etymwb.
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Kaunas Domas 1996: Mažosios Lietuvos knyga. Lietuviškos knygos raida 1547–1940 [The Book of Lithuania Minor. The Development of Lithuanian Book, 1547–1940], Vilnius: Baltos lankos.
Kazlauskaitė Gita 2002: Lietuviškų elementorių kalbotyros terminai [Linguistic Terms of Lithuanian ABC Books]. – Lituanistica 2, 63–83.
Lemeškin Ilja 2013: Prahos vokiečių–lietuvių rankraštinio žodyno autorystės klausimu [On the Issue of Authorship of the Prague Manuscript German–Lithuanian Dictionary]. – Acta Linguistica Lithuanica 69, 269–279. Prieiga internete: https://journals.lki.lt/actalinguisticalithuanica/article/view/967/1057.
LKŽe: Lietuvių kalbos žodynas [Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language] 1–20 (1941–2002), red. Kolegija: G. Naktinienė, J. Paulauskas, R. Petrokienė, V. Vitkauskas, J. Zabarskaitė, vyr. red. G. Naktinienė, e. variantas, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 2008 (atnaujinta versija, 2018). Prieiga internete: https://ekalba.lt/.
Trishkaitė Birutė 2011: Recepcija rukopisnyx slovarej Maloj Litvy v leksikograficheskix rabotax G. G. F. Nesselmana i F. Kurshaitisa [Reception of Manuscript Dictionaries of Lithuania Minor in Lexicographic Works by G. H. F. Nesselmann and F. Kuršaitis]. – Kul’turnoe nasledie Vostochnoj Prusii: sbornik statej 1, Kaliningrad, 30–45.
Triškaitė Birutė 2014: Ar Frydrichas Vilhelmas Hakas – vadinamojo Prahos rankraštinio žodyno autorius? [Is Friedrich Wilhelm Haack the Author of the So-Called Prague Manuscript Dictionary?]. – Acta Linguistica Lithuanica 71, 292–317. Prieiga internete: https://journals.lki.lt/actalinguisticalithuanica/article/view/932/1022.
Urbutis Vincas 2008: Žodynų istorija [History of Dictionaries]. – Lietuvių kalbos enciklopedija, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas, 622–628.
V: Nestle-Aland, Novum Testamentum Graece et Latine [The New Testament in Greek and Latin], Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 52016.
Zinkevičius Zigmas 1988: Lietuvių kalbos istorija 3: Senųjų raštų kalba [History of the Lithuanian Language 3: The Language of the Old Writings], Vilnius: Mokslas.
Zubaitienė Vilma 2003: Kristijono Milk aus pakeitimai Pilypo Ruigio (1747) žodyne [Christian Gottlieb Mielcke’s Amendments to Phillip Ruhig’s dictionary (1747)].– Archivum Lithuanicum 5, 127–178.
Zubaitienė Vilma 2006: Aštuntasis Ehrenreicho Weismanno Lexicon bipartitum leidimas(1725) – Pilypo Ruigio žodyno (1747) vokiečių–lietuvių kalbų dalies registro šaltinis [The Eight Edition of Lexicon Bipartitum by Ehrenreich Weismann (1725) as a Source for the German–Lithuanian Part of the Dictionary by Philipp Ruhig (1747)]. – Archivum Lithuanicum 8, 97–148.
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Zubaitienė Vilma 2010a: Pilypo Ruigio Littauisch–Deutsches und Deutsch–Littauisches Lexicon (1747): šaltiniai ir leksikografinis metodas [Philipp Ruhig’ Littauisch–Deutsches und Deutsch–Littauisches Lexicon (1747): Sources and Lexicographical Method], Vilnius: Vilniaus universiteto leidykla.
Zubaitienė Vilma 2010b: Priešai Pilypo Ruigio (1747) ir Frydricho Kuršaičio (1883) žodynų egzemplioriuose [Additions Found in the Copies of the Dictionaries by Pilypas Ruigys (1747) and Frydrichas Kuršaitis (1883)]. – Leksikografija ir leksikologija 2, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 123–139.
Zubaitienė Vilma 2012a: Frydrichas Vilhelmas Hakas, Vocabularium Litthvanico-Germanicum, et Germanico-Liththvanicum... Nebst einem Anhang einer kurtzgefassten Litthauischen Grammatic (1730) 1 [Friedrich Wilhelm Haack, Lithuanian-German and German-Lithuanian Dictionary with an Appendix Containing a Concise Lithuanian Grammar (1730) 1]: kritinis leidimas, gramatiką iš vokiečių kalbos vertė L. Plaušinaitė, Vilnius: Vilniaus universiteto leidykla.
Zubaitienė Vilma 2012b: Frydrichas Vilhelmas Hakas, Vocabularium Litthvanico-Germanicum, et Germanico-Liththvanicum... Nebst einem Anhang einer kurtzgefassten Litthauischen Grammatic (1730) 2 [Friedrich Wilhelm Haack, Lithuanian-German and German-Lithuanian Dictionary with an Appendix Containing a Concise Lithuanian Grammar (1730) 2]: studija, indeksai, rodyklės, Vilnius: Vilniaus universiteto leidykla.
Zubaitienė Vilma 2018: 1735 m. Biblijos leksika Pilypo Ruigio žodyne [Vocabulary from 1735 Lithuanian Translation of the Bible in the Dictionary of Pilypas Ruigys]. – Lietuvių kalba 12, 1–37. Prieiga internete: https://www.zurnalai.vu.lt/lietuviu-kalba/article/view/22513.
Zubaitienė Vilma 2024: Pilypo Ruigio žodynas Littauisch–Deutsches und Deutsch–Littauisches Lexicon 1747 2 [The Littauisch–Deutsches und Deutsch–Littauisches Lexicon, 1747 dictionary by Philipp Ruhig 2]: mokslo studija ir kritinis leidimas, Vilnius: Vilniaus universiteto leidykla (spausdinama).
