DARIUS IVOŠKA

Institute of the Lithuanian Language

Research areas: onomastics, Baltic-German language contacts.

LITHUANIAN PERSONAL NAMES IN THE ORDER DOCUMENTS

Lithuanian personal names in the documents of the Teutonic Order

ANNOTATION

The article examines Lithuanian anthroponyms recorded in the handwritten documents of the Teutonic Order, specifically in Order folio no. 105. The handwritten documents of the Teutonic Order provide numerous Baltic place names and personal names, including a relatively large number of Lithuanian onyms. This article discusses only Lithuanian personal names used to refer to Lithuanians mentioned in some documents of the Teutonic Order. These are mostly previously unknown personal names or possibly earlier variants of already known personal names. The article focuses on proposals concerning the origins of the personal names cited, which are analyzed in detail and compared with the existing corpus of Baltic personal names.

KEYWORDS: anthroponymy, personal name, onomastics, onym.

ANNOTATION

The anthroponyms recorded in the manuscript documents of the German Order, specifically, German Order folio No. 105, are analysed in the article. The German Order manuscripts present a vast variety of Baltic toponyms and anthroponyms; there are also plenty of Lithuanian onyms among them. The article discusses the Lithuanian anthroponyms which are cited in German Order documents while mentioning privileged Lithuanians. So far, the majority of them are basically unknown anthroponyms or the variants of already known ones. The aim of the article is to attempt to explain the origins of the new

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anthroponyms following a thorough analysis of the facts of the new anthroponyms and their comparison to the existing Baltic anthroponyms.

KEYWORDS: Anthroponimy, personal name, onomastics, onym.

INTRODUCTION

The study of the Order foliant No. 105 (hereafter: OF 105) is of extraordinary importance for Baltic onomastics. Despite the fact that OF 105 was studied by the best-known onomasts and researchers of the Baltic languages in the first half of the 20th century, Georg Gerullis and Reinhold Trautmann¹, who concerned themselves only with Old Prussian place names and personal names, this collection of documents is still the subject of thorough and comprehensive research. The said Order foliant comprises privileges of the Teutonic Order (hereafter DO), predominantly from the 14th century, including many grants of land to Prussians and Lithuanians. Particularly important is the fact that numerous Lithuanian personal names (hereafter: PN) were also recorded in OF 105, some of which are discussed in this article. Research into the materials conveyed by OF 105 is very complicated because the manuscript evidence is diverse, i.e. the documents were written down by many officials of the DO, and therefore the rendering of Baltic names varies. There are also many corrections, deletions, references, and remarks. In many cases the condition of the documents (especially the parchment manuscripts) is so poor that individual sections of text, including the PN, are barely legible.

The oldest Baltic or Lithuanian onyms also occur in other sources, e.g. in the Lithuanian Road Reports, published in the famous collection Scriptores rerum Prussicarum (SRP II 662–711). The SRP provide numerous Lithuanian and Old Prussian place names and personal names, predominantly from 14th-century documents. It should be emphasized

¹ The works Die altpreußischen Ortsnamen by Georg Gerullis, published in 1922, and Die altpreußischen Personennamen by Reinhold Trautmann, published in 1925, are the foundational works in the field of Baltic proper-name studies.

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It should be noted that the Lithuanian PN were collected from considerably later documents or from church registers.²

The aim of this article is to present and discuss the material on Lithuanian anthroponymy collected from the aforementioned foliant. The material under investigation comprises 27 PN used to name refugees from Lithuania settled in Prussia³. The PN are examined according to the chronological sequence of the documents, without any possible division of the article’s text into thematic units. This structure was deliberately chosen so as not to distort the relationship between the sequence in which the documents were produced and the secondary information associated with them.

When examining each individual Lithuanian PN, the context from OF 105 is provided. As supporting materials, texts from the Prussian Diplomatic Books (hereafter: PUB) are cited to clarify the context. An attempt was made to examine the sources critically and, where possible, to conduct an etymological analysis of the cited PN.

Numerous PN referring to Lithuanians have been found in OF 105. This is attested by the references in the documents of OF 105, “den litowen und eren rechten erbin” [to the Lithuanians and their rightful heirs]. There are also cases where the beneficiaries’ origin is not stated directly through information about their ethnic affiliation; instead, certain conditions of the land grant are described, which clearly indicate that the persons mentioned were Lithuanians.

1. CHARTER OF 9 MAY 1311

On 9 May 1311, Grand Komtur Heinrich von Plotzke granted the Lithuanian Machuce and his brothers, under the privilege, 4 Hufen of land with the meadows, pastures, forests, and marshes located there, as hereditary property

² The personal-name researchers Vitalija Maciejauskienė and Alma Ragauskaitė have collected Lithuanian PN from historical handwritten sources, beginning with the 16th century.

³ For the identification of the Lithuanians and their settlement in Prussia, see pp. 3 and 4, footnote no. 4.

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granted, until they succeed in regaining their inheritance in Lithuania⁴: 1311 [...] contulimus Machuce litwano et suis fratribus adnos de litwonja fi-den X [Christi] recipiendam confugientibus et heredibus ipsorum iiii uncos in campo sowpin dicto cum agris pratis pascuis silvis et paludibus [...] (OF 105, 83^r). An excerpt can be found in the PUB: 9 May 1311: Tapiau. Grand Komtur Heinrich von Plotzke grants the Lithuanian Machuce and his brothers, hereditarily, 4 Hufen in Zohpen (Wehlau district) under Prussian law, until they succeed in regaining their inheritance in Lithuania (PUB II 19).

The Lithuanian's name Machuce mentioned in the charter may be a two-stem Lithuanian PN, whose first stem ma- is very common among Lithuanian PN, cf. Lithuanian PN Mã-gutas, Mã-numas, Mã-tautas (Zinkevičius 2008: 109), and exhibits features of balanced meaning and vowel alternation, which is why it can be regarded as an inherited word; cf. the Lithuanian historical forms: Basilij Makutas 1689; Christophori Makutis 1691–1719; Makymenas Adam 1882 (IAK).

In this case, it is difficult to determine the second stem. Machuce is the dative form of the PN in the document written in Latin. If we assume this, the letter c contained in the second stem must be pronounced as k in the nominative, but as z in the dative (Lithuanian c). Perhaps, therefore, the second stem could be considered *-kuk-⁵ and the name possibly reconstructed as *Ma-kuk-, but it is not easy to find parallels in the Lithuanian personal-name corpus. There are no PN, either in Lithuanian or in Old Prussian, that contain -kuk- as the second stem.

One might perhaps also consider *-kut-, i.e. Lithuanian *Ma-kut-, but this hypothesis is questionable and requires further investigation.

2. CHARTER OF 24 AUGUST 1340

In the charter of privileges, signed by Grand Master Dietrich von Altenburg on 24 August 1340 in Marienburg, by which the Lithuanian Noadab

⁴ This concerns a grant of land to refugees from Lithuania who had lost their property in their homeland. Typically, such persons and their heirs were granted certain plots of land by hereditary right on the basis of privileges. Such charters contain specific conditions of grant, which also provided for the recovery of the property in the event of the conquest and baptism of Lithuania. See also the charters of 22 September 1350 (Triskullen, Schurdeiken, Nawten) and 2 June 1353 (Schačūne, Ructa, Nuwicz, Dargis).

⁵ On the reading and consideration of the ch- and k sounds when writing Old Prussian PN in old charters, see Sinkevčiūtė, Stundžia 2001: 53–60.

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6 hides of land, which had formerly belonged to the Prussian Rusteyko⁶, were granted: 1340 [...] sex uncos in cameratu waldow in campo quem olym lithwinus noadab [...] possedit [...] (OF 105, 239^v). The fact that Lithuanians lived in Sambia in 1340, in the first half of the 14th century, is very important and must not be overlooked. A brief account and a fragment of the charter can also be found in the PUB: 24 August 1340. Marienburg. Grand Master Dietrich von Altenburg grants Rusteyko hereditarily 6 hides in the Waldau chamber district, previously held by the Lithuanian Noadab, free of tithes and peasant obligations. (PUB III 224). In the PUB, the PN under discussion is not given in the text of the privilege, but is mentioned only in the charter description. It is unclear what aims the authors pursued.

There is no doubt about the Baltic origin of the PN Noadab; cf. the Lithuanian PN Nó-dabas, whose components No- can be linked with Old Prussian no ‘from’ (a very productive element in Old Prussian PN), and dab- with Lithuanian dabà ‘descent, origin’ and dab-inti ‘to adorn’. (Zinkevičius 2008: 122, 81–82). In this case, the Lithuanian PN *No-dab-. is involved.

It is also noteworthy that the Old Prussian PN Nodabs has been known since 1355. (Trautmann 1925: 63). The charter in which the aforementioned PN is mentioned is the privilege from 1396 concerning the grant of 3 hides of land at Podlaucken (later Podlacken, Rastenburg district) to the Prussian Nodabs: 1396 [...] vorlyen und geben unsern getruwen Nodaps synen rechten erben unde nachkomelingen iii hocken gelegen off dem velde czu Podlaucken (OF 105, 153^v). Other variants of the PN have also been found: Nodab, Nadapp, 1355 Nodops (Trautmann 1925: 63). The aforementioned variants of the personal name attest to the name’s spread among Lithuanians and Prussians and likewise confirm Zigmas Zinkevičius’s assumption that it is an inherited word.

3. CHARTER FROM THE YEAR 1350

There is another privilege under which the brothers Triskullen, Schurdeiken and Nawte are granted a plot of 3 hides as long as they are unable to recover their inheritance in Lithuania. The charter dates from 1350 and was signed by the Supreme Marshal Siegfried von Dahrenfeld: 1350 [...] et conferimus fidelibus viris triskullen, schurdeiken et nawte [...] (OF 105, 84^r). In the excerpt and in the comments

⁶ Rusteyko 105, 238^v, 239 (1339), 239^v (1340) Sam.; Rusteyke 162, 51 (1407) Eylau district, Prussia. (Trautmann 1925: 84).

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In the document⁷, which is cited in the PUB, attention is drawn to the conditions that are repeatedly emphasized when land is granted to refugees: This obligation was also imposed elsewhere on Lithuanian refugees settled in the Order’s territory (PUB IV 553). The material provided by the document is of great value for the history of settlement. It reports that a plot of land in the settlement of Augcken, inhabited by Prussians, Kr. Wehlau (Lith. Auka, Auk̇ai), is granted to Lithuanians. This testifies to the settlement of Lithuanians in Prussia. It goes without saying that, after Wehlau was conquered by Lithuanian forces in the fight against the DO in 1347⁸, Lithuanians should also have settled this region. The editors of the PUB claim that all the brothers mentioned in the document are Lithuanians, relying on R. Trautmann’s statement: Probably all Lithuanians (PUB IV 552). It is unclear what the editors of the PUB meant by this, since R. Trautmann identifies only the PN Triskulle as Lithuanian, while treating the Old Prussian PN Triske (Trautmann 1925: 107). R. Trautmann either does not mention the remaining names of the beneficiaries or only compares them with Lithuanian PN.

In the case of the PN Triskulle – *Trisk-ul- cf. the Lithuanian historical PN 1611 W̄alus Trisskanis; 1667 Gregoris Tryszkaytis; 1811 Jozepho Tryszka (IAK). R. Trautmann regards the PN Triskulle as a Lithuanian PN and gives the Lithuanian place name Tryškiai as a parallel (Trautmann 1925: 107). Cf. also the Lithuanian PN Triškà, Triškus, Tryškà, which may derive, on the one hand, from the Russian PN Тришка: Трифон or the Polish PN Trzyszka, but could also be of Lithuanian origin; cf. Lithuanian triškis ‘hothead; a person who is quickly roused, aggressive, uncontrolled, and not serious’; triškúoti ‘to work quickly and untidily; to attack or charge at someone repeatedly’ (LPŽe).

Schurdeike is probably a Lithuanian PN not yet recorded, since the Lithuanian root skurd- occurs in Lithuanian anthroponymy; cf. the Lithuanian historical PN 1729–1771 Martini et Catharinae Skurdiernis, 1808–1820 Joannes Skurdianis (IAK). Cf. also the modern Lithuanian surnames Skurdėlis, Skurdáuskis, Skurdėnis, explained by Lithuanian skurdùs ‘poor, wretched; shabby-looking’, skùrdas ‘lack of means of subsistence, poverty, need’ (LPŽe). In this case

⁷ The Supreme Marshal Siegfried von Dahenfeld grants the brothers Triskullen, Schurdeiken, and Nawten 3 Haken in the field of Auco [Augcken, Kr. Wehlau] as service land, with a wergeld of 16 marks […], ut, si volente domino terra Litwinorum fuerit processu temporis subiugata, dictus Triskulle et fratres sui et heredes eorumdem ea bona [que] progenitores eorum in dicta terra habuerunt, rehabere debeant ac libere possidenda, predictis tamen tribus uncis nobis resignatis contradictione aliqua non obstante (PUB IV 553).

⁸ http://prusija.lki.lt/Vietos/Veluva/V1.html

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This concerns the Lithuanian PN *Skurd-eik-, which was extended with the suffix -eik-.⁹ R. Trautmann also records an Old Prussian PN with the root skurd-: 1350 Scurdenne. He also mentions the Lithuanian PN 1350 Schurdeyke, from the same privilege, but considers it Old Prussian and cites the Lithuanian PN Scurde and Skurdēlis as parallels (Trautmann 1925: 95). In view of the above-mentioned indications concerning the origin and ethnicity of the beneficiaries, there can be no doubt that Schurdeike was Lithuanian.

The Lithuanian PN Nawte – *Naut- is of Lithuanian origin; cf. the Lithuanian PN Naũtas, Naũčius, Nautēlis, which are linked to Old Prussian nautin ‘need, poverty’ (Zinkevičius 2008: 121, 292). In this case one can also speak of an inherited word; cf. the Old Prussian PN Nawtarre, 1389 Naute, Nawtemer, Nawtil, Nautile, Nawtinge (Trautmann 1925: 68). The ending -e may be substitutive in nature, replacing the Old Prussian endings -as and -s, or additive in nature, being added to an existing Old Prussian ending or used instead of one¹⁰. It is noteworthy that both the Lithuanian PN Nawte and the Old Prussian PN recorded by R. Trautmann above are attested in the 14th century in documents of the DO. This confirms that PN containing naut- were common to Lithuanians and Prussians.

4. DOCUMENTS OF 2 JUNE 1353

There is another privilege from 1353, signed on 2 June by the Grand Master Winrich von Kniprode in Marienburg, under which 2 Haken of land were granted to the brothers Ructa and Schacūne and their cousins Nuwicz and Dargis: 1353 [...] grant and give to Schacune and Ructa, brothers, and Nuwicz and Dargis, their cousins, and all their rightful heirs, two Haken in the field of Gauladin [...] (OF 105, 71^v). This document was also mentioned in abbreviated form in the PUB: 2 June 1353. Marienburg. The same [Grand Master Winrich von Kniprode] grants the brothers Schacūne and Ructa and their cousins Nuwicz and Dargis 2 Haken in the field of Gauladin [Gauleden, Kr. Wehlau] [under the same conditions as in no. 162. Date and witnesses as in no. 162, with the variants noted there] (PUB V 92).

⁹ Wegen des Suffixes s. Skardžius 1996: 159–160.

¹⁰ For the endings of Old Prussian PN in historical documents, see Sinkevčiūtė, Stundžia 2001: 53–60.

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In both texts, the brothers who received the grant and their cousin are not directly identified as Lithuanians. However, there is a reference to the earlier charter No. 162 and a remark that the 2-Haken plot is granted to the brothers Ructa and Shacūne and their cousins Nuwicz and Dargis under the same conditions as Swelgut te and Neydis¹¹, named in Privilege No. 162. These latter two persons are identified as Lithuanians; therefore, the conditions customarily applied when granting plots to refugees from Lithuania are also cited. These facts may be considered convincing evidence that the aforementioned brothers and cousins were Lithuanians.

The PN Shacūne is not unambiguous. On the one hand, it could be Lithuanian *Šakūn-, whose origin is nevertheless uncertain. The name could have been formed from *šak- and the patronymic suffix *-ūn-. Compare the Lithuanian historical PN of 1619 Urban Szakaytis; 1695 Jakub Szakinis; 1729–1771 Petri Szakulis (IAK). Compare also the Lithuanian PN Šakūnas, derived with the patronymic suffix -ūnas from the formerly single-stem Lithuanian PN Šakà, Šākas, Šakỹs, or from Lithuanian šakū̃nas ‘a branched, twiggy tree’ (LPŽe; Zinkevičius 2008: 523). On the other hand, *Skakūn- (?) might also be possible; see LPŽe. It is quite possible that in 1353 the earliest variant of the modern Lithuanian PN Šakūnas was mentioned.

The Lithuanian origin of the PN Ructa is not difficult to prove. Lithuanian PN with the root rukt- are found among both historical and contemporary Lithuanian PN: compare 1637 Krzysz toph Ruktis (IAK) and Rukūtis (Zinkevičius 2008: 318). There is no doubt that a Lithuanian PN *Rukta also existed. In this case, one may also speak of the ending –a.

The name of the cousin of Shacūne and Ructa—Nuwicz—could also be of Lithuanian origin. Compare the Lithuanian historical PN of 1802 Bartholomeaus Nuwizas and the modern Lithuanian PN with a related root: Novas, Novỹs, Novìkas (LPŽe; Zinkevičius 2008: 315). It is not easy to interpret the ending -icz. Another interpretation of the PN might also be considered, namely one deriving it from a two-stem name: *No-vyd- (?). Compare the Lithuanian PN Nó-gaudas, Nó-kuras, Nó-minas (Zinkevičius 2008: 122). Regarding the spelling u and o, it should be noted that when recording Baltic PN, the Order’s officials did not always distinguish them correctly and confused them.

¹¹ [...] to the brother Swelgut te and their cousin Neydis, the Lithuanians, 2 Haken in the field of Ubelithen [Obelitten, district of Königsberg] as hereditary property, free from tithes and peasant labor, in return for the service customary in Prussia with horses and weapons in military campaigns and the building of castles. If the land of Lithuania is conquered in the future, they will, at their request, be resettled on the field at Welun, while surrendering the 2 Haken to the Order (PUB V 92).

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could have been.¹² The second stem –vyd- is also very frequent in Lithuanian anthroponymy; compare the Lithuanian PN Mańtuydas (LPŽe), Liáud-uydas, Rám-uydas, Sùr-uydas and Lithuanian iš-úysti (iš-úydo) ‘to see, notice’ (Zinkevičius 2008: 160). Prussian anthroponymy also has many PN with wyd-: 1387 Arwide, 1401 Eytwyde, 1370 Nerwyde (Trautmann 1925: 14, 27, 70). There is also the issue of –cz. –cz may be regarded as an adapted spelling of the endings –ds, –ts, –tz, as in the Prussian PN Mawcze from *Mauts, *Mauds, *Maudis, and also Micze from *Mits, *Mitis¹³. One might perhaps conclude that, in the case of Nuwicz, this is the earliest known mention of the Lithuanian PN *Novyds / *Novydas.

Historical Lithuanian PN from the seventeenth century may serve as evidence of the Lithuanian origin of the name Dargis: 1658 Josephi Dargis; 1816 Józef Dargis; 1667 Petri Dargys (IAK). Compare also the Lithuanian PN Dárgis and Lithuanian dargùs ‘damp and cold; disgusting, unpleasant, unattractive; irritable, annoyed’ (LPŽe). Compare also the Lithuanian PN Dargas: Dárgis, Dargỹs, Dãrgus; Dargỹs (LPŽe; Zinkevičius 2008: 280, 573). It is clear that the Lithuanian PN Dargis has been known since 1353.

Another charter, signed by Grand Master Winrich von Kniprode on 2 June 1353 in Marienburg, provides two further Lithuanian PN. The brothers Kirkle and Wydemyns are granted 2 Haken of land in the field of Gauleden (district of Wehlau): 1353 [...] and given to kirkle and wydemyns brothers and their two lawful heirs ii koken on the field of gauladin, with arable land and pastures [...]^r (OF 105, 72). The authors of the PUB also briefly discussed the privilege, referring to the grant conditions mentioned in earlier charters, but provided no extract from the charter text: 2 June 1353, Marienburg. The same [Grand Master Winrich von Kniprode] grants the brothers Kirkle and Wydemyns 2 Haken in the field of Gauladin [Gauleden, district of Wehlau] [under the same conditions as in No. 162. Date and witnesses as in No. 162, with the variants noted there] (PUB V 165). This is another grant of land to Lithuanians.

¹² The claim that o and u sounds were often confused by the Order’s officials when recording Baltic personal and place names can be substantiated by evidence. For example, in the place names recorded by G. Gerullis, confusion between o and u occurs very often: 1328 Clupien, 1328 Clopien (66); 1319 Kodyen, 1330 Cudyn (67); 1351 Musing, 1445 Mossing; 1305 Wuxtenyken, 1382 Woxteniken (209); (Gerullis 1922: 66, 67, 103 and 209). Similar cases of o/u confusion are also found among the personal names recorded by R. Trautmann: 1348 Bundike, 1386 Bundiko and Bondiko; 1419 Busgede and Bosegede; 1299 Kortye, 1336 Curtio; 1399 Tustyr, Tostyr; Tuniko, Tonike (Trautmann 1925: 21, 49 and 110).

¹³ For the endings of Prussian PN in historical charters, see Sinkev ičiūtė, Stundžia 2001: 53–60.

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The PN Kirkle is probably a Lithuanian PN *Kirk-il-; cf. the Lithuanian historical PN from 1679–1693 Stephang Kirka; 1729–1771 Anna Kirkalaycze; 14th c. Миколаи Купкела; 1771 Martino Kirkia; 1816 Maciej Kirkillo (IAK). Cf. also the present-day Lithuanian PN Kiṙkilas, Kiṙkilas, Kirkilà, Kirkylà, perhaps from Lithuanian kirki-las ‘a person whose manner of speaking recalls birdsong; a loud-speaking person’ (LPŽe; Zinkevičius 2008: 579).

The name Wydemyns is undoubtedly a two-stem Lithuanian PN, consisting of the first stem wyd- and the second, myn-/-min-: *Vid-min- or *Vid-min-as. Cf. the Lithuanian PN Výdmantas, Vīd mantas, Výdmontas (LPŽe; Zinkevičius 2008: 112, 118). For -myn-, cf. the Lithuanian PN Per-mìnas, Tul-mìnas, Vis-mìnas, from miñti ‘to think, keep in mind, not forget; guess, consider, say, believe’; mintìs ‘thinking; consciousness, memory’ (LPŽe). Cf. the Lithuanian PN Ar̃-minas, Gùd-minas, Výd-minas (LPŽe; Zinkevičius 2008: 116). The Lithuanian PN Wydemyns mentioned in 1353 may be the earliest hitherto known variant of the present-day Lithuanian PN Výdminas.

Another document dated 2 June 1353 was signed by the same Grand Master of the Teutonic Order. The terms of the land grant are identical to those mentioned in the preceding documents. Under the privilege, a piece of land in Gauladin [Gauleden, district of Wehlau] was granted to the brothers Werxna and Luxis and their cousin Trampz: 1353 [...] unseren getruwen werxna und luxis brudern unde trampz irem vettern und ir aller rechten erbin und nachkomelingen uf deme velde gawladin mit wesen weyden und ackirn [...] (OF 105, 72^v–73^r). For Werxna, cf. the Lithuanian historical PN: 1625 Jan Werkfnaytys; 1679 Elizabeth Werksnajicia; 1678–1691 Joannis Werksnelis; 1691 Adam Werksnis, also Werksnys, Werxnis, among others; 1757–1767 Werksnatis (IAK). Cf. also the Lithuanian PN Verksnỹs, Verksnis and Lithuanian verksnỹs ‘a person who quickly bursts into tears or cries continuously’ (LPŽe; Zinkevičius 2008: 582). It is clear that the Lithuanian personal-name corpus is augmented by a new PN, *Verksna.

The Lithuanians also certainly had the PN Luxis or *Lukš-. This confirms the prevalence of the stem Lux- or Lithuanian *Luks- / *Lukš- among Old Lithuanian PN; cf. 1628 Marcin Lux; 1660 Martini Luxa; 1706 Andreas Lukszis; 1779–1781 Mateusz Luks; 1795 Piotr Luks zys (IAK). Cf. also Lukšà, Lùkšà, Lùkšas, Lukšė, Lùkšis, Lukšỹs, Lukšius. The PN probably derive from the nickname based on Lithuanian lùkšas, -à ‘someone with large, protruding ears; silly, slow’ (LPŽe).

The name of the cousin of Werxna and Luxis, Trampz, is not unambiguous. Although some Lithuanian historical PN are known, cf. 1551–1555 Jacubas Trąponis; 1697 Andreas Trąmpowski; 1808–1820 Wincentius Trąbecki (IAK), it is difficult to establish its Lithuanian origin. Cf. the Lithuanian PN Trámpas,

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probably of Germanic origin; cf. the German PN Tramp, Trampp, Tramp(e) (LPŽe; FN 2005: 673). Z. Zinkevičius discusses the Lithuanian PN ТропнеЛь in the category “Other personal names of Lithuanian or Baltic origin,” comparing it with the Lithuanian PN Traṃpas. According to Z. Zinkevičius, the diminutive suffix -elis/-ель, adopted into Russian, was added to the root [Tramp-]. (Zinkevičius 2008: 619). It is obvious that in the 14th century Lithuanians could have had PN of Germanic origin.

There is another privilege dated 2 June 1353, signed by Grand Master Winrich von Kniprode. In this case it is stated very clearly that the beneficiary brothers Triczczan, Narunde ir Slaps/Elapz¹⁴, to whom 2 Haken of land were granted, are Lithuanians: 1353 [...] und geben unsern tricczcan narunden slaps/elapz brudern littowen iren rechten erbin ii hokin uf dem velde czu gau lyncayn gelegin [...] (OF 105, 80r). The brief description of the privilege in the PUB gives the same information: 1353 June 2. Marienburg. Derselbe verleiht seinen getreuen Triczczan, Narunden, Elapz brudern Littouwen, 2 Hacken im Felde Lyncayn [Linekhnen, Kr. Wehlau] [zu denselben Bedingungen wie in Nr. 162. Datum und Zeugen wie in Nr. 162 mit den dort angegebenen Varianten] (PUB V 165).

The PN Triczczan, Lithuanian *Trič-an- or Lithuanian *Trič-on-, cf. the Lithuanian historical PN from 1729–1771 Casimiri et Annae Trycianove; 1729–1771 Martinus Trycionis; 1729–1771 Mathias Tryczunas (IAK), as well as the present-day Lithuanian PN Tričius, Tričys, Tričas, Tryčius, Lithuanian tričas ‘a passionate person’ (LPŽe; Zinkevičius 2008: 567).

It is unclear whether this PN has the ending -an¹⁵ or -on.

The interpretation of the Lithuanian PN Narunde is difficult because the sole attestation does not permit a secure reconstruction of its basic form. Perhaps Lithuanian PN *Nar-und-is (?), derived with the rare suffix -und- (on the suffix, see Skardžius 1996: 102).

¹⁴ In the heading of the document’s manuscript, the first letter of the PN is not clearly written, so it could be either Slapz or Elapz. In the text, however, elapz is quite clear (OF 105, 80r). The authors of the PUB probably relied on the spelling of the PN in the text of the privilege and read it as Elapz (PUB V 165). This reading, however, is not entirely convincing.

¹⁵ The PN Triczczan is not written with the explicitly expressed ending an, but with a curved or convex “stroke” over the letter a. Such “strokes” usually stand for an omitted letter n or sometimes m, though sometimes they stand for other letters as well. Cf. also the spellings of the words allen, brechen (alle with the convex “stroke” over the entire word; breche with the curved “stroke” over -che) in the same document, and the word kumpthur (kupthur with the curved “stroke” over -up- in “Erwin von Stockheim ku[m]ptur von brandeburg”) from the preceding document (OF 105, 80r).

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Furthermore, one may assume that the stem nar- is present here; cf. the Lithuanian personal names Nãras, Narẽlis, Narùtis (Zinkevičius 2008: 120). Such a Lithuanian personal name is hypothetically possible, but it still requires more thorough analysis.

There are also certain difficulties in treating the personal name Slapz or Elapz, because of its unclear spelling. If one does not overlook the fact that these are three Lithuanian brothers, two of whom bore Lithuanian names, one could logically assume that the name of the third brother, *Slaps-, could also be of Lithuanian origin. Cf. the Lithuanian personal name Slapšỹs, whose origin is not entirely clear; cf. Lithuanian slapstýti, slãpsto, slãpstė ‘to hide; to embrace, pamper’, or slapùs ‘inclined to hide, one who fears the public; reserved; a secretive, devious person’ (LPŽe).

Another charter dated 2 June 1353 has survived. By virtue of the privilege, the Lithuanians Elsche and Meczcze were granted 2 Haken of land under the conditions discussed above: 1353 [...] vorlien und geben unseren getruwen Elsche – Meczcze syne vetter den littowen eren rechten erben und nachkomelinge ii hoken uf deme felde lyncayn [...] (OF 105, 79^r). The same information about the beneficiaries and the grant is also found in the PUB: 2 June 1353. Marienburg. The same person grants to the faithful Elsche and his cousin Meczcze, the Lithuanians, 2 Haken in the field of Lyncayn [Linkehnen, district of Wehlau] [under the same conditions as in no. 162. Date and witnesses as in no. 162, with the variants indicated there] (PUB V 93).

The name of the first beneficiary, Elsche, may perhaps be of Lithuanian origin. Cf. the Lithuanian personal name Alsỹs, and Lithuanian ãlsas ‘fatigue’, alsà ‘exhaustion, weakness’, alsùs ‘tiring’, alsúoti ‘to breathe’, álsėti ‘to breathe, pant’ (LPŽe). Z. Zinkevičius considers the element Als- to be Prussian; it is preserved as an inherited element in the Lithuanian monosyllabic personal names Alsỹs, Alséika, Alsẽvičius (Zinkevičius 2008: 74). It is probable that the name under discussion should be considered Lithuanian *Als- or *Alš-.

5. CHARTER OF 3 JUNE 1353

A day later, on 3 June 1353, the Grand Master of the Teutonic Order, Winrich von Kniprode, signed another charter in Marienburg, thereby granting the brothers, refugees from Lithuania, Dinguttis and Util, 2 Haken of land under the usual conditions: 1353 [...] gebin mit der gebitegen rate und willen Dinguttis und Util den brudirn und iren beyden rechten erbin ii hocken uf dem velde tzu lyncayn im wesen weyden und ackir [...] (OF 105, 80^v). The editors provide the following description of the privilege in the PUB: 1353 June

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3. Marienburg. The Grand Master, Winrich von Kniprode, grants brothers Dinguttis and Util 2 Haken in the field at Lyncayn [Linkehnen, district of Wehlau] [under the same conditions as in no. 162] (PUB V 93–94).

The name Dinguttis, Lithuanian *Ding-ut-is, is not found in Lithuanian anthroponymy. The root ding- occurs in Lithuanian personal names; cf. the historical Lithuanian personal name from 1665, Dinga (IAK), and the contemporary Lithuanian personal names Dìngas and Dìnga (Zinkevičius 2008: 280). The diminutive suffix -ut- is attested in this personal name (LKŽe). The root ding- was also known in Old Prussian personal names; cf. the Old Prussian personal names Dynege, Dingele, Dingete, Dingone, Dingocz, Dyngun (Trautmann 1925: 24–25).

The interpretation of the personal name Util is complicated. Perhaps it could be regarded as Lithuanian *Atil-; cf. the Lithuanian personal names Ãtas, Atùtis, Ãtikis, Ãt-noras (Zinkevičius 2008: 396). R. Trautmann considers the personal name Vtil to be an Old Prussian personal name (Trautmann 1925: 111). Since the author gives no interpretation of the name, it remains unclear. One can only assume that the personal name Util was known to Lithuanians and Prussians.

6. CHARTER OF JANUARY 9, 1355

In 1355, on January 9, Marshal Sifrid von Dahenvelt signed a privilege in Tapiau, thereby granting 1 Haken of land in Linkehnen (Kr. Wehlau) to Alxen’s three sons—Ykins, Girstaute, Wilant—and their cousin Mecze: 1355 [...] Alxen – Ykins, Girstaute, Wilant and their cousin Mecze [...] and we give to our faithful Alxen’s children Ykins, Girstaute, Wilant and their cousin Mecze, the Lithuanians, and their rightful heirs and descendants [...] (OF 105, 79^v). The privilege is also discussed en passant in the PUB: January 9, 1355. Tapiau. The Grand Marshal Sifrid von Dahenvelt, with the advice of his DO brothers, grants his faithful Lithuanians Ykins, Girstaute, and Wilant, sons of Alxen, and their cousin Mecze, so that they may serve better, one Haken in the field of Lyncayn [Linkehnen, Kr. Wehlau], within assigned boundaries and under the same conditions as their other estate there [cf. the grant of June 2, 1353] (PUB V 168). All the relatives named were Lithuanians.

As for the father’s PN Alxe, mentioned in the privilege Alxe, Lithuanian *Alks-, cf. the Lithuanian PN Ãlksas, Alksẽvičius (Zinkevičius 2008: 277, 517). Z. Zinkevičius claims that Alks- could derive from Als-, preserved in the Lithuanian PN Alsỹs, Alséika (Zinkevičius 2008: 74).

The PN Ykins is unclear Ykins. Perhaps Lithuanian PN *Aikinis / *Aikinas or *Eikinis / *Eikinas. Cf. the Lithuanian PN Eĩkinas, which probably derives from the Latvian PN Eĩķins, the latter in turn deriving from the German PN Eicken (LPŽe).

The Lithuanian origin of the name Girstaute, Lithuanian *Girs-taut-, cannot be doubted. Cf. the Lithuanian historical PNs 1728–1776 Casimirus Girsa; 1830 Mariana

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Girstatowiczowa. (IAK), auch den lit. PN Girštautas (LPŽe; Zinkevičius 2008: 94, 148). Der PN Girštaute ist ein zweistämmiger PN aus girs- und -taut-. Der erstere wird mit lit. iš-girs-ti ‘hören’, und der zweite mit lit. tauta ‘Volk’ verglichen. Den PN kennen auch die Altpreußen. Vgl. die apr. PN Girštaute, 1378 Girstot, 1388 Girstenne; 1309 Waystauthe, 1425 Rytałwte (Trautmann 1925: 33, 114, 83). Es ist möglich, dass der 1355 erwähnte PN Girštaute eine frühere Erwähnung des gegenwärtigen lit. PN Girštautas ist.

The name Wilant Wilant contains a Lithuanian root *vil-; cf. the Lithuanian historical PNs 1621–1646 Petrus pauli Wilanis; 1681Valentis Wilaytis; 1685–1731 Joannis Witalis (IAK). For *vil-, see Lithuanian vìl-tis, vìliasi ‘to hope’ (Zinkevičius 2008: 304 and 161–162). The PN Wilant Wilant may perhaps also be regarded as a two-stem PN, consisting of the first stem vil- (see above) and the second ant-, which is connected with the preposition añt (dialectal añ) (Zinkevičius 2008: 74).

The name Mecze is also not easy to interpret Mecze (see also above the PN Meczcze Meczcze in the 1353 charter). Lithuanian historical anthroponymic material includes the PNs 1644 Nicolai Mecis; 1652–1672 Matthiae Meculis; 1708–1740 Symonis Mecul (IAK), which were characteristic of Lithuanians, but they seem to be of Polish origin. Cf. the Lithuanian PNs Mečỹs, Mẽčius, which evidently derive from the Slavic two-stem PN Mečislavь: mečь ‘sword’ + slava ‘glory’ (Zinkevičius 2008: 473).

7. CHARTER OF JANUARY 16, 1361

Another privilege, by which a piece of land measuring 2 Haken was granted to Wiculle and Morsis, was signed by Marshal Sifrid von Dahenvelt in Königsberg on January 16, 1361: 1361 [...] Wiculle and Morsis [...] we give to our faithful Wirulle and Morsis, their rightful heirs and descendants, two Haken of fields on the Lyncayn estate for their old estate [...] (OF 105, 79ᵛ). A brief account of the privilege is also preserved in the PUB, referring to the same conditions and circumstances of the land grant as in the preceding privilege of January 9, 1355: January 16, 1361. Koenigsberg. A grant of 2 Haken on the field of Lyncayn (Linkehnen, Kr. Wehlau) to the faithful Wiculle and Morsis, corresponding to the preceding grant (PUB V 549). It can be concluded from this that Wiculle Wiculle and Morsis Morsis were Lithuanians.

The PN of one of the beneficiaries mentioned in the privilege, Wikulle Wikulle, Lithuanian *Vik-ul-, displays a root vik- widespread in Lithuanian PNs. Cf. Lithuanian historical PNs 1635–1731 Paulus Wikus; 1691–1781 Marting Wikugaylis (IAK). Cf. also the Lithuanian PNs Vikūtis, Vikas and Latvian PN Vikis (LPŽe). Z. Zinkevičius considers the stem vik- inherited, with the meaning ‘balanced’; cf. the Lithuanian PNs Vikas, Vikáitis, Vikūnas

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(Zinkevičius 2008: 161, 303). The anthroponym Vikas is a one-stem anthroponym, but suffixed variants of it are also known, e.g. the above-mentioned Vikūtis, Vikātis, Vikūnas. The Lithuanian anthroponym *Vik-ul- is also related to these suffixed Lithuanian anthroponyms.

The name of the second beneficiary, the Lithuanian Morsis, Lithuanian *Mors-is / *Mars-is (?) /*Murs-is (?) / *Murz-is (?), is unclear. It might perhaps be assumed that here, too, the sounds o: a: u have been confused. Cf. also the Lithuanian historical anthroponym from 1610 Kasper Morsanis (IAK).

CONCLUSIONS

1. This contribution examined 27 Lithuanian anthroponyms from OF 105. In nineteen cases, the anthroponyms are of Lithuanian origin; in two cases, of Lithuanian–Old Prussian origin; in one case, it is unclear whether German or Lithuanian origin should be assumed; and in one case, Slavic origin is demonstrable. Four cases are uncertain. The anthroponyms discussed in this contribution are probably the earliest attestations of these Lithuanian names.

2. The examination of OF 105 yielded evidence for important historical details. The documents from 1340 and 1353 attest that Lithuanians also lived in Sambia in the first half of the 14th century. They were mostly refugees from Lithuania, to whom the Teutonic Order granted plots of land hereditarily under Prussian law. This fact is important for the history of settlement.

3. Analysis of the 1350 privilege revealed an erroneous interpretation of the anthroponym Schurdeike. Until now, following R. Trautmann’s assessment, the anthroponym had been considered an Old Prussian one, because the author had regarded the beneficiary named Schurdeike in the document as an Old Prussian. The ancillary information referred to in the document’s details points to the Lithuanian origin of the beneficiary and his name.

4. Research into the anthroponyms attested in the manuscripts of OF 105 is hampered in many cases by the unclear rendering of Lithuanian names.

5. An unequivocal explanation, or precise interpretation, of some of the anthroponyms examined is not possible. In most cases, only the stems of the anthroponyms can be reconstructed; the endings cannot be reliably established on the basis of the attested forms.

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SOURCES AND LITERATURE

Gerullis Georg 1922: Die altpreußischen Ortsnamen. Berlin und Leipzig: Vereinigung wissenschaftlicher Verleger Walter de Gruyter & Co.

http://prusija.lki.lt/ [2015-08-03]

IAK – Index of Historical Personal Names. Vilnius: Institute of the Lithuanian Language.

Kohlheim Rosa, Kohlheim Volker 2005: Duden. Familiennamen. Herkunft und Bedeutung. Mannheim, Leipzig, Wien, Zürich: Dudenverlag.

LKŽe – Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language, electronic version, editorial board: Gertrūda Naktinienė et al. Vilnius: Institute of the Lithuanian Language, 2013. Available online: www.lkz.lt [2015-08-03].

LPŽe – Dictionary of Lithuanian Surnames, electronic version. Vilnius: Institute of the Lithuanian Language, 2012–2015.

Ordensfoliant Nr. 105. Geheimes Staatsarchiv Preußischer Kulturbesitz. Berlin.

PUB I–VI – Seraphim August, Philippi Rudolph, Maschke Erich, Hein Max, Koeppen Hans, Conrad Klaus: Prussian Book of Documents 1–6. Königsberg (Pr)/Marburg: Gräfe und Unzer/Elwert/Scientia Aalen, 1932–2000.

Skardžius Pranas 1996: Rinktiniai raštai 1. Lietuvių kalbos žodžių daryba. Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla.

SRP II – Hirsch Theodor, Töppen Max, Strehlke Ernst: Scriptores rerum Prussicarum 2. Leipzig: Verlag von S. Hirzel, 1863.

Stundžia Bonifacas, Sinkevičiūtė Daiva 2001: Prūsų onimų germanizavimo tyrimai K. O. Falko rankraščiuose. – Baltistica 36(1), 53–60.

Trautmann Reinhold 1925: Die altpreußischen Personennamen. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.

Zinkevičius Zigmas 2008: Lietuvių asmenvardžiai. Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas.

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Lithuanian Personal Names in the Documents of the Teutonic Order

SUMMARY

Research on Teutonic Order foliant No. 105 (hereafter OF 105) is highly significant for Baltic onomastics. Although this foliant was studied in the early twentieth century by the renowned onomasticians Jurgis Gerulis and Reinhold Trautmann, who were interested in and collected only old Prussian place names and personal names, it still contains much unexplored material important to onomastics. This foliant is a collection of Teutonic Order privileges, mostly from the fourteenth century, granting plots of land to Prussians and Lithuanians. It is highly significant that OF 105 contains many Lithuanian personal names, some of which are discussed in this article. Studying the material in OF 105 is very difficult because of the varying handwriting of several people who wrote the documents, and especially because of the different ways in which ononyms were recorded. There are many corrections, deletions, and notes; the documents are in poor condition, particularly the parchments, making certain text fragments—and the ononyms in them—difficult to read.

Lithuanian personal names are also recorded in other historical sources, for example, in the “Descriptions of Lithuanian Routes” (German Litauische Wegeberichte), included in the celebrated collection Scriptores rerum Prussicarum, which contains numerous Prussian and Lithuanian ononyms from fourteenth-century documents. The Lithuanian personal names studied to date have been collected from much later historical sources and church registers.

This article discusses 27 personal names found in OF 105, used for Prussians and Lithuanians who had fled Lithuania and settled in Prussia. The anthroponyms are presented in chronological order according to the dates of the documents. In discussing each Lithuanian personal name, the article provides its context in the OF 105 documents and compares the data with material from the Prussian Book of Documents (German Preußische Urkundenbücher). The article attempts a critical analysis of the sources and the etymology of the anthroponyms under discussion.

Received on 20 October 2015.

DARIUS IVOŠKA

Lietuvių kalbos institutas

Petro Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius, Lithuania

[email protected]

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