Ac a
Linguis ica
Li huanica
LVII
(2007),
45-97
Building
a
pa ial
aspec
sys em
in
Eas
AukS ai ian
Vilnius
dialec s
o
Li huanian:
Co ela ions
be ween
elic
and
ac i i y
e bs*
Ju cis
PAKERYS
Vilniaus
uni e si e as
BJORN
WIEMER
Johannes-Gu enbe g-Uni e si é
Mainz
This
pape
is
a
pilo
s udy
based
on
ape- eco ded
and
ansc ibed
Li huanian
dialec al
ex s
( om
he
no he n
pa
o he
Eas
AukS ai ian
Vilnius
dia-
lec
g oup)
o
in es iga e
he
co ela ion
be ween
elic
and
ac i i y
e bs.
We
analyzed
mo phologically
co ela ed
(p e ixed
and
unp e ixed)
e bal
s ems
which
a e
po en ial
membe s
o
“g adual- e mina i e”
(GTER)
e b
pai s.
We
conclude
ha
he
p e ixed
membe s
o
he
pai s
a e
‘pe ec-
i e’
in
he
sense
ha
hey
a e
es ic ed
o
e en s,
whe eas
he
simplex
e bs
a e
unc ionally
much
less
cons ained
(and
hus
aspec ually
di -
use).
None heless,
his
aspec ual
specializa ion
o
p e ixed
de i a i es
has no
led
o
a
complemen a y
dis ibu ion
o
unc ions,
as
i
would
be
equi ed
i
hese
p oduc i e
p ocesses
o
mo phological
pai ing
yielded
ue
aspec
pai s.
0.
INTRODUCTION
The
mo phological
s uc u e
o
Li huanian
e bs
is
e y
simila
o
ha
o
Sla ic
ones,
because
i
is
based
on
s em
de i a ion
(see
Figu e
1).
Since
he
immedia e
Sla ic
con ac
languages
o
Li huanian
belong
o
Eas
Sla ic
(Be-
la usian,
Russian)
and
Wes
Sla ic
(Polish
in
i s
local
a ie ies,
comp ised
by
he
name
‘polszezyzna
k esowa’),
which
a e
all
cha ac e ized
by
a
ully
de-
* The
esea ch
was
done
as
a
pa
o
he
p ojec
LITTERA:
Li huanian
na ional
iden i y
in
he
con ex
o
cul u al
dialogue
in
16 h-20 h
cen u y
unded
by
he
Li huanian
S a e
Science
and
S udies
Founda ion.
We
would
like
o
hank
d .
Vy au as
Ka delis
and
Dai a
Ka dely é-G ine igiené
o
he
dialec al
ex s
and
nume ous
commen s
on
he
ma e ial.
45
Ju cis
Pake ys,
BJORN
WIEMER
eloped
opposi ion
o
pe ec i e
s.
impe ec i e
aspec
(p .
:
ip .),
i
comes
as a
na u al
assump ion
ha
Li huanian
has
de eloped
such
an
opposi ion,
oo.
Fo
su e,
i
should be
admi ed
ha
local
Sla ic
a ie ies
—
in
pa icula
he
‘polszczyzna
k esowa’
jus
men ioned and
Bela usian
dialec s
bo de ing
on
o
e en
eaching
in o
Li huanian
speaking
e i o y
- ha e
expe ienced
e e se
in luences
om
Li huanian,
on
he
subs a e
o
which
hey
mos
p obably
de eloped.
Howe e ,
as
a
as
we
can
judge
on
hebasis
o
bo h
he
li e a u e
on
he
subjec
and
ieldwo k
done
by
ou sel es,
hese
Sla ic
a ie ies
do
no
exhibi
any
conside able
di e ences
in
hei
aspec
sys ems
(“measu ed”
ei he
by
unc ional
opposi ions o he
way
aspec
pai s
a e
o med)
in
compa ison
o
Polish
o Bela usian
a ie ies
ou side
his
con ac
a ea.
O
cou se,
his
complica ed
and
hi he o
neglec ed
issue
equi es
sys-
ema ic
in es iga ion
on
he
basis
o
eliable
da a.
Since
his
canno
be
he
ask
o
he
p esen
a icle,
we,
o
he
ime
being,
ha e
o
lea e
open
he
ques ion
o
mu ual
impac
in
he
domain
o
e bal
mo phology
and
g am-
ma ical
opposi ion
be ween
Li huanian
and
Sla ic
a ie ies in
con ac
wi h
each
o he .
On
i s
sigh ,
he
assump ion
o mula ed
abo e
is
con i med
by
he ob-
se a ion
ha
s em
de i a ion
in
Li huanian
appea s
o
be e en
mo e
p o-
duc i e
han
in
he
su ounding
Sla ic
languages.
The e
ha e
indeed
been
nume ous
a emp s
o
show
ha
Li huanian
has
g amma ical
aspec
as
ha e
he
la e
ones,
o en
by
jus
p ojec ing
unc ional
p inciples
o
he
Russian
aspec
sys em
on o
Li huanian.
Howe e ,
he
exp ession
o
aspec ually
el-
e an
opposi ions
in
Li huanian
is
conside ably
less
g amma icalized
han
i
is
in
i s
nea es
Sla ic
neighbou s,
e en
i
we
admi
ha
aspec
opposi ions
can
a
leas
in
pa
be
based
on
o he
unc ional
dis inc ions
han
in
Russian
o
Polish
(c .
Wieme
2002:
ch.
4.1).
To
show
his
i
does
no
su ice
o
look
a
mo phology
i sel ;
he s em-de -
i a ional
na u e
o
Sla ic
aspec
does
no
belong
o
he
canonical
examples
o
g amma icaliza ion,
which,
i s
o
all,
include
p ocesses
o
mo phologi-
za ion.
Sla ic
aspec
as
well
as
he
“hal -way”
g amma icalized
Li huanian
aspec ual
de i a ion
can
be
adequa ely
desc ibed
only
i
we
unde s and
i
as
a
p ocess
o
igh ening
o
empo al
(and
o he )
unc ions
pa alleled
by
a
consequen
e-dis ibu ion
o
mo phologically
ela ed
and
lexically
iden ical
s ems
ha
a e
mapped
on o
opposi e
unc ional
alues
(c .
Wieme
2002:
4.1.2;
2003:
41-45;
2006;
2008).
Looked
a
om
his
pe spec i e,
he de-
46
Building
a
pa ial
aspec
sys em
in
Eas
AukS ai ian
Vilnius
dialec s
g ee
o
g amma icaliza ion
should
be
“measu ed”
on
he
basis
o
how
a
mo phological
ope a ions
ul il
he
ollowing
c i e ia,
which
o igina e
om
Lehmann
(1999:
208):
(a)
Wi h
ega d
o
he
lexical
s ems
o
a
gi en
syn ac ic
class
(noun,
e b,
e c.)
he
dis ibu ion
o
g amma ical ma ke s
(he e:
de i a ional
a ixes)
has
eached
i s
maximum.
(b)
Bo h
o mal
dis inc ions
(he e:
de i a ion
pa e ns)
and
unc ions
a e
obliga o y.
(c)
The
o mal
dis inc ions
consis
o
egula
opposi ions.
(d)
The
unc ions
a e
maximally
abs ac
(i.e.,
in
ou
case,
hey
in ol e
no
only
aspec ual
opposi ions
p ope ,
bu
also
modal,
illocu iona y
and
ex ual
ones).
How
his
applies
in
he
e olu ion o
an
aspec
sys em,
will
be
u he
discussed
in
1.1.
The
asse ion
ha
Li huanian
has
no
g amma icalized
s em-de i a ional
aspec
o
a
deg ee
compa able
o
i s
nea es
Sla ic
neighbou s
holds
o
any
a ie y
o
Li huanian,
e en
o
hose
dialec s
which
ha e
been
in
immedia e
con ac
wi h
(o
e en
su ounded
by)
Sla ic,
usually
Bela usian,
a ie ies
as,
e.g.,
he
ex inc
dialec
o Dzja la a
(Li h.
Zie ela),
o
he
mo ibund
dialec s
o
Peljasa
(Li h.
Pelesa)
and
Ha ja y
(Li h.
Ge éciai).
All
hese
a ie ies
ail
o
pass
a
leas
some
s onge
c i e ia,
i s
o
all:
hey
lack
complemen a y
unc ional
dis ibu ion
be ween
mo phologically
ela ed
s ems
wi h
iden i-
cal
lexical
meaning
(=
c i e ion
(b)
abo e);
nei he
a e
hese
s ems
ap
o
unc ional
neu aliza ion
in
clea ly
de inable
con ex s
( o
he
s anda d
language
c .
Wieme
2001:
39-45;
2002:
4.1.2.8;
Ka delis
&
Wieme
2002:
63-65,
78).
These
c i e ia
a e
no
me ,
o
ins ance,
in
he
dialec
o
Dzja -
la a,
as
a
as
can
be
in e ed
om
dic iona y
da a
(c .
Ka delis
&
Wieme
2003:
59-64),
bu
also
om
specialized
in-dep h
desc ip ions
(c .
Vidugi is
1961;
1998),
which
anyway
lack
a
heo y
o
aspec
and
i s
in e ac ion
wi h
lexical
uni s
(s ems).
In
o de
o
be e
unde s and
wha
has
eally
been
going
on
in
di e en
a ie ies
o
Li huanian,
i
p o es
o
be
manda o y
o
u n
o
he
analysis
o
ex s,
i.
e.
o
cohe en speech
ape- eco ded
in
as
spon aneous
ci cums ances
as
possible.
Only
iche
con ex s
supplied
by
cohe en
discou se
gi e
a
su -
icien
gua an ee
o
a
eliable
enough
“check”
o
empo al
and
o he p op-
e ies
o
di e en
e b
o ms
which
a e
ele an
o
a
quali ied
judgmen
47
Ju cis
Pake ys,
BJORN
WIEMER
on
he
deg ee
o
g amma icaliza ion
o aspec
dis inc ions
in
a
pa icula
a ie y.
Since
such
wo k
has
ne e
been
done
be o e
on
Li huanian
da a,
and
since
a
eliable
judgemen
conce ning
he
unc ional
opposi ions
dis in-
guished
by
mo phologically
ela ed
s ems
would
ac ually
equi e
a
ho ough
in es iga ion
o
a
la ge
amoun
o
e bs
belonging
o
di e en
aspec ually
sensi i e
classes
(see
1.2),
we
decided
o
begin
such
a
wo k
by
es ic ing
ou sel es,
i s , o
one
aspec ual
class,
namely:
o
elic
e bs
co ela ed
wi h
ac i i ies
(see
1.3,
sec ion
3),
and,
second,
o
one
clea ly
delimi ed
dialec
a ea
(see
sec ion
1).
In
his
espec ,
he
p esen
a icle
is
a
pilo
s udy.
A
sim-
ila
s udy,
hough
on
a
b oade
dialec al
basis
and
concen a ing
on
o he
aspec ual
classes,
was
published
as
Ka delis
&
Wieme
(2002).
This
s udy
and
he
p esen
one
sha e
he
same
heo e ical
ounda ions
and
pu sue
he
same
esea ch
goals.
The
a icle
is
s uc u ed
as
ollows.
Fi s ,
we
will
dwell
on
he
ques ion
how
aspec
opposi ions
ma ked
by
s em
de i a ion
can
a ise.
In
connec ion
wi h
his
we
will
discuss
he
de i a ional
pa e ns
and
he
unc ions
which
a
ull- ledged
aspec
opposi ion
should
display
(see
1.1).
A e
ha
we
will
gi e
a
gene al
idea
o
he
ILA- heo y
(‘In e ak ion
on
Lexik
und
Aspek ’),
which
has
been
de eloped
by
Wal e
B eu
in
a
couple
o
publica ions
since
he
la e
1980s
(1.2)
and
which
will
be
applied
by
us
o
Li huanian
dialec al
da a.
In
1.3
we
will
ocus
on
he
co ela ion
o
elic
e bs
wi h
e bs
deno -
ing
ac i i ies.
This
co ela ion
is
o
pa icula
signi icance
o
a
de i a ional
aspec
sys em,
since
elic
and
co ela ed
ac i i y
e b
s ems
can
easily
ende
“g adual- e mina i e”
(GTER)
e b
pai s,
which
gi e
a
s a ing
poin
in
he
ise
o
such
an
aspec sys em.
This
ype
o
“pai ing”
be ween
mo phological-
ly
co ela ed
s ems
will
become
he
p ope
subjec
o
he
main
pa ,
namely:
he
analysis
o
po en ial
GTER
pai s
in
he
ma e ial
(sec ion
3).
Be o e
his
da a
sec ion
we
will
gi e
some
gene al
in o ma ion
on
he
dialec s
in es i-
ga ed,
he
ype
o
da a
used
and
he
way
hey
we e
collec ed
and
p epa ed
o
linguis ic
analysis
(sec ion
2).
Sec ion
4
gi es
some
conclusions.
48
Building
a
pa ial
aspec
sys em
in
Eas
AukS ai ian
Vilnius
dialec s
1.
BUILDING
AN
ASPECT
SYSTEM
VIA
STEM
DERIVATION
1.1.
Gene al
ou line:
mo phological
pa e ns
and
aspec ual
classes
In
gene al,
we
speak
o
g amma ical
aspec
in
all
cases
in which
he e
is
a
s able
co ela ion
be ween
opposi ions
o
e b
o ms
and
hei
unc ions
conce ning
he
inhe en
empo al
s uc u e
o
si ua ions.
No ice
ha
such
an
opposi ion
can
in ol e
no
only
e b
o ms
o ganized
in o
a
pa adigm
in
he
usual
sense,
i.e.
as
a
se
o
in lec ed
o ms
applied
o
he
same
s em
(simple o
a ixed)',
bu
i
may
also
consis
in
a
egula
ela ion
be ween
wo
s ems
o
which
one
is
de i ed
om
he
o he
(see
Fig.
1
below).
In
any
case
g amma ical
aspec
is
o
become
mani es
in
mo phology.
Fo
his
ea-
son,
so-called
“aspec ual
composi ion”,
o en
desc ibed
in
o mal
seman ics,
should
no
be
conside ed
as
an
ins an ia ion
o
g amma ical
aspec .
This
is
a
ma e
o
aspec ual
in e p e a ion
only
on
clause
le el.
Consequen ly,
he
labels
‘pe ec i e’
:
‘impe ec i e’
( e bs,
aspec )
will
be
used
s ic ly
as
indica ions
o
he
g amma ical
s a us
o
e bs
( e b
o ms),
no
in
a
pu ely
seman ic
sense.
This
accep ed,
aspec
ma ke s
should
be
ea ed
as
ope a o s
on
he
lexi-
cal
con en
o
e b
s ems,
which,
in
u n,
should
be
iewed
as
ope anda.
Such
an
ope a o —ope andum
ela ionship
holds
ega dless
o
he
mo pho-
logical
o m
by
which
aspec
opposi ions
a e
exp essed,
i.e.
whe he
hese
o ms
ha e
an
in lec ional
s a us
o
no ,
o
whe he
hey
a e
coded
by
bound
o
ee
mo phemes
(c .
also
B eu
2007:
138-141).
Wha
we
hus
need
is
a
heo y
o
g amma ical
aspec
which
akes
in o
accoun
he
in e ac ion
be-
ween
mo phological
ma king
de ices
and
he
lexical
meaning
o
e bs,
and
which
allows
o
g oup
he
in en o y
o
lexical
e b
s ems
(as
he
ope anda)
wi h
e e ence
o
he
“ou pu ”
ecei ed
om
he
applica ion
o
aspec
ma k-
e s
(as
he
ope a o s).
Up
o
da e
he e
a e
se e al
such
heo ies,
and
essen-
ially
all
o
hem
a e
based
on
he
no ion
o
bo de s
o
si ua ions
(e en s
o
s a es)
and
he
possibili y
o
ocus
o
dis ocus
hem
(c .
he
o e iew
gi en
by
Sasse
2002,
especially
pp.
222-225).
The
ILA- heo y
de eloped
by
B eu
belongs
among
hese
heo ies.
‘This
includes
analy ic
o ms
as,
¢.g.,
he
English
p og essi e
o
he
Eas
and
Wes
Sla ic
analy ic
u u e
( o
ip .
e bs).
49

Ju RGis
PakERYS,
BJORN
WIEMER
Figu e
1:
Rise
o
pa e ns
o
aspec
de i a ion
I.
p oduc i e
a ixa ion
Ja.
Russian
(i)
simplex
s em
=
p e ixed
s em
:
pisa ’
=>
na-pisa ’
‘ o
w i e’
(=>
+
napis-y a- ’
‘ he
same’)
(ii)
s em
=
su ixa ion
wi h
{nu}:
dos iga ’
=>
dos ig-nu- ’
‘ o
each’
(iii)
p e ixed
s em
=
(seconda ily)
su ixed
s em:
(pisa ’
=>)
s-pisa ’
=
spis-y a- ’
‘ o
copy’
Ib.
Li huanian
Gi)
simplex
s em
=
p e ixed
s em:
asy i
=
pa- asy i
‘ o
w i e’
(ii)
s em
=
su ixa ion
wi h
{ elé
/
e é}:
Sok i
‘ o
jump’
=>
Sok- elé- i
o
jump
(once)’
(iii)
p e ixed
s em
=
(seconda ily)
su ixed
s em:
( ody i
=>)
j- ody i
‘ o
p o e’
=
j od-iné- i
‘ o
( y
o)
p o e’
Il.
unc ional
ein e p e a ion
(a)
impe ec i e
=
pe ec i e
e b
(pai )
(b)
pe ec i e
>
impe ec i e
e b
(pai )
Be o e
we
go
on
explaining
ILA- heo y
(see
1.2-1.3),
le
us
commen
on
linguis ic
o ms
exp essing
aspec
dis inc ions.
How
can
an
aspec
op-
posi ion
be
buil
on
some hing
di e en
om
in lec ion
(as
in,
e.g.,
Ro-
mance
pas
enses)
o analy ic
o ms
(as,
e.g.,
wi h
he
English
p og essi e),
namely:
on
de i a ion?
To
unde s and
his,
le
us
look
a
Figu e
1,
which
ep esen s
he
way
so-called
aspec
pai s
a e c ea ed
in
Sla ic
languages.
The
uppe
pa
(I.)
subsumes
he
basic
pa e ns
o
a ixa ion
p oduc i e
in
Sla ic
e bal
mo phology
(Ia);
hese
a e
pa alleled
by
Li huanian
(Ib).
F om
a
mo pho ac ic iewpoin
hese
pa e ns
a e
independen
om
in lec ional
dis inc ions,
hey
hus
apply
also
o
inde ini e
(un ensed)
o ms.
They
c e-
a e
de i ed
s ems
whose
lexical
meaning
is
ei he
iden ical
o
ha o
hei
de i ing
bases
(s ems),
o
he
lexical
meaning
is
somehow
modi ied
and/o
acqui es
ano he
aspec ual
(phasal
e c.)
cha ac e .
A
necessa y
condi ion o
becoming
an
aspec
pai
is
howe e
ha
de i ing
and
de i ed
s em
sha e
an
iden ical
lexical
meaning;
pa
Ia.
o
Fig.
1
illus a es
such
cases.
He e
i
is
essen ial
o
no ice
ha
lexical
iden i y
need
no
be
changed
by
p e ixa ion;
50
Building
a
pa ial
aspec
sys em
in
Eas
AukS ai ian
Vilnius
dialec s
see
he
pai s
Russ.
pisa ’
=>
na-pisa ’
‘ o
w i e’
( elic),
s oi ’
=>
po-s oi ’
‘ o
build’,
con a y
o,
e.g.,
pisa ’
‘ o
w i e’
=>
za-pisa ’
‘ o
ake a
no e’,
s oi ’
‘ o
build’
=>
pe e-s oi ’
‘ o
econs uc ’.
In
pa
II.
we
see he
basic
pa e ns
o
aspec
pai s
in
Sla ic.
These
a e
ein e p e a ions
o hose
de i a ionally
ela ed
s ems
om
pa
I.
which
a e
(o
can
be,
unde
ce ain
ci cums ances)
iden ical
in
lexical
meaning
(c .
Ka delis
&
Wieme
2002:
53 .).
Fu he ,
i is
c ucial
o
unde s and
ha
such
pai ed e bs
(s ems)
a e
no
o dina y
synonyms,
because
hey
canno
eplace
one
ano he
ad
libi um.
On
he
con a y,
hei
use
is
cons ained
by
he
g amma ical
con ex
(e.g.,
in
he
scope
o
e bs
deno ing
phases,
like
‘s a ,
con inue,
end’,
in ini i es
o
only
hose
e bs
can be
used
which
a e
quali ied
as
ip .),
and
hey
show
mo e
o
less
clea
dis ibu ional
p e e ences
o e
unc ions
comp ising
no
only
aspec ual
dis inc ions,
bu
also
unc ions
in
he
domains
o
empo al
loca-
ion,
empo al
de ini eness
(episodici y),
modali y,
illocu ion
and
p esup-
posi ion’.
The
espec i e
e bs
cons i u ing
a
pai
show
an
almos
comple-
men a y
dis ibu ion
on
hese
unc ions,
so
ha
hey
sha e
in o
a
common
pa adigm
(c .
Wieme
2001:
37-39).
I
g amma icaliza ion
p oceeds
u he ,
condi ions
a ise
unde
which
e bs
om
a
pai
ha e
o
be
subs i u ed
o
one
ano he .
The
bes -known
example
o
such
a
condi ion
is
he
na a i e
p esen ,
in
which
in
Eas
Sla ic
and
Polish
only
ip .
e bs
can
be
used,
beco-
ing,
as
i
we e,
lexical
subs i u es
o
hei
p .
coun e pa s
(c .
Zaliznjak
&
Smele
2000:
44,
47-49)‘.
This
p ocess,
which
changes
he
g amma
wi hou
changing
de i a ion
in o
in lec ion,
can
hus
be
called
‘ unc ional
expansion
o
complemen a y
es ic ions’.
I
consis s
in
an
inc easingly
complemen a y
?
Supple i e
pai s
a e
le
apa
he e
(e.g.,
klas ’”
/
polozi ’”
‘ o
pu
down’,
b a ’
/
aja ’”
‘ o
ake’).
Since
supple ion
is
by
de ini ion
unde s ood
as
kind
o
excep ion
om
ule
(he e:
he
de i a ional
pa e n),
he
exis ence
o
such
pai s
jus
con i ms
he
alidi y
o
he
ule.
*
This
expansion
o
unc ions
beyond
empo ali y
appea s
o
be
pa icula ly
s ong
in
Eas
Sla ic
( i s
o
all
in
s anda d
Russian)
and
in
Polish
(c .
Wieme
2008).
*In
Russian
aspec ological
li e a u e
his
kind
o
subs i u ion
has
usually
been
named
“aspec
neu aliza ion”
(‘ ido aja
nej alizacija’).
In
ac ,
i
should be
iewed
as
bu
an
ex eme
case
o
so-called
“aspec
i aliza ion”
(‘ ido aja
konku encija’),
in
which
e bs
o
bo h
aspec s
may
be
used,
bu
wi h
sligh ly
di e en
shadowings
o
meaning
(depending
on
he
seman ic
o
p agma ic
con ex ).
51
Ju cis
PAke ys,
BJORN
WIEMER
e-dis ibu ion
o
de i a ionally ela ed
e b
s ems
o
a
g owing
numbe
o
seman ic
and
p agma ic
dis inc ions.
The
mo e
e bs
(o
di e en
aspec ually
sensi i e
classes)
ge
in ol ed
in o
his
p ocess,
he
mo e
s em
de i a ion
becomes
a
ma e
o
g amma
o ,
mo e
p ecisely,
o
g amma ical
es ic ions
as
a consequence
o
unc ional
e-dis ibu ion.
This
p ocess
can
be
called
‘lexical
expansion
by
epa i ion’
(mo e
on
his
opic
in
Lehmann
1999:
203-205,
207-229;
2004).
Bo h
unc-
ional
expansion
o
complemen a y
es ic ions
and
lexical
expansion
a e
necessa y
ing edien s
o a
g adual
g amma icaliza ion
p ocess.
Thus,
he
ein e p e a ion
o
de i a ional
pa e ns
(see
Il.
in Fig.
1)
is
an
ou come
o
a
g adual
inc ease
o
complemen a y
unc ional
es ic ions
on
p oduc i e
a ixa ion.
Simul aneously
i
in ol es
an
inc ease
o
pai s
o
e bs
wi h
a
common
lexical
meaning.
These
c i e ia
i s
o
all
conce n
so-
called
seconda y
su ixa ion
(see
he
example
in
Ia.
(iii)
in Fig.
1),
inasmuch
as
p e ixa ion
in
mos
cases
leads
o
a
modi ica ion
o
he
lexical
meaning
o
he
simplex
s em.
Abo e
we
ha e
howe e
no iced
ha
p e ixa ion
o
a
sim-
plex
s em
wi hou
lexical
change
is
possible. In
sec ion
3
i
will
be
exac ly
hose
cases
which
will
be
o
in e es .
All
men ioned
ypes
o
a ixa ion
a e
p oduc i e
in
s anda d
Li huanian,
oo;
hey
a e
p obably
e en
mo e
p oduc i e
han
in
(s anda d)
Russian
o
Polish.
Howe e ,
appa en ly
he e
a e
no
con ex ual
cons ain s
on
he
use
o
ei he
e b
om
such
pai ,
le
alone
ules
o
neu aliza ion
(obliga o y
subs i u ion).
Complemen a y
dis ibu ion
be ween
de i a ionally
ela ed
s ems
seems
o
hold only
o
aspec ual
meanings
p ope ,
i.e.
o
unc ions
conce ning
he
in e nal
empo al
con ou
o
he
si ua ion,
and
only wi h
ce -
ain
elic
e bs
(c .
Wieme
2001:
41 .).
This
can be
conside ed
as
he
cen al
unc ion
o
aspec
opposi ions
(see
he
classical
de ini ion
o
aspec
in
Com-
ie
1976:
3),
and
i
can
easonably
be
ega ded
as
he
diach onic
s a ing
poin
i
g amma ical
aspec
is
o a ise in
he
sys em
o a
language,
empo al
loca ion
and
o he
domains
becoming
ma ked
only
la e
(as
has
been
shown
o
Russian
by
Be mel
1997;
see
also
he
a gumen
in
Wieme
2003:
41-46).
In
Li huanian,
howe e ,
all
hese
domains
ha e
emained
la gely
i ele an
o
s em
de i a ion
o
e bs,
as
un il
now
no
clea
unc ional
es ic ions
o
his
kind
could
be
ound
(c .
Wieme
2002:
4.1).
52
Building
a
pa ial
aspec
sys em
in
Eas
Auk8 ai ian
Vilnius
dialec s
1.2,
ILA- heo y,
aspec ual
classes
and
he
lexicon
B eu’s
ILA- heo y
aims
a
classi ying
and
explaining
he
in e ac ion
be ween
e b
lexemes®
and
aspec
ma ke s;
he
o me
a e
unde s ood
as
ope anda,
he
la e
as
ope a o s®.
As
we
ha e
seen,
he
Sla ic
p .
:
ip .
opposi ion
is
based
on
he
de i a ional
ela ion
be ween
s ems.
B eu
s a s
om
he
assump ion
ha
e bs
(as
well
as
o he
lexical
uni s
able
o
unc ion
as
p edica es)
a e
inhe en ly
sensi i e
o
aspec ual
dis inc ions.
This
sensi i i y
se es as
a
basis
o
hei
lexicon-in e nal
classi ica ion
and
is
in
p inciple
alid
o
all
languages,
ega dless
o
whe he
hey
ha e
an
aspec
sys em
o
no .
The
ILA-classi ica ion
di ides
e bs
in o
g oups
acco ding
o
whe he
hey
show
inhe en
bounda ies
(beginning
o
end)
o
no .
I
a
language
has
aspec
ma ke s,
hese
ei he
ocus
on
a
lexically
inhe en
bounda y
(p .
as-
pec ),
o
hey
de ocus
i
(ip .
aspec ).
This
cen al
di ision
in o
aspec
unc-
ions
is
cap u ed
as ‘ ocus
aspec ’.
Below
we
will
concen a e
on
his
issue,
al hough
he
heo y
also
makes
p edic ions
conce ning
he
beha iou
in
cases
o
lack o
ime-loca edness
(i e a ion
e c.).
All
ema ks
and
illus a ions
in
he
emaining
pa
o
his
sec ion
pe ain
o
he
s anda d
language
(Li h.
‘bend iné
kalba’),
and
hey
a e
o
a
p elimi-
na y
na u e
(c .
Wieme
2002:
4.1).
They
se e
as
a
s a ing
poin
o
he
desc ip ion
o he
dialec
da a.
Ve b
lexemes
can
be
di ided
in o
ou
simple
ILA-classes,
h ee
o
which
can
u he
combine
in o
h ee
complex
classes.
The
ou
simple
classes
a e
he
ollowing
ones:
(i)
‘ o ally
s a i e’
(TSTA):
hese
ypically
deno e
inalienable
p ope ies,
e.
g.
s e i
‘ o
weigh’,
p ilyg i
‘ o
be
equi alen ’
(e.g.,
Viljamas
F ajus
pada é
is adq,
jog,
nusijuokus
100
ka y,
ai
p ilygs a
10
minuciy
bégimo
is ele
‘William
F y
made
a
conclusion
ha
laughing
100
imes
a
day
is
equi alen
o
10
minu es
o
jogging’).
(ii)
‘ ela i ely
s a i e’
(RSTA):
such
lexemes
ep esen
empo a y
s a es
p esupposing
a
s a ing
poin
which
is
ocussed
on
i
a
p .
aspec
exis s.
Compa e,
e.g.,
gi dé i
‘ o
hea ’,
mylé i
‘ o
lo e’.
’
By
‘lexeme’
we
mean
a
e b
in
one
lexical
meaning.
Fu he mo e
we
will
simply
speak
o
‘ e bs’,
i
he e
is
no
dange
o
con usion.
°Fo
he
la es
explica ion
o
he
heo y
c .
B eu
(2005:
46-56;
2007:
144-155).
53
Ju cis
Pake ys,
ByO n
WIEMER
Since
his
was
a
pilo
s udy,
and
we
wan ed
o
gain a
comp ehensi e
o e iew
o
he
s ems
which
a e
o
in e es
o
us
and
hei
usage
ypes
in
he
ex s,
we
decided
o
analyze
such
s ems
by
a
andom
choice,
aking
examples om
each
hi d
page
o
he
ansc ip s
(Vi,
De ).
This
ende ed
107
s ems
( ypes),
which
we
could
quali y
as
sepa a e lexemes,
wi h
211
oc-
cu ences
( okens)
o
Vin,
208
s ems
( ypes)
wi h
416
okens
o
Da s.
We
u he
used
addi ional
ex s
om
Palii8é
(hence o h
P13;
ca.
96.000
cha ac-
e s
long)
o
sea ch
o
co ela ing
GTER
pai
membe s
which
we
could
no
loca e
in
Vin
and
Da s.
When
we
we e
unable
o
ind
a
co ela e
in
he
ex s,
we
wo ked
wi h
in o man s
o
he
dialec
o
check
i
such
a
e b
was
used
in hei
dialec .
We
also
wo ked
wi h
hese
in o man s
o
e i y
he
lexical
meaning
o he
po en ial
GTER
pai
membe s.
Ou
inal
lis
o
he
ma e ial
includes
67
GTER
pai s
(see
Table
1
a
he
end
o
he
pape ).
3.
ANALYSIS
OF
THE
DATA
We
ha e
di ided
he
po en ial
GTER
pai s
in o
he
ollowing ou
seman ic
g oups:
1)
e bs
wi h
di ec ly
a ec ed
o
e ec ed
objec s
(e.g.
o
close,
o
ha ness,
o
wake
up;
o
wea e,
o
bake),
2)
e bs
o
mo ion
and
mo ing
(e.g.
o
go,
o
ide;
o
d i e
(ho ses),
o
b ing),
3) in ansi i e
e bs
deno ing
a
change
o
s a e
(e.g
o
d y,
o
u n
yellow,
o
dawn),
4)
e bs
deno ing
social
and/o
men al
ac i i ies
o e en s
( o
ba gain,
o
each,
o
o ganise,
o
ell
a
s o y).
I is
gene ally
e y
di icul ,
and
o en
impossible,
o
es ablish
an
a ay
o
aspec ual
unc ions
o
pa icula
e bs
(lexemes,
s ems)
on
he
basis
o
a
e y
limi ed
amoun
o
da a.
E en
hough
we
s udy
ex
da a
he e,
he
oken
equency
o
some
pa icula
unc ions
can
be
conside ed
o
be
high,
whe eas
o he s
a e
encoun e ed
a ely,
so
ha
hey
a e
likely
o
be
absen
in
a
ela i ely
small
co pus.
As
a
consequence,
he
da a
in es iga ed
he e
mos
p obably
ende
only
a
agmen a y
pic u e
o
he
dis ibu ion
o
unc ions.
Since
howe e
we
chose
e b
s ems
om
e en
in e als
o
pages,
i.e.
by
a
“mechanic”
de ice
no
guided
by
a
p io i
seman ic
conside a ions,
i
can
a
60

Building
a
pa ial
aspec
sys em
in
Eas
AukS ai ian
Vilnius
dialec s
leas
be
claimed
ha
he
selec ion
is
ep esen a i e
o
he
use
(meanings)
o
hese
e b
s ems
in
na u al
dialec
ex s.
We
will
pu
in o
squa e
b acke s hose
e b
s ems
(in ini i e
o ms)
ha
we e
no
ound
in
he
ex s,
bu
con i med
by
in o man s.
The
o ms
en-
coun e ed
in
he
ex s
a e
o de ed
by
g amma ical
c i e ia
( enses
and
in-
ini e
o ms)
and,
subsequen ly,
by
hei
unc ions,
as
a
as
hese
can
be
de e mined
wi h
su icien
eliabili y.
I
hey
canno ,
we
will
indica e
his
and
gi e
he
ele an
examples.
Lack
o
examples
o
g amma ical
o ms
o
unc ions
simply
means
ha
hey
a e
no
a es ed
in
ou
da a.
In
his
espec ,
we
a e
o e ing
he e
an
o de ed
collec ion
o
ep esen a i e
dialec
da a
o
lexicog aphic
and
aspec ological
pu pose.
Conclusions
will
ollow
in
he
i-
nal
sec ion.
3.1.
Ve bs wi h
di ec ly
a ec ed
/
e ec ed
objec s
3.1.1.
[a pui i]"
:
i -a pui i
‘ o
winnow
(ou )’
P esen
ense,
habi ual:
(10)
imasi.na.s
bi-daya.
si iém
isik i.l
g u.dd.m
a kli.nie.s
bu.ud.
gi
mas .na.s
paskui_
gi
a pas
i
a-kis
iSa puji
(Vin).
‘The e
used
o
be
ho se
powe ed
h eshing
machines,
and
he e
was
ha
winnowe ,
you
winnow
ou
(g ain
using
i ).’
In o man s
also
con i m
he
exis ence
o
pa-a pui i,
which
howe e
means
a
pu ely
empo al
delimi a ion
o
he
ac ion
deno ed
by
he
simplex
(‘ o
win-
now
g ain
o
a
while’).
3.1.2.
aus i
:
is-aus i
‘ o
wea e’
Simplex:
p esen
ense,
habi ual:
(11)
i i. e e
Lkiék
né-éu.
/
id iliku
né-éu.
/
iLas uo d-lika
nééu.
skai.-
d.s
/
ike u o.m
/
id iém
né im
a //
jd
/
jau l.
/
i---/
i é. a
ai
i
jou
d é-bi.
d.uge
(Vi ).
‘They
pu
a
numbe
o
h eads,
wel e
o eigh een, o
hey
h ead
ou
o
wo
h eads
and
wea e
linen
clo h.’
“=
LKZe
gi es
only
a pa o i
wi h
he
same
meaning.
61
Ju Gis
Pake ys,
BJORN
WIEMER
P e ixed
s em:
pa iciple
p ae .
pass.
neu .
(habi ual):
(12)
da.
bi daua.
/
3 . as
keinieni.s
sd.ka.
/
a
ké.
‘ine.
Mh
jdu
a, é am
apa-
éFn ai
//
da.
kop
na a nal
bi-daud.
aghi- i
a,
i d.us a
(Vi ).
‘The e
used
o
be
ha
clo h
o
men’s
unde wea
ouse s
[...]
and
( ha
clo h)
used
o
be
wo en
in
i - ee
pa e n.’
In o man s
con i m
he
exis ence
o a
pu ely
delimi a i e
pa-aus i.
3.1.3.
[au is]
:
ap-si-au i
‘ o
pu
on
oo wea ’
Pa iciple
p ae .
ac .
nom.
sg.
masc.:
(13)
die i.idu
/
as
kadul nais
aps e i.s
kla i
kla i
kla
si ois
keleis
jau,
sé.ko.jdu
/
in
u .gu.
(De g).
‘My
God,
ha
man
wi h
he
clogs
on
[...]
ollows
( ha
hie )
o
he
ma ke .’
Al hough
he
simplex
au is
is
no
a es ed
in
ou
ex s,
i
is
used
in
he
dia-
lec .
I s
basic
meaning
is
elic.
No ice
ha
au is
can
also
co ela e
wi h
he
co esponding
p e ixed
e b
o
he
e e se
meaning:
nusiau i
‘ o
ake
o
oo wea ’.
This
likewise
is
no
a es ed
in
ou
ex s,
bu
exis s
acco ding
o
in o man s.
Au is
he e o e
ep esen s
a
case
o enan iosemy,
and
in
bo h
meanings
o ms
a
GTER
pai
wi h
he
espec i e
p e ixed
de i a i e.
3.1.4.
b auk i
:
i3-b auk i
‘ o
scu ch
(ou ),
swingle’
Bo h
simplex
and
p e ixed
de i a i e:
p esen
ense,
habi ual:
(14)
ni ai
/
ad
LSmina
/ adi
juds, i.
é&ki
/
b dii.k u e.s
medi.nies
pada i: a
skai. a.
iZb dii.ke
//
b du.---
/
b dii.ke
//
a
i---
/
i3musa
(Vip).
‘And
hen
hey
b eak
i
( he
lax)
and
hen
hey
use
wooden
scu ch-
e s,
scu ch
i
ou ,
scu ch
i
and
bea
i .’
Only
simplex:
in ini i e
and
pas
habi ual:
(15)
lin iz
gi
mi.ndaya.m
alké.z
/
bi.ud.
/
alko:si
mi.nda a.m
/
ai_ a-
dai
gi
jd
kop
iimini
/
ai
b dii.k
/
mézgi adinda é.m
b dii.k
62
Building
a
pa ial
aspec
sys em
in
Eas
AukS ai ian
Vilnius
dialec s
ai.gdaya.
/
[...]
b dii.gda a.m
/
Suk isda a.m
(P18).
‘We
used
o
b eak
lax,
we
would
wo k
oge he ,
and
when
you
b eak
he
lax
down,
you
ha e
o
scu ch
i ,
we
used
o
say
,, o
scu ch“,
[...]
and
we
would
scu ch
and
hen
hackle
( he
lax).’
Also
in
his
case he
simplex
b auk i
is
in
any
ype
o
use
o
be
consid-
e ed
as
elic.
Al hough
he e
we
ha e
hus
a
good
ins ance
o a GTER
pai ,
i
emains
unclea
whe he
he
unc ions
o
i s
membe s
a e
dis ibu ed
com-
plemen a ily.
3.1.5.
'da y i
:
az-da y i
‘ o
close,
o
lock
up’
Simplex:
p esen
ense,
na a i e,
p og essi e:
(16)
&,md.na.
ie ad
sani
/
d.uda
//
a ajdu/
d.udo
/
in
pé.&du---//
cé.
ik
b o---/
s nu.
paka é-jd./
cé
maii.
[...]
jéudd. a.
kalei.man
(Dcis).
‘And
my
pa en s
we e
old,
hey
weep,
I
came
he e,
hey
weep
on
he
mason y
hea e ,
hey
jus
bu ied
he
son
and
now
hey
( he
police)
a e
going
o
lock
me
in
he
p ison.’
This
single
ins ance
o
da y i
can
also
be
ead
in
a
mo e
speci ic
cona i e
meaning
(‘ hey
a e
ying
o
pu
me
in o
p ison’).
P e ixed
de i a i e:
pa iciple
p ae .
pass.
nom.
pl.
em.:
(17)
4.8ei
p abunda
/
md.na.
[...]
a é.lu.
nie d
/
a é.la.§
jd
izbé-gi.
md.-
na.
//
[...]
nu einii
pi k5- i
i
sakau
/
md.ma
/
md.na.
a é.lu
nie d
/
ak
bijau
ai
/
jieska.
//
ni
sumd.mi
més
i.ainam
abi
//
nu
a ai.-
nam_gi
m :su.
a%da i o.s
a é.les
(P18).
‘And
I
wake
up
and
my
sheep
a e
gone,
my
sheep
ha e
un
away,
L...]
I
come
inside
he
hu
and
say:
“Mummy,
my
sheep
a e
gone,
I’m
a aid
o
go
o
look
o
hem”.
And
we
go
oge he
wi h
my
mummy
and
we
come
and
(we
see
ha )
ou
sheep
a e
locked
up
(inside).’
63
Ju cis
Pake ys,
BsO N
WieMER
3.1.6.
*da y i
:
pa-da y i
‘ o
make,
p oduce’
Simplex:
pas
habi ual:
(18)
sa id
bu.ud.
kd.l ei
/
kd.lda a.
/
a kius
ké.us i.da a.
/
i
)_ a iis
da-
éda a.
(P18).
‘In
ea lie
imes,
he e
we e
smi hs,
hey
used
o
do
smi he y,
hey
used
o
shoe
he
ho ses,
and
hey
used
o
make
wheels.’
P e ixed
de i a i e:
p esen
ense,
pa iciple
p ae .
pass.
neu .,
bo h wi h
habi ual
unc ion:
(19)
ai
bisdaya.
padd. a.
pada i a
okis_ a
Sakali's
.lgas
medi.ni.s Zu-
a.sénai
gi
jd
bu.ud.
medi.nei
(Vi ).
‘And
he e
used
o
be
ha
hey
make,
i
was
made,
ha
long
splin-
e ,
(ce ain
ools)
we e
wooden.’
In
bo h
meanings
(1.
‘ o
lock
up’,
2.
‘ o
p oduce’)
he
simplex
da y i
has
o
be
in e p e ed
as
elic.
In
bo h
cases
hus
i
en e s
in o
a
GTER
pai ,
again,
howe e ,
wi h
unclea
dis ibu ion.
Compa e
his
wi h
da y is
:
pasida y i
‘ o
come
in o
being’
(change
o
s a e,
g oup
3)
and
wi h
da y i
:
pada y i
‘ o
o ganize,
a ange’
(social
/
men al
ac i i ies,
g oup
4).
3.1.7.
[dzio en i]
:
i3-dzio en i
‘ o
d y
(up)’
( ansi i e)
P esen
ense,
habi ual:
(20)
ijd.s
a.
Si. e
sus d. a.
gi
bi:daya.
sd.ka.
in
pd.lu.
//
o,
kap_ ané- ies
/
sus d. a.
sus d. a.
ipaku. é.na iz§e. é.na
(Vi ).
‘The e
hey
would
pu
i
( he
lax)
on
he
benches
(in
he
s eam
ba h
house)
(...),
hea he
house
and d y
i
up.’
The e
also
exis s
he
de i a i e
pa-dzio en i
wi h
he
meaning
‘ o
d y
o
some
deg ee
(no
en i ely)’.
The
simplex
dgio en i’*
hus
ende s
wo
di e -
en
pai s
o
elic
s ems:
one
wi h
an
absolu e
limi
(dzio en i
:
is-dZio en i)
and
one
wi ha
ela i e
limi
(dzio en i
:
pa-dzio en i).
‘8
Fo
he
simplex
c .
a
Deis
example
om
LKZe:
Sienq
[p aes.
3]
dZio énam
Dais.
C .
also
diia i
:
i$d¥id
(spon aneous
change
o
s a e)
in
g oup
3.
64
Building
a
pa ial
aspec
sys em
in
Eas
Auk8 ai ian
Vilnius
dialec s
3.1.8.
[galaby i]
:
nu-galaby i
‘ o
kill’
Pas
ense:
(21)
da_inemazai
i
jibu.ud.
a_paskui
gi
a.kie is
jdiju3s
[Zydus]
nugalud.bija.
(Vin).
‘The e
we e
no
a
ew
o
hem
(sc.
Jews),
and
hen
he
Ge mans
killed
hem.’
The
simplex
galaby i
is
no
con i med
by
he
in o man s.
3.1.9,
gin i
:
az-gin i
‘ o
sepa a e,
o
d i e
away’
This
case
is
p oblema ic,
because
gin i
in
he
elic
meaning
‘ o
sepa a e’
is
no
con i med
by
he
in o man s,
nei he
ound
wi h
his
meaning
in
LKZe.
I
migh
be
a
back- o ma ion
based
on
azgin i
(gin i).
Simplex:
pas
ense,
p og essi e;
p e ixed
de i a i e:
in ini i e.
Bo h
s ems
a e
a es ed
in
he
same
con ex ,
which
we
gi e
he e
unab idged.
(22)
kai
susi.ja.me.
béba.(s)
su einel.s/
niekap
agg .n
nemud.zna
//
da-
ba
dié az
dab5-damas
iz
dungdii.s
i
a
a k3s
nié
//
S i i. u.*
ju.
gi.
/
lipin
d. kle. i
jk
su d.iki.k
/
ka
nespes i
nesmus i
//
as,a jd-jo
idd.
[...]
j5-gi
si as
ginklas
san .bé.s
soéku
ikoki
adinda a.
L..]
//
daba
az
gine.
gi:ne/
d.ike.
d.ike./
ku
i
é.l u.
su.bé-bu
su-
d.iki.si
(Da s).
‘When
he
(old)
women
s a ed
igh ing
wi h
he
de ils,
he e
was
no
way
o
sepa a e
hem,
now
he
God,
wa ching
( he
scene)
om
he
skies
(sees)
ha
he e
is
no
o de ,
(and
ells)
S .
Geo ge:
moun
he
ho se,
go
and
se le
hem
so
ha
hey
do
no
igh .
He
came
he e
wi h
his
swo d
(...).
And
he
ied
o
sepa a e
hem,
ied
o
econcile
hem
(wi h
no
luck).
How
can
you
econcile
a(n)
(old)
woman
wi h
he
de il!’
Because
he
s a us
o
gin i
is
p oblema ic,
we
can
well
ea
azgin i
as
a
TTER
e b.
O he wise
gin i
and
azgin i
ende
an
ideal
case
o aGTER
pai .
Gin i,
as
used
in
his
con ex ,
migh
also
be
in e p e ed
as
cona i e
(‘ ied
o
sepa a e’).
65,

JuRGIS
PAKERYS,
BJORN
WIEMER
3.1.10.
ka i:
pa-ka i
‘ o
hang,
o
s ing’
Bo h
simplex
and
p e ixed
de i a i es
a e
a es ed
in
he
in ini i e,
he
sim-
plex
also
in
he
p esen
ense
in
a
habi ual
con ex
(wi h
cona i e
unc ion):
(23)
as ai_gi
daba
gi
jdu
iseina
p asma.ne.
s é iis
kd. /
ka
a.ni.§
me-
lixja
/
ka .d.nas
i
u i.ngaz
bi.ud./
i.
i
sulnei
ina./
i
/
ii
/
i
sa-dai
bi .ud.
/
i
kaip_a aze. a.
niéka.
ne d
//
ai
iSei.na
jdu
adu
s a@- as
pakd. /
ka
ne eisingaz
bu.ua.
(Des).
‘And
his
is
why
hey
in oduced
he
habi
o
hang
he
ma ch-
make s'*:
because
hey
ell
lies,
because
ha
(pa icula )
one
lied
ha
he
g oom
was
ich,
he e
we e
wells
o
wine,
ga dens,
and
when
hey
a i ed
( o
his
place),
he e
was
no hing.
And
i
ollows
ha ,
one
has
o
hang
he
ma chmake ,
because
he
did
no
ell
he
u h.’
3.1.11.
[‘ka o i]
:
pa-ka o i
‘ o
hide’’®
This
case
is
likewise
p oblema ic,
inso a
as
he
simplex
ka o i
is
usually
used
in
RSTA
unc ion
(e.g.,
Ku
anas
ka oja
Zi kles?
‘Whe e
does
he
hide
(has
he
hidden)
he
scisso s?’).
In o man s
con i m
ha
ka o i
can
also
ha e
a
eading
o
a
elic
p ocess,
c .:
Ka ok
g eiciau
peilj!
(‘Hide
he
kni e
now!’),
Zi i ék,
kq
jis
en
ka oja?
(‘Look,
wha
is
he
ying
o
hide
o e
he e?’).
P e ixed
de i a i e:
pas
ense:
(24)
a d.ja.
d.nas
is
pi és
jdui
pasp dii.si.s
$1.
a(s)
Su éjas/
e.
d.nas
paka s-
Zi klas
(DGLS8).
‘And
ha
ailo
came
back
om
he
s eam
ba h
house
a e
ba h-
ing,
and
he
( he
aylo ’s
app en ice)
had
hidden
he
scisso s.’
3.1.12.
kel i
:
pa-kel i
‘ o
wake
up’
( ansi i e)
Simplex:
pas
habi ual;
p e ixed
de i a i e:
p esen
ense,
habi ual:
‘*
The
e b
e e s
o
a
p ac ice
o
igu a i e
hanging
o
he
ma chmake
o
his
lies.
'’
This
1s
homonymous
o
*ka o i
‘ o
bu y’
(see
g oup
4).
Ka o i
‘ o
hide’
1s
a
bo o-
wing
om
Polish
chowaé
‘ o
hide’
o
Bela usian
xaedys
(same
meaning)
(Ka delis
2003:
180).
66
Building
a
pa ial
aspec
sys em
in
Eas
AukS ai ian
Vilnius
dialec s
(25)
unks i
pd.kele
//
idii.gi
miegd-si
kai
i a
dd. bd.
//
ké.lda a.
/
neda-
bé-da a,
ka( )
l.jaina.s
md.zas
//
ka
a
jdil.
pa.-augil.kos
(Vi ).
‘(And
he)
wakes
me
up
ea ly,
how
can
you
sleep
when
he e
is
wo k.
They
used
o
wake
(people)
up
(ea ly),
no
ma e
i
hey
we e
kids
o
eenage s.’
The
simplex
kel i
can
ha dly
be
concei ed
o
as
a elic,
his
pai
should
hus
be
quali ied
as
GTER.
Howe e ,
i
is
doub ul
whe he
kel i
can
deno e
a
elic
p ocess,
so
ha
his
pai
should
a he
be
conside ed
as
belonging
o
TTER
(bo h
simplex
and
p e ixed
de i a i e
deno e
he
same
elic
e en ).
3.1.13.
kep i
:
is-kep i
‘ o
bake’
Simplex: p esen
ense,
habi ual:
(26)
isi é. di
ai augiene.z
bi-daya.
p idd. a.
//
d ionu.
gi
namié
/
namié
kepi
(Vi ).
‘You
would
usually
make
a
dish
o
ye
lou
and
he
b ead
was
(usually)
baked
a
home.’
P e ixed
de i a i e:
in ini i e;
pas
habi ual:
(27)
oi
bi da a.
ka a d-s
mS e as
labol
mS-ka
diiona.3
&ké.p //
&ke
ga di
diiona
Zina /
k é.pja/
in_klé. a.
Id.pu./
aba
i .
dlie u.
iké.bda a.
//
[...]
dle
jéu
labad
aike
Seimin ke.s
ge a's/
ka
diionu.
ge ai
iskép //
nelaba
kas
ma.kéda a.
d---
/
d iona.§
iské.p
(Doi).
‘The e
used
o
be
women
who
could
bake
b ead
so
well,
he
b ead
would
be
so
as y
and
would
smell
good,
i
was
usually
baked
on
maple
o
swee
lag
lea es.
Bu
you
need
a
good
housewi e
o
bake
good
b ead,
he e
we e
ew
who
could
bake
(good)
b ead.’
Wi h
a
conc e e- e e en ial
objec -NP
he
simplex
kep i
has
o
be
consid-
e ed
as
elic.
The e
is
ano he
de i a i e,
pa-kep i;
i
has
me ely
delimi a i e
unc ion
and
should
be
classi ied
as
a elic.
67
JuURGIS
PAKERYS,
BJORN
WIEMER
3.1.14.
[kinky i]
:
pa-kinky i
‘ o
ha ness’
P esen
ense,
habi ual
unc ion:
(28)
i
masi.na.s
b -da a.
Si ié h
isik i.l
g u.dd.m
a kli.nies
bu.ua._
gi
mas .-
na.s
pasku
gi
a .pas
i
okis
isi---
/
i a puji
be
/ ne
isi
juds
u é-da-
d.
//
a klei.z
gi
bi:daud.
paki j.kd.
is .ka
//
i
iis .kuli
gi
nd.udu,
(Vip).
‘The e
used
o
be
ho se
powe ed
h eshing
machines,
and
he e
was
ha
winnowe ,
you
winnow
ou
(g ain
using
i ),
bu
no
e e.
yone
had
hem,
hey
used
o
ha ness
he
ho ses,
hey
d i e
( he
machine)
and
you
h esh
ou
he
g ain
o
you sel .’
Kinky i
is
elic
om
he
s a .
Acco ding
o
he
in o man s,
kinky i
can
also
co ela e
wi h
a
p e ixed
de i a i e
wi h
a
e e se
meaning,
iz.
iskinky i
‘ o
unha ness’.
Kinky i
is
hus
ano he
example
o
an
enan iosemic
e b
(com-
pa e
wi h
au is).
3.1.15.
kul i:
[is-kul i]
/
nu-kul i
‘ o
h esh’
Simplex:
pas
habi ual,
p esen
ense
in
habi ual
unc ion:
(29)
i
ad
[ ugius]
masini
ki.lda a.
na.k i.
pasi.kele
nud,
d ié
d.landu.
/
d. klus
paski jkie.
p i ud.dan
/
ai
daba
>
idu
kdp
ku.le?
kambd.ina.m?
(PLS).
‘And
hen
hey
usually
h eshed
( he
ye)
using a
( h eshing)
ma-
chine
(la e)
a
nigh .
They
ge
up
a
2
a.m.,
ha ness
he
ho ses
(and
h esh
he
ye).
And
how
do
hey
h esh
now?
Using
he
combine
ha e s e s?’
P e ixed
de i a i e:
p esen
ense,
habi ual
unc ion:
(30)
nu
ai
si uds
sé-menis
adi.nas
ai
/
si ios
/
a
/
a.kd-s
pada i: a
medi.-
nies
kii.l u e.s
inu.kuli
Si uds
/
jau_j i-
gi
de lu.
kap_sa.kd.
(Vi ).
‘And
you
h esh
ou
hese
lax-seeds
using
a
ce ain
wooden
ba .’
Kul i
is
a elic
(see
ex.
29).
[Skul i
is
con i med
only
by
he
in o man s.
The
e lexi e-bene ac i e
issikul i
‘ o
h esh
o
onesel
is
a es ed
in
he
ex s,
in
he
p esen
ense
and
wi h
habi ual
meaning:
68
Building
a
pa ial
aspec
sys em
in
Eas
AukS ai ian
Vilnius
dialec s
(31)
a klei.z
gi
bi-dayd.
paki j.kd.
i
s .ka
//
i
iisi.kuli
gi
nd.udu.
(Vi).
‘They
used
o
ha ness
he
ho ses,
hey
d i e
( he
machine)
and
you
h esh
ou
he
g ain
o
you sel .’
The
di e ence
be ween
he
p e ixes
i§-
and
nu-
is
no
clea ,
he
o me
is
quali ied
as
mo e
common
by
he
in o man s.
3.1.16.
ki en i
:
i§-kii en i
‘ o
hea
(a
s o e)’
Bo h
simplex
and
p e ixed
de i a i e:
na a i e
p esen
ense:
(32)
adi
jau
moma
pé.éu.
ku. d.na
/
nu
pé.cu.
ku. d.na
jau/
d iona
jdu
pasi.kele
and
sulik
Si u3
jau
backeleijdu
pilnu/
adii
jdu
ixku.-
d.na.
mo-md/
i
i. i
jdu
é.k5-san/
in
pa.gale.
pusiés
jdu
Shis u
adi.-
nas/
pusinie.
kd.imi
san -bd.s/
add
Si u.
pusi.ni_jdu/
moma
isl ioja
g agei
isu.
pécu
(P18).
‘And
hen
(my)
mom
hea s
he
(b ead
baking)
s o e,
hea s
he
s o e,
he
b ead
(=
he
b ead
dough)
ises
up
o
he
b ims
o
his
cask,
hen
my
mom
hea s
he
s o e
(up
o
equi ed
empe a-
u e),
and
hen
she
uses
a
pine
b oom
o
clean
he
s o e
well.’
In
his
example,
he
p og essi e
unc ion
o
ki en i
appea s
o
con as
wi h
he
unc ion
o
isku en i
deno ing
he
comple ing
o he
hea ing
p oce-
du e,
hus
an
e en .
This
would
illus a e
an
ideal
case
o
GTER
pai ing.
3.1.17.
ku i
:
aZu-ku i
‘ o
make
up
he
i e’
Bo h
simplex
and
p e ixed
de i a i e
a e
a es ed
only
in
na a i e
p esen
ense:
(33)
adi
ku i
pé.éu.
/
a& .ku i
i
ce
pada é' a
o.ko*
medi.nie.s
/
kai
la-pe-
a.
a
li.zie.
adi.nas
//
nu
ai
ad
Si u.
bd.kanu.
ai
/
kai
/pd.dedi
gi
in
Si d-s
li.
Zie.s
[...]
(Vip)
‘Then
you
igni e
(s a )
he
s o e.
A e
you
ha e
i
s a ed,
hen
he e
is
kind
o
wooden
spade,
i
is
called
peel,
hen
you
pu
he
loa
on
ha
peel.’
To
his
example
(and
he
pai
ku i
:
aguku i)
he
same
ema k
applies
as
o
he
p e ious
one.
69
Ju GIs
PAKERYS,
BJORN
WIEMER
3.1.32.
aly i
:
is- aly i
‘ o
clean
(up)’
Simplex:
pas
ense,
habi ual:
(56)
mes
Si a.
di bam
bii-daua.
[...]
a§
d& klus
ala /
kd. es
ala /
Se i/
ma.n
pa i j.ka
Si. as
dd. bas
(PL).
‘I
used
o
be
so
ha
we
wo k
|[...]
I
clean
he
ho ses,
clean
he
cows,
eed
hem,
I
like
his
wo k.’
P e ixed
de i a i e:
pa iciple
p ae .
pass.
gen.
sg.
em.:
(57)
azme-ki
L..
.|
kiekei
is
ai
ke.
uPus
_ i
pu dus
/
a
SeS is
pu:dus
i
ka:
/
a( )
ugu.
/
a( )
k ieé .
a
//
e.
ge a-z
gi
naudd:s
jd
ix ali- a.s
(Vi ).
‘And
hen
you
pay
[...]
h ee
o
ou
o
six
poods
o
ye
o
whea ,
o
good
g ain
al eady
cleaned.’
The
simplex
aly i
can
deno e
a elic
p ocesses,
and
he
de i a i e
pa- aly i
exis s,
which
means
ha
he
cleaning
has
eached
some
deg ee,
bu
has
no
come
o
i s
absolu e
endpoin
(compa e,
o
ins ance,
wi h
pa-dZio en i,
pa-
kep i
abo e).
3.2.
Mo ion
e bs
The
mo ion
e bs
we
ound
in
ou
da a
can
be
subdi ided
in o
wo
g oups:
1.
sel
mo ion
( o
go,
o
ide
e c.)
and
2.
causa i e
mo ion
( o
ca y,
o
d i e).
A
common
ea u e
o
all
mo ion
e bs
is
hei
deic ic
di ec i i y
exp essed
by
p e ixes.
In
mos
o
he
cases,
a (a)-
and
nu-
a e
used
wi h
co esponding
meanings
o
mo ing
owa d
he
deic ic
cen e
o
away
om
i ;
c .
a (a)-ei i
‘ o
come
(he e)’
:
nu-ei i
‘ o
go,
o
ge
( he e)’.
Fo
all
simplex
e bs
o
his
g oup
holds
ha
hey
a e
di use
wi h
espec
o
his
deic ic
o ien a ion.
Fo
his
eason
hey
occu
se e al
imes
wi h
di -
e en
p e ixed
de i a i es.
The
p oblems
his
aises
will
be
b ie ly
discussed
immedia ely
below.
3.2.1.
Ve bs
o
sel
mo ion
3.2.1.1.
ei i
‘ o
go’
:
a (a)-ei i
‘ o
come’
Al hough
om
he
lexicological
poin
o
iew
i
is
deba able
whe he
his
76

Building
a
pa ial
aspec
sys em
in
Eas
AukS ai ian
Vilnius
dialec s
pai
can
be
conside ed
as
ep esen ing
one
lexeme”’,
he e
ob iously
is
no
u he
de i a i e
o
a ei i
(like,
e.g.,
a ei-diné- i
in
some
o he
dialec s).
Fo
his
eason
we
decided
o
include
i
in o
ou
lis .
Simplex:
p esen
ense
(p og essi e);
p e ixed
de i a i e:
impe a i e,
pas
ense
(na a i e):
(58)
paskam.binau
d.ndai/
sakdu
* d.nda
u
ka
ne asi il.kus
saké
a d.
j
L..]
sd.ka.
ge a
aind/
aia d.ja.
(P13).
‘Tcalled
Vanda
and
I
say:
,,I
you
a e
no
al eady
in
bed,
please
come
(and
help
me)*
[...]
(she
says:)
,OK,
lam
coming“.
And
she
came.’
In
any
case,
he
simplex
ei i
can
deno e
a
p ocess,
so
ha
oge he
wi h
i s
de i a i e
i
ende s
aGTER
pai .
3.2.1.2.
[ei i]
‘ o
go’
:
j-ei i
‘ o
go
in’
Na a i e
p esen
ense:
(59)
daba
iné.ja.
muzikd.n as
idu i
/
e.
éines
ka.
ai,d . u.
(Do18).
‘Now
he
musician
came
in,
and
he
de il
s ayed
ou side.’
This
case
is
deba able,
since
in
he
ex s
he e
is
no
clea
example
o
unp e-
ixed
ei i
used
in
he
meaning
‘ o
go
in o
some
closed
space’.
Examples
wi h
he
impe a i e,
like
eik
idun!
‘go
inside!’,
a e
con i med
by
he
in o man s;
bu
in
his
case
he
di ec ion
o
mo emen
is
made
explici
by
a
pe i ied
il-
la i e
o m
o
he
noun
idus
‘inside’.
3.2.1.3.
ei i
‘ o
go’:
nu-ei i
‘ o
go,
o
ge
somewhe e
(on
oo )’
He e
apply
he
same
ema ks
as
o
ei i
/
a ei i
(see
abo e).
Simplex:
impe a i e;
p e ixed
de i a i e:
pas
ense
(na a i e):
(60)
d.na(s)
sd.ka.
aé.nam
* ig iasan//
jdune éli
* izei
//
nu é.ja.//
daba
isi si .k
in,
i.sa.
u .gaus
d. kli.
(Deis).
‘He
says:
“Le ’s
go
o
Vidziai,
i
is
al eady
no
a
om
he e”.
They
"Fi s
o
all,
o
ei i
i
is
no
clea
whe he
i s
deic ic
o ien a ion
is
a he
‘he e’
o
‘ he e’
and
whe he ,
consequen ly,
i
can
be
conside ed
as
enan iosemic
(see
he
co -
ela ion
wi h
nu-ei i
below).
77
JURGIS
PAKERYS,
BJORN
WIEMER
wen
he e,
(and
he
says:)
“Now
choose
any
ho se
you
like
in
he
ma ke .”’
As
wi h
ei i
:
a aei i,
ei i
in
his
meaning
can
also
deno e
elic
p ocess.
3.2.1.4.
jo i
‘ o
ide
on
he
ho seback’
:
a -jo i
‘ o
come
on
he
ho seback’
Simplex:
impe a i e;
p e ixed
de i a i e:
pas
ense
(na a i e):
(61)
dabaF
dié az
dabs-damas
i
dungdi.s
i
d
a kss
nié
//
S i i.-
u.
*j i. gi.
/
lip
in
d. kle.
i_j3-k
su d.iki.k
/
ka
neSpes i
nesmus ii-
//
as
a jaja
(De1S).
‘Now
he
God,
wa ching
( he
scene)
om
he
skies
(sees)
ha
he e
is
no
o de ,
( ells)
S .
Geo ge:
moun
he
ho se,
go
and
se le
hem
so
ha
hey
do
no
igh .
And
he
came
he e.’
The
same
ema ks
as
wi h
ei i
:
a aei i
and
ei i
:
nuei i
a e
a
place
he e.
3.2.1.5.
lip i
‘ o
climb,
o
ge on’
:
uz-lip i
‘ o
climb
up,
o
ge
on’
Simplex:
impe a i e
(62);
p e ixed
de i a i e:
pas
ense
(63):
(62)
é.ine(s)
sa.ka.
lip
i(n)
ni.ga d.s/
aX
ai
pé. nesu
(De ).
‘Now
he
de il
says:
“Ge
on
my
back,
I
will
ca y
you
o e
( he
di ch).””
(63)
nil
i
u.$lipe.
in
pé.édus
i
d.da.
(De18).
‘Now
hey
go
on
he
mason y
hea e
and
ound
(ou
ha e
he e).’
The
simplex
lip i
can
be
used
o
deno e
a
elic
p ocess.
3.2.1.6.
[ aziuo i]
‘ o
d i e’
:
a - aZiuo i
‘ o
ge ,
o
d i e
he e’
(i.e.
owa d
he
deic ic
cen e)
We
ha e
no
ound
any
example
in
which
he
simplex
aziuo i
would
ha e
been
used
synonymously
o
a aziuo i.
An
illus a ion
o
he
la e
(in
he
pas
ense)
can
be
seen
in
(65),
whe e
i
is
used
as
an
an onym
o
nu aZiuo i.
3.2.1.7.
aZiuo i
‘ o
ge
somewhe e,
o
d i e’
:
nu- aZiuo i
‘ o
ge ,
o
d i e
he e’
(i.e.
away
om
he
deic ic
cen e)
78
Building
a
pa ial
aspec
sys em
in
Eas
AukS ai ian
Vilnius
dialec s
Simplex:
p esen
ense
(p og essi e
and
habi ual)
(64);
p e ixed
de i a i es:
p esen
ense,
na a i e
(65):
(64)
kap_ ad iaji
in inédus/
adi /
d isda
pi.nigus
(Deis).
‘When
you
go
o
a
wedding
ce emony,
hen
hey gi e
you
he
money’
(65)
ai
a azé. d./
a kléz
g azis/
lineikai
//
nii aigi
/
jau
nu as ioja
gi
*daugiell.
kin
(Dews)
‘And
he
came
wi h
a
ca iage
and
a
nice
ho se,
and
now
hey
d i e
o
Daugéliskis.’
3.2.2.
Ve bs
o
causa i e
mo ion
3.2.2.1.
[nes i]
‘ o
ca y’
:
a (a)-neS i
‘ o
b ing
(he e)’
Impe a i e,
pas
ense:
(66)
aik
in
d3.k a u./
a nés
pazi.méjimu.
ka(o_
nes e
[...]
//
nu eja /
a d.nesdu
(Dgl8)
““Go
o
he
doc o
and
b ing
he
pape
( o
con i m)
ha
you
a e
p egnan ”.
[...]
And
I
wen
( o
he
doc o )
and
b ough
( he
pa-
pe ).’
Again,
we
ha e
no
encoun e ed
examples
wi h
he
simplex
which
would
show
i s
synonymy
wi h
he
de i a i e
a nes i
explici ly
s a ing
he
di ec ion
o
mo emen
owa d
he
deic ic cen e.
Howe e ,
examples
like
Zi i ék,
kq
anas
en
mums
neSa?
‘Look,
wha
is
he b inging
o
us?’
a e
accep able
o
he
in o man s.
3.2.2.2.
nes i
‘ o
ca y’
nu-nes i
‘ o
b ing
( he e)’
Simplex:
p esen
ense
(na a i e,
habi ual)
(67);
p e ixed
de i a i e:
pas
ense
(68):
(67)
pa a.
sa i.
/
laba
unksci
/
d.da.m
zuiki.ku.
mai . i.
//
ac .nesiem
nama
|...]
né.Sam
i
dd.
bil,
i i
a izu.
p ib aii.ki.
(P18).
‘Ea ly in
he
sp ing,
we
ound
a
baby
ha e
and
b ough
i
home
[...]
(now)
we
b ing
clo e ,
oa
( o
eed
i ).’
79
JuRGIS
PAKERYS,
BJORN
WIEMER
(68)
(biida o
ilky
i
mama
is
bijoda o,
sakyda o:)
il.kas
gd.l
i
jdu
n .-
ne&
ku
ma.na.
ai.ku.
/
i
dé.kui
dié ui
né
(P18).
‘(The e
used
o
be
wol es
and
my
mom
was
a aid
and
she
would
say:)
“A
wol
p obably
ca ied
away
my
child”.
Thanks
God,
i
did
no
happen.’
3.2.2.3.
a y i
:
nu- a y i
‘ o
d i e
(an
animal)
somewhe e’
(away
om
he
deic ic
cen e)
Simplex:
in ini i e,
pas
ense;
p esen
ense;
p e ixed
de i a i e:
pas
ense:
(69)
iSeina
ai.ke
a klis
a---/
a jdu
m im
//
aimd.na.
éu---/
a
gi
ai
ai.kaz
buudu/
ik
é as
nu d. e.
u.
d. kli.//
dd i.k/
i.sas
kd.imas
m i-s
d. e./
(DG1s).
‘And
we
had
o
d i e
( o
gi e
away)
he
ho se
( o
he
a my).
And
my
a he ,
I
was
s ill
a
child,
my
a he
d o e
ha
ho se
( he e),
e e ybody
om
ou
illage
d o e
ho ses
( he e).’
3.2.2.4.
eZ i
:
a - eZ i
‘ o
d i e,
o
b ing,
o
deli e
he e’
(i.e.
owa d
he he
deic ic
cen e)
Simplex:
p esen
ense
(nega ed,
habi ual);
p e ixed
de i a i e:
u u e:
(70)
ai
asima.kéi
/
d.u
a é¥
namd.
[...]
alé
alé ale
gi
ik ai.na.s
d.u
né.
eza
ge ss
/
d.u
a es
ka.
kid.
gi
a
pu eése.
(Dc15).
‘I
you
pay,
hen
he
will
deli e
you
( he
i e
wood)
home.
[...]
Bu
he
does
no
deli e
good
( i e-wood),
he
will
b ing
you
some
piece
o
o en
wood.’
3.2.2.5.
ezZ i
:
nu- eZ i
‘ o
d i e
(sb,
s h)
he e’
(i.e.
away
om
he
deic ic
cen e)
Bo h
simplex
and
p e ixed
de i a i e:
pas
ense:
(71)
mis
ipaciiz
gi
kap
silpni
bi . d.m
/
mani
gi
ib sli.
/
ad
i .gi
nd.k i.
é.zie
/
*ceiki i iosan
a
[...]
in
ku.nigu
(P18).
80
Building
a
pa ial
aspec
sys em
in
Eas
AukS ai ian
Vilnius
dialec s
‘When
we,
me
and
my
b o he ,
we e
weak
(newbo n),
hey
d o e
us
also
o
Ceikiniai,
o
he
p ies
( o
bap ize)’
(72)
més
kap_éjd.m
(namo)
imui(s)
s d.cei
i
Si i:
po. i.cininku.
[...]
(sulai-
ké)
in . egie.
mi s
pali.cijon
(Do18).
‘When
we
we e
going
home,
he
policemen
we e
on
ou
way
[...]
hey
(a es ed
us)
and
d o e
us
o
he
police
s a ion.’
3.2.3.
In ansi i e
change
o
s a e
e bs
3.2.3.1.
aus i
:
[i3-aus i]
‘ o
dawn’
Na a i e
p esen
ense:
(73)
bi.ua.
Sékei
/
i
ne éli
[...].
niki
nu ejd
//
a aja
jau
gi
zd. a
diend
diis a
(Vin).
‘The e
was
dancing
(pa y)
no
a
om
he e.
I
wen
he e,
came
back
and
(I
see
ha )
he
day
al eady
dawns.’
The
simplex
aus i
he e
deno es
a
elic
p ocess.
A
p e ixed
de i a i e
deno -
ing
he
co ela ing
elic
e en could
no
be
ound,
bu
was
con i med
by
he
in o man s.
3.2.3.2.
da y i-s
:
pa-si-da y i
‘ o
come
in o
being’
Simplex:
in ini i e
(74);
p e ixed
de i a i e:
p esen
ense,
habi ual
(75):
(74)
ka(p)_p adé
jau
/
S iesa
da i- es/
jaw
i(k)
kd. e.s
sniegi
gi
sliedé.
lei
(p adéjo
ma y is)
(De 8).
‘When
he
day
ligh
s a ed
o
come
in o
being
(when
i
began
o
dawn),
one
could
al eady
see he
ack
o
he
cow
in
he
snow.’
(75)
oi
adi
s 5ja.
di
ZmS-ni.s
//
ai
si u.
Zmd. ul.
ad
aikad.
/
aika .
asip la.
/
a
pazdd. a.
Sei.ma.s
(Deis).
‘Then
wo
people
s a ed
li ing
oge he ,
hen
hey
had
many
chil-
d en,
and
hen
(new)
amilies
(o
he
child en)
come
in o
being.’
In
(74)
da y is
is
in
he
scope
o
he
phasal
e b
p adé i
‘ o
begin’
and
deno es
a
p ocess.
Since
i
deno es
a
change
o
s a e,
i s
meaning
is
elic.
In
(75),
he
de i a i e
pasida y i
is
clea ly
o ien ed
owa d
a
elic
e en .
81

JuRGIS
PAKERYS,
BJORN
WIEMER
3.2.3.3.
dzi i i
:
is-dZi i i
‘ o
d y
(up)’
(in ans.)
Simplex:
pas
ense;
p e ixed
de i a i e:
p esen
ense
(na a i e,
habi ual):
(76)
ai.ke
saki-
( oki
uzkalbéjima)
&ja.*
jiézus
jis
kel
/
susi i.ka.
is
o-
zes
/
iend
Si- o.
/
an a
i a.
/
“>
aéé
isai
p ani-ka.
(PLS).
‘One
has
o
say
( he
ollowing
incan a ion):
“Jesus
was
on
his
way,
and
he
me
h ee
oses,
one
was
d ying
up,
ano he
one
was
wil -
ing,
and
he
hi d
one
disappea ed
al oge he .”
(77)
pi ma
juss
nu d.uni
//
ad
a
sus a ai
/
a
Si. e
a
si. a.keis
ku.
lu.
kai(s)
sus a ad
sus a ad
jd
iz%i-s a
/
ai
edii
/
s .
e%a
gi
jd :
i
kluo-
nussan
(Vip).
‘Fi s ,
you
oo
up
he
lax,
hen
you
pu
i
in
small
bundles,
and
hen
i
d ies
up,
hen
hey
b ing
i
o
he
ba n.’
Compa e
wi h
he
co esponding
causa i e
pai
dzio en i
:
iSdZio en i
(g oup
1).
3.2.3.4.
[gels i]
:
is-gels i
‘ o
u n
yellow’
Pa iciple
p ae .
ac .
nom.
pl.
masc.:
(78)
d.iksée.da a.
die. u.li
isi
izgel.
i.
/
u iel s.
aps o i
(Vin).
‘My
God,
hey
used
o
walk
all
yellowish
and
hey
had
louses.’
Acco ding
o
ou
in o man s,
gels i
can
be
used
only
wi h
he
elic
meaning,
con a y
o
gel onuo i.
3.2.3.5.
[gel onuo i]
:
su-gel onuo i
‘ o
u n
yellow’
Pa iciple
p ae .
ac .
nom.
sg.
masc.:
(79)
ipe a.sa
kd. es
adga.na.
ai.kas
S§i. a(s)
sugel 5-na. i.s
(Vip).
‘And
ha
kid,
all
yellowish
(due
o
ha d
labou ),
pas u es
he
cows
du ing
all
summe .’
Acco ding
o
he
in o man s,
gel onuo i
can
ha e
s a i e
‘ o
be,
o
look
yel-
low’
o
p og essi e- elic
meaning
‘ o
u n
yellow’.
82
Building
a
pa ial
aspec
sys em
in
Eas
Auk8 ai ian
Vilnius
dialec s
3.2.3.6.
[gis i]
:
ad-gis i
‘ o
go
ou
(abou
i e)’
Pa iciple
p ae .
ac .
neu .:
(80)
paska i
aina
ina
a.idu'/
a i.do
é.éu.
kd. ilu.
//
j .
i
ku. i.n a
i,
a gi.si.
(Dais).
‘And hen
he
goes
u he
and
inds
he
hi d
cald on,
and
he
i e
is
al eady
ou
(unde
i ).’
Gis i
is
con i med
by
he
in o man s
and
a es ed
in
LKZe
om
loca ions
close
o
Vidiskés,
Daugéliskis
and
Paliié
(al hough
he
in ini i e,
acco ding
o
LKZe,
is
gys i
in
DikS as,
Linkmenys,
Rim3é).
3.2.3.7.
[madin i-s]
:
su-si-mazin i
‘ o
dec ease
(o
numbe ,
quan i y)’
(in ans.)
Pas
ense:
(81)
pasku
gi
jdu
/
jdu,cé
kai
kd. oi
si ié
é
p azdieja.
isi
/
ad,
edu
ié
gi
i
ci-
ginai
susmd.zind.
(Vi )
‘And
hen
when
hese
wa s
b oke
ou ,
he
numbe
o
Roma
de-
c eased.’
Maiin is
is
no
a es ed
in
he
ex s,
bu
c .
LKZe,
whe e
his
e b
has
elic
meaning:
Kap
is os
ipia
(pe i),
ai
kiauSiniai
ma@Zinas,
uoj
isai
nebus
(Lei-
palingis).
The
in o man s
desc ibe
i
as
a ely
used;
c .
[magin i]
:
sumagin i
( .)
(see
i s
g oup
abo e).
3.2.3.8.
[nyk i]
:
is-/p a-nyk i
‘ o
disappea ,
o
anish’
Pas
ense
(wi h
ei he
p e ix):
(82)
(kai)
4
a.ni.z,
gi
( agys)
jdu.
useu d-/
ka ,d.nas
é.jas//
oi
kd. i.
in
|
pu-
Sé.lo
p i. ise./
pa. i.s
Bn kd.
(Do s)
‘(When)
hey
( he
hie es)
ealized,
ha
he
is
ollowing
hem,
hey
e he ed
he
cow
o
he
pine
and
dissapea ed
( an
away).’
(83)
ai.ke
saké
( okj
uzkalbéjimq)
&ja.*
jiézus
jis
kel
/
susi i.ka.
i is
o
2s
/
iend
Z o.
/
an a
i a.
/
U>
acé
isad
p ani‘ka.
(P18).
“One
has
o
say
( he
ollowing
incan a ion):
“Jesus
was
on
his
way,
83
Ju GIS
PAKERYS,
BJORN
WIEMER
and
he
me
h ee
oses,
one
was
d ying
up,
ano he
one
was
wil -
ing,
and
he
hi d
one
disappea ed
al oge he .”
Nyk i
‘ o
disappea ,
o
diminish’
is
no
ound
in
he
ex s,
bu
con i med
by
he
in o man s.
The
di e ence
be ween
isnyk i
and
p anyk i
is
no
clea ,
due
o
he
lack
o
examples.
3.2.3.9.
p aus i-s
:
pa-si-p aus i
‘ o
wash
onesel
(up)’
Simplex:
pas
ense
(84);
p e ixed
de i a i e:
pa iciple
p ae .
ac .
nom.
sg.
masc.
(85):
(84)
ai
é.lnes
[...]
uuwpé.li.
p isi.
d.landa.s
p duse.s
mi -ka.
undeni.
(DcLS).
‘And
he
de il
was
washing
himsel
up
in
he
s eam
o
hal
an
hou
and
was
soaking
in
he
wa e ’
(85)
a d.ja.
d.nas
i
pi és
ja i
pasp dii.si.s
Si. a(s)
Su éjas
(Da18).
‘He,
ha
aylo ,
came
om
he
s eam
ba h
house
ha ing
washed
himsel
up.’
3.2.3.10.
[ aisy i-s]
:
pa-si- aisy i
‘ o
ge
be e ,
o
eco e
( om
illness)’
P esen
ense
(habi ual):
(86)
ai
jo.
ba-ba
kap
apsa -ga/
[...]
ai
kap
jdu
is iend.s
me.sés
pa dé-lgd.
/
adui
/
pas ai.sd.
(DGLS8).
‘When
his
wi e
ge s
sick,
[...]
and
when
she
ge s
some
chicken
mea
o
ea ,
she
ge s
be e .’
The
simplex
aisy is
is
con i med
by
he
in o man s.
3.2.3.11.
em i
( im i)
:
su- em i
(su- im i)
‘ o
ge
da k’
Simplex:
na a i e
p esen
ense
(87);
p e ixed
de i a i e:
pas
ense
(88):
(87)
kai
ga idu:
( ada)
aX
sd. a.
gi- ulus/
ai
(ma au,
kad)
daba
gi
jd
i.ms a
(PLS).
‘I
was
pas u ing
my
ca le
(back
hen),
and
(I
see
ha )
i
is
ge ing
da k
al eady’.
84
Building
a
pa ial
aspec
sys em
in
Eas
AukS ai ian
Vilnius
dialec s
(88)
a aié:
*kd.i esalin
// i
pa.,*ignaliniy
[...]
kd.imas//
bé.n
g djé.
g é-
jé. i
jduku./
kie(g),
g ajd./
ku_dd. e.//
adi
jai.
skai. ai
/
isu .-
ma.
(Dais).
‘They
a i ed
in
Kal ésalis,
a
illage
close
o
Ignalina,
and
hey
played
he
music,
and
i
go
da k.’
The
simplex
canno
be
used
wi h
e e ence
o
s a e
(‘ o
be
da k’).
I
he e-
o e
beha es
like
gels i,
bu
no
like
gel onuo i
(see
abo e).
3.2.4.
Social
/
men al
ac i i ies
The
e bs
o
his
subsec ion
e e o
men al
and
social
e en s.
I
was
ha dly
possible
o
e i y
whe he
simplex
e bs
o
his
subg oup
can
deno e
ongo-
ing
p ocesses,
al hough
i
is
plausible
o
assume
ha
a
leas
some
o
hem
can
(e.g.,
‘de in is
‘ o
accommoda e
onesel ’,
moky is
‘ o
lea n’,
aiky i
‘ o
econcile’).
3.2.4.1.
*da y i
:
pa-da y i
‘ o
o ganize,
o
a ange
(pa y),
o
p epa e’
Simplex:
pas
ense
(89),
na a i e
pas
ense
(habi ual)
(90);
p e ixed
de-
i a i e:
pas
habi ual
(91):
(89)
mez
daba
dd. e.m
esé.lu.//
ke u ezdé%imde in ai.s
mé. ais
(Des).
‘We
we e
a anging
ou
wedding
pa y
in
1949’.
(90)
idd. e.m
spek akiis//
*Zemd.i ies
as .
.jo.s
im.da au
kni-gu.//
j5-s i
ap as a
aki
idé-mus
[...]
(P18).
‘And
we
did
(s aged)
pe o mances,
we
used
o
ake
some
book
o
Zemai é,
she has
some
good
s o ies.‘
(91)
nile.as
pa---
/
pd.skai as
bi:da a.
pada -da au/
ai
ape.
S i i. u.
*kazi.mie u.
papd.saka.da au
(P13).
‘And
I
used
o
p epa e
and
gi e
lec u es,
I
used
o
ell
hem
s o ies
abou
S .
Casimi .’
3.2.4.2.
de é i-s
:
su-de é i
‘ o
ba gain,
o
make
a
ba gain’
Simplex:
na a i e
p esen
ense
(habi ual)
(92);
p e ixed
de i a i e:
p esen
ense
(habi ual)
(93):
85
JuURGIS
PAKERYS,
BJORN
WIEMER
Table
1.
1.
Ve bs
wi h
di ec ly
a ec ed
/
e ec ed
objec s
.
[a pui i]
:
is-a pui i
‘ o
winnow
(ou )
.
aus i
:
is-aus i
‘ o
wea e’
.
[au is]
:
ap-si-au i
‘ o
pu
on
oo wea ’
.
b auk i
:
is-b auk i
‘ o
scu ch
(ou ),
swingle’
.
‘da y i
:
az-da y i
‘ o
close,
o
lock
up’
.
*da y i
:
pa-da y i
‘ o
make,
p oduce’
.
[dzio en i]
:
is-dZio en i
‘ o
d y
(up)’
( ansi i e)
.
[galaby i]
.
nu-galaby i
‘ o
kill’
Oo
AnN
A
OF
&
WO
NHN
18
19.
20.
a1.
dle
23.
24.
295.
26.
ai.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
.
gin i
:
az-gin i
‘ o
sepa a e,
o
d i e
away’
10.
Ti,
12.
13,
14.
15.
16.
17.
ka i
:
pa-ka i
‘ o
hang,
o
s ing’
[‘ka o i]
:
pa-ka o i
‘ o
hide’
kel i
:
pa-kel i
‘ o
wake
up’
( ansi i e)
kep i
:
is-kep i
‘ o
bake’
[kinky i]
:
pa-kinky i
‘ o
ha ness’
kul i
:
[is-kul i]
/
nu-kul i
‘ o
h esh’
ku en i
:
is-k i en i
‘ o
hea
(a
s o e)’
ku i
:
aZu-ku i
‘ o
make
up
he
i e’
[mazin i]
:
su-mazin i
‘ o
dec ease
( .)’
melz i
:
pa-melZ i
‘ o
milk’
min i
:
is-min
‘ o
b eak
( lax)’
[mu y i]
:
[is-mu y i]
‘ o
build o
b icks’
plau i
:
[is-plau i]
‘ o
wipe
( loo ),
o
wash
(clo hes)’
[ uos i]
:
pa- uos i
‘ o
p epa e’
is i
:
p i- is i
‘ o
e he ’
se i
:
pa-se i
‘ o
sow’
[sodin i]
:
pa-sodin i
‘ o
place,
o
pu
(in o
p ison)’
s a y i
:
pa-s a y
‘ o
build,
o
e ec ’
Sukuo i
:
is-Sukuo i
‘ o
ha chel,
hackel
( lax)’
[ apy i]
:
nu- apy i
‘ o
decei e,
o
cause
sb’s
bad
li e’
a ky i
:
su- a ky i
‘ o
pu
in
o de ,
o
ake
ca e
o ,
o
epai ’
ugen i
:
uz-Ugen i
‘ o
b ing
up
kids’
aly i
:
is- aly i
‘ o
clean
(up)’
92

Building
a
pa ial
aspec
sys em
in
Eas
AukS ai ian
Vilnius
dialec s
Con inua ion
o
able
1
2.
Mo ion
e bs
1.
Ve bs
o
sel
mo ion
Le i
‘ o
go’
:
a a-ei i
‘ o
come’
2.
[ei i]
‘ o
go’
:
3.
ei i
‘ o
go"
:
nu-ei
‘ o
go,
o
ge
somewhe e
(on
oo )’
iei i
‘ o
go
in’
4.
jo i
‘ o
ide
on
he ho seback’
:
a -jo
‘ o
come
on
he
ho seback’
5.
lip i
‘ o
climb,
o
ge on’
:
uz-lipn
‘ o
climb
up,
o
ge
on’
6.
[ aziuo i]
‘ o d i e’
:
a - aziuo i
‘ o
ge ,
o
d i e
he e’
(i.e.
owa d
he
deic ic
cen e)
7.
aziuo i
‘ o
ge
somewhe e,
o
d i e’
:
nu- aziuo i
‘ o
ge , o
d i e
he e’
(i.e.
away
om
he
deic ic
cen e)
2.
Ve bs
o
causa i e
mo ion
1.
[nes i]
‘ o
ca y’
:
a (a)-nes i
‘ o
b ing
(he ey’
2.
nes i
‘ o
ca y’
nu-nes i
‘ o
b ing
( he e)’
3.
a y i
:
nu- a y i
‘ o
d i e
(an
animal)
somewhe e’
(away
om
he
deic ic
cen e)
4.
ei i
:
a - e% i
‘ o
d i e,
o
b ing,
o
deli e
he e’
(i.e.
owa d
he
deic ic
cen e)
5.
ed i
:
nu- eg i
‘ o
d i e
(sb,
s h) he e’
(1,e.
away
om
he
deic ic
cen e)
3.
In ansi i e
change
o
s a e
e bs
1.
aus i
:
[i§-aus i]
‘ o
dawn’
2.
da y i-s
:
pa-si-da y i
‘ o
come
in o
being’
3.
dzidei
i8-d#idei
‘ o
d y
(up)’
Gin ans.)
4.
[gels i]
i&-gels i
‘ o
u n
yellow’
5.
[gel onuo ]
:
su-gel onuo i
‘ o
u n
yellow’
6.
[gis i]
:
az-gis i
‘ o
go
ou
(abou
i e)’
7.
[maéin i-s
8.
9.
:
su-si-magin i
‘ o
dec ease
(o
numbe ,
quan i y)’
(in ans.)
.
[nyk i]
.
is-/p a-nyk
‘ o
disappea ,
o
anish’
|.
p aus i-s
:
pa-si-p aus i
‘ o
wash
onesel
(up)’
10.
[ aisy i-s
11.
em i
( m i)
:
su- em i
(su- im i)
‘ o
ge da k’
a-si- aisy i
‘ o
ge
be e ,
o
eco e
( om
illness)’
8
4.
Social
/
men al
ac i i ies
1.
de é i-s
su-de e i
‘ o
ba gain,
o
make
a
ba gain’
2.
*da y i
:
pa-da y i
‘ o
o ganize,
o
a ange
(pa y),
o
p epa e’
3.
[‘de in i-s]
:
da-si-de in i
‘ o
accomoda e
onesel
o
sb,
o
ge
in o
close
con ac
wi h
sb’
93
Ju Gcis
PAKERYS,
BJORN
WIEMER
Con inua ion
o
able
1
4.
[*de in i(-s)]
:
pa-de in i
‘ o
ca ch,
choose
a
momen ’
5.
[*ka o i]
:
pa-ka o i
‘ o
bu y’
6.
laiky i
:
a -/is-laiky i
(misias)
‘ o
se e
( he
Mass)’
7.
moky i
:
s-moky i
‘ o
each’
8.
moky i-s
:
s-si-moky i
‘ o
lea n’
9.
pasako i
:
pa-pasako i
‘ o
ell
a
s o y’
10.
[ ink i-s]
:
1S-si- ink i
‘ o
choose’
11.
skai y i
:
p a-skai y
‘ o
ead
( h ough)’
12.
aiky i
:
su- aiky i
‘ o
econcile’
13.
ik in i
:
pa- ik in i
‘ o
check,
o
e i y’
ABBREVIATIONS
AND
SYMBOLS
Dai8
Daugeliskis
LKZe
_—_Lie u iy
kalbos
zodynas
( .
I-XX,
1941-2002),
elek oninis
a ian as,
edak o iy
kolegija:
G.
Nak iniene
( y .
edak o e),
J.
Paulauskas,
R.
Pe -
okiene,
V.
Vi kauskas,
J.
Zaba skai é,
Vilnius:
Lie u iu
kalbos
ins i u as,
h p://www.l|kz.
l
PLS
Paluse
VID
Vidiskes
=
+=
di ec ion
o
mo phological
ope a ion
(s em
de i a ion)
INTRANS.
in ansi i e
s em
TRANS.
ansi i e
s em
PF.,
IPF.
pe ec i e,
impe ec i e
(aspec ,
s em
—
ega ding
Sla ic)
ILA-CLASSES
1)
simple
classes
:
ACTI
‘ac i i y’
RSTA
‘ ela i ely
s a i e’
TSTA
‘ o ally
s a i e’
TTER
‘ o ally
e mina i e’
2)
complex
classes:
94
Building
a
pa ial
aspec
sys em
in
Eas
AukS ai ian
Vilnius
dialec s
GTER
‘g adual
e mina i e’
ISTA
‘incep i e
s a i e’
INCO
‘inchoa i e’
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E s ellung
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Wo e biiche ,
insbesonde e
on
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—
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des
sla-
ischen
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des
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WIEMER
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o
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o
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i
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i
li o skix
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sopos a lenija
s
ocki
z enija
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i
g amma ikalizacii).
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B.
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am
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Aspek s,
des
Passi s
und
des
Subjek impe sonals
im
sla isch-bal ischen
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lenij
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97