Jou nal o Cul u al He i age Managemen and Sus ainable De elopmen
His o i
c u ban landscape, an app oach o sus ainable
managemen in Cuenca (Ecuado )
Jou nal:
Jou nal o Cul u al He i age Managemen and Sus ainable De elopmen
Manusc ip ID
JCHMSD-12-2016-0064.R1
Manusc ip Type:
Resea ch Pape
Keywo ds:
in e disciplina y, U ban Planning, social pa icipa ion, cul u al alues
Jou nal o Cul u al He i age Managemen and Sus ainable De elopmen
Jou nal o Cul u al He i age Managemen and Sus ainable De elopmen
In oduc ion
The 2011 Recommenda ion on he His o ic U ban Landscape (HUL) is he la es
concep de ined by UNESCO which has p o en o be an inno a i e me hod o he
p ese a ion and he i age managemen o his o ic ci ies (UNESCO, 2011, p.9).
Howe e , i should be unde s ood mo e as a managemen ool se han a p o ec i e
measu e. Wi h his new app oach, backed by he Vienna Memo andum, bo h cul u al
and na u al alues, con empo a y a chi ec u e, his o ic buildings and open spaces me ge
(UNESCO, 2005). This app oach conside s he ci y as a whole “cha ac e ised by he
in ensi y o he in e ac ion be ween he communi y wi hin he ci y and he physical
en i onmen in which i is loca ed” (Casa es e al., 2011, p. 58).
The HUL app oach o e comes he idea o s udying isola ed indi idual buildings,
aking as essen ial pa s, he building se ing and he social pa icipa ion coo dina ed
bo h by he ci izens and by di e se public au ho i ies. This app oach conside s he place
i sel , he ci y’s p o ile, he isual axis, ypes o buildings, open spaces, opog aphy,
ege a ion, in as uc u es, a chaeology, an h opology, con empo a y a chi ec u e, e c.,
hus p oposing a b oade ision (Banda in and Oe s, 2015). In ac , i does so o such an
ex en , ha new ools and esou ces a e conside ed o be impe a i e, ools which di e
g ea ly om hose which a e cu en ly being used o he conse a ion and managemen
o he alues o cul u al he i age (Banda in and Oe s, 2012; F edheim and Khala , 2016,
p. 467).
To ackle he p ocess o apid u banisa ion wo ldwide o e he cou se o he
nex hi y yea s (ONU-HABITAT, 2012), he 2030 Agenda and Sus ainable
De elopmen Goals (SDGs), in which cul u e and he i age we e acknowledged as axes
o sus ainable u ban de elopmen , we e app o ed in Sep embe 2015. This Agenda is a
oadmap in he igh agains po e y and inequali y, wi h a people-cen ed app oach,
hence SDG numbe 11 “Make ci ies inclusi e, sa e, esilien and sus ainable” mus be
add essed (UNESCO, 2015).
A he end o 2015, he In e na ional Con e ence “Cul u e o Sus ainable
Ci ies” ook place in Hangzhou (China). This con e ence was held wi h he aim o
implemen ing he 2030 Agenda o Sus ainable De elopmen wi h ega ds o he ole o
cul u e in sus ainable de elopmen , and in o de o d aw up an e ec i e “New u ban
agenda” which was subsequen ly adop ed a he UN Con e ence on Housing and
Sus ainable U ban De elopmen (Habi a III 2016, Qui o). Following he Hangzhou
Con e ence, UNESCO decla ed ha i conside ed he HUL app oach o be an adequa e
ins umen o he achie emen o he SDGs and o he managemen o he UNESCO
Wo ld He i age Si es (UNESCO, 2015; Taylo , 2016). UNESCO has also claimed ha
cul u e and he i age cons i u e he backbone o he much-needed sus ainable u ban
de elopmen (UNESCO, 2016). This ac has been e idenced in he con e ence p og am
Habi a III and in la es publica ions on his subjec (UNESCO, 2016).
The HUL app oach is based on all o he aspec s ha a e cu en ly conside ed o
be a he cen e o sus ainable de elopmen – ega dless o he he i age iew- on an
in e na ional le el. I add esses issues such as inclusi eness, social cohesion, inequali y
and seg ega ion, economic and social imp o emen s, housing and en i onmen al needs
and u ban egene a ion (Ce elló-Royo e al., 2012, p.45). One o he aspec s in which
he HUL app oach di e s om o he s udies ha add ess he issue o sus ainable
de elopmen , is ha he HUL conside s cul u al he i age as an essen ial esou ce o his
de elopmen , al hough his concep has also been conside ed by o he au ho s, no only
by he HUL (Ce elló-Royo e al., 2012, P.46; Pe ei a Rode s and Van Oe s, 2011).
The de ini ion o HUL i sel in he Recommenda ion expands he objec o s udy
o co e he en i e ci y and i s su oundings. In addi ion, mul iple so-called laye s o
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Jou nal o Cul u al He i age Managemen and Sus ainable De elopmen
in o ma ion make up he u ban- e i o ial se (UNESCO, 2011b, a icles 8 and 9).
Veldpaus and Pe ei a a gue ha he main pu pose o he HUL no ion is o p o ide
guidance on sus ainable u ban managemen , conside ing an in eg a ed app oach,
managemen o he signi icance o u ban landscapes wi hin an o e all sus ainable
de elopmen amewo k (Veldpaus and Pe ei a Rode s, 2013b, p.3).
Undoub edly, he managemen o he i age asse s goes h ough, phases o
“managing hough ul change", o iden i y he "accep able limi s o change"(Veldpaus
and Pe ei a Rode s, 2013). A he same ime Lalana and Zanche i & Jokileh o ag ee
wi h he be o e men ioned au ho s (Lalana, 2011, p.18; Zanche i and Jokileh o, 1997,
p.38), meanwhile, Paskale a-Shapi a and Bensson e e o he de ini ion o he ca ying
capaci y o he i age o ace di e en impac (Paskale a-Shapi a and Besson, 2006,
p.62).
I seems ha , om he exis ing ools p oposed a in e na ional le el, he
Recommenda ion on HUL is, he con empo a y and inno a i e app oach o managing
u ban change wi h a signi ican ongoing speed (UNESCO, 2011). This, because wi hin
his no ion, he i age and socioeconomic ga he owa ds planning managemen in o he
e i o y (Pe ei a Rode s and Van Oe s, 2011). Mos schola s, who app oach his ool, as
well as UNESCO i sel , a gue ha local public adminis a ion and agencies a e
esponsible o he Recommenda ion implemen a ion. Al hough, i is also necessa y o
conside he exis ing gap be ween local go e nmen in cha ge o cul u al alues
iden i ica ion o u ban a eas (in all hei dimensions) and he bes -in eg a ed way o
de ine he mos app op ia e ac ion p ocedu es. (Pe ei a Rode s and Van Oe s, 2011, p.
277-278). S udies including ha o Zanche i and Fe ei a (2012, p.16), show he
impo ance o in ol ing all possible s akeholde s in he i age assessmen , in o de o
ensu e he las ing e ec s o sus ainable u ban conse a ion, and, in he same way, he
HUL app oach ools a e also ad oca ed.
Du ing he Recommenda ion discussion and elabo a ion (be ween 2005 and
2011), he communi y o in e na ional expe s who pa icipa ed in he d a p oposal
iden i ied six c i ical s eps o he applica ion o he no ion on HUL [Table 1 nea he e]
(UNESCO, 2013). Acco ding o he Recommenda ion, he de elopmen o a six-s ep
Ac ion Plan is equi ed wi hin a comp ehensi e and in e ela ed Plan. In pa allel,
UNESCO p oposes ou main ypes o ools ha would be necessa y o egula e and
acili a e he i age managemen in dynamic and con empo a y u ban con ex s. These
ools a e communi y engagemen , planning and knowledge, egula o y sys ems, and
inancial ools (UNESCO, 2011). In sho , assuming such a ecommenda ion implies
aining he ci y's managemen , including he o mula ion o new policies, he
conse a ion o key esou ces, and he planning o he new ci y.
This esea ch pu pose is o p esen he me hodology c ea ed acco ding o he
HUL app oach, which h ough he iden i ica ion o cul u al alues - among all he
ac o s in ol ed in he ci y -, d aws up a se ies o sus ainable u ban de elopmen
s a egies. The cons uc ion o his me hodology is based on he analysis o he ci y
om mul iple disciplines such as geomo phology, en i onmen , u ban planning, his o ic
ca og aphy, land uses, a chaeology, in angible and angible he i age, and economy and
he i age alue. The challenge o his me hodology is no only i s implemen a ion in he
wo ld he i age ci y o Cuenca in Ecuado , bu also he in eg a ion o he managemen o
he his o ic cen e wi hin he o e all ci y de elopmen plan.
In his espec , he eali y is ha he managemen o he his o ic cen e o
Cuenca is egula ed by he Depa men o His o ic A eas o he Municipali y o Cuenca,
a depa men made up o mos ly o a chi ec s wi h a ision o he i age s ill limi ed o
building conse a ion. The e o e, he pu pose o his me hodology is o in eg a e all he
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Jou nal o Cul u al He i age Managemen and Sus ainable De elopmen
s udies ele an and necessa y in he managemen o a complex en i y such as he ci y,
ha so a , a e done by di e en o ganisms wi hou any c osschecking o in o ma ion
no any e lec ion o he i age ma e s. Besides s udies, needs om all s akeholde s such
as public, p i a e academic and ci izens a e add essed in implemen ing he HUL
app oach in Cuenca.
Conside ing he six-s ep Ac ion Plan de ined abo e, he p oposed me hod allows
academics o de elop he i s i e s eps and o use Communi y engagemen and
Knowledge and Planning ools. Go e nmen suppo is undamen al o comple e he
p ocess in he es o he s eps which will essen ially lead o a success ul applica ion o
he HUL no ion (UNESCO, 2011a, p. 3). Despi e p e ious discussions and a emp s o
implemen he HUL Recommenda ion in B azil and A gen ina (GobBsAs and
Minis e io de Cul u a, 2006; UNESCO, 2013), he in e es in he esea ch p ocess in
Cuenca has led o i s inco po a ion as a La in-Ame ican pilo ci y o a p og am
de eloped by he Wo ld He i age Ins i u e o T aining and Resea ch o he Asia and he
Paci ic Region [2].
Backg ound
Cuenca is he hi d ci y in impo ance in Ecuado in e ms o popula ion, size
and adminis a ion. The ci y’s his o ic cen e was ecognised as a UNESCO Wo ld
He i age Si e in 1999 based on c i e ia ii, i and , emphasising aspec s such as he
me ging o cul u es and he Spanish u ban inland colonial own planning (en o e a)
(UNESCO, 1999). Howe e , he lack o an upda ed Managemen Plan o he his o ic
a eas places he excep ional uni e sal alues, which me he c i e ia o insc ip ion on
he Wo ld He i age Lis , a isk 15 yea s a e his ecogni ion (He as e al., 2011).
A p elimina y s udy o he his o ic cen e, which was ca ied ou since 2012 by
he li CPM esea ch p ojec [1] jus i ied he easons o implemen a ion o he HUL
app oach in Cuenca. This ela es o e idence o he ci y’s apid and uncon olled u ban
g ow h o e he cou se o he las cen u y. They include: socioeconomic changes caused
by immig a ion and emig a ion, deg aded a eas, he disappea ance o his o ic buildings,
backya ds and ga dens, he impac o mode n a chi ec u e, açadism caused by he
p oli e a ion o plo s which ha e been con e ed in o pa king lo s, he p ominence o
ca s, lack o accessibili y, gen i ica ion, an inc ease in p ope y in es men and e en
he moun ing insecu i y ha is ypical o La in-Ame ican ci ies (ONU-HABITAT,
2012).
Since he 1970s, mul iple e o s ha e been made bo h by go e nmen al bodies
and ins i u ions esponsible o he i age ma e s o deal wi h hese p oblems
(CONSULPLAN, 1982). Recen wo k ca ied ou by he Facul y o A chi ec u e and
U ban Planning in he o m o he li CPM P ojec , buil on p io e o s ha had been
made and included a “Plan o P e en a i e Conse a ion and Moni o ing” based on an
In en o y Sys em, wi h he aim o esol ing he ma e s ega ding p ope y issues
(Ja amillo and As udillo, 2008; He as e al., 2011). Howe e , i is clea ha his s udy
mus be ex ended o de elop a managemen plan ha encompasses, no only he his o ic
cen e, bu also he ci y as a whole and a he same ime ha ensu es he p ese a ion o
i s Wo ld He i age alues.
In iew o his, he P ojec “Reassessmen o he cul u al and na u al he i age o
he ci y o Cuenca, based on he sus ainable de elopmen s a egies backed by he
His o ic U ban Landscape app oach” (PUH_C o i s ac onym in Spanish) has been
d awn up. Due o he p ojec ’s b oad concep ual na u e, as well as he complexi y o he
he i age ques ion in he u ban se ing, i has been decided ha an in e disciplina y g oup
o esea che s is needed, a g oup ha should include membe s om en i onmen al,
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Jou nal o Cul u al He i age Managemen and Sus ainable De elopmen
economic, an h opological, a chaeological, geological, a chi ec u al and sociological
ields. A key elemen o his p ojec is he pa icipa ion o ci izens as he main
p o agonis s. The e o e, he h ee main objec i es delinea ing his esea ch a e, he
b oadened iew o he i age, he in e disciplina y na u e o he esea ch and he
impo an ole o ci izens.
This expe ience sea ches o accomplish he ollowing objec i es: 1) assessing
he s a e o conse a ion o he ci y o Cuenca; 2) de ining he ci y’s cul u al alues, no
limi ed o hose iden i ied in he 1999 Decla a ion; 3) iden i ying di e en impac s ha
a ec he ci y o Cuenca’s he i age alues and; 4) d awing up a se ies o
Recommenda ions o a Manual o Good P ac ices, which, based on he ci y’s he i age
alues, will help o de ine he policies de e mined by he his o ic ci y’s in e en ion
guidelines, as well as se ing ou he ci y’s u ban g ow h s a egies.
Resea ch me hodology and P ojec s a us and esul s
Since he HUL app oach is a ecen idea, he e a e e y ew case s udies in which a
scien i ic me hodology has been de eloped in o de o apply said Recommenda ions o
u ban ensembles. In ac , he e iewed publica ions ega ding he Edinbu gh, El Cai o,
I aly and Se ille case s udies ha e been ca ied ou by public adminis a ion bodies, and
a e backed by con en ional app oaches o u ban p o ec ion (Ande son, 2010; Di ec ion
de L’A chi ec u e e du Pa imoine, 2002; IAPH 2016; Miglioli and Pini, 2012; Van
Ee elde and An op, 2009; IAPH, 2009, IAPH, 2010).
A common elemen h oughou he case s udies is he analy ical phase in which
he da a abou he ci ies a e collec ed and mapped. The mul iple da a co e di e en
laye s o he ci y unde he HUL concep ion, ela ed o he angible and in angible
aspec s. They include na u al sys ems; a chaeology, his o ic and con empo a y
a chi ec u e as well as socio-cul u al p ac ices, economic p ocesses, wo kshops and
ci izens’ pa icipa ion espec i ely. Ano he common phase in he case s udies is he
iden i ica ion o he i age alues o which u u e ecommenda ions a e es ablished o
delinea e in e en ion guidelines, bo h in he his o ic ci y and in he new g ow h a eas.
In he analysed cases, he wo k is ca ied ou di ec ly in he u ban sub-zones o
he ci y ha ha e been p e iously de ined by he go e nmen , wi hou ha ing p esen ed
he c i e ia adop ed o his iden i ica ion and which in luences he esea ch p ocess. In
he PUH_C p ojec , he de ini ion o landscape uni s (o zones) a e conside ed as ools
o enable da a managemen , as well o ackle u ban issues, due o he inc eased
di icul y in ol ed in analysing he ci y as a whole. The case s udies ha e been used as
a poin o e e ence in he de elopmen o he esea ch me hodology adop ed o
Cuenca, which consis s o :
(1) Phase I. Analysis o in e disciplina y con ibu ions: The analysis ca ied ou by
mul iple disciplines de ines he key physical o e i o ial, u ban and he i age
elemen s ha make up he s uc u e o he ci y. Expe s p o ided 12 epo s
based on da a collec ion geo e e enced and la e ga he ed in o a common GIS
(Geog aphic In o ma ion Sys em).
(2) Phase II. Iden i ica ion o Uni s: The iden i ica ion o such uni s is backed up by
p e ious esea ch esul s ob ained h ough a mapping p ocess, and by he
iden i ica ion o key ea u es which cha ac e ise each a ea o he ci y (Siguencia
and Rey, 2016). In e nal zoning allows o he es ablishmen o he p o ec ion
le els, and a he same ime egula es ac i i ies and land use (Hosag aha , 2015).
(3) Phase III. Uni s’ alue assessmen : In his phase, all he compiled in o ma ion is
eco ded on a ile shee in which he da a collec ed om phase I is displayed.
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Jou nal o Cul u al He i age Managemen and Sus ainable De elopmen
Recommenda ions and upcoming needs o each landscape uni a e also ou lined
(Fe nández Cacho e al., 2008)
(4) Phase IV. Speci ic analysis pe uni : In his pa o he p ojec , a mo e
exhaus i e s udy o each de ined uni is ca ied ou , ocusing on he
iden i ica ion o aspec s ha e ec i ely comple e he cha ac e iza ion o said
uni . To his end, s udies o accessibili y, a ic and isual pe cep ion ha e been
p oposed and hey will se e o inco po a e ecommenda ions o in e en ion in
he guidelines which a e cu en ly no being aken in o accoun (Rey, 2014).
The in o ma ion ob ained om he di e se s udies ca ied ou in he i s phase is
unique. I includes da a which has p e iously ne e been s udied in he ci y o Cuenca,
and in pa icula , his in o ma ion has been p oduced, aking in o conside a ion he
he i age and u ban landscape. The consolida ed GIS da abase is he esul o his e o
and is an impo an ool as o spa ial analysis. The da abase was o ganized in 11
schemas sys ema ically o ganized om he di e en disciplines inco po a ed in he
p ojec . This da abase was c ea ed in Pos g eSQ, an open sou ce so wa e ha allows
easy connec ion o web se e s. Once he da abase was c ea ed, he Apache Tomca
se e was used o isualiza ion. This se e allows, by means o Geone wo k and
Geose e ools, he s o age o me ada a and spa ial da a espec i ely. Below he i s
h ee phases will be desc ibed acco ding o he esul s ob ained while he las phase has
no been included in his a icle since i is s ill a wo k in p og ess.
Phase I. Analysis o in e disciplina y con ibu ions.
Repo s coming om in e disciplina y s udies ega ding he in luence o each
discipline on he his o ic cen e and he ou s anding uni e sal alues, which make o
Cuenca a Wo ld He i age Si e.
Te i o ial s udies.
In luence and condi ioning o he e i o y in he u ban con igu a ion o Cuenca.
The ci y o Cuenca is loca ed in he dep hs o a alley, su ounded by moun ains. The
impo ance o he Ta qui, Yanuncay, Tomebamba and Machánga a i e s o he ci y’s
geomo phology is indispu able, and hese i e s, oge he wi h hei lood plains, a e
undamen al agen s in he shaping o he ci y. The connec ion be ween hese i e s and
he human se lemen in Cuenca has been p esen since he ci y was i s es ablished,
and in ac , i was one o he de ining ac o s when de e mining i s loca ion. The lu ial
esca pmen s o he Tomebamba and Yanuncay i e s, de ine signi ican slopes ha
p oduce a sequence o isuals be ween he his o ic ci y and he na u al su ounding
se ing. Likewise, a se ies o high pla eaus, he emains o o me allu ial e aces, and a
se ies o hillocks ha e been iden i ied. Some o hese hillocks and high pla eaus o m
pa o he sac ed landscape and iewpoin s sys em which we e used by ancien
inhabi an s o he e i o y (Acos a, 2015) The maps p o ided ha e geo echnical,
hyd ological and opog aphic da a displaying soil quali y, i e lows and slope anges
espec i ely [Figu e 1 nea he e].
The Na u al landscape, an en i onmen al poin o iew. A lack o g een a eas
wi hin he ci y has been iden i ied, al hough his is sligh ly less c i ical gi en he
magni ude o he p o ec ed ma gins o he Tomebamba and Yanuncay i e s, which
ha e been se up as linea g een pa ks. The his o ic cen e lacks ege a ion, in con as
o he ‘El Ejido’, an a ea ha was de eloped du ing he i s u ban plan in he 1950s
based on he p inciples o “Mode n U banism” and he “ga den ci y”. The eplacemen
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o he ancien illas wi h high- ise mul i amily buildings and he emo al o he p i a e
g een a eas o allow o he in oduc ion o pa ed su aces has mean ha his ea u e o
he ci y has e ec i ely been los . The p o ec ed i e banks as well as he i age ees a e
mapped(Co de o, 2015).
His o ic Ca og aphic s udy, Cuenca’s u ban e olu ion and i s e i o ial
planning. The objec i e o his s udy has been o unde s and and econs uc Cuenca’s
u ban e olu ion and i s in e nal and ex e io planning, and his objec i e is backed by
his o ic maps p esen ed by Albo noz (Albo noz, 2008). The o e lapping o his o ical
maps has highligh ed he pe iods in which u ban e olu ion expe ienced he mos
signi ican changes: Pe iod 1 (1557-1830), Pe iod 2 (1830-1960), Pe iod 3 (1960-1982)
and Pe iod 4 (1982-2015). These episodes we e conside ed o he ca alogue eco d
made in 2013 by he li CPM P ojec . F om he in o ma ion on he yea o cons uc ion
pe building, he da a was clus e ed by pe iod and displayed o he en i e u ban a ea.
Land use and popula ion densi y s udies. Using he in o ma ion p o ided by he
Municipali y o Cuenca, a se o hema ic plans we e d awn up, he esul s o which
ela e o he condi ions o use and he ac i i ies o he ci y’s popula ion. The co e o he
his o ical a eas a e iden i ied as hose which ha e he lowes popula ion densi y, and he
land use in hese zones is connec ed o ma ke ing, exchange, adminis a ion and
managemen (INEC, 2012).
The gen i ica ion p ocess has become an e iden issue in he his o ic cen e,
gi en ha a high pe cen age o buildings a e used o ou ism as well. In ecen imes,
he a i al o a signi ican numbe o o eign e i ees o Cuenca has se ed o spu on
he ans o ma ion o he ancien mansion-houses in o apa men s and sui es o his
social g oup, whose pu chasing powe has con ibu ed o he displacemen o less
a ou ed sec o s o he economy (INEC, 2010).
Re iew on he Regula o y Sys em. An analysis o he legisla ion in o ce, has
shown ha he e a e a conside able numbe o egula o y bodies in Cuenca. A
compa ison has been made be ween h ee o he mos impo an egula o y bodies, he
one egula ing he His o ic Cen e, he a ea o El Ejido and he Spa ial Managemen
Plan o he u ban a ea in Cuenca (Ilus e Consejo Can onal de Cuenca, 2011; Ilus e
Municipalidad de Cuenca, 2011c; Ilus e Municipalidad de Cuenca, 2011a; Ilus e
Municipalidad de Cuenca, 2011b; Ilus e Municipalidad de Cuenca, 2011). Based on
his compa a i e s udy, se e al con lic s ha e been iden i ied due o he non-in eg a ion
o hose impo an he i age elemen s iden i ied by he expe s in ol ed in he p ojec . In
addi ion, a da abase o he b eaching on egula ions coming om he local go e nmen
has been p o ided. This las one shows he mos common de ilemen s ha gene ally
ela e o he bad use o ma e ials, publici y and in o mal cons uc ion.
He i age S udies.
The a chaeological componen in he ci y o Cuenca. The a chaeological
da a e i ies he p e-Hispanic occupa ion o he ci y in he a eas o Pumapungo
and Todos los San os, which al hough somewha limi ed, con ibu e conside ably
o he con igu a ion o he ci y’s landscape. The su ounding a eas o he ci y,
including Tu i and Pachamama amongs o he s, o m a ci cui o a chaeological
landma ks ha a e ela ed o ce emonial a eas. These landma ks a e loca ed a
om he cen ally p o ec ed a eas and a e in a s a e o p og essi e de e io a ion
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caused by abandonmen , as well as by he ag icul u al, shephe ding ac i i ies and
he cons uc ion o p ope ies and oads in his a ea (No illo, 2015).
In angible cul u al he i age (ICH) in Cuenca
.
This s udy aims o co e he i e
ields de ined by UNESCO (2003) o in angible aspec s. F om all he ields ha ha e
been mapped, he mos p ominen one is he “knowledge and p ac ices conce ning
na u e and he uni e se”. Likewise and despi e he epheme al na u e, mapping o ou es
including eligious e en s has been ca ied ou (UNESCO, 2003).
Fu he mo e, a signi ican numbe o mani es a ions o he ICH ha e been
iden i ied, which, whils ha ing been included in he collec i e memo y, a e no ca ied
ou a p esen . Howe e , he maps ha ha e been de eloped, demons a e ha nea ly all
he mani es a ions o he ICH a e concen a ed in he his o ic cen e excep o a e
cases loca ed in he su ounding a eas, indica ing he need o map also con empo a y
mani es a ions (O doñez, 2015).
Economic ac i i ies in Cuenca. S ee ending and new ades associa ed wi h
ou ism a e conside ed in his s udy. The idea o wo king on he in o mal ade is
associa ed wi h he lowes social classes nowadays excluded bu o signi icance o he
ci y’s iden i y. On he side, he ou ism is linked o media and high social s a us and i s
as inc ease du ing he las yea s, gene a es an impac on local inhabi an s (Cas illo,
2014). Bo h subjec s ha e a high in luence on he s udy o Cuenca unde he HUL
no ion.
The mapping ca ied ou a he His o ic Cen e and El Ejido, shows he in o mal
ade in concu ed loca ions, a ac ha ein o ces he d i ing ole in he public space.
Al hough i is gene ally associa ed wi h diso de and chaos, said ade p o ides a ie y
o he public space and con ibu es o he shaping o he cha ac e and iden i y o some
a eas. Changes in popula ion and he signi ican numbe o o eigne s li ing in he a ea
ha e b ough abou impo an changes o he his o ic cen e, namely he ans o ma ion
o he housing in o comme cial and ou is ic se ices (P ada, 2015).
The alue assessmen ca ego ies o buil he i age. Using he a chi ec u al alue
ca ego ies ob ained om he he i age in en o y c ea ed in 2009 by he Na ional Ins i u e
o Cul u al He i age o Ecuado (INPC, o i s ac onym in Spanish) and he Uni e si y
o Cuenca (Vli CPM P ojec and INPC, 2009), a ious maps ha e been d awn up. They
show buil he i age ha s ands ou , due o he cha ac e is ics o he ensemble, a he
han o he indi idual alue o i s elemen s. The ca ego ies es ablished di e en
p o ec ion le els (Eme ging Value, VAR A (a chi ec u al alue A), VAR B
(a chi ec u al alue B), En i onmen al Value, Wi hou Value and Nega i e Value) and
hey a e only applicable in he His o ic cen e and in El Ejido.
A chi ec u al ypologies o he ci y o Cuenca
.
The objec i e o his s udy is o
iden i y he pe cen age o he di e en a chi ec u al ypologies ha a e ound in he
his o ic cen e and in El Ejido (colonial, epublican, mode n and con empo a y
a chi ec u e, aking in o conside a ion hei s a e o in e en ion). The da a ob ained
shows ha 52% o he mapped a chi ec u e co esponds o mode n a chi ec u e, 15% o
con empo a y a chi ec u e, 0.37% o his o ical buildings wi h a high deg ee o
de e io a ion and 6.25% o plo s (whe e pa king lo s, abandoned plo s and mechanic
ga ages a e loca ed). This da a clea ly demons a es he sca ce exis ence o his o ic
a chi ec u e in he his o ic cen e, wi h 14.42% being colonial and epublican
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Jou nal o Cul u al He i age Managemen and Sus ainable De elopmen
a chi ec u e and 12.62% being colonial and epublican e o med a chi ec u e. The es
o he ci y’s a chi ec u e is om he 1970s, as seen in he ca og aphic e olu ion s udy.
Pe cep ion s udies.
C i ical his o ical e iew o images. A compila ion o his o ical pho og aphs o
he ci y, ob ained om he Cen al Bank o Ecuado ’s pho o collec ion, as well as om
p i a e collec ions was used o his sec ion. A compa a i e analysis has been ca ied
ou using cu en pho os o ep oduce he same sho poin as he his o ic ones.
The compa ison be ween he pho og aphs demons a es signi ican changes in
he ci y and i s landscape: buildings ha ha e disappea ed o ha ha e been
ans o med, he inclusion o high- ise buildings, al e a ions in ege a ion, changes in
land-use and he ac i i ies ha a e e iden in he public spaces, he disappea ance o he
p ominence o pedes ians and he shi wi h he a i al o he ehicle. In con as ,
a ious elemen s ha ha e been epea edly pho og aphed in he ci y ha e been
iden i ied, allowing hem o be conside ed as signi ican in he collec i e memo y.
Pe cep ion o he his o ic u ban landscape in Cuenca om he ci izenship
pa icipa ion wo kshops. The ecen pa adigm o he i age in e p e a ion is based on he
no ion ha he ideal discou se leading o social consensus and collec i e ac ion, should
be ocused on p ocess, no p oduc ; on collabo a ion bu no only by means o expe
p esen a ions (Zanche i and Fe ei a Hidaka, 2012, p. 21); a collec i e memo y and no
a passi e audience (Silbe man, 2013; Mydland and G ahn 2012, 566). This
unde s anding ha add esses he Recommenda ion on HUL, sugges s using ools o
ci ic pa icipa ion adap ed o he local con ex in o de o es ablish sa egua ding
measu es o sus ainable de elopmen o he ci ies (UNESCO, 2011b; Zanche i and
Fe ei a Hidaka, 2012).
A key componen in he me hodological p ocess applied in Cuenca is he ac
ha inpu has no only been ecei ed om expe s bu he opinions o ci izens ha e also
been hea d. The social p axis adop ed was o ien ed o suppo he in e disciplina y
in ol emen . This was amed in an in eg al, syne gis ic and con inuous p ocess ha
included he p inciples o ac i e lis ening, eedback, e lec ion and join ac ion. These
p ocesses included wo kshops which ook place in social a ini y spaces o
neighbou hoods. In addi ion, a pho og aphy con es open o he public and a d awing
compe i ion o child en we e pa o he ac i i ies o ganised o encou age ci izens’
pa icipa ion.
The wo kshops held om Feb ua y o Ma ch 2015, we e designed using wo k
dynamics o con as quan i a i e in o ma ion. Wi hin 16 ocus g oups and 148
pa icipan s in o al, a sociog am was used o analyse hei inne in e ac ions. Visual
echniques as well as b ains o ming suppo he i e ac i i ies aised o sea ch o : 1)
iden i y-sha ing elemen s, 2) anomalies, 3) he i age alues, 4) a eas o uni ’s
delimi a ion, and 5) e lec ions o be e conse e he ci y’s he i age.
The esul s indica e a sha ed in e es on elemen s embedded in he collec i e
memo y such as he main Ca hed al, he i e ’s low sound, adi ional gas onomy
la ou s and scen s, amongs he mos equen s. Anomalies anged om he
de e io a ion o building o anspo a ion and insalub i y issues. Many public squa es
and pa ks we e asc ibed wi h he i age alues wi h bound impo ance o hei daily
in e ac ions. When de ining he a ea limi s, he lexes used included “ he a ea we
con ol”, “we ha e li ed since e e ”. Finally, he e lec ions mos ly aised a desi e o
pedes ian a eas and he incen i e o housing in he ci y cen e as well as he
sa egua ding o i e banks (Tenze, 2015).
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h p://doi.o g/10.1108/20441261211223243
Abou he au ho s
Julia Rey holds a PhD in A chi ec u e and wo ks as a p o esso a he Uni e si y o
Se illa. She coo dina ed he HUL esea ch line a he li CPM p ojec a he Uni e si y
o Cuenca (Ecuado ). He a eas o esea ch and publica ions a e opics ela ed o
conse a ion, in e en ion and managemen in cul u al he i age a u ban le el as well as
e i o ial and landscape le el, o ins ance, applying he Recommenda ion on His o ic
U ban Landscape (HUL), in se e al places, like he ci y o Se ille o Cuenca. She has
w i en se e al publica ions on HUL and has lec u ed a a ious La in Ame ican
Uni e si ies in ela ion o his issue.
Ma ia Eugenia Siguencia is a PhD candida e a he Facul y o Enginee ing in he
KULeu en in Belgium. She has been g an ed o cou se he s udies h ough he VLIR-
UOS Coope a ion wi h he Uni e si y o Cuenca in Ecuado whe e cu en ly she is a
P o esso and esea che in he Facul y o A chi ec u e.
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Figu e 1. His o ic U ban Landscapes elemen s iden i ied on geomo phological and en i onmen al s udies.
Sou ce: PUH_C Team
406x288mm (300 x 300 DPI)
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Figu e 2. O e lapping laye s o iden i ying landscape uni s co esponding o He i age S udies. Combina ion
o in o ma ion om he an h opological, economic, no ma i e and densi y s udy. Sou ce: PUH_C eam.
397x282mm (300 x 300 DPI)
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Figu e 3. O e lapping laye s o iden i ying landscape uni s co esponding o He i age S udies. Combina ion
o in o ma ion om he a chi ec u al ypologies and s a e o conse a ion s udy. Speci ically in his map, a
bad s a e o conse a ion and a high deg ee o de e io a ion is included. Sou ce: PUH_C eam.
397x282mm (300 x 300 DPI)
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Jou nal o Cul u al He i age Managemen and Sus ainable De elopmen
Figu e 4. O e lapping laye s as his o ic pe iods o he ci y, buildings wi hou alue, c a smanship and
popula ion densi y, p o ide key in o ma ion o he p oposed uni s and hei needs. Sou ce: PUH_C eam.
296x210mm (300 x 300 DPI)
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Figu e 5. Ci izen o ing du ing he Visiona y Con e ence.Sou ce: PUH_C Team
329x219mm (300 x 300 DPI)
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Jou nal o Cul u al He i age Managemen and Sus ainable De elopmen
Table 1. Six-s ep Ac ion Plan o he implemen a ion o HUL. Sou ce: Veldpaus, L. and Pe ei a Rode s, A. R.
(2013).
612x362mm (300 x 300 DPI)
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Table 2. Summa y on ele an s a egies o be conside o u he managemen in Cuenca. Sou ce: PUH_C
eam.
161x187mm (300 x 300 DPI)
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