Historic urban landscape: an approach for sustainable management in Cuenca (Ecuador)

Jou nal o Cul u al He i age Managemen and Sus ainable De elopmen His o i c u ban landscape, an app oach o sus ainable managemen in Cuenca (Ecuado ) Jou nal: Jou nal o Cul u al He i age Managemen and Sus ainable De elopmen Manusc ip ID JCHMSD-12-2016-0064.R1 Manusc ip Type: Resea ch Pape Keywo ds: in e disciplina y, U ban Planning, social pa icipa ion, cul u al alues Jou nal o Cul u al He i age Managemen and Sus ainable De elopmen Jou nal o Cul u al He i age Managemen and Sus ainable De elopmen In oduc ion The 2011 Recommenda ion on he His o ic U ban Landscape (HUL) is he la es concep de ined by UNESCO which has p o en o be an inno a i e me hod o he p ese a ion and he i age managemen o his o ic ci ies (UNESCO, 2011, p.9). Howe e , i should be unde s ood mo e as a managemen ool se han a p o ec i e measu e. Wi h his new app oach, backed by he Vienna Memo andum, bo h cul u al and na u al alues, con empo a y a chi ec u e, his o ic buildings and open spaces me ge (UNESCO, 2005). This app oach conside s he ci y as a whole “cha ac e ised by he in ensi y o he in e ac ion be ween he communi y wi hin he ci y and he physical en i onmen in which i is loca ed” (Casa es e al., 2011, p. 58). The HUL app oach o e comes he idea o s udying isola ed indi idual buildings, aking as essen ial pa s, he building se ing and he social pa icipa ion coo dina ed bo h by he ci izens and by di e se public au ho i ies. This app oach conside s he place i sel , he ci y’s p o ile, he isual axis, ypes o buildings, open spaces, opog aphy, ege a ion, in as uc u es, a chaeology, an h opology, con empo a y a chi ec u e, e c., hus p oposing a b oade ision (Banda in and Oe s, 2015). In ac , i does so o such an ex en , ha new ools and esou ces a e conside ed o be impe a i e, ools which di e g ea ly om hose which a e cu en ly being used o he conse a ion and managemen o he alues o cul u al he i age (Banda in and Oe s, 2012; F edheim and Khala , 2016, p. 467). To ackle he p ocess o apid u banisa ion wo ldwide o e he cou se o he nex hi y yea s (ONU-HABITAT, 2012), he 2030 Agenda and Sus ainable De elopmen Goals (SDGs), in which cul u e and he i age we e acknowledged as axes o sus ainable u ban de elopmen , we e app o ed in Sep embe 2015. This Agenda is a oadmap in he igh agains po e y and inequali y, wi h a people-cen ed app oach, hence SDG numbe 11 “Make ci ies inclusi e, sa e, esilien and sus ainable” mus be add essed (UNESCO, 2015). A he end o 2015, he In e na ional Con e ence “Cul u e o Sus ainable Ci ies” ook place in Hangzhou (China). This con e ence was held wi h he aim o implemen ing he 2030 Agenda o Sus ainable De elopmen wi h ega ds o he ole o cul u e in sus ainable de elopmen , and in o de o d aw up an e ec i e “New u ban agenda” which was subsequen ly adop ed a he UN Con e ence on Housing and Sus ainable U ban De elopmen (Habi a III 2016, Qui o). Following he Hangzhou Con e ence, UNESCO decla ed ha i conside ed he HUL app oach o be an adequa e ins umen o he achie emen o he SDGs and o he managemen o he UNESCO Wo ld He i age Si es (UNESCO, 2015; Taylo , 2016). UNESCO has also claimed ha cul u e and he i age cons i u e he backbone o he much-needed sus ainable u ban de elopmen (UNESCO, 2016). This ac has been e idenced in he con e ence p og am Habi a III and in la es publica ions on his subjec (UNESCO, 2016). The HUL app oach is based on all o he aspec s ha a e cu en ly conside ed o be a he cen e o sus ainable de elopmen – ega dless o he he i age iew- on an in e na ional le el. I add esses issues such as inclusi eness, social cohesion, inequali y and seg ega ion, economic and social imp o emen s, housing and en i onmen al needs and u ban egene a ion (Ce elló-Royo e al., 2012, p.45). One o he aspec s in which he HUL app oach di e s om o he s udies ha add ess he issue o sus ainable de elopmen , is ha he HUL conside s cul u al he i age as an essen ial esou ce o his de elopmen , al hough his concep has also been conside ed by o he au ho s, no only by he HUL (Ce elló-Royo e al., 2012, P.46; Pe ei a Rode s and Van Oe s, 2011). The de ini ion o HUL i sel in he Recommenda ion expands he objec o s udy o co e he en i e ci y and i s su oundings. In addi ion, mul iple so-called laye s o Page 1 o 24 Jou nal o Cul u al He i age Managemen and Sus ainable De elopmen 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 Jou nal o Cul u al He i age Managemen and Sus ainable De elopmen in o ma ion make up he u ban- e i o ial se (UNESCO, 2011b, a icles 8 and 9). Veldpaus and Pe ei a a gue ha he main pu pose o he HUL no ion is o p o ide guidance on sus ainable u ban managemen , conside ing an in eg a ed app oach, managemen o he signi icance o u ban landscapes wi hin an o e all sus ainable de elopmen amewo k (Veldpaus and Pe ei a Rode s, 2013b, p.3). Undoub edly, he managemen o he i age asse s goes h ough, phases o “managing hough ul change", o iden i y he "accep able limi s o change"(Veldpaus and Pe ei a Rode s, 2013). A he same ime Lalana and Zanche i & Jokileh o ag ee wi h he be o e men ioned au ho s (Lalana, 2011, p.18; Zanche i and Jokileh o, 1997, p.38), meanwhile, Paskale a-Shapi a and Bensson e e o he de ini ion o he ca ying capaci y o he i age o ace di e en impac (Paskale a-Shapi a and Besson, 2006, p.62). I seems ha , om he exis ing ools p oposed a in e na ional le el, he Recommenda ion on HUL is, he con empo a y and inno a i e app oach o managing u ban change wi h a signi ican ongoing speed (UNESCO, 2011). This, because wi hin his no ion, he i age and socioeconomic ga he owa ds planning managemen in o he e i o y (Pe ei a Rode s and Van Oe s, 2011). Mos schola s, who app oach his ool, as well as UNESCO i sel , a gue ha local public adminis a ion and agencies a e esponsible o he Recommenda ion implemen a ion. Al hough, i is also necessa y o conside he exis ing gap be ween local go e nmen in cha ge o cul u al alues iden i ica ion o u ban a eas (in all hei dimensions) and he bes -in eg a ed way o de ine he mos app op ia e ac ion p ocedu es. (Pe ei a Rode s and Van Oe s, 2011, p. 277-278). S udies including ha o Zanche i and Fe ei a (2012, p.16), show he impo ance o in ol ing all possible s akeholde s in he i age assessmen , in o de o ensu e he las ing e ec s o sus ainable u ban conse a ion, and, in he same way, he HUL app oach ools a e also ad oca ed. Du ing he Recommenda ion discussion and elabo a ion (be ween 2005 and 2011), he communi y o in e na ional expe s who pa icipa ed in he d a p oposal iden i ied six c i ical s eps o he applica ion o he no ion on HUL [Table 1 nea he e] (UNESCO, 2013). Acco ding o he Recommenda ion, he de elopmen o a six-s ep Ac ion Plan is equi ed wi hin a comp ehensi e and in e ela ed Plan. In pa allel, UNESCO p oposes ou main ypes o ools ha would be necessa y o egula e and acili a e he i age managemen in dynamic and con empo a y u ban con ex s. These ools a e communi y engagemen , planning and knowledge, egula o y sys ems, and inancial ools (UNESCO, 2011). In sho , assuming such a ecommenda ion implies aining he ci y's managemen , including he o mula ion o new policies, he conse a ion o key esou ces, and he planning o he new ci y. This esea ch pu pose is o p esen he me hodology c ea ed acco ding o he HUL app oach, which h ough he iden i ica ion o cul u al alues - among all he ac o s in ol ed in he ci y -, d aws up a se ies o sus ainable u ban de elopmen s a egies. The cons uc ion o his me hodology is based on he analysis o he ci y om mul iple disciplines such as geomo phology, en i onmen , u ban planning, his o ic ca og aphy, land uses, a chaeology, in angible and angible he i age, and economy and he i age alue. The challenge o his me hodology is no only i s implemen a ion in he wo ld he i age ci y o Cuenca in Ecuado , bu also he in eg a ion o he managemen o he his o ic cen e wi hin he o e all ci y de elopmen plan. In his espec , he eali y is ha he managemen o he his o ic cen e o Cuenca is egula ed by he Depa men o His o ic A eas o he Municipali y o Cuenca, a depa men made up o mos ly o a chi ec s wi h a ision o he i age s ill limi ed o building conse a ion. The e o e, he pu pose o his me hodology is o in eg a e all he Page 2 o 24Jou nal o Cul u al He i age Managemen and Sus ainable De elopmen 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 Jou nal o Cul u al He i age Managemen and Sus ainable De elopmen s udies ele an and necessa y in he managemen o a complex en i y such as he ci y, ha so a , a e done by di e en o ganisms wi hou any c osschecking o in o ma ion no any e lec ion o he i age ma e s. Besides s udies, needs om all s akeholde s such as public, p i a e academic and ci izens a e add essed in implemen ing he HUL app oach in Cuenca. Conside ing he six-s ep Ac ion Plan de ined abo e, he p oposed me hod allows academics o de elop he i s i e s eps and o use Communi y engagemen and Knowledge and Planning ools. Go e nmen suppo is undamen al o comple e he p ocess in he es o he s eps which will essen ially lead o a success ul applica ion o he HUL no ion (UNESCO, 2011a, p. 3). Despi e p e ious discussions and a emp s o implemen he HUL Recommenda ion in B azil and A gen ina (GobBsAs and Minis e io de Cul u a, 2006; UNESCO, 2013), he in e es in he esea ch p ocess in Cuenca has led o i s inco po a ion as a La in-Ame ican pilo ci y o a p og am de eloped by he Wo ld He i age Ins i u e o T aining and Resea ch o he Asia and he Paci ic Region [2]. Backg ound Cuenca is he hi d ci y in impo ance in Ecuado in e ms o popula ion, size and adminis a ion. The ci y’s his o ic cen e was ecognised as a UNESCO Wo ld He i age Si e in 1999 based on c i e ia ii, i and , emphasising aspec s such as he me ging o cul u es and he Spanish u ban inland colonial own planning (en o e a) (UNESCO, 1999). Howe e , he lack o an upda ed Managemen Plan o he his o ic a eas places he excep ional uni e sal alues, which me he c i e ia o insc ip ion on he Wo ld He i age Lis , a isk 15 yea s a e his ecogni ion (He as e al., 2011). A p elimina y s udy o he his o ic cen e, which was ca ied ou since 2012 by he li CPM esea ch p ojec [1] jus i ied he easons o implemen a ion o he HUL app oach in Cuenca. This ela es o e idence o he ci y’s apid and uncon olled u ban g ow h o e he cou se o he las cen u y. They include: socioeconomic changes caused by immig a ion and emig a ion, deg aded a eas, he disappea ance o his o ic buildings, backya ds and ga dens, he impac o mode n a chi ec u e, açadism caused by he p oli e a ion o plo s which ha e been con e ed in o pa king lo s, he p ominence o ca s, lack o accessibili y, gen i ica ion, an inc ease in p ope y in es men and e en he moun ing insecu i y ha is ypical o La in-Ame ican ci ies (ONU-HABITAT, 2012). Since he 1970s, mul iple e o s ha e been made bo h by go e nmen al bodies and ins i u ions esponsible o he i age ma e s o deal wi h hese p oblems (CONSULPLAN, 1982). Recen wo k ca ied ou by he Facul y o A chi ec u e and U ban Planning in he o m o he li CPM P ojec , buil on p io e o s ha had been made and included a “Plan o P e en a i e Conse a ion and Moni o ing” based on an In en o y Sys em, wi h he aim o esol ing he ma e s ega ding p ope y issues (Ja amillo and As udillo, 2008; He as e al., 2011). Howe e , i is clea ha his s udy mus be ex ended o de elop a managemen plan ha encompasses, no only he his o ic cen e, bu also he ci y as a whole and a he same ime ha ensu es he p ese a ion o i s Wo ld He i age alues. In iew o his, he P ojec “Reassessmen o he cul u al and na u al he i age o he ci y o Cuenca, based on he sus ainable de elopmen s a egies backed by he His o ic U ban Landscape app oach” (PUH_C o i s ac onym in Spanish) has been d awn up. Due o he p ojec ’s b oad concep ual na u e, as well as he complexi y o he he i age ques ion in he u ban se ing, i has been decided ha an in e disciplina y g oup o esea che s is needed, a g oup ha should include membe s om en i onmen al, Page 3 o 24 Jou nal o Cul u al He i age Managemen and Sus ainable De elopmen 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 Jou nal o Cul u al He i age Managemen and Sus ainable De elopmen economic, an h opological, a chaeological, geological, a chi ec u al and sociological ields. A key elemen o his p ojec is he pa icipa ion o ci izens as he main p o agonis s. The e o e, he h ee main objec i es delinea ing his esea ch a e, he b oadened iew o he i age, he in e disciplina y na u e o he esea ch and he impo an ole o ci izens. This expe ience sea ches o accomplish he ollowing objec i es: 1) assessing he s a e o conse a ion o he ci y o Cuenca; 2) de ining he ci y’s cul u al alues, no limi ed o hose iden i ied in he 1999 Decla a ion; 3) iden i ying di e en impac s ha a ec he ci y o Cuenca’s he i age alues and; 4) d awing up a se ies o Recommenda ions o a Manual o Good P ac ices, which, based on he ci y’s he i age alues, will help o de ine he policies de e mined by he his o ic ci y’s in e en ion guidelines, as well as se ing ou he ci y’s u ban g ow h s a egies. Resea ch me hodology and P ojec s a us and esul s Since he HUL app oach is a ecen idea, he e a e e y ew case s udies in which a scien i ic me hodology has been de eloped in o de o apply said Recommenda ions o u ban ensembles. In ac , he e iewed publica ions ega ding he Edinbu gh, El Cai o, I aly and Se ille case s udies ha e been ca ied ou by public adminis a ion bodies, and a e backed by con en ional app oaches o u ban p o ec ion (Ande son, 2010; Di ec ion de L’A chi ec u e e du Pa imoine, 2002; IAPH 2016; Miglioli and Pini, 2012; Van Ee elde and An op, 2009; IAPH, 2009, IAPH, 2010). A common elemen h oughou he case s udies is he analy ical phase in which he da a abou he ci ies a e collec ed and mapped. The mul iple da a co e di e en laye s o he ci y unde he HUL concep ion, ela ed o he angible and in angible aspec s. They include na u al sys ems; a chaeology, his o ic and con empo a y a chi ec u e as well as socio-cul u al p ac ices, economic p ocesses, wo kshops and ci izens’ pa icipa ion espec i ely. Ano he common phase in he case s udies is he iden i ica ion o he i age alues o which u u e ecommenda ions a e es ablished o delinea e in e en ion guidelines, bo h in he his o ic ci y and in he new g ow h a eas. In he analysed cases, he wo k is ca ied ou di ec ly in he u ban sub-zones o he ci y ha ha e been p e iously de ined by he go e nmen , wi hou ha ing p esen ed he c i e ia adop ed o his iden i ica ion and which in luences he esea ch p ocess. In he PUH_C p ojec , he de ini ion o landscape uni s (o zones) a e conside ed as ools o enable da a managemen , as well o ackle u ban issues, due o he inc eased di icul y in ol ed in analysing he ci y as a whole. The case s udies ha e been used as a poin o e e ence in he de elopmen o he esea ch me hodology adop ed o Cuenca, which consis s o : (1) Phase I. Analysis o in e disciplina y con ibu ions: The analysis ca ied ou by mul iple disciplines de ines he key physical o e i o ial, u ban and he i age elemen s ha make up he s uc u e o he ci y. Expe s p o ided 12 epo s based on da a collec ion geo e e enced and la e ga he ed in o a common GIS (Geog aphic In o ma ion Sys em). (2) Phase II. Iden i ica ion o Uni s: The iden i ica ion o such uni s is backed up by p e ious esea ch esul s ob ained h ough a mapping p ocess, and by he iden i ica ion o key ea u es which cha ac e ise each a ea o he ci y (Siguencia and Rey, 2016). In e nal zoning allows o he es ablishmen o he p o ec ion le els, and a he same ime egula es ac i i ies and land use (Hosag aha , 2015). (3) Phase III. Uni s’ alue assessmen : In his phase, all he compiled in o ma ion is eco ded on a ile shee in which he da a collec ed om phase I is displayed. Page 4 o 24Jou nal o Cul u al He i age Managemen and Sus ainable De elopmen 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 Jou nal o Cul u al He i age Managemen and Sus ainable De elopmen Recommenda ions and upcoming needs o each landscape uni a e also ou lined (Fe nández Cacho e al., 2008) (4) Phase IV. Speci ic analysis pe uni : In his pa o he p ojec , a mo e exhaus i e s udy o each de ined uni is ca ied ou , ocusing on he iden i ica ion o aspec s ha e ec i ely comple e he cha ac e iza ion o said uni . To his end, s udies o accessibili y, a ic and isual pe cep ion ha e been p oposed and hey will se e o inco po a e ecommenda ions o in e en ion in he guidelines which a e cu en ly no being aken in o accoun (Rey, 2014). The in o ma ion ob ained om he di e se s udies ca ied ou in he i s phase is unique. I includes da a which has p e iously ne e been s udied in he ci y o Cuenca, and in pa icula , his in o ma ion has been p oduced, aking in o conside a ion he he i age and u ban landscape. The consolida ed GIS da abase is he esul o his e o and is an impo an ool as o spa ial analysis. The da abase was o ganized in 11 schemas sys ema ically o ganized om he di e en disciplines inco po a ed in he p ojec . This da abase was c ea ed in Pos g eSQ, an open sou ce so wa e ha allows easy connec ion o web se e s. Once he da abase was c ea ed, he Apache Tomca se e was used o isualiza ion. This se e allows, by means o Geone wo k and Geose e ools, he s o age o me ada a and spa ial da a espec i ely. Below he i s h ee phases will be desc ibed acco ding o he esul s ob ained while he las phase has no been included in his a icle since i is s ill a wo k in p og ess. Phase I. Analysis o in e disciplina y con ibu ions. Repo s coming om in e disciplina y s udies ega ding he in luence o each discipline on he his o ic cen e and he ou s anding uni e sal alues, which make o Cuenca a Wo ld He i age Si e. Te i o ial s udies. In luence and condi ioning o he e i o y in he u ban con igu a ion o Cuenca. The ci y o Cuenca is loca ed in he dep hs o a alley, su ounded by moun ains. The impo ance o he Ta qui, Yanuncay, Tomebamba and Machánga a i e s o he ci y’s geomo phology is indispu able, and hese i e s, oge he wi h hei lood plains, a e undamen al agen s in he shaping o he ci y. The connec ion be ween hese i e s and he human se lemen in Cuenca has been p esen since he ci y was i s es ablished, and in ac , i was one o he de ining ac o s when de e mining i s loca ion. The lu ial esca pmen s o he Tomebamba and Yanuncay i e s, de ine signi ican slopes ha p oduce a sequence o isuals be ween he his o ic ci y and he na u al su ounding se ing. Likewise, a se ies o high pla eaus, he emains o o me allu ial e aces, and a se ies o hillocks ha e been iden i ied. Some o hese hillocks and high pla eaus o m pa o he sac ed landscape and iewpoin s sys em which we e used by ancien inhabi an s o he e i o y (Acos a, 2015) The maps p o ided ha e geo echnical, hyd ological and opog aphic da a displaying soil quali y, i e lows and slope anges espec i ely [Figu e 1 nea he e]. The Na u al landscape, an en i onmen al poin o iew. A lack o g een a eas wi hin he ci y has been iden i ied, al hough his is sligh ly less c i ical gi en he magni ude o he p o ec ed ma gins o he Tomebamba and Yanuncay i e s, which ha e been se up as linea g een pa ks. The his o ic cen e lacks ege a ion, in con as o he ‘El Ejido’, an a ea ha was de eloped du ing he i s u ban plan in he 1950s based on he p inciples o “Mode n U banism” and he “ga den ci y”. The eplacemen Page 5 o 24 Jou nal o Cul u al He i age Managemen and Sus ainable De elopmen 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 Jou nal o Cul u al He i age Managemen and Sus ainable De elopmen o he ancien illas wi h high- ise mul i amily buildings and he emo al o he p i a e g een a eas o allow o he in oduc ion o pa ed su aces has mean ha his ea u e o he ci y has e ec i ely been los . The p o ec ed i e banks as well as he i age ees a e mapped(Co de o, 2015). His o ic Ca og aphic s udy, Cuenca’s u ban e olu ion and i s e i o ial planning. The objec i e o his s udy has been o unde s and and econs uc Cuenca’s u ban e olu ion and i s in e nal and ex e io planning, and his objec i e is backed by his o ic maps p esen ed by Albo noz (Albo noz, 2008). The o e lapping o his o ical maps has highligh ed he pe iods in which u ban e olu ion expe ienced he mos signi ican changes: Pe iod 1 (1557-1830), Pe iod 2 (1830-1960), Pe iod 3 (1960-1982) and Pe iod 4 (1982-2015). These episodes we e conside ed o he ca alogue eco d made in 2013 by he li CPM P ojec . F om he in o ma ion on he yea o cons uc ion pe building, he da a was clus e ed by pe iod and displayed o he en i e u ban a ea. Land use and popula ion densi y s udies. Using he in o ma ion p o ided by he Municipali y o Cuenca, a se o hema ic plans we e d awn up, he esul s o which ela e o he condi ions o use and he ac i i ies o he ci y’s popula ion. The co e o he his o ical a eas a e iden i ied as hose which ha e he lowes popula ion densi y, and he land use in hese zones is connec ed o ma ke ing, exchange, adminis a ion and managemen (INEC, 2012). The gen i ica ion p ocess has become an e iden issue in he his o ic cen e, gi en ha a high pe cen age o buildings a e used o ou ism as well. In ecen imes, he a i al o a signi ican numbe o o eign e i ees o Cuenca has se ed o spu on he ans o ma ion o he ancien mansion-houses in o apa men s and sui es o his social g oup, whose pu chasing powe has con ibu ed o he displacemen o less a ou ed sec o s o he economy (INEC, 2010). Re iew on he Regula o y Sys em. An analysis o he legisla ion in o ce, has shown ha he e a e a conside able numbe o egula o y bodies in Cuenca. A compa ison has been made be ween h ee o he mos impo an egula o y bodies, he one egula ing he His o ic Cen e, he a ea o El Ejido and he Spa ial Managemen Plan o he u ban a ea in Cuenca (Ilus e Consejo Can onal de Cuenca, 2011; Ilus e Municipalidad de Cuenca, 2011c; Ilus e Municipalidad de Cuenca, 2011a; Ilus e Municipalidad de Cuenca, 2011b; Ilus e Municipalidad de Cuenca, 2011). Based on his compa a i e s udy, se e al con lic s ha e been iden i ied due o he non-in eg a ion o hose impo an he i age elemen s iden i ied by he expe s in ol ed in he p ojec . In addi ion, a da abase o he b eaching on egula ions coming om he local go e nmen has been p o ided. This las one shows he mos common de ilemen s ha gene ally ela e o he bad use o ma e ials, publici y and in o mal cons uc ion. He i age S udies. The a chaeological componen in he ci y o Cuenca. The a chaeological da a e i ies he p e-Hispanic occupa ion o he ci y in he a eas o Pumapungo and Todos los San os, which al hough somewha limi ed, con ibu e conside ably o he con igu a ion o he ci y’s landscape. The su ounding a eas o he ci y, including Tu i and Pachamama amongs o he s, o m a ci cui o a chaeological landma ks ha a e ela ed o ce emonial a eas. These landma ks a e loca ed a om he cen ally p o ec ed a eas and a e in a s a e o p og essi e de e io a ion Page 6 o 24Jou nal o Cul u al He i age Managemen and Sus ainable De elopmen 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 Jou nal o Cul u al He i age Managemen and Sus ainable De elopmen caused by abandonmen , as well as by he ag icul u al, shephe ding ac i i ies and he cons uc ion o p ope ies and oads in his a ea (No illo, 2015). In angible cul u al he i age (ICH) in Cuenca . This s udy aims o co e he i e ields de ined by UNESCO (2003) o in angible aspec s. F om all he ields ha ha e been mapped, he mos p ominen one is he “knowledge and p ac ices conce ning na u e and he uni e se”. Likewise and despi e he epheme al na u e, mapping o ou es including eligious e en s has been ca ied ou (UNESCO, 2003). Fu he mo e, a signi ican numbe o mani es a ions o he ICH ha e been iden i ied, which, whils ha ing been included in he collec i e memo y, a e no ca ied ou a p esen . Howe e , he maps ha ha e been de eloped, demons a e ha nea ly all he mani es a ions o he ICH a e concen a ed in he his o ic cen e excep o a e cases loca ed in he su ounding a eas, indica ing he need o map also con empo a y mani es a ions (O doñez, 2015). Economic ac i i ies in Cuenca. S ee ending and new ades associa ed wi h ou ism a e conside ed in his s udy. The idea o wo king on he in o mal ade is associa ed wi h he lowes social classes nowadays excluded bu o signi icance o he ci y’s iden i y. On he side, he ou ism is linked o media and high social s a us and i s as inc ease du ing he las yea s, gene a es an impac on local inhabi an s (Cas illo, 2014). Bo h subjec s ha e a high in luence on he s udy o Cuenca unde he HUL no ion. The mapping ca ied ou a he His o ic Cen e and El Ejido, shows he in o mal ade in concu ed loca ions, a ac ha ein o ces he d i ing ole in he public space. Al hough i is gene ally associa ed wi h diso de and chaos, said ade p o ides a ie y o he public space and con ibu es o he shaping o he cha ac e and iden i y o some a eas. Changes in popula ion and he signi ican numbe o o eigne s li ing in he a ea ha e b ough abou impo an changes o he his o ic cen e, namely he ans o ma ion o he housing in o comme cial and ou is ic se ices (P ada, 2015). The alue assessmen ca ego ies o buil he i age. Using he a chi ec u al alue ca ego ies ob ained om he he i age in en o y c ea ed in 2009 by he Na ional Ins i u e o Cul u al He i age o Ecuado (INPC, o i s ac onym in Spanish) and he Uni e si y o Cuenca (Vli CPM P ojec and INPC, 2009), a ious maps ha e been d awn up. They show buil he i age ha s ands ou , due o he cha ac e is ics o he ensemble, a he han o he indi idual alue o i s elemen s. The ca ego ies es ablished di e en p o ec ion le els (Eme ging Value, VAR A (a chi ec u al alue A), VAR B (a chi ec u al alue B), En i onmen al Value, Wi hou Value and Nega i e Value) and hey a e only applicable in he His o ic cen e and in El Ejido. A chi ec u al ypologies o he ci y o Cuenca . The objec i e o his s udy is o iden i y he pe cen age o he di e en a chi ec u al ypologies ha a e ound in he his o ic cen e and in El Ejido (colonial, epublican, mode n and con empo a y a chi ec u e, aking in o conside a ion hei s a e o in e en ion). The da a ob ained shows ha 52% o he mapped a chi ec u e co esponds o mode n a chi ec u e, 15% o con empo a y a chi ec u e, 0.37% o his o ical buildings wi h a high deg ee o de e io a ion and 6.25% o plo s (whe e pa king lo s, abandoned plo s and mechanic ga ages a e loca ed). This da a clea ly demons a es he sca ce exis ence o his o ic a chi ec u e in he his o ic cen e, wi h 14.42% being colonial and epublican Page 7 o 24 Jou nal o Cul u al He i age Managemen and Sus ainable De elopmen 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 Jou nal o Cul u al He i age Managemen and Sus ainable De elopmen a chi ec u e and 12.62% being colonial and epublican e o med a chi ec u e. The es o he ci y’s a chi ec u e is om he 1970s, as seen in he ca og aphic e olu ion s udy. Pe cep ion s udies. C i ical his o ical e iew o images. A compila ion o his o ical pho og aphs o he ci y, ob ained om he Cen al Bank o Ecuado ’s pho o collec ion, as well as om p i a e collec ions was used o his sec ion. A compa a i e analysis has been ca ied ou using cu en pho os o ep oduce he same sho poin as he his o ic ones. The compa ison be ween he pho og aphs demons a es signi ican changes in he ci y and i s landscape: buildings ha ha e disappea ed o ha ha e been ans o med, he inclusion o high- ise buildings, al e a ions in ege a ion, changes in land-use and he ac i i ies ha a e e iden in he public spaces, he disappea ance o he p ominence o pedes ians and he shi wi h he a i al o he ehicle. In con as , a ious elemen s ha ha e been epea edly pho og aphed in he ci y ha e been iden i ied, allowing hem o be conside ed as signi ican in he collec i e memo y. Pe cep ion o he his o ic u ban landscape in Cuenca om he ci izenship pa icipa ion wo kshops. The ecen pa adigm o he i age in e p e a ion is based on he no ion ha he ideal discou se leading o social consensus and collec i e ac ion, should be ocused on p ocess, no p oduc ; on collabo a ion bu no only by means o expe p esen a ions (Zanche i and Fe ei a Hidaka, 2012, p. 21); a collec i e memo y and no a passi e audience (Silbe man, 2013; Mydland and G ahn 2012, 566). This unde s anding ha add esses he Recommenda ion on HUL, sugges s using ools o ci ic pa icipa ion adap ed o he local con ex in o de o es ablish sa egua ding measu es o sus ainable de elopmen o he ci ies (UNESCO, 2011b; Zanche i and Fe ei a Hidaka, 2012). A key componen in he me hodological p ocess applied in Cuenca is he ac ha inpu has no only been ecei ed om expe s bu he opinions o ci izens ha e also been hea d. The social p axis adop ed was o ien ed o suppo he in e disciplina y in ol emen . This was amed in an in eg al, syne gis ic and con inuous p ocess ha included he p inciples o ac i e lis ening, eedback, e lec ion and join ac ion. These p ocesses included wo kshops which ook place in social a ini y spaces o neighbou hoods. In addi ion, a pho og aphy con es open o he public and a d awing compe i ion o child en we e pa o he ac i i ies o ganised o encou age ci izens’ pa icipa ion. The wo kshops held om Feb ua y o Ma ch 2015, we e designed using wo k dynamics o con as quan i a i e in o ma ion. Wi hin 16 ocus g oups and 148 pa icipan s in o al, a sociog am was used o analyse hei inne in e ac ions. Visual echniques as well as b ains o ming suppo he i e ac i i ies aised o sea ch o : 1) iden i y-sha ing elemen s, 2) anomalies, 3) he i age alues, 4) a eas o uni ’s delimi a ion, and 5) e lec ions o be e conse e he ci y’s he i age. The esul s indica e a sha ed in e es on elemen s embedded in he collec i e memo y such as he main Ca hed al, he i e ’s low sound, adi ional gas onomy la ou s and scen s, amongs he mos equen s. Anomalies anged om he de e io a ion o building o anspo a ion and insalub i y issues. Many public squa es and pa ks we e asc ibed wi h he i age alues wi h bound impo ance o hei daily in e ac ions. When de ining he a ea limi s, he lexes used included “ he a ea we con ol”, “we ha e li ed since e e ”. Finally, he e lec ions mos ly aised a desi e o pedes ian a eas and he incen i e o housing in he ci y cen e as well as he sa egua ding o i e banks (Tenze, 2015). Page 8 o 24Jou nal o Cul u al He i age Managemen and Sus ainable De elopmen 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 Jou nal o Cul u al He i age Managemen and Sus ainable De elopmen 481. h p://doi.o g/10.1080/13527258.2016.1171247 GobBsAs, G. de la C. A. de B. A., & Minis e io de Cul u a, S. de P. C. (2006). Buenos Ai es Ciudad. Buenos Ai es: Paisaje Cul u al de la Humanidad. Buenos Ai es. Re ie ed om h p://www.buenosai es.gob.a /a eas/cul u a/paisaje/?menu_id=20277 He as, V., Zuñiga, M., As udillo, S., Agui e, A., & Ca doso, F. (2011). Plan de Conse ación P e en i a pa a el pa imonio cul u al edi icado del cen o his ó ico de la ciudad de Cuenca. Cuenca. Hosag aha , J. (2015). Knowledge and Planning ools. In F. Banda ín & R. an Oe s (Eds.), Reconnec ing he Ci y. The His o ic U ban Landscape App oach and he Fu u e o U ban He i age (pp. 249–260). Chiches e : John Wiley and Sons, L d. IAPH, I. A. del P. H. (2009). El paisaje his ó ico u bano en las Ciudades Pa imonio Mundial. Indicado es pa a su conse ación y ges ión I (Jun a de A). Se illa. IAPH, I. A. del P. H. (2010). Paisajes y pa imonio cul u al en Andalucía. Tiempo, usos e imágenes. Se illa: Jun a de Andalucía. Conseje ía de Cul u a. IAPH, I. A. del P. H. (2016). Guía del Paisaje His ó ico U bano de Se illa. Se illa. Re ie ed om h p://www.iaph.es/web/canales/pa imonio- cul u al/guia_paisaje_his o ico_u bano_se illa/con enidos_guia_paisaje_his o ico_ u bano_se illa.h ml Ilus e Consejo Can onal de Cuenca. O denanza de ap obación del plan de desa ollo y o denamien o e i o ial del can ón Cuenca (2011). Ecuado . IMC, I. M. de C. O denanza pa a la ges ión y conse ación de las á eas his ó icas y pa imoniales del can ón Cuenca (26/02/2010) (2010). Ecuado . IMC, I. M. de C. Fo mulación del Plan de Desa ollo y O denamien o Te i o ial del Can ón Cuenca. 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(2016). “My Coun y is like my Mo he …”: espec , ca e, in e ac ion and closeness as p inciples o unde aking cul u al he i age assessmen s. In e na ional Jou nal o He i age S udies, 22(6). h p://doi.o g/10.1080/13527258.2016.1165277 Miglioni, F., & Pini, D. (2012). U ban egene a ion P ojec o His o ic Cai o. Fi s epo o ac i i ies. (F. Miglioli & D. Pini, Eds.). Unesco. Re ie ed om h p://www.u hcp ojec .o g/con en /pd /book_english.pd Mydland, L., & G ahn, W. (2012). Iden i ying he i age alues in local communi ies. In e na ional Jou nal o He i age S udies, 18(6), 564–587. h p://doi.o g/10.1080/13527258.2011.619554 No illo, M. (2015). El componen e a queológico en el PUH de la ciudad de Cuenca. In o me écnico. Uni e sidad de Cuenca. 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La igu a del Paisaje His ó ico U bano como he amien a de in e ención en la Ciudad His ó ica de San a Ana de los Ríos de Cuenca (The igu e o His o ic U ban Landscape as a ool o in e en ion in he his o ic ci y o San a Ana de los Ríos de Cuenca). In Tou ism and De elopmen Eigh h In e na ional Cong ess. Málaga: Eumed-Ne , Uni e sidad de Málaga. Rey, J., & As udillo, S. (2015). Visioning Con e ence Ou pu s. Cuenca. Re ie ed om h p://whc.unesco.o g/en/e en s/1232 Siguencia Á ila, M. E., & Rey Pé ez, J. (2016). He i age Values P o ec ion, om he monumen o he u ban dimension. Case s udy: The His o ic Cen e o San a Ana de los Ríos de Cuenca. The His o ic En i onmen : Policy and P ac ice, 7(2). h p://doi.o g/10.1080/17567505.2016.1172785 Silbe man, N. A. (2013). He i age In e p e a ion as Public Discou se – Towa ds a New Pa adigm. In A. Ma ie-The es, R. Be necke , & B. Rudol (Eds.), Unde s anding He i age – Pe spec i es in He i age S udies (pp. 21–33). Be lín: Wal e De G uy e Inc. Taylo , K. (2016). The His o ic U ban Landscape pa adigm and ci ies as cul u al landscapes. Challenging o hodoxy in u ban conse a ion. Landscape Resea ch, 41(4), 471–480. Re ie ed om h p://www. and online.com/doi/ ull/10.1080/01426397.2016.1156066 Tenze, A. (2015). Pe cep ion o he his o ic u ban landscape in Cuenca om he ci izenship pa icipa ion wo kshops. Uni e sidad de Cuenca. UNESCO. (1999). Ad iso y Body E alua ion. His o ic Cen e o San a Ana de los Ríos de Cuenca (Ecuado ) n o 863. Re ie ed om h p://whc.unesco.o g/en/lis /863 UNESCO. (2003). Con en ion o he Sa egua ding o he In angible Cul u al He i age. Re ie ed om h p://po al.unesco.o g/en/e .php- URL_ID=17716&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.h ml UNESCO. (2005). VIENNA MEMORANDUM on “Wo ld He i age and Con empo a y A chi ec u e – Managing he His o ic U ban Landscape.” Re ie ed om h p://whc.unesco.o g/documen /6814 UNESCO. (2011a). P oposals conce ning he desi abili y o a s anda d-se ing ins umen on His o ic U ban Landscapes (36C/23). Pa ís. Re ie ed om h p://unesdoc.unesco.o g/images/0021/002110/211094s.pd UNESCO. (2011b). Recommenda ion on he His o ic U ban Landscape, including a glossa y o de ini ions. Re ie ed om h p://po al.unesco.o g/en/e .php- URL_ID=48857&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.h ml UNESCO. (2015). in e na ional Con e ence on “Cul u e o Sus ainable Ci ies.” Re ie ed om h p://www.unesco.o g/new/en/cul u e/ hemes/cul u e-and- de elopmen /cul u e- o -sus ainable-ci ies/ UNESCO, W. H. C. (2013). Repo on he In e na ional Wo ld He i age Expe Page 16 o 24Jou nal o Cul u al He i age Managemen and Sus ainable De elopmen 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 Jou nal o Cul u al He i age Managemen and Sus ainable De elopmen Mee ing on he Mains eaming o he me hodological app oach ela ed o he Recommenda ion on he His o ic U ban Landscape in he Ope a ional Guidelines. Río de Janei o. Re ie ed om whc.unesco.o g/documen /135630 Van Ee elde, V., & An op, M. (2009). Indica o s o assessing changing landscape cha ac e o cul u al landscape in Flande s (Belgium). Land Use Policy, 26(4), 901–910. Re ie ed om h p://www.deepdy e.com/lp/else ie /indica o s- o - assessing-changing-landscape-cha ac e -o -cul u al-PM9nWVXKGg/. Villasan e, T. R. (2010). S o ies and app oaches o a pa icipa o y me hodological a icula ion. CIMAS No ebooks-In e na ional. Re ie ed om h p://www. edcimas.o g Vli CPM P ojec , & INPC. (2009). Regis a ion Fo m. Cuenca. Vli CPM P ojec , & INPC. (2011). Análisis y Je a quización del In en a io de Bienes Inmuebles de El Ejido. Cuenca. Whi ehand, J. W. R. (2010). U ban mo phology and his o ic u ban landscapes. In Wo ld He i age Pape s – Managing His o ic Ci ies, 27 (pp. 35–43). Pa ís: Unesco. Zanche i, S. M., & Fe ei a Hidaka, L. (2012). Measu ing u ban he i age conse a ion: indica o , weigh s and ins umen s (pa 2). Jou nal o Cul u al He i age Managemen and Sus ainable De elopmen , 2(1), 15–26. h p://doi.o g/10.1108/20441261211223243 Abou he au ho s Julia Rey holds a PhD in A chi ec u e and wo ks as a p o esso a he Uni e si y o Se illa. She coo dina ed he HUL esea ch line a he li CPM p ojec a he Uni e si y o Cuenca (Ecuado ). He a eas o esea ch and publica ions a e opics ela ed o conse a ion, in e en ion and managemen in cul u al he i age a u ban le el as well as e i o ial and landscape le el, o ins ance, applying he Recommenda ion on His o ic U ban Landscape (HUL), in se e al places, like he ci y o Se ille o Cuenca. She has w i en se e al publica ions on HUL and has lec u ed a a ious La in Ame ican Uni e si ies in ela ion o his issue. Ma ia Eugenia Siguencia is a PhD candida e a he Facul y o Enginee ing in he KULeu en in Belgium. She has been g an ed o cou se he s udies h ough he VLIR- UOS Coope a ion wi h he Uni e si y o Cuenca in Ecuado whe e cu en ly she is a P o esso and esea che in he Facul y o A chi ec u e. Page 17 o 24 Jou nal o Cul u al He i age Managemen and Sus ainable De elopmen 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 Jou nal o Cul u al He i age Managemen and Sus ainable De elopmen Figu e 1. His o ic U ban Landscapes elemen s iden i ied on geomo phological and en i onmen al s udies. Sou ce: PUH_C Team 406x288mm (300 x 300 DPI) Page 18 o 24Jou nal o Cul u al He i age Managemen and Sus ainable De elopmen 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 Jou nal o Cul u al He i age Managemen and Sus ainable De elopmen Figu e 2. O e lapping laye s o iden i ying landscape uni s co esponding o He i age S udies. Combina ion o in o ma ion om he an h opological, economic, no ma i e and densi y s udy. Sou ce: PUH_C eam. 397x282mm (300 x 300 DPI) Page 19 o 24 Jou nal o Cul u al He i age Managemen and Sus ainable De elopmen 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 Jou nal o Cul u al He i age Managemen and Sus ainable De elopmen Figu e 3. O e lapping laye s o iden i ying landscape uni s co esponding o He i age S udies. Combina ion o in o ma ion om he a chi ec u al ypologies and s a e o conse a ion s udy. Speci ically in his map, a bad s a e o conse a ion and a high deg ee o de e io a ion is included. Sou ce: PUH_C eam. 397x282mm (300 x 300 DPI) Page 20 o 24Jou nal o Cul u al He i age Managemen and Sus ainable De elopmen 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 Jou nal o Cul u al He i age Managemen and Sus ainable De elopmen Figu e 4. O e lapping laye s as his o ic pe iods o he ci y, buildings wi hou alue, c a smanship and popula ion densi y, p o ide key in o ma ion o he p oposed uni s and hei needs. Sou ce: PUH_C eam. 296x210mm (300 x 300 DPI) Page 21 o 24 Jou nal o Cul u al He i age Managemen and Sus ainable De elopmen 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 Jou nal o Cul u al He i age Managemen and Sus ainable De elopmen Figu e 5. Ci izen o ing du ing he Visiona y Con e ence.Sou ce: PUH_C Team 329x219mm (300 x 300 DPI) Page 22 o 24Jou nal o Cul u al He i age Managemen and Sus ainable De elopmen 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 Jou nal o Cul u al He i age Managemen and Sus ainable De elopmen Table 1. Six-s ep Ac ion Plan o he implemen a ion o HUL. Sou ce: Veldpaus, L. and Pe ei a Rode s, A. R. (2013). 612x362mm (300 x 300 DPI) Page 23 o 24 Jou nal o Cul u al He i age Managemen and Sus ainable De elopmen 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 Jou nal o Cul u al He i age Managemen and Sus ainable De elopmen Table 2. Summa y on ele an s a egies o be conside o u he managemen in Cuenca. Sou ce: PUH_C eam. 161x187mm (300 x 300 DPI) Page 24 o 24Jou nal o Cul u al He i age Managemen and Sus ainable De elopmen 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60