1
T adi ional ag icul u al p ac ices enable sus ainable emedia ion o highly 1
pollu ed soils in Sou he n Spain o cul i a ion o ood c ops. 2
3
Madejón, P.1*, Ba ba-B ioso, C. 2 Lepp, N.W.3, and Fe nández-Caliani J.C.4 4
5
1 Ins i u o de Recu sos Na u ales y Ag obiología de Se illa (IRNAS-CSIC), A . Reina 6 Me cedes 10, 41012 Se illa, Spain. [email p o ec ed] 7 8 2 Depa amen o de C is alog a ía, Mine alogía y Química Ag ícola. Facul ad de 9 Química. Uni e sidad de Se illa. C/ P o eso Ga cía González s/n, 41012 Se illa, 10 Spain. cin a.ba [email protected] 11 12 3 35, Vic o ia Road, Fo mby, Li e pool L37 7DH, UK. [email p o ec ed] 13
14 4 Depa amen o de Geología, Facul ad de Ciencias Expe imen ales. Uni e sidad de 15 Huel a, 21071, Huel a, Spain. [email p o ec ed] 16 17
*Co esponding au ho : [email p o ec ed]. Telephone numbe 0034 954624711 18
FAX: 0034 9544624002 19
20
*Manusc ip
Click he e o iew linked Re e ences
2
Abs ac 21
This s udy ela es elemen al con en o a ange o edible c ops g own in soils se e ely 22
pollu ed by me als and me alloids as a ec ed by adi ional smallholde managemen 23
p ac ices. Fi e ag icul u al plo s close o a sul idic was e dump we e moni o ed. Soil 24
analysis demons a ed ele a ed concen a ions o As, Cu, Pb and Zn ha we e g ea ly in 25
excess o maximum s a u o y limi s o ag icul u al soils in his egion. The main 26
ege ables (le uce, cha d, onion, po a oes) and lemon, oge he wi h hei associa ed 27
soils, we e measu ed o elemen al con en . Ex ac able soil elemen concen a ions 28
we e e y low. The e we e di e ences in elemen al accumula ion be ween c ops, bu 29
none exceeded s a u o y concen a ions in edible pa s. Soil-plan ans e ac o s we e 30
uni o mly low o all elemen s and c ops. I is concluded ha adi ional soil 31
managemen p ac ices (annual liming and applica ion o animal manu es) ha e c ea ed 32
condi ions o sus ainable long- e m sa e y use, wi h po en ial o mul iple end-use, o 33
hese highly pollu ed soils 34
35 Keywo ds: T ace elemen s, edible plan s, soil pollu ion, Tha sis mines, Spain 36
37
1. In oduc ion 38
Plan s a e he i s compa men o he e es ial ood chain. Due o hei 39
capaci y o accumula e po en ially oxic ace elemen s, hey can ep esen a h ea o 40
animals and humans ha consume hem (In awongse and Dean, 2006; Liu e al., 2006). 41
The isk ha ace elemen s pose o he en i onmen and human heal h is a 42
unc ion o hei specia ion in soils and subsequen accumula ion and pa i ioning wi hin 43
plan s (Kaba a-Pendias, 2004). The solubili y o ace elemen s a ies widely because 44
many ac o s in luence hei concen a ion in he soil solu ion: edaphic cha ac e is ics 45
(pH, ex u e and o ganic ma e con en ), clima ic condi ions, and ag onomic 46
3
managemen (Alloway, 1995, Chojnacka e al., 2005; Tokalioğlu and Ka al 2006). The 47
a e o me al ansloca ion om he soil o edible and ha es ed pa s o cul i a ed plan s 48
depends, in addi ion, on ege a ion ype and me al in ol ed, besides he soil and 49
clima ic ac o s (Alloway, 1995; McLaughlin e al., 1999). 50
Chaney (1980) in oduced he concep o he „soil-plan ba ie ‟ and classi ied 51
ace elemen s in ou g oups wi h espec o hei po en ial o ood chain ans e : 52
G oup 1 (Ag, C , Sn, Ti, Y and Z ) wi h low isk o human heal h because hey a e no 53
usually aken up by plan s due o hei low solubili y in soil. G oup 2 (As, Hg and Pb) 54
which a e s ongly so bed by soil colloids, o may be immobilized in plan oo s wi h 55
e y limi ed ans e o edible shoo issues, and he e o e pose ma ginal isks. G oup 3 56
(B, Cu, Mn, Mo, Ni and Zn) a e phy o oxic a concen a ions ha pose li le isk, 57
al hough „ he soil-plan ba ie ‟ p o ec s he ood chain om hese elemen s. G oup 4 58
consis s o Cd, Co, Mo and Se, which pose human o animal heal h isks a plan issue 59
concen a ions ha a e no phy o oxic. 60
Soil pollu ion wi h ace elemen s, mainly hose om G oups 2 and 3 desc ibed 61
abo e, ep esen s one o he mos p ominen en i onmen al haza ds om abandoned 62
mine si es in he Ibe ian Py i e Bel (Fe nández-Caliani e al. 2009a, b; Fe nández-63
Caliani and Ba ba-B ioso, 2010). Pas mining and o e p ocessing ac i i ies esul ed in 64
de o es a ion and des uc ion o he na u al ege a ion, ans o ming soils in o ma ginal 65
lands unable o sus ain comme cial ag icul u e. Howe e , adi ional small-scale 66
ag icul u e has pe sis ed on limi ed a eas o a able land adjacen o he mining illages 67
in his egion. 68
The goals o he s udy epo ed he e we e o: 1) de e mine o al concen a ions o ace 69
elemen s in di e en pa s o ui and ege ables, and in he soil in which hey g ew, 70
ocusing on hei edible pa s; 2) assess he mobile and po en ially-mobile ac ions o 71
4
he soil ace elemen pools and he soil-plan ans e ac o s o he c ops g own he e; 72
and 3) e alua e he long- e m sus ainabili y o he adi ional soil managemen p ac ices 73
used in his egion o ma ginal o soils o low e ili y in ela ion o soil-plan ans e 74
o ino ganic pollu an s. 75
76
2. Si e desc ip ion 77
The Tha sis Mines (UTM coo dina es: X= 666,746 and Y= 4,162,779) a e 78
loca ed in one o he oldes and bes -known mining dis ic s in he Ibe ian Py i e Bel 79
(Sou h-Wes Spain), wi h a leng hy his o y o exploi a ion ha da es back o p e-Roman 80
imes (Checkland, 1967). The mos in ensi e pe iod o mining ope a ions occu ed 81
be ween he end o he 19 h cen u y and he middle o he 20 h cen u y, when py i e was 82
he main aw ma e ial used o sulphu ic acid manu ac u e by he Eu opean chemical 83
indus y. Pas mining and smel ing ac i i ies we e ca ied ou wi hou conce n o e en 84
awa eness o hei nega i e en i onmen al impac , esul ing a p esen -day landscape o 85
la ge opencas mines, was e ock piles and ailings dams ha encompass an a ea o 86
abou 350 ha (Figu e 1a). 87
Du ing mining and a e closu e, pollu an s ha e been ans e ed om he mine 88
was es o nea by soils by acid mine d ainage and/o a mosphe ic deposi ion o wind-89
blown dus . Soils and ege a ion show ele a ed ace elemen concen a ions up o 2-3 90
km away om he mining a ea (Chopin and Alloway, 2007a,b). The e a e also a numbe 91
o small holdings, none o which exceeds one hec a e in ex en , loca ed in he 92
immedia e icini y o he mine was e dumps, all a isk o con amina ion wi h me als. 93
Fi e ag icul u al plo s, close o he sul idic was e dumps o he “Filón No e” 94
open pi (Figu e 1 b, c) we e selec ed o his s udy. The allu ial soils o hese plo s a e 95
de o ed o adi ional ho icul u e, despi e he ac ha hey a e occasionally looded by 96
5
acid wa e s emana ing om nea by was e dumps and su ace mine wo kings. To co ec 97
soil acidi y, a me s ou inely amend soils wi h lime, oge he wi h egula addi ions o 98
animal manu e. These p ac ices ha e aken place o a leas 25 yea s in he in es iga ed 99
plo s, a ac es ablished by in e iews wi h each plo owne . The main c ops cul i a ed 100
by he smallholde s a e ege ables, ypically le uce (Lac uca sa i a L.), cha d (Be a 101
ulga is (L.) a . cicla K. Koch), onion (Allium is ulosum L.) and po a o (Solanum 102
ube osum L.). Some plo s also con ain ma u e Lemon ees (Ci us limon L. B um). 103
104
3. Me hodology 105
3.1 Ma e ials and me hods 106
A sui e o ege able samples, comp ising lea , bulb, ube and ui c ops, along 107
wi h hei associa ed soils we e andomly collec ed om each plo in Ap il 2008 a he 108
indica ed s age o ma u i y (Table 1). 109
Composi e soil samples we e aken o a dep h o 20 cm (Ap ho izon) om each 110
plo whe e sampled ege ables we e g owing. These we e anspo ed o he labo a o y 111
in polye hylene bags, ai d ied, disagg ega ed wi h a wooden olle , passed h ough a 2 112
mm s ainless s eel sie e, and homogenized p io o analysis. The pa icle-size 113
dis ibu ion was de e mined by a combina ion o sie ing and lase di ac ion (Mal e n 114
Mas e Size ins umen ) me hods. The pH, Eh and elec ical conduc i i y alues we e 115
measu ed wi h calib a ed glass elec odes in a 1:2.5 (w/ ) soil o wa e suspension. The 116
con en o o al o ganic ma e was de e mined by oxida ion wi h po assium dich oma e 117
in a s ong acid medium (Walkley-Black me hod), as desc ibed by Pansu and 118
Gau hey ou (2006), and he ca bona e con en was measu ed by he Be na d calcime y 119
me hod. 120
Soil mine alogy was in es iga ed in bo h bulk samples (<2 mm) and clay-size 121

6
ac ions (<2 µm) by powde X- ay di ac ion (XRD) on a B uke -AXS D8-Ad ance 122
di ac ome e , using monoch oma ic CuK adia ion a 40 kV and 30 mA. The ine 123
ac ion was sepa a ed by sedimen a ion and analyzed in o ien ed agg ega es o ai -124
d ied, e hylene glycol- ea ed and he mal- ea ed samples o clay mine al 125
iden i ica ion. Selec ed soil samples we e examined by scanning elec on mic oscopy 126
using a JEOL JSM-5410 ins umen coupled wi h an ene gy dispe si e X- ay 127
spec ome e (SEM-EDS). 128
To al concen a ions o po en ially oxic ace elemen s (As, Cu, Pb and Zn) in 129
soil samples we e de e mined by induc i ely coupled plasma-op ical emission 130
spec ome y (ICP-OES), (Jobin Y on ULTIMA 2), a e 4-acid (HF-HClO4-HNO3-131
HCl) diges ion o 0.1 g soil sample o en d ied o 24 hou s a 110 °C. Quali y con ol 132
included he use o a me hod eagen blank and se e al ce i ied e e ence ma e ials 133
(SARM-1 and SARM-4 o soil analysis) o check accu acy and p ecision o he 134
analy ical da a ( ela i e s anda d de ia ion below 10%). 135
In o de o de e mine he mos labile me al pools, an aliquo o each soil sample 136
(2 g) was subjec ed o single ex ac ions by shaking o one hou wi h deionised wa e , a 137
mild neu al sal solu ion (0.01 M CaCl2) o a complexing agen (0.05 M EDTA a pH 138
7) a a soil:solu ion a io o 1:10 (w/ ) (e.g. Houba e al. 1996; U e e al., 1996). The 139
i s wo soil ex ac solu ions we e analyzed a e cen i uga ion ( o 10 min a 4500 140
pm) by induc i ely coupled plasma mass spec ome y (ICP-MS), using a Hewle 141
Packa d 4500 ins umen wi h de ec ion limi s o 0.01 µgL-1, whils EDTA-ex ac able 142
me als we e de e mined by ICP-OES. All ace elemen concen a ions we e epo ed on 143
an o en-d y basis. 144
All plan samples (lea es, oo s, bulbs, peel and seeds) we e washed ( o 10 s 145
app oxima ely) wi h a solu ion o phospha e- ee de e gen , hen wi h a 0.1 N HCl 146
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solu ion and inally wi h dis illed wa e . Plan ma e ial was o en-d ied a 70ºC, g ound 147
and passed h ough a 500 µm s ainless s eel sie e. A 0.5 g aliquo was diges ed by we 148
oxida ion wi h concen a ed HNO3 unde p essu e in a mic owa e diges e (Jones and 149
Case, 1990). Th ee consecu i e s eps (5 min. each) o powe (250 W, 450 W and 600 150
W) we e applied, and hen hese ex ac s we e dilu ed o 50 ml olume wi h deoinised 151
wa e o 18 mΩ quali y. The analysis o ace me als in he diges s was pe o med by 152
ICP-MS. The accu acy and p ecision o he analy ical me hod we e assessed by ou ine 153
analyses o he e e ence sample CRM-279 (Sea le uce) and CS DC73350 (popla 154
lea es). Reco e y a es o e e ence plan samples we e be ween 90 and 110%. 155
156
3.2 T ea men o analy ical da a 157
Quan i a i e assessmen o o e all soil pollu ion was based on he pollu ion load 158
index (PLI), as de ined by Tomlinson e al., (1980), aking in o conside a ion he 159
concen a ion ac o (CF), which is he a io be ween each ace elemen in he soil and 160
i s backg ound alue. The PLI o each soil sample was calcula ed by de i ing he n- h 161
oo o he n ac o s (CF1xCF2xCF3x...CFn). Thus, alues o PLI close o one indica e 162
hea y me al loads nea he backg ound le el, while alues >1 indica e soil pollu ion 163
(Cab e a e al., 1999). 164
In o de o ind ou wha p opo ion o he o al soil me al concen a ion was 165
a ailable and ans e ed o di e en o gans o he ege ables g own by he 166
smallholde s, he ans e coe icien (TC) was calcula ed. This is de ined as he a io o 167
me al concen a ion in he plan , [M]plan , o he o al me al concen a ion in he soil, 168
[M]soil (Ad iano, 2001). 169
TC = [M]plan / [M] soil 170
8
The da a was s a is ically analysed using S a So S a is ica 7.0 o ecognize 171
a iables ends and g oupings. Kolmogo o -Smi no and Shapi o-Wilk‟s no mali y 172
es s we e ca ied ou o all a iables, e using he no mal dis ibu ion o almos all o 173
hem. Because he a iables equi ed a non-pa ame ic analyses, a Spea man co ela ion 174
ma ix (signi icance le el p<0.01) was ob ained, co ela ing o al ace elemen con en s 175
in soils wi h hose measu ed in soil ex ac s and plan s. 176
177
4. Resul s and discussion 178
4.1 Soil cons i uen s and p ope ies 179
The uppe pa o he soil p o ile shows a well-de eloped o ganic ho izon wi h 180
g anula s uc u e and had simila edaphic p ope ies in all he sampled soils (Table 2). 181
The soil is b own (10YR 5/3, 10YR 6/3 d y) in colou and has a sil y loam ex u e wi h 182
<10% o clay-sized pa icles. Some soil samples con ain signi ican amoun s o coa se-183
g ained componen s (g ea e han 2 mm), consis ing o sub-angula li hic agmen s o 184
he e ogeneous was e ocks and slag esidues. 185
The soil had an a e age pH alue o 7.4, and elec ical conduc i i y anged 186
be ween 0.15 and 0.95 mS cm-1, indica ing a low salini y le el in he soil solu ion. The 187
soil appea s o be well d ained and ae a ed spanning a na ow ange o posi i e Eh 188
alues (457-505 mV) ha e lec mode a ely oxidizing condi ions. 189
The soil has a high con en o o al o ganic ma e (8.1-14.9%) and ca bona es 190
(up o 14%) esul ing om he applica ion o o ganic amendmen s and lime o imp o e 191
soil e ili y and o p e en soil acidi y. 192
Soil mine als, iden i ied by XRD, we e composed o phyllosilica es (50-60%), 193
qua z (30-40%), eldspa s (5-10%), calci e (<5%) and dolomi e (<5%). The clay 194
mine al assemblage was domina ed by illi e and kaolini e, wi h mino e miculi e 195
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and/o poo ly de ined mixed-laye phases. In addi ion, SEM-EDS analysis e ealed he 196
occu ence o amo phous o poo ly c ys alline Fe oxyhyd oxides and a numbe o 197
accesso y mine als, such as ba y e, apa i e and monazi e. 198
199
4.2 To al concen a ions o ace elemen s in soil 200
The sampled soils con ained high le els o As, Cu, Pb and Zn (Table 3), 201
al hough o al concen a ions a ied, depending on he loca ion o he sampling plo 202
(Figu e 1). The highes concen a ions o ace elemen s (up o 621 mg kg-1 As, 752 mg 203
kg-1 Cu, 2395 mg kg-1 Pb, and 593 mg kg-1 Zn) we e ound in plo s 4 and 5, loca ed in 204
he immedia e icini y o he mine was es. Simila o al soil elemen concen a ions 205
ha e been epo ed o cul i a ed soils adjacen o o he abandoned mine si es in he 206
Ibe ian Py i e Bel (López e al., 2008; Fe nández-Caliani e al. 2009a). 207
The o al concen a ions o As, Cu, Pb and Zn in hese soils a e be ween one and 208
wo o de s o magni ude abo e bo h he egional geochemical baseline (Galán e al. 209
2008) and no mal le els ound in Spanish ag icul u al soils (López-A ias and G au-210
Co bí, 2005). Fu he mo e, hese alues g ea ly exceed he maximum allowable 211
concen a ions o ag icul u al soils es ablished by he Regional Go e nmen o 212
Andalusia (Aguila e al., 1999). This indica es po en ial heal h isks associa ed wi h 213
consuming edible c ops g own in hese soils. 214
The Concen a ion Fac o , CF, de ined as he a io be ween each ace elemen in 215
he soil sample and i s backg ound alue (50 h pe cen ile), was pa icula ly ele a ed o 216
As (up o 24.8), Cu (up o 23.5), and Pb (up o 63.0), indica ing soil pollu ion. The 217
lowes CF alues we e ound o Zn, al hough he a io was highe han 1 o all 218
samples. Pollu ion load indices (PLI) a each plo a e shown in Table 3. The PLI alues 219
16
onions, he high As TC in oo s, (TC= 3.03) coupled wi h he g ea ly educed ans e o 369
ae ial pa s (TC= 0.03) and bulb (TC= 0.001) would indica e ha he As accumula ed in 370
oo issues. In case o Cu and Zn, TC we e always low, wi h maximum alues ound in 371
onion oo s (TC= 0.15 o Cu and 0.18 o Zn). Simila esul s we e ound o o he 372
plan s g owing in mul i-elemen pollu ed soils by Madejón e al. (2007). The p esen 373
esul s imply ha he e is a low ans e o pollu an s om hese soils o p ima y 374
p oduce s. 375
376
5. Conclusions 377
The e a e se e al conclusions ha can be d awn om his s udy: 378
Fi s : The e is limi ed soil-plan ans e o po en ially haza dous ace elemen s (As, 379
Cu, Pb, Zn) o selec ed ege ables and ui cul i a ed on a mine-pollu ed soil. One 380
eason may be he cu en managemen p ac ices employed on he ag icul u al small 381
holdings unde in es iga ion such as egula inpu s o o ganic ma e and lime o 382
main ain soil pH close o neu ali y. 383
Second: The ege ables in es iga ed a e ypical o hose g own in his egion, and no 384
edible pa showed elemen accumula ion ha could be conside ed as a signi ican isk 385
o human heal h, based on s a u o y limi s o ood c ops. The ege ables showed 386
di e en pa e ns o ace elemen accumula ion: highes concen a ions in non-edible 387
pa s o onions and lowes concen a ions in po a oes ube s. 388
Thi d: The da a om his su ey is a clea illus a ion o he use o simple, ou ine 389
ag onomic p ocedu es as a means o a) cul i a ing c ops on po en ially phy o oxic soils 390
and b) educing he concen a ions o po en ially oxic elemen s (As, Pb) in hei edible 391
issues. Rou ine applica ion o a combina ion o li es ock manu e and ag icul u al lime 392
has c ea ed a soil en i onmen whe e he labile pools o As and Pb a e e y low, in 393

17
con as o he e y ele a ed o al con en o hese elemen s in he soil. In addi ion, his 394
ea men has egula ed plan up ake o bo h Cu and Zn, educing po en ial phy o oxici y 395
whils s ill p o iding a sou ce o ace concen a ions o bo h mic onu ien s o main ain 396
no mal g ow h. The ad hoc ea men s applied by he smallholde s appea o ha e 397
success ully con ibu ed o he sa e use o he pollu ed soils whe e i can sus ain c op 398
p oduc ion o e an ex ended pe iod o ime. The e a e clea lessons o u u e 399
de elopmen o ield scale emedia ion o soils wi h mixed me al/me alloid pollu ion 400
om he success ul and sus ainable ou come o he „in si u‟ ea men s applied o hese 401
highly pollu ed soils by he smallholde s who use adi ional p ac ices o a m hese 402
si es. Howe e i is impo an o conside ha he success ob ained in his case canno 403
be gene ally ex ended o o he si ua ions whe e soil and clima e condi ions, as well as 404
ype o c op species, a e di e en . 405
406
Re e ences 407
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Bioa ailabili y, and Risks o Me als, second ed. Sp inge , New Yo k. 409
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es ánda es pa a decla a un suelo con aminado en Andalucía y la me odología y écnica 411
de oma de mues as y análisis pa a su in es igación. In es igación y desa llo en 412
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Alan, M.G.M., Tokunaga, S., Maekawa, T., 2003. A senic and hea y me al 414
con amina ion o ege ables g own in Sam a illage, Bangladesh. Sci. To al En i on. 415
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Alloway, B.J., 1995. Hea y me als in Soils, second ed. Blackie Academic & 417
P o essional, London. 418
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Ba ba-B ioso, C., Sánchez, E., Fe nández-Caliani, J.C., 2007. E ec os del d enaje 419
ácido de minas sob e la composición química y mine alógica de suelos ag ícolas: una 420
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de la Ciencia del Suelo. Se illa, pp. 194-200. 422
Cab e a, F., Clemen e, L., Díaz Ba ien os, E., López, R., Mu illo, J.M., 1999. 423
Hea y me al pollu ion o soils a ec ed by he Guadiama oxic lood. Sci. To al 424
En i on. 242, 117-129. 425
Chaney, R.L., 1980. Heal h isks associa ed wi h oxic me als in municipal sludge, 426
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Risks o Land Applica ion.:Ann A bo Sci Publ, USA, pp. 59-83. 428
Checkland, S.G., 1967. The Mines o Tha sis. Roman, F ench and B i ish 429
en e p ise in Spain. Allen & Unwin, London. 430
Chojnacka, K., Chojnacki, A., Gó ecka, H., Gó ecki, H. 2005. Bioa ailabili y o 431
hea y me als om pollu ed soils o plan s. Sci. To al En i on. 337, 175-182. 432
Chopin, E.I.B., Alloway, B.J., 2007a. T ace elemen pa i ioning and soil pa icle 433
cha ac e isa ion a ound mining and smel ing a eas a Tha sis, Río in o and Huela a, SW 434
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Chopin, E.I.B., Alloway, B.J., 2007b. Dis ibu ion and mobili y o ace elemen s in 436
soils and ege a ion a ound he mining and smel ing a eas o Tha sis, Río in o and 437
Huel a, Ibe ian Py i e Bel , SW Spain. Wa e Ai Soil Pollu . 182, 245-261. 438
Dahal, B.H., Fue hache , M., Men le , A., Ka ki, K.B., Sh es ha, R.R., Blum, 439
W.E.H., 2008. A senic con amina ion o soils and ag icul u al plan s h ough i iga ion 440
wa e in Nepal. En i on. Pollu . 155, 157-163. 441
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Bo anica Nee landica 41, 229-248. 443
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FAO. 1985. Wa e quali y guidelines o maximum c op p oduc ion. Food and 444
Ag icul u e O ganiza ion/UN. 445
Fe nández-Caliani, J.C., Ba ba-B ioso, C., González, I., Galán, E., 2009a Hea y 446
me al pollu ion in soils a ound he abandoned mine si es o he Ibe ian Py i e Bel 447
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537
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FIGURE AND TABLE CAPTIONS 538
Figu e 1. Pano amic iew (a) o he Tha sis mining a ea (pho o cou esy: E. Rome o) 539
showing he loca ion o he ag icul u al plo s selec ed o his s udy (b,c). 540
Figu e 2. Pe cen ages o elemen s ex ac ed wi h (a) deionised wa e , (b) CaCl2, and (c) 541
EDTA in soil g owing young onion (C1, C3, C4, C5), ipe onion (C2), le uce (L1, L2, 542
L3), cha d (A1, A2, A3), lemon (S5), and po a o (S12). 543
Figu e 3. Dis ibu ion o ace elemen s (mean alues in mg kg-1) in di e en pa s o 544
he onion. 545
Figu e 4. Dis ibu ion o ace elemen s (mean alues in mg kg-1) in di e en pa s o 546
he le uce. 547
Figu e 5. Dis ibu ion o ace elemen s (mean alues in mg kg-1) in di e en pa s o 548
he lemon ee. 549
550
Table 1. Plan species, analyzed o gans (numbe o samples in b acke s) and hei 551
associa ed soil samples. 552
Table 2. Physico-chemical pa ame e s o he soils whe e ege ables a e cul i a ed. 553
Table 3. Mean and s anda d de ia ion o he o al ace elemen concen a ions and 554
pollu ion load index (PLI) and ace elemen s ex ac ed wi h deionized wa e , CaCl2 and 555
EDTA. All alues a e exp essed in mg kg-1. Numbe o samples (n) appea s in b acke s 556
Table 4. T ace elemen con en (mean and ange alues in mg kg-1) in di e en o gans 557
o ege ables g owing in he ag icul u al plo s. 558
Table 5. T ans e coe icien s (TC) o As, Cu, Pb and Zn in he di e en o gans o he 559
s udied ege ables. 560
1
Figu e
2
Figu e 2
4
Table 4. T ace elemen s con en s (mean and ange alues) in di e en o gans o ege ables g owing in he ag icul u al plo s
unde s udy.
*
* Possible backg ound alues compiled by Kaba a-Pendias and Mukhe jee (2007); **Sze e and N iagu, (2007); *** Da is and Whi e (1981)
Plan species
O gan
As
Cu
Pb
Zn
Ripe Onion (n=6)
Lea es
7.14 (0.75-15.2)
12.1 (3.5-31.4)
0.65 (0.10-1.92)
14.1 (12.8-16.2)
Bulbs
0.31 (0.1-1.2)
4.15 (2.9-5.0)
0.33 (0.1-0.83)
23.9 (14.9-29.1)
Roo s
627 (267-905)
53.3 (39.5-80.5)
44.5 (35.9-51.8)
82.0 (43.2-135)
Onion bulbs*
-
4.0-6.0
1.1-2.0
22-32
Young Onion (n=6)
Lea es
9.56 (0.10-15.2)
20.4 (14.1-20.5)
3.44 (0.1-8.8)
24 (19.2-28.0)
Bulbs
8.81 (1.95-23.5)
13.3 (9.0-18.0)
2.65 (3.01-8.3)
62.4 (34.9-101)
Le uce (plo 1, n=3)
Lea es
1.00 (0.86-1.1)
13.5 (13.3-13.6)
0.76 (0.75-0.77)
64 (61.6-66.0)
Le uce (plo 2, n=3)
Lea es
0.93 (0.2-1.6)
9.48 (7.6-11.7)
0.45 (0.35-0.65)
49 (37.6-60.3)
Le uce lea es*
-
6.0-8.0
0.7-3.6
44-73
Cha d (plo 1, n=3)
Lea es
0.45 (0.20-0.70)
14.8 (13.6-15.9)
0.90 (0.75-1.1)
43.9 (41.4-46.4)
Cha d (plo 2, n=3)
Lea es
1.07 (0.77-1.30)
18.4 (16.0-19.9)
1.50 (1.2-1.76)
79.8 (54.2-110)
Po a o (n=5)
Peel
0.1
11.5 (8.9-12.6)
0.1
21.1 (19.2-24.0)
Tube
0.1
10.3 (8.2-12.0)
0.1
25.0 (20.8-28.8)
Po a o ube s*
-
3.0-6.6
0.5
10-26
No mal le els in ege ables**
0.0001-0.46
0.04-2.4
0.0004-0.8
0.5-118
S a u o y limi s***
1.00
-
1.00

5
Table 5. T ans e coe icien s (TC) o As, Cu, Pb and Zn a he di e en o gans o he s udied ege ables.
Vege able
o gan
As
Cu
Pb
Zn
Ripe onion
Lea es (n=6)
0.034
0.034
0.001
0.03
Bulbs (n=6)
0.001
0.011
0.0004
0.05
Roo s (n=3)
3.03
0.150
0.052
0.18
Young onion
Lea es (n=7)
0.020
0.03
0.002
0.04
Bulbs (n=7)
0.017
0.02
0.001
0.11
Le uce
Lea es (n=6)
0.003
0.03
0.0005
0.13
Cha d
Lea es (n=6)
0.003
0.04
0.001
0.14
Lemon
Lea es (n=3)
0.003
0.015
0.0007
0.03
Pulp (n=3)
0.0002
0.010
0.0001
0.02
Peel (n=3)
0.0002
0.005
0.0002
0.01
Seed (n=3)
0.0002
0.014
0.00005
0.04
Po a o
Peel (n=5)
0.0002
0.015
0.00004
0.035
Tube (n=5)
0.0002
0.014
0.00004
0.04