A chaeo auna 16 (2007): 169-178
The Signa u e o a Blacksmi h on a D omeda y Bone
om Islamic Se ille (Spain)
MARTA MORENO-GARCÍA1,CARLOS M. PIMENTA1,
PEDRO M. LÓPEZ ALDANA2&ANA PAJUELO PANDO2
1Labo a ó io de A queozoologia, IGESPAR.
A . da Índia 136, 1300-300 Lisboa, Po ugal.
2Depa amen o de P ehis o ia y A queología, Uni e sidad de Se illa.
C/ Doña Ma ía de Padilla, s/n, 41004 Se illa, España.
(Recei ed June 25, 2007;Re ised July 9, 2007;Accep ed July 10, 2007)
ABSTRACT: A e iew o he a chaeological and e hnog aphical li e a u e has shown ha bone
an ils we e no only manu ac u ed in di e en geog aphical egions, ex ending om Uk aine o
he Ibe ian Peninsula and no he n A ica bu also ha hey ha e been in use om he
Hellenis ic pe iod un il oday. Al hough ca le and equid me apodials appea o be he p e e ed
bones, o he pa s o he skele on such as mandibles, hume i, adii, pel es, emo a and ibiae
we e employed oo. He e we p esen a bone an il ashioned om a d omeda y (Camelus d om-
eda ius) igh adius-ulna eco e ed om an u ban exca a ion in he ci y o Se ille (Spain),
da ed o he Tai a-Almo a id Moslem pe iod (11 h-12 h-cen u ies). Besides i being he i s
a chaeological bone an il o his animal species i cons i u es a new eco d o add o he sca ce
numbe o camelid emains in he Ibe ian Peninsula. De ailed obse a ion o i s wo ked su ace
and e hnog aphic in o ma ion allow us o unde s and how he medie al blacksmi h used his
an il.
KEYWORDS: DROMEDARY, BONE ANVIL, AL-ANDALUS, BLACKSMITHS
RESUMEN: La e isión bibliog á ica de abajos a queológicos y e nog á icos mues a como
los yunques de hueso no sólo ue on manu ac u ados en di e en es egiones geog á icas, desde
Uc ania has a la Península Ibé ica y el no e de Á ica, sino que ambién ue on u ilizados desde
el pe íodo Helenís ico has a nues os días. Aunque los me ápodos de bó idos y équidos pa ecen
se los huesos p e e idos, o os elemen os ana ómicos como mandíbulas, húme os, adios,
pel is, ému es y ibias, ue on ambién u ilizados. En es e a ículo p esen amos un yunque
elabo ado a pa i del adio-ulna de echo de un d omeda io (Camelus d omeda ius), ecupe a-
do en una exca ación u bana en Se illa (España), da ado de época Tai a-Almo á ide (siglos XI-
XII). Además de se el p ime egis o a queológico de yunque óseo de es a especie, cons i uye
un nue o es o a añadi al escaso núme o de ejempla es de camélido exis en e en la Península
Ibé ica. La obse ación de allada de la supe icie abajada y la in o mación e nog á ica
disponible nos pe mi ie on comp ende como el he e o medie al u ilizó es e hueso.
PALABRAS CLAVE: DROMEDARIO, YUNQUE ÓSEO, AL-ANDALUS, HERREROS.
BONE ANVILS: THE STATE OF THE ART
Du ing he las decades o he 20 h-cen u y,
a chaeologis s wo king in sou h-eas F ance, he
Ibe ian Peninsula, no he n Mo occo and Uk aine
ha e unco e ed a pa icula kind o bone objec
ashioned p ima ily om ca le and ho se me apo-
dials. They p esen one o se e al aces o he dia-
physis whi led down and smoo hed in such a way
ha hei o iginal con exi y has been ans o med
in o la and conca e su aces and hei c oss sec-
ion has become quad angula .In addi ion, hey
ea u e pa allel ows o iny iangula -shaped
inden a ions ac oss he longi udinal axis o he dia-
physis and mul iple ine sc a ched ma ks o e and
unde nea h hem (Figu e 1). Fo a long ime hei
unc ion was by no means ce ain. While many
we e simply desc ibed as deco a ed bones
(Moline o-Pé ez, 1971; Julià e al., 1992; Zapa e
Baselga, 1995; A nau Bas ei o, 1997; Cebolla e
al., 1997; Cas illo e al., 1999; An oñanzas e al.,
2000) amule s o bone idols (Se ão, 1978; Sá
Coixão, 1996) o e en a che ’s w is -gua ds
(Zozaya, 1995), o he s we e in e p e ed as unc-
170 M. MORENO-GARCÍA, C. M. PIMENTA, P. M. LÓPEZ ALDANA & A. PAJUELO PANDO
A chaeo auna 16 (2007): 169-178
FIGURE 1
Le ca le me aca pal om Beco de São Ma çal (Lisbon, Po ugal), 14 h-15 h-cen u ies. An e io and pos e io aces ha e been whi led
down and ashioned as a bone an il. De ail o he ows o inden a ions made by he poin chisel. Pho o: J.P. Ruas.
ional objec s used as polishe s, iles o sha pene s
(Se ão, 1978; Pe e s, 1986; B iois e al., 1995;
Ca doso & Va ela Gomes, 1996; Rode -Bela bi e
al., 2002; Ge a d, 2003) ollowing he wo k ca -
ied ou by Semeno (1964) on samples om
G aeco-Scy hian colonies a ound he Black Sea.
In his book «P ehis o ic Technology», his
au ho e e s o he occu ence o «long bones o ox
and ho se ound by he Olbia Expedi ion o 1947 in
laye s o he Hellenis ic pe iod»(p.186) ha
showed he ea u es desc ibed abo e. Based on an
expe imen al s udy, he concluded ha hese bones
could be « ega ded as ools o he seconda y
wo king o s one, ha is o he g inding and shap-
ing o a chi ec u al de ails and all kinds o small
su aces»(p. 189) and no as o namen al o cul
objec s. «The sc a ches unning o e he su ace o
he diaphysis we ep oduced by la ge g ains o sil-
ica sand used as an ab asi e agen wi h bone
asps». The ans e sally aligned small « iangula
holes we e designed o ecei e and con ain o a
pe iod he sand sp inkled on he su ace o he
ma e ial being wo ked»…. «Cu ing he holes was
p obably done wi h a claw chisel, well known o
Classical masons. The cu ing was no done jus
once, bu had o be epea ed as he holes we e wo n
o by a i ion»(p. 188). The bone was held wi h
bo h hands g ipping bo h he p oximal and dis al
epiphyses and mo ed back and o h agains he
su ace o be smoo hed (Semeno , 1964). In spi e
o all hese deduc ions, Semeno no ed in he In o-
duc ion o his book ha «such peculia ins umen s
as he bone asps om Olbia demand esea ch o e
along pe iod o ime. E en a e a co ec iden i i-
ca ion o unc ion, he ewill s ill emain a numbe
o unexplained de ails»(p. 6).
The hypo hesis ha hese bones we e ela ed o
an a isan’s ac i i y gained suppo a e nea ly
200 samples we e unco e ed a al-Bas a (no he n
Mo occo) om deposi s associa ed wi h me al
p oduc ion, whe e la ge quan i ies o me al slag
and cha coal, along wi h possible smel ing pi s and
u nace emains, we e ound (Benco e al., 2002).
Thus, hese bones displayed i on pa icles and
g ains o silica inside he iangula inden a ions
sugges ing ha hey we e employed in smoo hing
o bu nishing me al (Benco e al., 2002).
Making use o e hnog aphic in o ma ion om
Ca alonia (Spain) Es eban-Nadal (2003) managed
o e eal he ue unc ion o hese bone a e ac s.
They we e used by blacksmi hs as an ils o ancho
he blade o an i on sickle while i was being cu
wi h a wedge-shaped poin chisel o make a se a -
ed edge. Addi ional e hnog aphic e idence om
o he egions in Spain (Agui e e al., 2004) and
Po ugal (Veiga de Oli ei a e al., 1976; Mo eno-
Ga cía e al., 2006b) a es o he su i al o his
p ac ice in he Ibe ian Peninsula un il he end o
he 20 h-cen u y.
The whole p ocess is desc ibed in de ail in
Es eban-Nadal & Ca bonell-Rou e (2004) and can
be summa ised as ollows. A e choosing a d y
bone, he blacksmi h iles down he diaphysis o
c ea e a la wo king su ace. Then wi h a wa e -
g inds one emo es he g oo es p oduced by he
i on ile. The bone an il is hen eady o use.
A e cooling down, he empe ed blade o he
sickle is placed on op o i . The blacksmi h p o-
ceeds o cu he ee h wi h he help o a hamme
and a wedge-shaped poin chisel (Figu e 2). The
succession o impac s p oduces a line o close V-
shaped ma ks simila o hose obse ed on he
bone su ace o he a chaeological samples. As he
smi h chisels he blade, he mo es i ac oss he
an il, esul ing in pa allel ows o inden a ions.
Once he diaphysis is used up, i needs o be p e-
pa ed again. Thus, i is iled down once mo e and
polished wi h he wa e -g inds one. These consec-
u i e ac ions a e esponsible o he supe imposed
sc a ches isible on he su ace. As he bone an il
is e-used p e ious ma kings a e e ased and he
wo king su ace becomes hinne un il i is no
longe usable o b eaks as a esul o he p essu e
o which i is subjec ed.
Ou esea ch wi h a chaeological bone an ils
om he Ibe ian Peninsula has shown hei long
ch onological dis ibu ion ha ex ends om he
Visigo hic pe iod (5 h-8 h-cen u ies AD) un il he
20 h-cen u y,wi h a special concen a ion o inds
om si es da ed o he Islamic pe iod (Mo eno-
Ga cía e al., 2005; Mo eno-Ga cía e al., 2006a;
Mo eno-Ga cía e al.2006b). Also, i has been
possible o e i y ha con a y o he s anda disa-
ion owa ds he exclusi e use o me apodials ha
he e seem o ha e aken place in mo e ecen
imes (Es eban-Nadal, 2005), ea lie blacksmi hs
used a a ie y o bones such as mandibles, hume i,
adii, me aca pals, emo a, ibiae and me a a sals.
Ce ainly, hose a e bones ha no only p o ide
long-las ing wo king su aces, since hei diaphy-
ses a e hicke and mo e obus han hose o any
o he long bone, bu also ha can be easily la -
ened and smoo hed. Finally,as a as species ep-
esen a ion is conce ned, i is clea ha in Ibe ia as
well as in he o he geog aphical egions men-
THE SIGNATURE OF A BLACKSMITH ON A DROMEDARY BONE FROM ISLAMIC SEVILLE (SPAIN) 171
A chaeo auna 16 (2007): 169-178
ioned abo e, he use o ca le bones domina es in
ela ion o hose o equids (Table 1), sugges ing ha hose we e easie o ob ain and maybe mo e
abundan oo.
In his pape ,we desc ibe a bone an il eco -
e ed om Se ille (Spain) da ed o he 11 h-12 h-cen-
u ies AD ha was ashioned om he igh adius-
ulna o a d omeda y (Camelus d omeda ius). No
only does i ep esen he i s a chaeological an il
manu ac u ed om his animal species bu also i
cons i u es a new eco d o add o he sca ce num-
be o d omeda y emains ha ha e so a been eg-
is e ed in he Ibe ian Peninsula (Table 2; Ca doso,
1992; Riquelme-Can al, 1993; Mo ales-Muñiz e
al., 1995; Riquelme-Can al, 1995; Riquelme- Can-
al e al., 1997; Fe nández-Rod íguez 2003). In
addi ion, i is e idenced ha besides hei powe ,
mea , milk and skin, he d omeda y’s bones we e
conside ed a use ul aw ma e ial ha was no dis-
ca ded by medie al Ibe ian a isans.
172 M. MORENO-GARCÍA, C. M. PIMENTA, P. M. LÓPEZ ALDANA & A. PAJUELO PANDO
A chaeo auna 16 (2007): 169-178
FIGURE 2
Blacksmi h on his bench cu ing he ee h o a se a ed sickle. De ail o he edge o he me al sickle whe e i is clea ly isible how each
oo h co esponds wi h a V-shaped inden a ion on he bone an il. No e ha he sickle is posi ioned ans e sally o he bone. D awing
by J. Ma í and R. Sala.
THE FIND: A DROMEDARY BONE ANVIL
A chaeological con ex
A chaeological exca a ions we e conduc ed by
one o us (P.L.A.) in C/ San Luís nº 93, nex o Plaza
del Puma ejo, Se ille (Spain) be ween Ap il and
July 2004. The si e is loca ed 100 m away om he
wall o he ci y in an a ea known as he His o ical
Cen e o Se ille. Howe e , hese qua e s we e a
ma ginal occupa ional zone un il he cons uc ion o
he wall in he 12 h-cen u y. Thei se le s we e
THE SIGNATURE OF A BLACKSMITH ON A DROMEDARY BONE FROM ISLAMIC SEVILLE (SPAIN) 173
A chaeo auna 16 (2007): 169-178
TABLE 1
Bone elemen s and species on which bone an ils ha e been manu ac u ed in di e en coun ies. All ch onological pe iods a e sum-
ma ised oge he . * Specimen iden i ied as Equus asinus (Mo eno-Ga cía e al., 2006). 1Unpublished da a (E. An ipina pe s. comm.).
2Unpublished da a (L. Ba osiewicz pe s. comm.).

engaged in ag icul u e and animal husband y ac i i-
ies, being he supplie s o he ci y.
The d omeda y bone an il agmen was eco -
e ed om a pi (U.E. 111), exca a ed abo e he
na u al le els o he Guadalqui i i e e aces. I
o ms pa o a complex o egula shape pi s o
di e en sizes (be ween 60 cm and 120 cm deep),
illed wi h abundan aunal emains (cu en ly
unde s udy by A.P.P.) and agmen s o s o age,
cooking and ablewa e po e y essels ha allowed
us o da e he bone an il o he Tai a-Almo a id
Moslem pe iod.
Desc ip ion
The bone an il is he medial side o he p oxi-
mal diaphysis o Camelus d omeda ius igh
adius-ulna, om an adul indi idual. I is 287mm
long and is gene ally well p ese ed, al hough i
appea s longi udinally spli along he diaphysis
and shows ecen b eakage a wo poin s on he
caudal ace (Figu e 3). To he naked eye i is e i-
den ha his ace has been pa ially whi led
down. Thus, he con ex su ace o he ulna and he
uppe pa o he adius diaphysis has become la .
In addi ion, egula hin sc a ch lines unning
ans e sally ac oss he diaphysis a e clea ly isi-
ble unde he mic oscope. Twen y-eigh semi-pa -
allel and oblique ows o iny V-shaped inden a-
ions a e isible ac oss his a ea while ain e ones,
due o sc a ching o e hem, a e e iden a bo h
ends o he whi led su ace. The c anial ace o
he adius has also been pa ially la ened bu no
chisel ma ks occu . In an a emp o c ea e a la
suppo ing su ace he p oximal a icula ion was
udely chopped o .
Obse a ions
Taking in o accoun ha only he uppe po ion
o he pos e io diaphysis was whi led down and
174 M. MORENO-GARCÍA, C. M. PIMENTA, P. M. LÓPEZ ALDANA & A. PAJUELO PANDO
A chaeo auna 16 (2007): 169-178
TABLE 2
Roman and Islamic Ibe ian si es whe e d omeda y bones ha e been eco e ed. * Mo ales-Muñiz e al.(1995); 1Fe nández-Rod íguez
(2003); 2Ca doso (1992); 3unpublished; 4Riquelme-Can al (1995).
co e ed wi h he chisel poin ma ks, i can be con-
cluded ha he whole bone su ace was no being
used as an an il. The easons o his a e p obably
wo old: he posi ion o he an il on he black-
smi h bench and he leng h o a d omeda y adius.
The e hnog aphic obse a ions eco ded by Veiga
de Oli ei a e al.(1976), Es eban-Nadal (2003)
and Agui e e al.(2004) show ha in all cases he
bone an il is ancho ed o he wo king bench
acco ding o i s longi udinal axis (Figu e 2). Thus,
he blade o he sickle is placed ans e sally
ac oss he uppe su ace o he bone and i is suc-
cessi ely mo ed back owa ds he ope a o e e y
ime a line o inden a ions has been comple ed,
p oducing he sequence o pa allel ows ha ends
up co e ing he whole su ace o he an il.
The o al leng hs o wo d omeda y adii p e-
sen in he IGESPAR A chaeozoology Lab e e -
ence collec ion a e 470 mm and 530 mm, espec-
i ely. As shown in Figu e 3, he a chaeological
bone an il om Se ille would ha e been ash-
ioned om an animal o simila size o he i s
one. This means ha i he blacksmi h was going
o s a cu ing he ee h o he sickle blade om
he op end o he adius, he would ha e had o
wo k wi h bo h his a ms o ally s e ched. No only
would i ha e been uncom o able bu also imp ac-
icable. In ac , he whi led su ace o he pos e i-
o ace is a ound 15 cm long, which co esponds
app oxima ely wi h he a e age size o he wo k-
ing su ace a ailable on diaphyses o ca le and
equid me apodials. The e o e, i appea s ha only
he p oximal hal o he adius diaphysis was p e-
pa ed on bo h i s pos e io and an e io aces o be
used as an an il.
Ca e ul obse a ion o he dis al end o his
bone agmen shows ha i was chopped o a
his poin . When did his happen? Was his done
THE SIGNATURE OF A BLACKSMITH ON A DROMEDARY BONE FROM ISLAMIC SEVILLE (SPAIN) 175
A chaeo auna 16 (2007): 169-178
FIGURE 3
Bone an il ashioned om a igh d omeda y (Camelus d omeda ius) adius-ulna om Se ille (Spain), Tai a-Almo a id pe iod (11 h-
12 h-cen u ies). On he igh , comple e igh d omeda y adius-ulna om he IGESPAR A chaeozoology Lab e e ence collec ion (CIPA
nº 1784). De ail o he pos e io su ace and he ows o V-shaped inden a ions. Pho o: J.P. Ruas.
wi h he in en ion o sho ening he bone o ash-
ion he an il? Was i al eady bu che ed when i
eached he blacksmi h? O was i cu a e dis-
ca ding he an il? These ques ions a e di icul o
answe . Mo ales-Muñiz e al.(1995) no e ha he
wo adius agmen s eco e ed om Almohad
le els in he exca a ion o San Miguel s ee ,
Guadix (G anada, Spain) exhibi saw-ma ks, hin -
ing a some indus ial ac i i y. Thus, as a wo king
hypo hesis i may be sugges ed ha he chop
ma ks isible on he adius om Se ille we e no
p oduced a e h owing away he an il, bu mos
p obably we e in en ionally done in he p ocess o
manipula ing his obus bone o make use o i .
A la ge numbe o bone an ils eco ded in he
bibliog aphy and analysed by us (Mo eno-Ga cía
e al., 2005; Mo eno-Ga cía e al., 2006a; Mo eno-
Ga cía e al., 2006b) co espond o agmen s o
diaphysis, p oximal o dis al hal es o long bones
ha esul a e exhaus i e use o he an il. Whi -
ling down he su ace e e y ime i is co e ed by
ows o inden a ions diminishes he hickness o
he co ical bone, inc easing i s agili y so ha i
e en ually b eaks unde he p essu e o new chisel
poin impac s (Figu e 1). Tha does no seem o
ha e occu ed o he bone an il om Se ille. The
longi udinal ac u e along he diaphysis e eals a
hick laye o co ical bone on bo h i s an e io and
pos e io aces so i could ha e con inued o se e
as an an il o qui e some ime.
A CULTURAL PRACTICE STILL IN USE
Thanks o con ac s es ablished wi h o he
esea che s in e es ed in bone an ils, we managed
o know ha in he ci y o Béja, no h-wes o
Tunis, in he oo hills o Djebel Acheul, a F ench
eam o e hno-a chaeologis s eco ded he p oduc-
ion o a bone an il ashioned om a d omeda y
me a a sal by he local blacksmi h in he summe
2005 ( ig. 5 in Rode -Bela bi e al., 2007). Hence,
his a es s no only o he su i al o bone an ils
in u al economies oday whe e se a ed sickles
a e s ill in use bu also o he p e e ence o obus
bones such as hose o he legs o d omeda ies
(whe e he species occu s) o manu ac u e hem.
In se e al in e iews conduc ed wi h old black-
smi hs in T ás-os-Mon es, No he n Po ugal, we
we e in o med ha he mos alued quali y in a
bone o i s use as an an il was i s oughness. Fo
ha eason, me apodials om ma u e bulls, cows,
ho ses and asses we e always a ou ed by local
a isans. These we e animals highly p iced o
hei powe be o e mechaniza ion o ag icul u e
occu ed in u al Ibe ia in he mid 20 h-cen u y.
Thei bones we e eadily a ailable a e hei
wo king li es had inished and hey we e culled o
died na u ally.
I is no su p ising ha in egions such as no h-
e n A ica, whe e d omeda ies a e common ani-
mals used o anspo a ion, hei bones a e no
conside ed a was e esou ce bu a e u ilised as aw
ma e ial o a e ac o ool making. Since adi-
ional cul i a ion echniques a e s ill p ac iced in
his geog aphical a ea mo e bone an ils, no only
ashioned om d omeda y bones bu om he
mos common domes ica es (i.e., ca le and
equids), will su ely u n up. Thus, e hnog aphical
esea ch among hese adi ional u al communi-
ies appea s o be a p io i y be o e ancien echno-
logical solu ions a e los o e e .
NEW THOUGHTS ON IBERIAN DROME-
DARY REMAINS
D omeda y bones eco e ed om Ibe ian
Islamic si es appea o be less common han hose
ound om he Roman pe iod. Fu he , hei geo-
g aphical dis ibu ion is concen a ed in Andalu-
sian u ban cen es (Table 2). Acco ding o
Mo ales-Muñiz e al.(1995: 373) he cu ma ks
and aces o i e hey show may indica e egula
use o d omeda y mea du ing his pe iod, in con-
as o wha is eco ded on Roman si es. Howe -
e , since Andalusian culina y ea ises conside
d omeda y mea among he oughes (Díaz-Ga cía,
1973) hey p opose i s consump ion «could ha e
had i ual conno a ions in a i ming he Muslim
condi ion o Andalusians»(Mo ales-Muñiz e al.,
1995: 373).
The bone an il om Se ille indica es ha pe -
haps some o he bu che y ma ks displayed in
hose emains om G anada and Guadix (Table 2)
a e no exclusi ely ela ed o mea consump ion
bu o bone use. E en nowadays i is possible o
ind a a ie y o objec s om necklaces (Ayalon &
So ek, 1999) o ca ed pieces such as chess igu es
and dice (Ch is ian Küchelmann pe s. comm.)
made om pieces o camel bone ha a e on sale in
coun ies whe e d omeda ies and Bac ian camels
176 M. MORENO-GARCÍA, C. M. PIMENTA, P. M. LÓPEZ ALDANA & A. PAJUELO PANDO
A chaeo auna 16 (2007): 169-178
exis . The ans o ma ion hey ha e su e ed p e-
en s in many cases i s s aigh iden i ica ion.
C a ac i i ies we e la gely de eloped in
medie al al-Andalus so i is o be expec ed ha
a isans made use o d omeda y bones whene e
a ailable. No only i s size bu i s quali ies o
ca ing we e no doub app ecia ed. P esumably, as
he numbe o Islamic si es exca a ed in Ibe ia
imp o es so will he eco d o d omeda y emains.
Faunal assemblages om ubbish deposi s loca ed
in ‘indus ial’ qua e s o u ban cen es dese e
special a en ion. I will be he e ha disca ded
emains om di e en c a s will e idence he
comp ehensi e use o all so s o animal bones
made by local a isans, e en by ac i i ies so un e-
la ed o his ma e ial as ha o blacksmi hs!
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We a e e y g a e ul o Eka e ina An ipina
(Ins i u e o A chaeology o Russian Academy o
Sciences) o sha ing wi h us da a on old and
ecen unpublished bone an ils om Uk aine and
o Milena S anche a (Veliko Tu no o Uni e si y,
Bulga ia) o sending us Russian e e ences.
Isabelle Rode -Bela bi and Mon se a Es eban
Nadal a e acknowledged o sha ing wi h us hei
wo k on bone an ils in F ance and Spain. Thanks
o José An onio Riquelme (Uni e si y o G anada,
Spain) and Laszlo Ba osiewicz (Ins i u e o
A chaeological Sciences, Budapes , Hunga y) o
e e ences o unpublished ma e ial and o Ca los
Fe nández Rod íguez (Uni e si y o León, Spain)
o in o ma ion on he d omeda y bones om
As o ga (León). Finally, we a e hank ul o E an
Ayalon (E e z Is ael Museum, Tel A i ), Alice
Choyke (Aquincum Museum, Hunga y) and
Ch is ian Küchelmann (Knochena bei , Ge many)
o p o iding use ul in o ma ion on wo ked camel
bones. Simon Da is is acknowledged o co ec -
ing he English.
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THE SIGNATURE OF A BLACKSMITH ON A DROMEDARY BONE FROM ISLAMIC SEVILLE (SPAIN) 177
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