The Signature of a Blacksmith on a Dromedary Bonefrom Islamic Seville (Spain)

A chaeo auna 16 (2007): 169-178 The Signa u e o a Blacksmi h on a D omeda y Bone om Islamic Se ille (Spain) MARTA MORENO-GARCÍA1,CARLOS M. PIMENTA1, PEDRO M. LÓPEZ ALDANA2&ANA PAJUELO PANDO2 1Labo a ó io de A queozoologia, IGESPAR. A . da Índia 136, 1300-300 Lisboa, Po ugal. 2Depa amen o de P ehis o ia y A queología, Uni e sidad de Se illa. C/ Doña Ma ía de Padilla, s/n, 41004 Se illa, España. (Recei ed June 25, 2007;Re ised July 9, 2007;Accep ed July 10, 2007) ABSTRACT: A e iew o he a chaeological and e hnog aphical li e a u e has shown ha bone an ils we e no only manu ac u ed in di e en geog aphical egions, ex ending om Uk aine o he Ibe ian Peninsula and no he n A ica bu also ha hey ha e been in use om he Hellenis ic pe iod un il oday. Al hough ca le and equid me apodials appea o be he p e e ed bones, o he pa s o he skele on such as mandibles, hume i, adii, pel es, emo a and ibiae we e employed oo. He e we p esen a bone an il ashioned om a d omeda y (Camelus d om- eda ius) igh adius-ulna eco e ed om an u ban exca a ion in he ci y o Se ille (Spain), da ed o he Tai a-Almo a id Moslem pe iod (11 h-12 h-cen u ies). Besides i being he i s a chaeological bone an il o his animal species i cons i u es a new eco d o add o he sca ce numbe o camelid emains in he Ibe ian Peninsula. De ailed obse a ion o i s wo ked su ace and e hnog aphic in o ma ion allow us o unde s and how he medie al blacksmi h used his an il. KEYWORDS: DROMEDARY, BONE ANVIL, AL-ANDALUS, BLACKSMITHS RESUMEN: La e isión bibliog á ica de abajos a queológicos y e nog á icos mues a como los yunques de hueso no sólo ue on manu ac u ados en di e en es egiones geog á icas, desde Uc ania has a la Península Ibé ica y el no e de Á ica, sino que ambién ue on u ilizados desde el pe íodo Helenís ico has a nues os días. Aunque los me ápodos de bó idos y équidos pa ecen se los huesos p e e idos, o os elemen os ana ómicos como mandíbulas, húme os, adios, pel is, ému es y ibias, ue on ambién u ilizados. En es e a ículo p esen amos un yunque elabo ado a pa i del adio-ulna de echo de un d omeda io (Camelus d omeda ius), ecupe a- do en una exca ación u bana en Se illa (España), da ado de época Tai a-Almo á ide (siglos XI- XII). Además de se el p ime egis o a queológico de yunque óseo de es a especie, cons i uye un nue o es o a añadi al escaso núme o de ejempla es de camélido exis en e en la Península Ibé ica. La obse ación de allada de la supe icie abajada y la in o mación e nog á ica disponible nos pe mi ie on comp ende como el he e o medie al u ilizó es e hueso. PALABRAS CLAVE: DROMEDARIO, YUNQUE ÓSEO, AL-ANDALUS, HERREROS. BONE ANVILS: THE STATE OF THE ART Du ing he las decades o he 20 h-cen u y, a chaeologis s wo king in sou h-eas F ance, he Ibe ian Peninsula, no he n Mo occo and Uk aine ha e unco e ed a pa icula kind o bone objec ashioned p ima ily om ca le and ho se me apo- dials. They p esen one o se e al aces o he dia- physis whi led down and smoo hed in such a way ha hei o iginal con exi y has been ans o med in o la and conca e su aces and hei c oss sec- ion has become quad angula .In addi ion, hey ea u e pa allel ows o iny iangula -shaped inden a ions ac oss he longi udinal axis o he dia- physis and mul iple ine sc a ched ma ks o e and unde nea h hem (Figu e 1). Fo a long ime hei unc ion was by no means ce ain. While many we e simply desc ibed as deco a ed bones (Moline o-Pé ez, 1971; Julià e al., 1992; Zapa e Baselga, 1995; A nau Bas ei o, 1997; Cebolla e al., 1997; Cas illo e al., 1999; An oñanzas e al., 2000) amule s o bone idols (Se ão, 1978; Sá Coixão, 1996) o e en a che ’s w is -gua ds (Zozaya, 1995), o he s we e in e p e ed as unc- 170 M. MORENO-GARCÍA, C. M. PIMENTA, P. M. LÓPEZ ALDANA & A. PAJUELO PANDO A chaeo auna 16 (2007): 169-178 FIGURE 1 Le ca le me aca pal om Beco de São Ma çal (Lisbon, Po ugal), 14 h-15 h-cen u ies. An e io and pos e io aces ha e been whi led down and ashioned as a bone an il. De ail o he ows o inden a ions made by he poin chisel. Pho o: J.P. Ruas. ional objec s used as polishe s, iles o sha pene s (Se ão, 1978; Pe e s, 1986; B iois e al., 1995; Ca doso & Va ela Gomes, 1996; Rode -Bela bi e al., 2002; Ge a d, 2003) ollowing he wo k ca - ied ou by Semeno (1964) on samples om G aeco-Scy hian colonies a ound he Black Sea. In his book «P ehis o ic Technology», his au ho e e s o he occu ence o «long bones o ox and ho se ound by he Olbia Expedi ion o 1947 in laye s o he Hellenis ic pe iod»(p.186) ha showed he ea u es desc ibed abo e. Based on an expe imen al s udy, he concluded ha hese bones could be « ega ded as ools o he seconda y wo king o s one, ha is o he g inding and shap- ing o a chi ec u al de ails and all kinds o small su aces»(p. 189) and no as o namen al o cul objec s. «The sc a ches unning o e he su ace o he diaphysis we ep oduced by la ge g ains o sil- ica sand used as an ab asi e agen wi h bone asps». The ans e sally aligned small « iangula holes we e designed o ecei e and con ain o a pe iod he sand sp inkled on he su ace o he ma e ial being wo ked»…. «Cu ing he holes was p obably done wi h a claw chisel, well known o Classical masons. The cu ing was no done jus once, bu had o be epea ed as he holes we e wo n o by a i ion»(p. 188). The bone was held wi h bo h hands g ipping bo h he p oximal and dis al epiphyses and mo ed back and o h agains he su ace o be smoo hed (Semeno , 1964). In spi e o all hese deduc ions, Semeno no ed in he In o- duc ion o his book ha «such peculia ins umen s as he bone asps om Olbia demand esea ch o e along pe iod o ime. E en a e a co ec iden i i- ca ion o unc ion, he ewill s ill emain a numbe o unexplained de ails»(p. 6). The hypo hesis ha hese bones we e ela ed o an a isan’s ac i i y gained suppo a e nea ly 200 samples we e unco e ed a al-Bas a (no he n Mo occo) om deposi s associa ed wi h me al p oduc ion, whe e la ge quan i ies o me al slag and cha coal, along wi h possible smel ing pi s and u nace emains, we e ound (Benco e al., 2002). Thus, hese bones displayed i on pa icles and g ains o silica inside he iangula inden a ions sugges ing ha hey we e employed in smoo hing o bu nishing me al (Benco e al., 2002). Making use o e hnog aphic in o ma ion om Ca alonia (Spain) Es eban-Nadal (2003) managed o e eal he ue unc ion o hese bone a e ac s. They we e used by blacksmi hs as an ils o ancho he blade o an i on sickle while i was being cu wi h a wedge-shaped poin chisel o make a se a - ed edge. Addi ional e hnog aphic e idence om o he egions in Spain (Agui e e al., 2004) and Po ugal (Veiga de Oli ei a e al., 1976; Mo eno- Ga cía e al., 2006b) a es o he su i al o his p ac ice in he Ibe ian Peninsula un il he end o he 20 h-cen u y. The whole p ocess is desc ibed in de ail in Es eban-Nadal & Ca bonell-Rou e (2004) and can be summa ised as ollows. A e choosing a d y bone, he blacksmi h iles down he diaphysis o c ea e a la wo king su ace. Then wi h a wa e - g inds one emo es he g oo es p oduced by he i on ile. The bone an il is hen eady o use. A e cooling down, he empe ed blade o he sickle is placed on op o i . The blacksmi h p o- ceeds o cu he ee h wi h he help o a hamme and a wedge-shaped poin chisel (Figu e 2). The succession o impac s p oduces a line o close V- shaped ma ks simila o hose obse ed on he bone su ace o he a chaeological samples. As he smi h chisels he blade, he mo es i ac oss he an il, esul ing in pa allel ows o inden a ions. Once he diaphysis is used up, i needs o be p e- pa ed again. Thus, i is iled down once mo e and polished wi h he wa e -g inds one. These consec- u i e ac ions a e esponsible o he supe imposed sc a ches isible on he su ace. As he bone an il is e-used p e ious ma kings a e e ased and he wo king su ace becomes hinne un il i is no longe usable o b eaks as a esul o he p essu e o which i is subjec ed. Ou esea ch wi h a chaeological bone an ils om he Ibe ian Peninsula has shown hei long ch onological dis ibu ion ha ex ends om he Visigo hic pe iod (5 h-8 h-cen u ies AD) un il he 20 h-cen u y,wi h a special concen a ion o inds om si es da ed o he Islamic pe iod (Mo eno- Ga cía e al., 2005; Mo eno-Ga cía e al., 2006a; Mo eno-Ga cía e al.2006b). Also, i has been possible o e i y ha con a y o he s anda disa- ion owa ds he exclusi e use o me apodials ha he e seem o ha e aken place in mo e ecen imes (Es eban-Nadal, 2005), ea lie blacksmi hs used a a ie y o bones such as mandibles, hume i, adii, me aca pals, emo a, ibiae and me a a sals. Ce ainly, hose a e bones ha no only p o ide long-las ing wo king su aces, since hei diaphy- ses a e hicke and mo e obus han hose o any o he long bone, bu also ha can be easily la - ened and smoo hed. Finally,as a as species ep- esen a ion is conce ned, i is clea ha in Ibe ia as well as in he o he geog aphical egions men- THE SIGNATURE OF A BLACKSMITH ON A DROMEDARY BONE FROM ISLAMIC SEVILLE (SPAIN) 171 A chaeo auna 16 (2007): 169-178 ioned abo e, he use o ca le bones domina es in ela ion o hose o equids (Table 1), sugges ing ha hose we e easie o ob ain and maybe mo e abundan oo. In his pape ,we desc ibe a bone an il eco - e ed om Se ille (Spain) da ed o he 11 h-12 h-cen- u ies AD ha was ashioned om he igh adius- ulna o a d omeda y (Camelus d omeda ius). No only does i ep esen he i s a chaeological an il manu ac u ed om his animal species bu also i cons i u es a new eco d o add o he sca ce num- be o d omeda y emains ha ha e so a been eg- is e ed in he Ibe ian Peninsula (Table 2; Ca doso, 1992; Riquelme-Can al, 1993; Mo ales-Muñiz e al., 1995; Riquelme-Can al, 1995; Riquelme- Can- al e al., 1997; Fe nández-Rod íguez 2003). In addi ion, i is e idenced ha besides hei powe , mea , milk and skin, he d omeda y’s bones we e conside ed a use ul aw ma e ial ha was no dis- ca ded by medie al Ibe ian a isans. 172 M. MORENO-GARCÍA, C. M. PIMENTA, P. M. LÓPEZ ALDANA & A. PAJUELO PANDO A chaeo auna 16 (2007): 169-178 FIGURE 2 Blacksmi h on his bench cu ing he ee h o a se a ed sickle. De ail o he edge o he me al sickle whe e i is clea ly isible how each oo h co esponds wi h a V-shaped inden a ion on he bone an il. No e ha he sickle is posi ioned ans e sally o he bone. D awing by J. Ma í and R. Sala. THE FIND: A DROMEDARY BONE ANVIL A chaeological con ex A chaeological exca a ions we e conduc ed by one o us (P.L.A.) in C/ San Luís nº 93, nex o Plaza del Puma ejo, Se ille (Spain) be ween Ap il and July 2004. The si e is loca ed 100 m away om he wall o he ci y in an a ea known as he His o ical Cen e o Se ille. Howe e , hese qua e s we e a ma ginal occupa ional zone un il he cons uc ion o he wall in he 12 h-cen u y. Thei se le s we e THE SIGNATURE OF A BLACKSMITH ON A DROMEDARY BONE FROM ISLAMIC SEVILLE (SPAIN) 173 A chaeo auna 16 (2007): 169-178 TABLE 1 Bone elemen s and species on which bone an ils ha e been manu ac u ed in di e en coun ies. All ch onological pe iods a e sum- ma ised oge he . * Specimen iden i ied as Equus asinus (Mo eno-Ga cía e al., 2006). 1Unpublished da a (E. An ipina pe s. comm.). 2Unpublished da a (L. Ba osiewicz pe s. comm.). engaged in ag icul u e and animal husband y ac i i- ies, being he supplie s o he ci y. The d omeda y bone an il agmen was eco - e ed om a pi (U.E. 111), exca a ed abo e he na u al le els o he Guadalqui i i e e aces. I o ms pa o a complex o egula shape pi s o di e en sizes (be ween 60 cm and 120 cm deep), illed wi h abundan aunal emains (cu en ly unde s udy by A.P.P.) and agmen s o s o age, cooking and ablewa e po e y essels ha allowed us o da e he bone an il o he Tai a-Almo a id Moslem pe iod. Desc ip ion The bone an il is he medial side o he p oxi- mal diaphysis o Camelus d omeda ius igh adius-ulna, om an adul indi idual. I is 287mm long and is gene ally well p ese ed, al hough i appea s longi udinally spli along he diaphysis and shows ecen b eakage a wo poin s on he caudal ace (Figu e 3). To he naked eye i is e i- den ha his ace has been pa ially whi led down. Thus, he con ex su ace o he ulna and he uppe pa o he adius diaphysis has become la . In addi ion, egula hin sc a ch lines unning ans e sally ac oss he diaphysis a e clea ly isi- ble unde he mic oscope. Twen y-eigh semi-pa - allel and oblique ows o iny V-shaped inden a- ions a e isible ac oss his a ea while ain e ones, due o sc a ching o e hem, a e e iden a bo h ends o he whi led su ace. The c anial ace o he adius has also been pa ially la ened bu no chisel ma ks occu . In an a emp o c ea e a la suppo ing su ace he p oximal a icula ion was udely chopped o . Obse a ions Taking in o accoun ha only he uppe po ion o he pos e io diaphysis was whi led down and 174 M. MORENO-GARCÍA, C. M. PIMENTA, P. M. LÓPEZ ALDANA & A. PAJUELO PANDO A chaeo auna 16 (2007): 169-178 TABLE 2 Roman and Islamic Ibe ian si es whe e d omeda y bones ha e been eco e ed. * Mo ales-Muñiz e al.(1995); 1Fe nández-Rod íguez (2003); 2Ca doso (1992); 3unpublished; 4Riquelme-Can al (1995). co e ed wi h he chisel poin ma ks, i can be con- cluded ha he whole bone su ace was no being used as an an il. The easons o his a e p obably wo old: he posi ion o he an il on he black- smi h bench and he leng h o a d omeda y adius. The e hnog aphic obse a ions eco ded by Veiga de Oli ei a e al.(1976), Es eban-Nadal (2003) and Agui e e al.(2004) show ha in all cases he bone an il is ancho ed o he wo king bench acco ding o i s longi udinal axis (Figu e 2). Thus, he blade o he sickle is placed ans e sally ac oss he uppe su ace o he bone and i is suc- cessi ely mo ed back owa ds he ope a o e e y ime a line o inden a ions has been comple ed, p oducing he sequence o pa allel ows ha ends up co e ing he whole su ace o he an il. The o al leng hs o wo d omeda y adii p e- sen in he IGESPAR A chaeozoology Lab e e - ence collec ion a e 470 mm and 530 mm, espec- i ely. As shown in Figu e 3, he a chaeological bone an il om Se ille would ha e been ash- ioned om an animal o simila size o he i s one. This means ha i he blacksmi h was going o s a cu ing he ee h o he sickle blade om he op end o he adius, he would ha e had o wo k wi h bo h his a ms o ally s e ched. No only would i ha e been uncom o able bu also imp ac- icable. In ac , he whi led su ace o he pos e i- o ace is a ound 15 cm long, which co esponds app oxima ely wi h he a e age size o he wo k- ing su ace a ailable on diaphyses o ca le and equid me apodials. The e o e, i appea s ha only he p oximal hal o he adius diaphysis was p e- pa ed on bo h i s pos e io and an e io aces o be used as an an il. Ca e ul obse a ion o he dis al end o his bone agmen shows ha i was chopped o a his poin . When did his happen? Was his done THE SIGNATURE OF A BLACKSMITH ON A DROMEDARY BONE FROM ISLAMIC SEVILLE (SPAIN) 175 A chaeo auna 16 (2007): 169-178 FIGURE 3 Bone an il ashioned om a igh d omeda y (Camelus d omeda ius) adius-ulna om Se ille (Spain), Tai a-Almo a id pe iod (11 h- 12 h-cen u ies). On he igh , comple e igh d omeda y adius-ulna om he IGESPAR A chaeozoology Lab e e ence collec ion (CIPA nº 1784). De ail o he pos e io su ace and he ows o V-shaped inden a ions. Pho o: J.P. Ruas. wi h he in en ion o sho ening he bone o ash- ion he an il? Was i al eady bu che ed when i eached he blacksmi h? O was i cu a e dis- ca ding he an il? These ques ions a e di icul o answe . Mo ales-Muñiz e al.(1995) no e ha he wo adius agmen s eco e ed om Almohad le els in he exca a ion o San Miguel s ee , Guadix (G anada, Spain) exhibi saw-ma ks, hin - ing a some indus ial ac i i y. Thus, as a wo king hypo hesis i may be sugges ed ha he chop ma ks isible on he adius om Se ille we e no p oduced a e h owing away he an il, bu mos p obably we e in en ionally done in he p ocess o manipula ing his obus bone o make use o i . A la ge numbe o bone an ils eco ded in he bibliog aphy and analysed by us (Mo eno-Ga cía e al., 2005; Mo eno-Ga cía e al., 2006a; Mo eno- Ga cía e al., 2006b) co espond o agmen s o diaphysis, p oximal o dis al hal es o long bones ha esul a e exhaus i e use o he an il. Whi - ling down he su ace e e y ime i is co e ed by ows o inden a ions diminishes he hickness o he co ical bone, inc easing i s agili y so ha i e en ually b eaks unde he p essu e o new chisel poin impac s (Figu e 1). Tha does no seem o ha e occu ed o he bone an il om Se ille. The longi udinal ac u e along he diaphysis e eals a hick laye o co ical bone on bo h i s an e io and pos e io aces so i could ha e con inued o se e as an an il o qui e some ime. A CULTURAL PRACTICE STILL IN USE Thanks o con ac s es ablished wi h o he esea che s in e es ed in bone an ils, we managed o know ha in he ci y o Béja, no h-wes o Tunis, in he oo hills o Djebel Acheul, a F ench eam o e hno-a chaeologis s eco ded he p oduc- ion o a bone an il ashioned om a d omeda y me a a sal by he local blacksmi h in he summe 2005 ( ig. 5 in Rode -Bela bi e al., 2007). Hence, his a es s no only o he su i al o bone an ils in u al economies oday whe e se a ed sickles a e s ill in use bu also o he p e e ence o obus bones such as hose o he legs o d omeda ies (whe e he species occu s) o manu ac u e hem. In se e al in e iews conduc ed wi h old black- smi hs in T ás-os-Mon es, No he n Po ugal, we we e in o med ha he mos alued quali y in a bone o i s use as an an il was i s oughness. Fo ha eason, me apodials om ma u e bulls, cows, ho ses and asses we e always a ou ed by local a isans. These we e animals highly p iced o hei powe be o e mechaniza ion o ag icul u e occu ed in u al Ibe ia in he mid 20 h-cen u y. Thei bones we e eadily a ailable a e hei wo king li es had inished and hey we e culled o died na u ally. I is no su p ising ha in egions such as no h- e n A ica, whe e d omeda ies a e common ani- mals used o anspo a ion, hei bones a e no conside ed a was e esou ce bu a e u ilised as aw ma e ial o a e ac o ool making. Since adi- ional cul i a ion echniques a e s ill p ac iced in his geog aphical a ea mo e bone an ils, no only ashioned om d omeda y bones bu om he mos common domes ica es (i.e., ca le and equids), will su ely u n up. Thus, e hnog aphical esea ch among hese adi ional u al communi- ies appea s o be a p io i y be o e ancien echno- logical solu ions a e los o e e . NEW THOUGHTS ON IBERIAN DROME- DARY REMAINS D omeda y bones eco e ed om Ibe ian Islamic si es appea o be less common han hose ound om he Roman pe iod. Fu he , hei geo- g aphical dis ibu ion is concen a ed in Andalu- sian u ban cen es (Table 2). Acco ding o Mo ales-Muñiz e al.(1995: 373) he cu ma ks and aces o i e hey show may indica e egula use o d omeda y mea du ing his pe iod, in con- as o wha is eco ded on Roman si es. Howe - e , since Andalusian culina y ea ises conside d omeda y mea among he oughes (Díaz-Ga cía, 1973) hey p opose i s consump ion «could ha e had i ual conno a ions in a i ming he Muslim condi ion o Andalusians»(Mo ales-Muñiz e al., 1995: 373). The bone an il om Se ille indica es ha pe - haps some o he bu che y ma ks displayed in hose emains om G anada and Guadix (Table 2) a e no exclusi ely ela ed o mea consump ion bu o bone use. E en nowadays i is possible o ind a a ie y o objec s om necklaces (Ayalon & So ek, 1999) o ca ed pieces such as chess igu es and dice (Ch is ian Küchelmann pe s. comm.) made om pieces o camel bone ha a e on sale in coun ies whe e d omeda ies and Bac ian camels 176 M. MORENO-GARCÍA, C. M. PIMENTA, P. M. LÓPEZ ALDANA & A. PAJUELO PANDO A chaeo auna 16 (2007): 169-178 exis . The ans o ma ion hey ha e su e ed p e- en s in many cases i s s aigh iden i ica ion. C a ac i i ies we e la gely de eloped in medie al al-Andalus so i is o be expec ed ha a isans made use o d omeda y bones whene e a ailable. No only i s size bu i s quali ies o ca ing we e no doub app ecia ed. P esumably, as he numbe o Islamic si es exca a ed in Ibe ia imp o es so will he eco d o d omeda y emains. Faunal assemblages om ubbish deposi s loca ed in ‘indus ial’ qua e s o u ban cen es dese e special a en ion. I will be he e ha disca ded emains om di e en c a s will e idence he comp ehensi e use o all so s o animal bones made by local a isans, e en by ac i i ies so un e- la ed o his ma e ial as ha o blacksmi hs! ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We a e e y g a e ul o Eka e ina An ipina (Ins i u e o A chaeology o Russian Academy o Sciences) o sha ing wi h us da a on old and ecen unpublished bone an ils om Uk aine and o Milena S anche a (Veliko Tu no o Uni e si y, Bulga ia) o sending us Russian e e ences. Isabelle Rode -Bela bi and Mon se a Es eban Nadal a e acknowledged o sha ing wi h us hei wo k on bone an ils in F ance and Spain. Thanks o José An onio Riquelme (Uni e si y o G anada, Spain) and Laszlo Ba osiewicz (Ins i u e o A chaeological Sciences, Budapes , Hunga y) o e e ences o unpublished ma e ial and o Ca los Fe nández Rod íguez (Uni e si y o León, Spain) o in o ma ion on he d omeda y bones om As o ga (León). Finally, we a e hank ul o E an Ayalon (E e z Is ael Museum, Tel A i ), Alice Choyke (Aquincum Museum, Hunga y) and Ch is ian Küchelmann (Knochena bei , Ge many) o p o iding use ul in o ma ion on wo ked camel bones. Simon Da is is acknowledged o co ec - ing he English. REFERENCES AGUIRRE,A.; ETXEBERRIA,F. & HERRASTI,L. 2004: El yunque de hueso pa a a ila la hoz me álica den ada. Munibe 56: 113-121. ANTOÑANZAS, A.; CASTILLO, P. & GARRIDO,J. 2000: La E mi a de los S os. Má i es o Casa San a (Calaho a, La Rioja): una cá cel omana? Kalako ikos 5: 13-28. ARNAU BASTEIRO,E. 1997: No icia de la ac uación a queológica en el sola de la que ue casa del Tin e de Bena en e. B igecio. Re is a de Es udios de Bena en e y sus ie as 7: 91-104. AYALON,A. & SOREK,C. 1999: Ba e bones. Ancien a i- ac s om animal bones. Tel A i . BENCO,N. L.; ETTAHIRI,A. & LOYET,M. 2002: Wo ked bone ools: linking me al a isans and animal p oces- so s in medie al Islamic Mo occo. An iqui y 76: 447- 457. BRIOIS,F.; POPLIN,F. & RODET-BELARBI,I. 1995: Aigu- isoi s, polissoi s médié aux en os (XIe-XIVeS.) dans le sud-oues de la F ance. A chéologie du Midi médié al 15: 197-213. CARDOSO,J.L. 1992: Un camelídeo de Conimb iga. Conimb iga 31: 181-187. CARDOSO,J.L. & VARELA GOMES,M. 1996: Con ibu o pa a o es udo das aunas encon adas no poço-cis e - na de Sil es (séculos XV-XVI). Xelb 3: 207-268. CASTILLO,P.; GARRIDO,J. & ANTOÑANZAS,A. 1999: In o me de la in e ención a queológica en la E mi a de los San os Má i es o «Casa San a» (Calaho a, La Rioja). Ibe ia:2: 47-86. CEBOLLA,J.L.; ROYO,J.I. & REY,J. 1997: La a que- ología u bana en Cala ayud. Da os pa a una sín e- sis. Ayun amien o de Cala ayud, Cen o de Es udios Bilbi anos, Cala ayud - Za agoza. DÍAZ-GARCÍA,A. 1973: Un a ado naza í sob e alimen- os: al-Kalam ‘Alà L-Agdiya de Al-A buli. Edición, aducción y es udio, con glosa ios (II). Cuade nos de Es udios Medie ales 10-11: 5-91. ESTEBAN-NADAL,M. 2003: Ossos de e e mil.lena is. 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THE SIGNATURE OF A BLACKSMITH ON A DROMEDARY BONE FROM ISLAMIC SEVILLE (SPAIN) 177 A chaeo auna 16 (2007): 169-178