Abs ac
Child en younge han 3 yea s old a e e y special humans,
hei psychomo o and social de elopmen is e y as
and pa en s and ela i es would like o know e e y new
de ail (when, who, whe e, wha , how and why) in eal
ime. These news a e di icul o emembe and some
kind o dia y is needed. He e we p opose a “p os he ic
memo y” based on Digi al Objec Memo ies applied o
Web o Things using hidden NFC ags in child en’s
clo hes, mobile applica ions o sma phones and a cen-
al se e o s o e he on ologized in o ma ion.
1 In oduc ion
Ubicomp deploymen s ha e he po en ial o moni o almos
e e y pe son using senso s o mobile phones who wan s o
need o be moni o ed. Howe e his echnology is ha d o
in oduce in babies o e y young child en who a e heal hi-
e . Fu he mo e pa en s and ela i es o child en om 1 o 3
yea s would like o know e e y li le de ail on psychomo o
and social de elopmen and heal h s a e. Due o ou ush
li e, he in e ac ions wi h ou child en a e non-con inuous
and we us on kinde ga en eache s and ela i es, imply-
ing he need o ask o hi d pe sons abou he child ac i i y
du ing his ime.
To o e come he di icul y o access o he memo y o a
child om 1 o 3 yea s and he e a d and lose o in o -
ma ion ha e bal in e ac ions wi h ano he p oduces and o
exploi he moni o ing and supe ision capabili ies ha
echnology o e s in his sec o o he popula ion, a hyb id
model has been c ea ed. This model, hal way be ween "In-
e ne o Things" and "In e ne o Pe sons", will in oduce
he child in a echnological en i onmen in a bi in usi e
way. This imme sion will make pa en s, amilies and educa-
o s o es ablish a communica ion and a p os he ic memo y
abou he indi idual.
In o he wo ds, he child will become an elemen o he
pa adigm o "Web o Things", on which all in o ma ion
conce ning hei educa ion, beha iou and e en posi ioning
can be managed.
A e conduc ing ma ke esea ch o cap u e he needs o
pa en s, amilies and ca egi e s o in an s, a model o col-
lec and apply in o ma ion on child en indi e en a eas has
been designed.
The emainde o his pape is o ganized as ollows. In nex
sec ion, ela ed wo k is in oduced. Aims and scena io Sec-
ion desc ibes he objec i es and illus a es hem. Then
in as uc u e and p o iles a e shown. In nex sec ion secu i-
y sys em is explained in dep h. Finally, applica ions o he
de eloped sys em and conclusions a e d awn.
2 Rela ed wo k
Ou p oposal is ela ed o child moni o ing and Li e logging.
Moni o ing heal hy child en has wo main objec i es: mo-
bili y su eillance [4] and ac i i y moni o ing [1,2]. In he
i s one, senso s such as GPS [7] a e used o loca e child en
ypically be ween home and school ansi ions. In he la e ,
pedome e s o accele ome e s a e employed o suppo
physical ac i i y and supe ise obesi y and seden a y li e-
s yles in you h [6]. Bo h esea ch lines a e ocused on chil-
d en om 6 yea s old in ad ance ha a el o school la ge-
ly independen ly, ei he on oo , by bicycle, o by bus. The
de ices used in hese wo ks a e usually passi e, designed o
au oma ically eco d da a wi hou he need o use e o o
in e en ion.
Li e logging sys ems eco ds passi ely almos e e y mo-
men o ou li e, s o ing isual, spa ial and/o e bal [7, 9,
9] in o ma ion ha can be que ied in he u u e as a p os-
he ic memo y. These solu ions a e ocused in Alzheime ’s
pa ien s.
Ou app oach di e s om p e ious wo ks bo h in use age:
om 1 o 3 yea s old, eco ding ype e en s: ac i e, and
objec i es: c ea ing a p os he ic memo y e y ela ed o
digi al objec memo ies in he In e ne o hings [5]. Tech-
nology employed is simila o E as i e al. wo k [3] whe e
NFC ca ds a e used o supe ise school a endance. In his
case mos o he pupils said hey kep hei ca ds in hei
backpacks bu in ou case he ag is camou laged in he child
clo hes. NFC passi e ags a e no in usi e and acco ding
E as i wo k, pa en s seem en husias ic and saw bene i s in
In e ac ion con ol in child en using NFC ags
Luis Miguel So ia Mo illo, Juan An onio Ál a ez Ga cía, Ismael Cuad ado Co de o, Juan An o-
nio O ega Ramí ez
Uni e si y o Se ille
Compu e Languages and Sys ems Dep .
A enida Reina Me cedes S/N, 41012
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he inc eased a ailabili y o in o ma ion ha can be gained
h ough hese echnologies.
3 Aims and scena io
The aim o his wo k is o c ea e a p os he ic memo y o
he child ha akes in o accoun all he majo aspec s o hei
en i onmen , om educa ion o heal h. Pa en s, ca egi e s
and ela i es will add he in o ma ion o i h ough mobile
in e ac ions wi h a physic elemen in he child clo hes: a
NFC ag. Thanks o his sys em, i will be possible, among
many o he hings, que y abou alle gies o diseases, check
he las loca ion in e ac ion wi h he child and he in e ac-
ions wi h hei social en i onmen , de ec cogni i e abno -
mali ies o beha iou a an ea ly age o check he ac i i ies
ha s uden s pe o m in he kinde ga en.
These objec i es a e p esen ed in he ollowing scena io
esumed on Table 1.
“Julia wakes up and he mum gi es he bo le, d esses and
akes he o he kinde ga en. She b ings he mobile phone
close o he hidden ag and, ouching he NFC, includes a
ex message “C ying /seems i ed” in he Julia’s sys em
p o ile. La e he ca egi e Rocío eaches a song abou col-
ou s. She passes he mobile phone close o he 6 ags o
hei child en and includes a message abou he ac i i y.
Julia seems ill and Rocío pu s he he he mome e 37.9ºC
and includes his in o ma ion again ough he hidden ag in
Julia’s clo hes. Ano he ca egi e ies o gi e he he ood
bu she omi s so she includes he in o ma ion closing he
phone o Julia. Al hough he mobile phone is no au ho ized
in he access lis she is in he kinde ga en and his place is a
secu e place o hei pa en s.
When his a he picks Julia up, he knows he symp oms and
measu es again he empe a u e: 38.8 ºC, he gi es he an
an ipy e ic and closes he mobile. A e ha , Pila g andma
ha has con igu ed an ale wi h all heal h in o ma ion calls
he pa en o o e he sel o go o he paedia ician wi h he
gi l.
When Julia a i es o he medical cen e, he g andmo he
que ies wi h he mobile Julia’s NFC ag abou las heal h
e en s and shows hem o he doc o . A e doc o examines
he and explains Pila ha i is only a i us, she includes he
in o ma ion. Immedia ely he mo he and he a he ecei e
a wi e no i ica ion al hough hey a e in hei wo k o ices.
This scena io shows how he in o ma ion is s o ed and how
he ela i es can con igu e ale s abou some in o ma ion
and de e mine he media used o communica e (email, wi -
e , sms, e c.).
4In aes uc u e
The sys em enables he collec ion o in o ma ion h ough a
NFC ag camou laged wi h a issue mo i (such as a lowe
o a ca ) in he child’s clo hes. Th ough his label, which
s o es an access poin o a web XML desc ip o , i is possi-
ble o que y and inse da a o he baby’s in o ma ion p o-
ile. Th oughou his NFC ag and b inging close a las gen-
e a ion mobile wi h NFC eade , he app de eloped can
change he s a e o he child p os he ic memo ies. This can
be done i he use has pe missions enough o access his
in o ma ion. By using NFC echnology opposi e o QR
codes, ba codes o RFID, he sys em u ns less in usi e,
cheape and mo e com o able. In his ega d, as p e iously
men ioned, NFC echnology can be hidden in o any oy and
s ick o baby’s clo hes.
The p oposed in as uc u e has been concei ed o i s in e-
g a ion in an "Objec memo ies" eco-sys em, which u he
expands he use ha can be gi en o his in o ma ion. In his
way, in o ma ion desc ip o p e iously commen ed is s o ed
in an Objec Memo ies se e adap ed o he applica ion
p oposed.
Due o his app oach in eg a es objec memo ies concep
in o a social en i onmen , in o ma ion s o ed mus be se-
cu e. Fo his pu pose, only au ho ised people by baby’s
pa en s can access o he in o ma ion.
The kind o login is qui e di e en o s anda d p ocess. To
assu e ha he e is no passwo d sub ac ion, each ime a
wo s eps login p ocess is done. In i s place, use ills he
use and passwo d ield wi h his/he pe sonal in o ma ion.
Once insu ed he use c eden ials, sys em eques some
in o ma ion abou he child. This in o ma ion is in oduced
by he child’s pa en in o he sys em and is changed each
day au oma ically. This p ocess makes in usion de i ed
om de ice o c eden ials sub ac ion di icul . The sys em
in as uc u e is shown in Figu e 1.
When Who Whe e Wha How and
why
24 May
2012
9:01
Mum Kinde -
ga en Pe sonal
C ying :’(
seems
i ed
24 May
2012
11:10
Rocio Ca e-
gi e
Kinde -
ga en Educa .
Lea ning
colo s
song
24 May
2012
11:10
Rocio Ca e-
gi e
Kinde -
ga en Heal h Seems ill,
37,9ºC
24 May
2012
13:03
Unknown
us ed
loca ion
Kinde -
ga en Heal h
Doesn’
wan o ea
and omi s
some o
he ood
24 May
2012
13:30
Dad Home Heal h
38.8ºC,
2.5ml
an ipy e ic
24 May
2012
17:19
Pila
G andma
See map
link Heal h
Que y
abou las
week
heal h
e en s
24 May
2012
17:24
Pila
G andma
See map
link Heal h
Doc o
said i
seems a 48
hou s i us
Table 1. E en s con olled by he p oposed sys em and in-
o ma ion s o ed abou each one.
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5 In o ma i e p o iles
In o de o ensu e he p ocessing and display s o ed in o -
ma ion abou he child, in o ma ion sec ions ha e been
iden i ied. These sec ions a e shown in Table 2.
Child’s pa en s, i.e. sys em admin, could de ine di e en
secu i y p o iles o each sec ion. This is use ul due o no all
ca ego ies s o e in o ma ion wi h he same p i acy le el.
Fo his eason, some sec ions could be sha ed wi h e e y
pe son, whe eas o he in o ma ion can be p esen ed o pa -
en s only.
Fu he mo e, by using hese ca ego ies, speci ic in o ma ion
spaces can be de ined. An in o ma ion space is deno ed as
any egion ha has a speci ic pu pose whe e e e y pe son
and objec inside sha es he same kind o in o ma ion. Fo
ins ance, he kinde ga en could be iden i ied as an in o -
ma ion space ela ed o educa ional sec ion and swing a ea
as an in o ma ion space associa ed o en e ainmen sec ion.
In each sec ion is included ce ain in o ma ion aken ou
om OWL da abase. This da abase con ains e e y in o -
ma ion label ha he sys em can s o e. Values o hese labels
a e ob ained h oughou in o ma ion p o ided by he sys em
ac o s.
Mus be no ed ha same on ology i em could be p esen in
a ious sec ions. Fo example, ood alle gies appea on
public in o ma ion o heal h in o ma ion, and pa en ’s name
in educa ional and pe sonal p o iles.
Public
Rele an in o ma ion can be e iewed by any pe -
son engaged in an NFC ag eading child
Educa ional En e ainmen Pe sonal Heal h
Da a associa ed
wi h he child
educa ional his o-
y. This includes
academic accom-
plishmen s
achie ed o di i-
cul ies in lea ning
In o ma ion
abou hobbies
and ec ea-
ional in e es s
o he child
Pe sonal
da a on
child en,
legal
gua dians
o ca e-
gi e s
In o ma ion
ela ed o
heal h s a-
us, illness-
es, alle gies
o inciden s
Table 2. Di e en kind o in o ma ion ha he de eloped sys-
em can s o e
Depending on he loca ion includes he s o ed in o ma ion
may be isible o a speci ic g oup o de ices o hose de ic-
es ha a e loca ed in a speci ic a ea. This makes i possible,
o example, in he hospi al o que y and inse heal h in-
o ma ion, bu no educa ional in o ma ion. F om he poin
o iew o p i ileges, access pe missions o use s o speci ic
ypes o in o ma ion p o iles will be associa ed.
A his poin , wo access ypes can be de ined: access by
loca ion o access by p i ileges. The second one has been
p esen ed p e iously bu he i s one is a new p oposal o
his wo k.
6Secu i y
The main p oblem ound when s o ing pe sonal in o ma ion
on he p os he ic memo y is secu i y. While i is ela i ely
easy o secu e he in o ma ion when an adul in e ac wi h a
sys em, by using a supe ised sys em o in o ma ion ex-
change, in a baby is no possible.
In p inciple, he sys em is able o de e mine wha in o -
ma ion is possible o sha e wi h a pa icula de ice when i
equi es some in o ma ion. In his sense, he sys em p esen s
a dynamic beha io based on alloca ion o p i ileges by
de ices o spa ial loca ion. In his way, i ’s possible o sha e
ce ain ypes o in o ma ion wi h ano he use , p o ided he
app op ia e secu i y condi ions.
He e a e he di e en me hods o secu i y associa ed wi h
he in o ma ion p esen in he sys em.
De ice-Based Pe mission
In o de o allow in e ac ion wi h he p os he ic child
memo y, an access lis composed by mobile de ices iden i-
ie s and hei use name is managed by pa en s. To manage
easily his access lis , when a new use eads and in e ac s
wi h he NFC ag, an email will be sen o he pa en s asking
pe mission o he p os he ic memo y and hey can allow
que y and/o inse in o ma ion in some (educa ional, en e -
ainmen , pe sonal and heal h) o none pa o i .
Loca ion-Based Pe mission
Al hough de ice-based policy allows a known de ice-owne
in e ac ion, some imes pa en s mus us in places, i.e.
home, kinde ga en cen e, ela i es’ house, e c. and in hei
inhabi an s. In o de o pe mi all he mobile de ices in e ac-
ion in a us ed loca ion, pa en s can de ine some places in
hei access lis . Geo-loca ion is a e y common capabili y
in new mobile de ices so he applica ion will ake his da a
and send in e e y in e ac ion. I he de ice is no in he
access lis bu he in e ac ion is done in an allowed place,
he in e ac ion will be us .
In e ac ion a eas a e ecognized au oma ically by making an
analysis om each use in e ac ion and i s loca ion. When
he sys em is unning o a long ime, access loca ions can
be g ouped in some clus e s. Each clus e is de ined as an
in e ac ion a ea. Ob iously, a he beginning o he execu-
ion, in e ac ion a eas could be no well-de ined, bu his
p oblem is sol ed when he sys em uses inc eases.
When he e a e enough in e ac ions om one place, he
sys em sugges s pa en s o label i and asks i i is a us ed
place. This a oids he manual inclusion o la i ude and lon-
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gi ude o places and he “Whe e” da a is s o ed wi h he
label and no wi h a map link.
7Applica ions
P esen ed wo k can be applied o a la ge o ields ela ed o
child beha iou such as heal h acking, in e ac ion memo-
ies o in o ma ion secu i y. In he i s place, esul s o his
wo k ha e been applied o an educa ional pupil moni o ing
sys em. In collabo a ion wi h he company Kome aso ,
some pa icula gaps and achie emen s in he educa ional
p og ess ha e been iden i ied. These gaps a e eached
h oughou ac i i ies make a class oom and a home. Au-
oma ically, child’s goals a e uploaded o his/he p o ile in
he digi al memo ies a chi ec u e. This allows pa en s o
obse e he p og ess o hei child en in eal ime and wi h-
ou ha ing o be p esen a he school. Simila ly, he school
can use his in o ma ion o ca y ou an educa ional pa hway
based on he cu icula le el o hei s uden s. Fu he mo e,
de eloped sys em is eally use ul o de ec educa ional p ob-
lems in an ea ly s age, de ia ions om he p oposed pa h-
way and sho comings in he ca alogue o ac i i ies ca ied
ou o he de elopmen o a speci ic ask.
On he o he hand, a social p o ile ha allows pa en s, ela-
i es and au ho ized pe sonnel o see a imeline wi h mile-
s ones, inciden s o cu iosi ies o he child is being de el-
oped. This imeline allows s o ing all kinds o in o ma ion
ela ing o he child, and e en adding mul imedia o such
in o ma ion. Thanks o his applica ion, pa en s can see
when his/he baby said he i s wo d, add a ideo o he
inpu o de e mine he da e when he i s oo h came ou
wi h a pic u e o he e en . De i ed om his is possible o
c ea e an album wi h he di e en e en s ha ha e occu ed
o e he child's li e.
In his sec ion wo applica ions ha make use o he p o-
posed digi al child memo ies ha e been exposed. Indeed, a
la ge numbe o applica ions a e in mind o be de eloped
and o en ich en i ies managed by he sys em.
8Conclusions
Al hough his wo k is mo e ela ed o Web o Things han
In e ne o Things because pa en s will ejec including
elec onic de ices in hei small child en, he e a e di e se
issues ha a e in e es ing a his wo kshop:
xThe p oposed in as uc u e cap u es in o ma ion in
a dis ibu ed manne ( h ough mul iple mobile
phones) bu o ganizes, s o es, and exploi s he kid-
ela ed in o ma ion in a cen alized Web Se e .
xMemo y Con en Rep esen a ion and Modelling:
This de elopmen uses an on ology o memo y
con en i ems including heal h, psychomo o de-
elopmen , places and people ha in e ac wi h he
child, bu we a e open o discuss s anda ds and
bes -p ac ice knowledge conce ning he ep esen a-
ion o objec - ela ed knowledge.
xDa a Mining: In o ma ion s o ed in a digi al objec
memo y can be analysed in o de o disco e ypi-
cal usage pa e ns o anomalies. Ou sys em sug-
ges s labelling places when he in e ac ion is
enough bu due o he la ge numbe o in e ac ions
s o ed, much mo e in o ma ion can be ob ained,
such as he kind o in e ac ion pa e ns, he ela-
i es’ pe sonali y o he child habi s.
xP i acy and Legal Aspec s: Heal h and p i acy
he e a e e y impo an concep s. Fi s o all, in
Spain mobile phones a e allowed o use in a kin-
de ga en. In e ac ions a e acked using pa en au-
ho iza ion and secu e spa ial loca ion.
Acknowledgmen s
The p epa a ion o hese ins uc ions and he L
A
T
E
X and
BibT
E
X iles ha implemen hem was suppo ed by
Schlumbe ge Palo Al o Resea ch, AT&T Bell Labo a o ies,
and Mo gan Kau mann Publishe s. P epa a ion o he Mi-
c oso Wo d ile was suppo ed by IJCAI. An ea ly e sion
o his documen was c ea ed by Shi ley Jowell and Pe e F.
Pa el-Schneide . I was subsequen ly modi ied by Jenni e
Ballen ine and Thomas Dean, Be nha d Nebel, and Daniel
Pagens eche be o e a i ing a i s cu en o m.
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