Interaction control in children using NFC tags

Abs ac Child en younge han 3 yea s old a e e y special humans, hei psychomo o and social de elopmen is e y as and pa en s and ela i es would like o know e e y new de ail (when, who, whe e, wha , how and why) in eal ime. These news a e di icul o emembe and some kind o dia y is needed. He e we p opose a “p os he ic memo y” based on Digi al Objec Memo ies applied o Web o Things using hidden NFC ags in child en’s clo hes, mobile applica ions o sma phones and a cen- al se e o s o e he on ologized in o ma ion. 1 In oduc ion Ubicomp deploymen s ha e he po en ial o moni o almos e e y pe son using senso s o mobile phones who wan s o need o be moni o ed. Howe e his echnology is ha d o in oduce in babies o e y young child en who a e heal hi- e . Fu he mo e pa en s and ela i es o child en om 1 o 3 yea s would like o know e e y li le de ail on psychomo o and social de elopmen and heal h s a e. Due o ou ush li e, he in e ac ions wi h ou child en a e non-con inuous and we us on kinde ga en eache s and ela i es, imply- ing he need o ask o hi d pe sons abou he child ac i i y du ing his ime. To o e come he di icul y o access o he memo y o a child om 1 o 3 yea s and he e a d and lose o in o - ma ion ha e bal in e ac ions wi h ano he p oduces and o exploi he moni o ing and supe ision capabili ies ha echnology o e s in his sec o o he popula ion, a hyb id model has been c ea ed. This model, hal way be ween "In- e ne o Things" and "In e ne o Pe sons", will in oduce he child in a echnological en i onmen in a bi in usi e way. This imme sion will make pa en s, amilies and educa- o s o es ablish a communica ion and a p os he ic memo y abou he indi idual. In o he wo ds, he child will become an elemen o he pa adigm o "Web o Things", on which all in o ma ion conce ning hei educa ion, beha iou and e en posi ioning can be managed. A e conduc ing ma ke esea ch o cap u e he needs o pa en s, amilies and ca egi e s o in an s, a model o col- lec and apply in o ma ion on child en indi e en a eas has been designed. The emainde o his pape is o ganized as ollows. In nex sec ion, ela ed wo k is in oduced. Aims and scena io Sec- ion desc ibes he objec i es and illus a es hem. Then in as uc u e and p o iles a e shown. In nex sec ion secu i- y sys em is explained in dep h. Finally, applica ions o he de eloped sys em and conclusions a e d awn. 2 Rela ed wo k Ou p oposal is ela ed o child moni o ing and Li e logging. Moni o ing heal hy child en has wo main objec i es: mo- bili y su eillance [4] and ac i i y moni o ing [1,2]. In he i s one, senso s such as GPS [7] a e used o loca e child en ypically be ween home and school ansi ions. In he la e , pedome e s o accele ome e s a e employed o suppo physical ac i i y and supe ise obesi y and seden a y li e- s yles in you h [6]. Bo h esea ch lines a e ocused on chil- d en om 6 yea s old in ad ance ha a el o school la ge- ly independen ly, ei he on oo , by bicycle, o by bus. The de ices used in hese wo ks a e usually passi e, designed o au oma ically eco d da a wi hou he need o use e o o in e en ion. Li e logging sys ems eco ds passi ely almos e e y mo- men o ou li e, s o ing isual, spa ial and/o e bal [7, 9, 9] in o ma ion ha can be que ied in he u u e as a p os- he ic memo y. These solu ions a e ocused in Alzheime ’s pa ien s. Ou app oach di e s om p e ious wo ks bo h in use age: om 1 o 3 yea s old, eco ding ype e en s: ac i e, and objec i es: c ea ing a p os he ic memo y e y ela ed o digi al objec memo ies in he In e ne o hings [5]. Tech- nology employed is simila o E as i e al. wo k [3] whe e NFC ca ds a e used o supe ise school a endance. In his case mos o he pupils said hey kep hei ca ds in hei backpacks bu in ou case he ag is camou laged in he child clo hes. NFC passi e ags a e no in usi e and acco ding E as i wo k, pa en s seem en husias ic and saw bene i s in In e ac ion con ol in child en using NFC ags Luis Miguel So ia Mo illo, Juan An onio Ál a ez Ga cía, Ismael Cuad ado Co de o, Juan An o- nio O ega Ramí ez Uni e si y o Se ille Compu e Languages and Sys ems Dep . A enida Reina Me cedes S/N, 41012 {lso ia, jaal a ez, icuad ado, jo ega}@us.es $ FWDVGH;,9-RUQDGDVGH$5&$ 6LVWHPDV&XDOLWDWLYRV VXV$SOLFDFLRQHVHQ ' LDJQRVLV5REyWLFDH,QWHOLJHQFLD$PELHQWDO ) -5XL]1$JHOO-$2UWHJD(GV F  he inc eased a ailabili y o in o ma ion ha can be gained h ough hese echnologies. 3 Aims and scena io The aim o his wo k is o c ea e a p os he ic memo y o he child ha akes in o accoun all he majo aspec s o hei en i onmen , om educa ion o heal h. Pa en s, ca egi e s and ela i es will add he in o ma ion o i h ough mobile in e ac ions wi h a physic elemen in he child clo hes: a NFC ag. Thanks o his sys em, i will be possible, among many o he hings, que y abou alle gies o diseases, check he las loca ion in e ac ion wi h he child and he in e ac- ions wi h hei social en i onmen , de ec cogni i e abno - mali ies o beha iou a an ea ly age o check he ac i i ies ha s uden s pe o m in he kinde ga en. These objec i es a e p esen ed in he ollowing scena io esumed on Table 1. “Julia wakes up and he mum gi es he bo le, d esses and akes he o he kinde ga en. She b ings he mobile phone close o he hidden ag and, ouching he NFC, includes a ex message “C ying /seems i ed” in he Julia’s sys em p o ile. La e he ca egi e Rocío eaches a song abou col- ou s. She passes he mobile phone close o he 6 ags o hei child en and includes a message abou he ac i i y. Julia seems ill and Rocío pu s he he he mome e 37.9ºC and includes his in o ma ion again ough he hidden ag in Julia’s clo hes. Ano he ca egi e ies o gi e he he ood bu she omi s so she includes he in o ma ion closing he phone o Julia. Al hough he mobile phone is no au ho ized in he access lis she is in he kinde ga en and his place is a secu e place o hei pa en s. When his a he picks Julia up, he knows he symp oms and measu es again he empe a u e: 38.8 ºC, he gi es he an an ipy e ic and closes he mobile. A e ha , Pila g andma ha has con igu ed an ale wi h all heal h in o ma ion calls he pa en o o e he sel o go o he paedia ician wi h he gi l. When Julia a i es o he medical cen e, he g andmo he que ies wi h he mobile Julia’s NFC ag abou las heal h e en s and shows hem o he doc o . A e doc o examines he and explains Pila ha i is only a i us, she includes he in o ma ion. Immedia ely he mo he and he a he ecei e a wi e no i ica ion al hough hey a e in hei wo k o ices. This scena io shows how he in o ma ion is s o ed and how he ela i es can con igu e ale s abou some in o ma ion and de e mine he media used o communica e (email, wi - e , sms, e c.). 4In aes uc u e The sys em enables he collec ion o in o ma ion h ough a NFC ag camou laged wi h a issue mo i (such as a lowe o a ca ) in he child’s clo hes. Th ough his label, which s o es an access poin o a web XML desc ip o , i is possi- ble o que y and inse da a o he baby’s in o ma ion p o- ile. Th oughou his NFC ag and b inging close a las gen- e a ion mobile wi h NFC eade , he app de eloped can change he s a e o he child p os he ic memo ies. This can be done i he use has pe missions enough o access his in o ma ion. By using NFC echnology opposi e o QR codes, ba codes o RFID, he sys em u ns less in usi e, cheape and mo e com o able. In his ega d, as p e iously men ioned, NFC echnology can be hidden in o any oy and s ick o baby’s clo hes. The p oposed in as uc u e has been concei ed o i s in e- g a ion in an "Objec memo ies" eco-sys em, which u he expands he use ha can be gi en o his in o ma ion. In his way, in o ma ion desc ip o p e iously commen ed is s o ed in an Objec Memo ies se e adap ed o he applica ion p oposed. Due o his app oach in eg a es objec memo ies concep in o a social en i onmen , in o ma ion s o ed mus be se- cu e. Fo his pu pose, only au ho ised people by baby’s pa en s can access o he in o ma ion. The kind o login is qui e di e en o s anda d p ocess. To assu e ha he e is no passwo d sub ac ion, each ime a wo s eps login p ocess is done. In i s place, use ills he use and passwo d ield wi h his/he pe sonal in o ma ion. Once insu ed he use c eden ials, sys em eques some in o ma ion abou he child. This in o ma ion is in oduced by he child’s pa en in o he sys em and is changed each day au oma ically. This p ocess makes in usion de i ed om de ice o c eden ials sub ac ion di icul . The sys em in as uc u e is shown in Figu e 1. When Who Whe e Wha How and why 24 May 2012 9:01 Mum Kinde - ga en Pe sonal C ying :’( seems i ed 24 May 2012 11:10 Rocio Ca e- gi e Kinde - ga en Educa . Lea ning colo s song 24 May 2012 11:10 Rocio Ca e- gi e Kinde - ga en Heal h Seems ill, 37,9ºC 24 May 2012 13:03 Unknown us ed loca ion Kinde - ga en Heal h Doesn’ wan o ea and omi s some o he ood 24 May 2012 13:30 Dad Home Heal h 38.8ºC, 2.5ml an ipy e ic 24 May 2012 17:19 Pila G andma See map link Heal h Que y abou las week heal h e en s 24 May 2012 17:24 Pila G andma See map link Heal h Doc o said i seems a 48 hou s i us Table 1. E en s con olled by he p oposed sys em and in- o ma ion s o ed abou each one. / 06RULDHWDO,QWHUDFWLRQFRQWUROLQFKLOGUHQXVLQJ1)&WDJV  5 In o ma i e p o iles In o de o ensu e he p ocessing and display s o ed in o - ma ion abou he child, in o ma ion sec ions ha e been iden i ied. These sec ions a e shown in Table 2. Child’s pa en s, i.e. sys em admin, could de ine di e en secu i y p o iles o each sec ion. This is use ul due o no all ca ego ies s o e in o ma ion wi h he same p i acy le el. Fo his eason, some sec ions could be sha ed wi h e e y pe son, whe eas o he in o ma ion can be p esen ed o pa - en s only. Fu he mo e, by using hese ca ego ies, speci ic in o ma ion spaces can be de ined. An in o ma ion space is deno ed as any egion ha has a speci ic pu pose whe e e e y pe son and objec inside sha es he same kind o in o ma ion. Fo ins ance, he kinde ga en could be iden i ied as an in o - ma ion space ela ed o educa ional sec ion and swing a ea as an in o ma ion space associa ed o en e ainmen sec ion. In each sec ion is included ce ain in o ma ion aken ou om OWL da abase. This da abase con ains e e y in o - ma ion label ha he sys em can s o e. Values o hese labels a e ob ained h oughou in o ma ion p o ided by he sys em ac o s. Mus be no ed ha same on ology i em could be p esen in a ious sec ions. Fo example, ood alle gies appea on public in o ma ion o heal h in o ma ion, and pa en ’s name in educa ional and pe sonal p o iles. Public Rele an in o ma ion can be e iewed by any pe - son engaged in an NFC ag eading child Educa ional En e ainmen Pe sonal Heal h Da a associa ed wi h he child educa ional his o- y. This includes academic accom- plishmen s achie ed o di i- cul ies in lea ning In o ma ion abou hobbies and ec ea- ional in e es s o he child Pe sonal da a on child en, legal gua dians o ca e- gi e s In o ma ion ela ed o heal h s a- us, illness- es, alle gies o inciden s Table 2. Di e en kind o in o ma ion ha he de eloped sys- em can s o e Depending on he loca ion includes he s o ed in o ma ion may be isible o a speci ic g oup o de ices o hose de ic- es ha a e loca ed in a speci ic a ea. This makes i possible, o example, in he hospi al o que y and inse heal h in- o ma ion, bu no educa ional in o ma ion. F om he poin o iew o p i ileges, access pe missions o use s o speci ic ypes o in o ma ion p o iles will be associa ed. A his poin , wo access ypes can be de ined: access by loca ion o access by p i ileges. The second one has been p esen ed p e iously bu he i s one is a new p oposal o his wo k. 6Secu i y The main p oblem ound when s o ing pe sonal in o ma ion on he p os he ic memo y is secu i y. While i is ela i ely easy o secu e he in o ma ion when an adul in e ac wi h a sys em, by using a supe ised sys em o in o ma ion ex- change, in a baby is no possible. In p inciple, he sys em is able o de e mine wha in o - ma ion is possible o sha e wi h a pa icula de ice when i equi es some in o ma ion. In his sense, he sys em p esen s a dynamic beha io based on alloca ion o p i ileges by de ices o spa ial loca ion. In his way, i ’s possible o sha e ce ain ypes o in o ma ion wi h ano he use , p o ided he app op ia e secu i y condi ions. He e a e he di e en me hods o secu i y associa ed wi h he in o ma ion p esen in he sys em. De ice-Based Pe mission In o de o allow in e ac ion wi h he p os he ic child memo y, an access lis composed by mobile de ices iden i- ie s and hei use name is managed by pa en s. To manage easily his access lis , when a new use eads and in e ac s wi h he NFC ag, an email will be sen o he pa en s asking pe mission o he p os he ic memo y and hey can allow que y and/o inse in o ma ion in some (educa ional, en e - ainmen , pe sonal and heal h) o none pa o i . Loca ion-Based Pe mission Al hough de ice-based policy allows a known de ice-owne in e ac ion, some imes pa en s mus us in places, i.e. home, kinde ga en cen e, ela i es’ house, e c. and in hei inhabi an s. In o de o pe mi all he mobile de ices in e ac- ion in a us ed loca ion, pa en s can de ine some places in hei access lis . Geo-loca ion is a e y common capabili y in new mobile de ices so he applica ion will ake his da a and send in e e y in e ac ion. I he de ice is no in he access lis bu he in e ac ion is done in an allowed place, he in e ac ion will be us . In e ac ion a eas a e ecognized au oma ically by making an analysis om each use in e ac ion and i s loca ion. When he sys em is unning o a long ime, access loca ions can be g ouped in some clus e s. Each clus e is de ined as an in e ac ion a ea. Ob iously, a he beginning o he execu- ion, in e ac ion a eas could be no well-de ined, bu his p oblem is sol ed when he sys em uses inc eases. When he e a e enough in e ac ions om one place, he sys em sugges s pa en s o label i and asks i i is a us ed place. This a oids he manual inclusion o la i ude and lon- / 06RULDHWDO,QWHUDFWLRQFRQWUROLQFKLOGUHQXVLQJ1)&WDJV  gi ude o places and he “Whe e” da a is s o ed wi h he label and no wi h a map link. 7Applica ions P esen ed wo k can be applied o a la ge o ields ela ed o child beha iou such as heal h acking, in e ac ion memo- ies o in o ma ion secu i y. In he i s place, esul s o his wo k ha e been applied o an educa ional pupil moni o ing sys em. In collabo a ion wi h he company Kome aso , some pa icula gaps and achie emen s in he educa ional p og ess ha e been iden i ied. These gaps a e eached h oughou ac i i ies make a class oom and a home. Au- oma ically, child’s goals a e uploaded o his/he p o ile in he digi al memo ies a chi ec u e. This allows pa en s o obse e he p og ess o hei child en in eal ime and wi h- ou ha ing o be p esen a he school. Simila ly, he school can use his in o ma ion o ca y ou an educa ional pa hway based on he cu icula le el o hei s uden s. Fu he mo e, de eloped sys em is eally use ul o de ec educa ional p ob- lems in an ea ly s age, de ia ions om he p oposed pa h- way and sho comings in he ca alogue o ac i i ies ca ied ou o he de elopmen o a speci ic ask. On he o he hand, a social p o ile ha allows pa en s, ela- i es and au ho ized pe sonnel o see a imeline wi h mile- s ones, inciden s o cu iosi ies o he child is being de el- oped. This imeline allows s o ing all kinds o in o ma ion ela ing o he child, and e en adding mul imedia o such in o ma ion. Thanks o his applica ion, pa en s can see when his/he baby said he i s wo d, add a ideo o he inpu o de e mine he da e when he i s oo h came ou wi h a pic u e o he e en . De i ed om his is possible o c ea e an album wi h he di e en e en s ha ha e occu ed o e he child's li e. In his sec ion wo applica ions ha make use o he p o- posed digi al child memo ies ha e been exposed. Indeed, a la ge numbe o applica ions a e in mind o be de eloped and o en ich en i ies managed by he sys em. 8Conclusions Al hough his wo k is mo e ela ed o Web o Things han In e ne o Things because pa en s will ejec including elec onic de ices in hei small child en, he e a e di e se issues ha a e in e es ing a his wo kshop: xThe p oposed in as uc u e cap u es in o ma ion in a dis ibu ed manne ( h ough mul iple mobile phones) bu o ganizes, s o es, and exploi s he kid- ela ed in o ma ion in a cen alized Web Se e . xMemo y Con en Rep esen a ion and Modelling: This de elopmen uses an on ology o memo y con en i ems including heal h, psychomo o de- elopmen , places and people ha in e ac wi h he child, bu we a e open o discuss s anda ds and bes -p ac ice knowledge conce ning he ep esen a- ion o objec - ela ed knowledge. xDa a Mining: In o ma ion s o ed in a digi al objec memo y can be analysed in o de o disco e ypi- cal usage pa e ns o anomalies. Ou sys em sug- ges s labelling places when he in e ac ion is enough bu due o he la ge numbe o in e ac ions s o ed, much mo e in o ma ion can be ob ained, such as he kind o in e ac ion pa e ns, he ela- i es’ pe sonali y o he child habi s. xP i acy and Legal Aspec s: Heal h and p i acy he e a e e y impo an concep s. Fi s o all, in Spain mobile phones a e allowed o use in a kin- de ga en. In e ac ions a e acked using pa en au- ho iza ion and secu e spa ial loca ion. Acknowledgmen s The p epa a ion o hese ins uc ions and he L A T E X and BibT E X iles ha implemen hem was suppo ed by Schlumbe ge Palo Al o Resea ch, AT&T Bell Labo a o ies, and Mo gan Kau mann Publishe s. P epa a ion o he Mi- c oso Wo d ile was suppo ed by IJCAI. An ea ly e sion o his documen was c ea ed by Shi ley Jowell and Pe e F. Pa el-Schneide . I was subsequen ly modi ied by Jenni e Ballen ine and Thomas Dean, Be nha d Nebel, and Daniel Pagens eche be o e a i ing a i s cu en o m. Re e ences 1. 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Kalnikai e V., Sellen A., S e e Whi ake S., Da id Ki k D., Now Le Me See Whe e I Was: Unde s anding How Li elogs Media e Memo y, CHI 2010, pp. 2045-2054 / 06RULDHWDO,QWHUDFWLRQFRQWUROLQFKLOGUHQXVLQJ1)&WDJV 